The Central Limit Theorem

Theorem 8.2: Central Limit Theorem

If X is the mean of a random sample of size n taken from a population with mean
and finite variance 2 , then the limiting form of the distribution of

X
Z
n

as n , is the standard normal distribution n(z;0,1) .

The normal approximation for X will generally be good if n 30 , provided the

population distribution is not terribly skewed. If n 30 ,the approximation is good only if the
population is not too different from a normal distribution and, as stated above, if the population
is known to be normal, the sampling distribution of X will follow a normal distribution exactly,
no matter how small the size of the samples. The sample size n 30 is a guideline to use for the
Central Limit Theorem. However, as the statement of the theorem implies, the presumption of
normality on the distribution of X becomes more accurate as n grows larger. In fact, Figure 8.1
illustrates how the theorem works. It shows how the distribution of X becomes closer to normal
as n grows larger, beginning with the clearly nonsymmetric distribution of an individual
observation ( n 1). It also illustrates that the mean of X remains for any sample size and the
variance of X gets smaller as n increases.

Figure 8.1: Illustration of the Central Limit Theorem (distribution of X for n 1,

moderate n , and large n
1st Sentence:
Original Sentence:
The normal approximation for X will generally be good if n 30 , provided the
population distribution is not terribly skewed.
Google Translation:
Pendekatan normal untuk X umumnya akan baik jika n 30 , tersedia distribusi
penduduk tidak terlalu miring.
Revision:
Pendekatan normal untuk X umumnya akan baik jika n 30 , karena akan
memberikan distribusi populasi yang tidak terlalu miring.
1. Untuk ukuran sampel n 30 , pendekatan normal untuk X biasanya akan
baik, karena akan memberikan distribusi populasi yang tidak terlalu miring.
2. Pendekatan normal untuk X dengan ukuran sampel n 30 akan memberikan
distribusi populasi yang tidak terlalu miring. Sehingga pada umumnya
pendekatan normal untuk X pada ukuran sampel ini akan baik.
3. Pendekatan normal untuk X disebut baik jika memberikan distribusi populasi
yang tidak terlalu miring. Umumnya, ini terjadi saat ukuran sampel paling
sedikit adalah 30 ( n 30 ).
Diagramming Sentence:
The 1st sentence is a compound sentence, consists of 3 singles sentences:
1. The normal approximation for X will generally be good
Subject : The normal approximation for X
Predicate : Will generally be
Object : Good
2. n 30
Subject :n
Predicate : (is greater than or equal to)
Object : 30
3. Provided the population distribution is not terribly skewed.
Subject : The population distribution
Predicate : is
Object : skewed
Modifiers : not terribly

Math Terminology:
Population Distribution : Distribusi populasi
 The arrangement or spread of people living in a given area; also, how the
population of an area is arranged according to variables such as age, race,
or sex.
(source: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/population-distribution)
Keywords:
Generally : umumnya
The synonym : commonly, usually
Provided : asalkan
The synonym : as long as, only if
Terribly skewed : terlalu miring
The synonym : too sloping
New Sentences
In statistic, if n 30 , the population distribution is not terribly slanted, so
it will be good to use the normal approximation,

2nd Sentence:
Original Sentence:
If n 30 , the approximation is good only if the population is not too different
from a normal distribution and, as stated above, if the population is known to be
normal, the sampling distribution of X will follow a normal distribution exactly,
no matter how small the size of the samples.
Google Translation:
Jika n 30 , pendekatan yang baik hanya jika populasinya tidak terlalu berbeda
dari distribusi normal dan, seperti disebutkan di atas, jika populasi diketahui
normal, distribusi sampling dari X akan mengikuti distribusi normal persis, tidak
peduli seberapa kecil ukuran sampel.
Revision of Google Translation:
Jika n 30 , pendekatan baik hanya jika populasi tidak terlalu berbeda dari
sebuah distribusi normal dan, seperti yang disebutkan diatas, jika populasi
diketahui normal, distribusi sampling dari X akan persis mengikuti distribusi
normal, tanpa mempedulikan seberapa kecil ukuran sampel.

