ENHANCEMENT IN HEAT TRANSFER RATE OF DIESEL ENGINE RADIATOR

USING NANOFLUID

This project report is submitted to

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engineering and Research, Nagpur
(Affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj, Nagpur University)
In partial fulfillment of the requirement
For the award of the degree

Of
Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering

by

Kirti Rao, V Amit M Naidu, Vishal Gautam, Saikat Patra, Saurabh Gadekar

Under the guidance of

Dr. S. V. Prayagi

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Shri Vidyarthi Sudhar Sanghas
DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH,
NAGPUR 441 110
2016-2017
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

Certified that the project report entitled ENHANCEMENT IN HEAT TRANSFER RATE
OF DIESEL ENGINE RADIATOR USING NANOFLUID has been successfully completed
by Kirti Chandrashekar Rao, V Amit M Naidu, Saikat Patra, Vishal Gautam, Saurabh Gadekar
under the guidance of Dr S V Prayagi in recognition to the partial fulfillment for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Branch from Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar College
of Engineering & Research (Affliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University)

Signature
Dr. S. V. Prayagi
(Guide)

Signature Signature Signature

Dr. A. P. kedar Dr. S. V. Prayagi Dr. V. H. Tatwawadi
(Coordinator) (HOD, ME Dept.) (Principal)

Signature of External Examiner

Name:

Date of Examination:
DECLARATION

We clarify that

a. The work contained in this project has been done by us under the guidance of our
supervisor(s).
b. The work has not been submitted to any other institute for any degree or diploma.
c. We have followed the guidelines provided by the institute in preparing the project report.
d. We have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical code of conduct of
the institute.
e. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, text) from other
sources, we have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the report and
giving their details in the references. Further, we have taken permission from the
copyright owners of the sources, whenever necessary.

Signature of the students

________________

________________

________________

________________

________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Apart from our effort, the success of any project depends largely on encouragements and
guidelines of many others. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the people who
played an important role in the successful completion of this project.
It is with deep sense of respect that, we would like to show our greatest obligation to our
project guide and our HOD Dr. S V Prayagi for his valuable guidance, constant motivation,
continuous flow of useful suggestion and kind words of encouragement throughout this project.
We would also like to thank our coordinator Dr. A P Kedar for his valuable and
inspirational thought and comforting support throughout our project.
Our sincere thanks are also due for our subject teachers and project lab assistants for
being kind enough and going that extra step ahead in helping us in many ways.
 Table of Contents

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Table of Contents
Table of tables
Table of figures
NOMENCLATURE

ABSTRACT

Chapter1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview
1.2 Applications
1.3 Nano-Fluids as Heat Transfer Liquids
1.4 Problem Statement
1.5 Thesis Objective

Chapter 2- LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview

2.2 Proposed Work

Chapter 3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

3.1 Principle of Working

3.1.1 Methodology

3.1.2 Working principle

3.2 Experimental Setup

3.3 Constructional features

 3.3.1 Key Components

3.4 Preparation of Nano-Fluid

3.5 Procedure

Chapter 4 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Heat transfer coefficient

4.2 Heat transfer

4.3 Varying particle concentration

4.4 Varying flow rate

4.5 Varying flow rate, inlet temperature and particle concentration

Chapter 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Chapter 6- CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS

Chapter 7- APPENDIX- A

7.1 Observation

APPENDIX- B

7.2 Calculations

Chapter 8- LITERATURE CITED

 Table of Tables

Table 1- Properties of Nano-fluid And Base Fluid

Table 2- Heat Transfer Coefficient for varying inlet temperature

Table 3- Heat Transfer rate for varying inlet temperature

Table 4- Heat Transfer coefficient and Heat Transfer rate for varying particle concentration

Table 5- Heat Transfer coefficient and Heat Transfer rate for varying flow rate

Table 6- Heat Transfer rate for varying Inlet Temperature, Flow rate and Particle concentration.