1. Untuk n 30 , pendekatan baik hanya jika populasi tidak terlalu berbeda

dengan distribusi normal.
Revisi 2:
Untuk ukuran sampel yang kecil atau kurang dari 30, pendekatan tetap
dapat dilakukan asalkan populasinya berdistribusi normal atau paling tidak
mendekati distribusi normal.
 Asalkan populasinya berdistribusi normal atau mendekati, pendekatan
untuk ukuran sampel n 30 tetap dapat dilakukan.
Jika populasi untuk ukuran sampel n 30 berdistribusi normal atau
mendekati, maka pendekatan dapat dilakukan.
2. Jika populasi diketahui normal, maka distribusi sampling dari X akan persis
mengikuti distribusi normal, tanpa mempedulikan seberapa kecil ukuran
sampel.
Walaupun ukuran sampel kecil atau kurang dari 30, jika populasi
diketahui berdistribusi normal atau mendekati, maka distribusi sampling
dari X akan mengikuti distribusi normal persis.
Populasi yang berdistribusi normal atau mendekati menyebabkan
distribusi sampling dari X akan mengikuti persis distribusi normal,
meskipun ukuran sampelnya sangat kecil.
Distribusi sampling dari X akan mengikuti distribusi normal secara persis
meskipun dengan ukuran sampel yang kecil, karena diketahui populasi
berdistribusi normal atau mendekati.
Diagramming Sentence:
The 2nd sentence is a compound sentences, consists of 5 singles sentence
1. If n 30
Subject : n
Predicate : < (is less than)
Object : 30
2. The approximation is good
Subject : The approximation
Predicate : is
Object : good
3. The population is not too different from a normal distribution
Subject : The population
Predicate : is not
Object : different
Modifiers : not too, from a normal distribution
4. If the population is known to be normal
Subject : The population
Predicate : is known to be
Object : normal
5. The sampling distribution of X will follow a normal distribution exactly, no
matter how small the size of the samples.
Subject : The sampling distribution of X
Predicate : Will follow
 Object : A normal distribution
Modifiers : exactly
Math Terminology:
Approximation : Pendekatan
Not exact, but close enough to be used.
(source: https://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/approximation.html)
Normal Distribution: Distribusi Normal
The probability distribution, in which the distribution takes place in
the form of bell shaped curve.
(source:https://www.easycalculation.com/maths-
dictionary/normal_distribution.html)
Sampling Distribution : Distribusi Sampling
A type of distribution that involves the probability distribution of
sample statistics based on randomly selected samples.
(source:http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/sampling-
distribution.html)
Keywords:
Exactly : persis
The synonym : pricesely
No matter : tanpa mempedulikan
The synonym : without pay attention to
New Sentences:
If n 30 , the approximation is good only if the population is not too different
from a normal distribution and, as stated above, if the population is known to be
normal, the sampling distribution of X will follow a normal distribution exactly,
no matter how small the size of the samples.
Jika n 30 , pendekatan baik hanya jika populasi tidak terlalu berbeda dari
sebuah distribusi normal dan, seperti yang disebutkan diatas, jika populasi
diketahui normal, distribusi sampling dari X akan persis mengikuti distribusi
normal, tanpa mempedulikan seberapa kecil ukuran sampel.
As described previously, if the population is normal, then the sampling
distribution of X will follow the normal distribution even if the size of
distribution is small. So, for n<30 the distribution still can be approximate by
normal distribution as far as the population of distribution not to different from
the population of normal distribution.

3rd Sentence
Original Sentence:
 The sample size n 30 is a guideline to use for the Central Limit Theorem.
Google Translation:
Ukuran sampel n 30 adalah pedoman yang akan digunakan untuk Teorema
Limit Sentral.
Revision of Google Translation:
Ukuran sampel n 30 adalah acuan dalam menggunakan Teorema Limit Pusat.
1. Ukuran sampel n 30 menjadi tolak ukur dalam penggunaan Teorema Limit
Pusat.
2. Teorema limit pusat dapat digunakan jika ukuran sampelnya n 30
3. Untuk menggunakan teorema limit pusat, kita membutuhkan ukuran sampel
n=30.

Diagramming Sentence:
The sentence is a single sentences
1. The sample size n 30 is a guideline to use for the Central Limit Theorem.
Subject : The sample size n 30
Predicate : is
Object : a guideline
Modifiers : to use for the Central Limit Theorem
Math Terminology:
Sample Size : Ukuran sampel
The number of observations in a sample
(source: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SampleSize.html)
Central Limit Theorem : Teorema Limit Sentral
A statistical theory that states that given a sufficiently large sample
size from a population with a finite level of variance, the mean of all
samples from the same population will be approximately equal to the
mean of the population.
(source:
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/central_limit_theorem.asp#ixzz4
QCuQQHgi)
Keywords:
Guideline : pedoman
The synonym : something that helps us
To use : untuk menggunakan
The synonym : utilize
New Sentences:

In the central limit theorem, we use n = 30 as a reference

4th Sentence
Original Sentence:
However, as the statement of the theorem implies, the presumption of normality
on the distribution of X becomes more accurate as n grows larger.
Google Translation:
Namun, sebagai pernyataan dari teorema menyiratkan, praduga normalitas pada
distribusi X menjadi lebih akurat sebagai n tumbuh lebih besar.
Revision of Google Translation:
Akan tetapi, sesuai dengan yang disampaikan dalam teorema, semakin besar
ukuran sampel, maka kemungkinan untuk X berdistribusi normal akan semakin
besar.
1. Keakuratan dari praduga bahwa X berdistribusi normal akan semakin besar
apabila ukuran sampel yang digunakan semakin besar, seperti pernyataan
yang terdapat dalam teorema limit pusat.
2. Jika dicermati, teorema tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa semakin besar
ukuran sampel, maka semakin mungkin X akan berdisribusi normal.
3. Kita akan semakin yakin menduga bahwa data akan berdistribusi normal
apabila ukuran sampel yang digunakan semakin besar. Hal ini adalah
implikasi teorema limit pusat.

Diagramming Sentence:
The sentence is a compound sentence, consists of 3 single sentence
1. As the statement of the theorem implies
Subject : the statement of the theorem
Predicate : Implies
Object :-
2. The presumption of normality on the distribution of X becomes more
accurate
Subject : The presumption of normality on the distribution of X
Predicate : Becomes
Object : Accurate
Modifiers : More
3. n grows larger
Subject : n
Predicate : grows larger
Object :-
Math Terminology: -
Keywords:
 Implies : siratkan
The synonym : intent, states
The presumption : anggapan, dugaan
The synonym : assumption
Grows larger : Bertambahbesar
The synonym : increases

New Sentences:
however, the theorem implies that the distribution will be approximate by the
normal distribution when the value of n is greater

5th Sentence
Original Sentence:
In fact, Figure 8.1 illustrates how the theorem works.
Google Translation:
Bahkan, Gambar 8.1 menggambarkan bagaimana teorema bekerja.
Revision of Google Translation:
Faktanya, gambar 8.1 menggambarkan bagaimana teorema tersebut bekerja.
1. Gambar 8.1 memberikan ilustrasi nyata tentang bagaimana teorema tersebut
bekerja.
2. Gambar 8.1 menggambarkan secara jelas bagaimana teorema tersebut
berkerja.
3. Bagaimana teorema tersebut bekerja digambarkan pada Gambar 8.1.
Diagramming Sentence:
The sentence is a single sentence with compound object
1. Figure 8.1 illustrates how the theorem works
Subject : Figure 8.1
Predicate : Illustrates
Object : How the theorem works
Math Terminology: -
Keywords:
Illustrates : menggambarkan
The synonym : shows
How it works : bagaimana itu bekerja
The synonym : how the theorem works
New Sentences:
The illustration of theorem is shown in Figure 8.1