Table 7- For water with Increasing Inlet Temperature

Table 8- For Nano-Fluid (weight 2g without stirring) with Increasing Inlet Temperature

Table 9- For Nano-Fluid (weight 2g with stirring) with Increasing Inlet Temperature

Table 10- For Nano-Fluid (weight 4g with and without stirring)

Table 11- For Nano-Fluid (weight 6g with and without stirring)

Table 12- For Nano-Fluid (weight 2g) with Increasing Inlet Temperature at 40 LPH

Table 13- For Nano-Fluid (weight 2g) with Increasing Inlet Temperature at 50 LPH

Table 14- For Nano-Fluid (weight 2g) with Increasing Inlet Temperature at 60 LPH

Table 15- For Nano-Fluid (weight 4g) with Increasing Inlet Temperature at 40 LPH

Table 16- For Nano-Fluid (weight 4g) with Increasing Inlet Temperature at 50 LPH

Table 17- For Nano-Fluid (weight 4g) with Increasing Inlet Temperature at 60 LPH

Table 18- For Nano-Fluid (weight 6g) with Increasing Inlet Temperature at 40 LPH

Table 19- For Nano-Fluid (weight 6g) with Increasing Inlet Temperature at 50 LPH

Table 20- For Nano-Fluid (weight 6g) with Increasing Inlet Temperature at 60 LPH
 Table of Figures

Figure 1-1: Radiator Components

Figure 3-1: Line diagram of setup

Figure 3-2: Actual experimental setup

Figure 3-3: Radiator

Figure 3-4: Electric heater

Figure 3-5: Centrifugal Pump

Figure 3-6: Flow meter

Figure 3-7: Stirrer with motor

Figure 3-8: K Type Thermocouple

Figure 3-9: Digital Temperature Indicator (DTI)

Figure 3-10: Manometer

Figure 4-1: Temperature on heat transfer rate under varying inlet temperature

Figure 4-2: Temperature on heat transfer rate under varying particle concentration

Figure 4-3: Temperature on heat transfer rate under varying flow rate

Figure 4-4: Temperature on heat transfer rate under varying inlet temperature & flow rate for 2g

Figure 4-5: Temperature on heat transfer rate under varying inlet temperature & flow rate for 4g

Figure 4-6: Temperature on heat transfer rate under varying inlet temperature & flow rate for 6g
NOMENCLATURE

T1 to T8- Temperature on surface of radiator (0C)

T9- Inlet temperature of fluid in radiator (0C)

T10- Outlet temperature of fluid out radiator (0C)

Tb- Bulk temperature (0C)

Ts- Surface temperature (0C)

- Density of water (kg/m3)

bf- Density of base fluid (kg/m3)

nf- Density of Nano fluid (kg/m3)

p- Density of Nano particle (kg/m3)

- Volume concentration or weight concentration of nano particle

Wp- Weight of Nano particle

Wnf- Weight of Nano fluid

Cpbf- specific heat of base fluid (J/Kgk)

Cpp- Specific heat of Nano particle (J/Kgk)

Cpnf- Specific heat of Nano fluid (J/Kgk)

nf- Viscosity of Nano fluid (Pa-s)

bf- Viscosity of base fluid (Pa-s)

Knf- thermal conductivity of Nano fluid (W/mk)

Kbf- Thermal conductivity of base fluid (W/mk)

Q- Heat transfer (W)

m*- mass flow rate (Kg/s)

Cpw- Specific heat of water (J/Kgk)

Hexp- Heat Transfer coefficient (W/m2k)

k- Thermal conductivity (K/m k)

ABSTRACT

A High efficiency engine is based on its performance and also based on better fuel economy and
less emission. Cooling system is also one of the important elements to control the engine temperature. An
efficient cooling system using proper cooling fluid can prevent engine from overheating. Radiator plays
an important role in cooling system. In radiators different conventional fluids are used such as water,
ethylene or ethylene glycol. These fluids have low thermal conductivity that greatly limits the heat
exchange efficiency. This project focuses on enhancement of heat transfer in diesel engine radiator using
Nano fluid instead of conventional fluid.

The effect of varying Nano fluid particle concentration and mass flow rate in water was experimented and
based on that the heat transfer rate was found out by taking readings and calculating heat transfer rate.
Effect of stirring mechanism on enhancement of heat transfer rate was also investigated. The obtained
results indicate with increase in concentration and mass flow rate of Nano particles in base fluid,
enhances the heat transfer rate and by using stirring mechanism, it further increases.
 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

Continuous technological development in automotive industries has increased the

demand for high efficiency engines. A high efficiency engine is not only based on its performance
but also for better fuel economy and less emission. There are many systems which influence the
engine performance like fuel ignition system, emission system, cooling system, etc. one of the
parameters which affects the performance of engine is the cooling rate of radiator in engine
cooling system. Addition of fins is one of the approaches to increase the heat transfer rate of the
radiator. It provides greater heat transfer area and enhances the air convective heat transfer
coefficient. However, traditional approach of increasing the cooling rate by using fins has already
reached to their limit. As a result, there is a need of new and innovative heat transfer fluids for
approving heat transfer rate in an automotive car radiator.

Radiator The radiator is type of heat exchanger. the radiator cools the coolant so that it can be
reused. The main component of radiators cooling system is Air blower, Cooling Fans, Radiator
Pressure Caps, Water Pipes, Coolant Hoses, Radiator Parts, Radiators and Water Pumps. The
radiator functions like this:

- The water pump pumps the coolant through the system via water pipes,
- The Air blower draws air through the radiator to achieve the cooling action.
- A water cooling system accomplishes the cooling action with the help of water.

Figure 1-1: Radiator Components

 Engine Coolant - Thermal fluid systems have number of applications including
automotive cooling system. A coolant is a fluid which flows through engine and prevents it from
overheating. Base fluids like water, ethylene glycol, and glycerol are known as conventional
coolants and used in automobile radiator for many years. Ideal coolants have low viscosity, high
thermal capacity, chemically inert and are low-cost. Further, it should be non-corrosive as well
as have corrosion-resistant properties. In diesel engine radiator 50-50 ratio of water and coolant
is added for cooling purpose. The most common and readily available coolant is water which has
high heat capacity. It is usually used with additives, like corrosion inhibitors and antifreeze. The
water-based coolant has to withstand temperatures below 0C, or when its boiling point has to be
raised. But these fluids have low thermal conductivity which prompted the research to search for
the fluids with higher thermal conductivities than conventional coolants. Hence an emerging new
class of coolant is Nano fluids. In earlier investigations dispersion of millimeter or micrometer
size particles into base fluid causes particle agglomeration and settling and their pumping power
is increased. This leads to investigation on Nano Fluid. The concept of Nano Fluid was proposed
by Choi. Nano fluid contains nanometer- sized particles, called nanoparticles. These fluids are
suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid. The nanoparticles of Nano fluids are typically made
of metals, carbides, oxides or carbon nanotubes. Common base fluids used are water and
ethylene glycol. Nano fluid exhibit enhanced thermal conductivity and the convective heat
transfer coefficient compared to the base fluid. They have micro channel cooling without
clogging and also reduce the pumping power.
Nanotechnology is one of the emerging areas to be explored and attracting the attention
of researchers and academicians round the globe. Nanotechnology has brought in many
transformations in the fields of engineering and medicine and has influenced the life style of
present day generation. The first half of the 20th century witnessed development of vacuum tube
technology and the second half of this century belongs to the semiconductor technology. The 21st
century is the era of Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology plays a vital role in the development of
Nano robots, direct control of organic molecules, property manipulations of materials at Nano
scale dimensions, etc.
The term Nanotechnology is oriented from the Greek word which means dwarf.
Nanotechnology involves research and technology development at molecular levels. Materials
anything smaller than 100nm in size and with novel properties are known as nanomaterial,
 according to US National Nanotechnology initiative. The thermos physical, mechanical,
metallurgical properties and color of the material at Nano dimension scale will be different from
its bulk material. Nano materials give an opportunity to change its properties and can be used
advantageously in many engineering applications.