6th Sentence
 Original Sentence:
It shows how the distribution of X becomes closer to normal as n grows larger,
beginning with the clearly non symmetric distribution of an individual
observation ( n 1).
Google Translation:
Ini menunjukkan bagaimana distribusi X menjadi lebih dekat dengan normal n
tumbuh lebih besar, dimulai dengan pembagian jelas non simetris pengamatan
individu( n 1).
Revision of Google Translation:
Gambar tersebut menunjukkan bagaimana distribusi dari X semakin mendekati
normal ketika n bertambah besar, dimulai dengan distribusi non simetris yang
jelas dari sebuah pengamatan individu. ( n 1)
Gambar tersebut menunjukkan bagaimana distribusi dari X semakin
mendekati normal ketika n bertambah besar, sementara pada awalnya,
jika (n=1) distribusi yang ditunjukkan tidak simetris.
Gambar 8.1 menunjukkan pola-pola distribusi. Apabila sampel yang
diambil kecil (n=1), distribusi yang dihasilkan jelas tidak simetris. Apabila
ketika ukuran sampelnya bertambah, distribusinya menjadi semakin
mendekati normal.
Gambar tersebut menunjukkan bahwa awalnya, ketika n=1, distribusi yang
dihasilkan tidak simetris, namun ketika ukuran sampel n bertambah,
distribusinya semakin mendekati normal.
Diagramming Sentence:
The sentence is a compound sentence, consists of 3 singles sentence
1. It shows how the distribution of X becomes closer to normal
Subject : It
Predicate : shows
Object : how the distribution of X becomes closer to normal
2. n grows larger
Subject : n
Predicate : Grows larger
Object :-
3. Beginning with the clearly non symmetric distribution of an individual
observation
Subject : (It)
Predicate : Beginning with
Object : the non symmetric distribution of an individual
observation
Modifiers : clearly
 Math Terminology:
Non symmetric distribution: distribusi asimetris
A skewed (non-symmetric) distribution is a distribution in which there
is no such mirror-imaging
(Source:
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/histogr6.htm)
Keywords:
Grows larger : bertambah besar
The synonym : the more larger
Beginning with : dimulai dengan
The synonym : starting with
Individual Observation : pengamatan individu
The synonym : the observation with sample size n 1
New Sentences:
From the illustration, when n grows larger, the distribution of X becomes closer
to normal.

7th Sentence
Original Sentence:
It also illustrates that the mean of X remains for any sample size and the
variance of X gets smaller as n increases.
Google Translation:
Hal ini juga menggambarkan bahwa rata-rata X tetap untuk ukuran sampel
dan varians dari X semakin kecil sebagai n meningkat.
Revision of Google Translation:
Gambar 8.1 juga menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata dari X yaitu dan varians dari
X semakin kecil ketika n bertambah besar.
1. Perhatikan bahwa untuk setiap ukuran sampel, rata-rata dari X yaitu tetap
dan varians dari X semakin kecil ketika n bertambah besar.
2. Kita juga dapat melihat pada ilustrasi tersebut bahwa , rata-rata dari X
konstan dan varians dari X semakin kecil ketika n bertambah besar.
3. Dalam ilustrasi tersebut juga ditunjukkan bahwa ketika n bertambah besar, ,
rata-rata dari X tidak berubah tapi varians dari X menjadi semakin kecil.

Diagramming Sentence:
The sentence is a compound sentence, consists of 3 singles sentence
1. It also illustrates
 Subject : It
Predicate : Illustrates
Object :-
2. The mean of X remains for any sample size
Subject : The mean of X
Predicate : Remains
Object :
Modifiers : any sample size
3. The variance of X gets smaller
Subject : The variance of X
Predicate : gets smaller
Object :-
4. n increases
Subject : n
Predicate : increases
Object :-
Math Terminology:
The mean : rata-rata
the total of all the scores or amounts,divided by, how many scores or
amounts there were.
(source: http://www.amathsdictionaryforkids.com/qr/m/mean.html )
:-
The mean of population values
(source:
http://www.rapidtables.com/math/symbols/Statistical_Symbols.htm)
Variance :varians
Variance is a statistical measure that tells us how measured data vary
from the average value of the set of data.
(source: http://www.icoachmath.com/math_dictionary/variance.html )
Keywords:
Illustrates : menggambarkan
The synonym : shows
Remains : menyisakan
The synonym : is exactly
Get smaller : semakinkecil
The synonym : decreases

New Sentence
 Besides that, the when n grows larger, and the variance of X gets smaller

NEW PARAGRAPH

In statistic, if n 30 , the population distribution is not terribly slanted, so it will be good to use
the normal approximation. From description before, if the population is normal, then the
sampling distribution of X will follow the normal distribution even if the size of distribution is
small. So, for n<30 the distribution still can be approximate by normal distribution as far as the
population of distribution not to different from the population of normal distribution. In the
central limit theorem, we use n = 30 as a reference. However, the theorem implies that the
distribution will be approximate by the normal distribution when the value of n is greater. The
illustration of theorem is shown in Figure 8.1. From the illustration, when n grows larger, the
distribution of X becomes closer to normal beside that, and the variance of X gets smaller.