1.2 Applications

In the recent years, Nano technology is profoundly influencing many facts of everyday
life. Presence of Nano materials are seen in many fields which include food industries and
information technology so on and so forth. In the field of energy Nano materials are used in solar
cells, in fuel cells and for storage of hydrogen energy. Nano-coated surfaces are used to achieve
higher transmissivity which increases the performance of solar collectors. Nanomaterial can also
be used in medical diagnosis and drug delivery systems. Scratch free surfaces with wear and
corrosion resistant properties are made by employing nanoparticles. The nanomaterial also used
in the manufacture of Nano-composites for light weight structures in aerospace applications are
manufactured using metallic powders in Nano size. Now days, Nano materials are manufactured
using metallic powders in Nano size. Now days, Nano materials are being widely used in the
manufacture of new generation sporting goods, computer chips, cosmetics and sun creams.

1.3 Nano fluids as Heat Transfer Liquids

Heat transfer is an important area of study in thermal engineering. Selection of a suitable

heat transfer fluid for heat dissipation is an important consideration in the thermal design of heat
exchangers. Heat transfer fluid is one of the critical parameters which affect the cost and size of
heat exchangers systems. Conventional fluids like water and oils have limited heat transfer
capabilities. The need for development of new kinds of fluids with improved heat transfer
capabilities is being felt by different research groups across the world. The advances in
Nanotechnology have made it possible to manufacture metal and metal oxides particles on Nano
dimensional scale. Nano particles are considered to be new generation material having potential
applications in the heat transfer area.

Any host liquid which contains nanoparticles in suspended state is known as Nano fluid.
Nano fluids are two phase fluids of solid-liquid mixture and are considered to be new generation
heat transfer fluids. In the recent past Nano fluids have emerged as promising thermo-fluids for
heat transfer applications. The thermal conductivity property of Nano fluids is expected to be
higher than that of the base liquids. The practice of adding micron size particles in the traditional
heat transfer fluids was in existence since the time of Hamilton and Crosser (1962). But two phase
suspensions micro particles produce sedimentation obstruct smooth fluid flow due to channel
clogging and cause erosion on the tube material.

The Nano fluids on the other hand offer many advantages over the single phase pure
fluids and suspensions with micro particle. The problems of the particle sedimentation due to
gravity, clogging of micro channel passage, and erosion of tube material are minimized to a great
extent when Nano fluids are used in heat exchangers. Besides, Nano fluids from stable
suspensions with uniform dispersion of Nano particles in the host fluid. Thermo-physical
properties of single phase heat transfer fluids such as water, oils and glycols are well established
and are available in literature and hand books. The thermos-physical properties of two phase
Nano fluids are not explored much. An accurate measurement of properties of Nano fluids is a
prerequisite for determination of heat transfer coefficient of Nano fluids. The suitability of a
particular Nano fluid in heat transfer application is then judged based on its heat transfer
performance. Nano fluids are considered to be an alternate and new generation liquids for
transport of heat energy and can be employed as heat transfer fluids in heat exchangers in place of
pure single phase fluids. The applications of Nano fluid heat transfer include radiators in
automotive, chemical engineering and process industries, solar water heater, refrigeration, cooling
of electronics devices. The main objective of obtaining heat transfer enhancement using Nano
fluids is to accommodate high heat fluxes and hence to reduce the cost and size of the heat
exchangers which in turn results in conservation of energy and material.

1.4 Problem Statement

Heat transfer fluids used in radiators have inherently low thermal conductivity and
redesigning heat exchangers to increase radiators effectiveness limits.
Nano-fluids can be employed to system requiring rapid heating and cooling. Due to
Nano-size the powder is considered as the integral fluid.
 Lot of changes occurs in the properties of working fluid in radiator due to inserting
Nanoparticles. Heat transfer increases due to large surface area of Nano particles in
Nano fluids.
Due to limitations of conventional coolants a specific need arises of using more
effective coolants having high end cooling properties which increases efficiency of
cooling and reduces the size of radiators.

1.5 Thesis Objective

For this particular topic related to enhancing heat transfer using Nano fluid lots of work has
been done previously. Though this concept is not new but the work done on this subject is related
with considering the factors which affects Heat transfer rate, like by changing volume
concentration or by changing flow rate, at varied load condition on engine, change in inlet
temperature of radiator, and comparing heat transfer rate enhancement by using different Nano
fluids.

While studying this different research paper it has been observed that clogging of
nanoparticles occur when volume concentration of nanoparticles increases in base fluid beyond
certain limit. Also nanoparticles show tendency of settling down after some period.

Objective of this thesis work is not only to enhance heat transfer rate of radiator by using
Al2O3, as Nano fluid but also try to avoid settling and clogging problem of nanoparticles when
concentration of nanoparticles increased in base fluid. A novel methodology is suggested in this
thesis work which helps to avoid settling and clogging problem as well as improve heat transfer
rate.
 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview

Most of the literature studies available on enhancement in heat transfer rate have been
carried out experimentally, by using different types of Nano fluids like CuO, Al2O3, SiO2 and
TiO2 etc. with water or ethylene glycol as base fluid. Enhancement of heat transfer rate has been
studied under different conditions like by varying load on engine, at different volume
concentration of Nano fluid, for different types of flow like laminar or turbulent, for different
particle size of Nano fluid. The results were analyzed using CFD.

A numerical study presented by Vajjha et al. on laminar heat transfer using CuO and ,
Al2O3 ethylene glycol and water inside a flat tube of a car radiator.

Naraki ET AL[7] investigated overall heat transfer coefficient experimentally for laminar
regime. The results showed that overall heat transfer increases with enhancement in the Nano
fluid concentration from 0 to 0.4%.

Adnan M Husse, R.A.Bakar, K.Kadirgamap[1] Studied forced convection Nano fluid

heat transfer in the automotive cooling system. This article includes the friction factor and forced
convection heat transfer of SiO2 nanoparticle dispersed in water as a base fluid conducted in a car
radiator experimentally and numerically. Four different concentrations of Nano fluid in the range
of 1-2.5 vol% have been used. The flow rate changed in the range of 2-8 LPM. The result
showed that the friction factor decreases with an increase in flow rate and increases with increase
in volume concentration. Nusselt number increases with increase in flow rate, volume
concentration of Nano fluid and inlet temperature. The result revealed that application of SiO 2
Nano fluid with low concentration enhance heat transfer rate up to 50% as comparison with pure
water. The simulation results with experimental data shows good agreement.

Jaafer Albadr, Satinder Tayal, Mushtaq Alasadi[2] in Elsevier case studies in thermal
engineering studied Heat transfer through heat exchanger using Al2O3 Nano fluid at different
concentrations. This article reports an experimental study on the forced convective heat transfer
and flow characteristics of a Nano fluid consisting of water and different volume concentration
of Al2O3 flowing in a horizontal shell and tube heat exchanger. The Al2O3 nanoparticles of about
30nm diameter are used in study. The results shows increase in heat transfer coefficient with
increase in volume concentration as well as mass flow rate but at the same time friction factor
also increases.

B.Kirubadurai[4]et al:in Interantional Journal of Research in Engineering and

Technology (eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308). In his paper shows varying factor
affecting the thermal conductivity of Nano fluid at different conditions. They tried to increase the
heat transfer rate by considering thermal conductivity Nano fluid. Thermal conductivity is
increase with increasing concentration of metal particle within critical limit. They found out that
thermal conductivity is affected by various parameters like shape, size, clustering, collision,
melting point of nanoparticles etc. controlling these parameters to increase the thermal
conductivity of Nano fluid.

S.M. Peyghambarzadeh, S.H.Hashemabadi, M. Seifi Jamnani, S.M. Hoseini[6]

Improving the cooling performance of automobile radiator with Al2O3/water Nano fluid.
Applied Thermal Engineering 31 (2011) 1833e1838. In this paper, forced convective heat
transfer in a water based Nano fluid has experimentally been compared to that of pure water in
an automobile radiator. Five different concentrations of Nano fluids in the range of 0.1el vol%
have been prepared by the addition of Al2O3 nano particles into the water. Results conclude that
increasing the fluid circulating rate can improve the heat transfer performance while the fluid
inlet temperature to the radiator has trivial effects. Meanwhile, application of Nano fluid with
low concentrations can transfer efficiency up to 45% in comparison with pure water .

Sidi El Becaye Maiga, Samy Joseph Palm, Cong Tam Nguyen, Gilles Roy, Nicolas
Galanis[5] Heat transfer enhamcement by using Nano fluids in forced convection flows They
investigated thoroughly the laminar convective heat transfer for the two Nano fluids, as water-
Al2O3 and Ethylene Glycol-Al2O3.The presence of such particles induced drastic effect on the
wall shear that increase appreciably with the particle loading. Among the two the mixture of
Ethylene Glycol and Al2O3 has better heat transfer enhancement than that of water. The results
have shown that, in general the heat transfer enhancement also increases with the augmentation
of the flow Reynolds number.

Somchaiwongwises et al[11] investigated heat transfer enhancement and flow

characteristic of Al2O3-Water Nano fluid using micro channel heat sink. The test section
dimension was 5x5mm and 50W heat was applied. Heat transfer enhanced at high Reynold
number and high concentration of Nano fluid, because at high Reynolds number wall
temperature decreases and pressure drop was increased.

Shuichi Torri[9] Investigated convective heat transfer coefficient of diamond based Nano
fluid by using heat tube apparatus,. Tube Specification is 4.3mm outer and 4mm inner diameter
and 100W power applied uniformly. The heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing
concentration and Reynolds number of Nano fluid, but at the same time it increases the pressure
drop with increasing concentration of Nano particle.

Anil Kumar et al[10] studied the heat transfer enhancement of fin; utilizing Al2O3-Water
Nano fluid analyzed using CFD. Rayleigh number increases due to Brownian motion, ballistic
phonon transport, clustering and dispersion effect of nanoparticle. At high Rayleigh number flow
rate at Centre of the circulation is increasing, so temperature is drop from center of fin. Volume
of the circulation increases the velocity at center is increases as the result of increasing the solid-
fluid heat transportation. Low aspect ratio fin is suitable for heat transfer enhancement, because
heat affected zone is less.

Mohamed hadi et al: In this paper enhancement of heat transfer rate by considering
clustering effect of nanoparticle has been studied. The heat transfer rate is increases with
increasing the concentration of nanoparticle, but due to high concentration clustering is occur.
Clustering increased the heat transfer rate of Nano fluid at certain contact time of particle, but
cluster causes the problem of agglomeration. Agglomeration can reduce to use micro sized
particle.

Ravi Adwani[3] et al. in international journal of Innovative science, Engineering &

Technology,Vol. I, Issue 6, Aug-2014 (ISSN2348-7968) experimentally investigated heat
transfer rate in Automobile Radiator using Nano Fluid Author had made a research by adding
more thermally conductive solids into liquids. The suspension of nanoparticles in a base fluid
which is termed as Nano fluid, exhibits a substantially higher thermal conductivity than base
fluids. By using different proportions of Al2O3 by weight have been added to conventional fluid
and based on that the enhancement in heat transfer has been found out. They came to conclusion
that the heat transfer rate in automobile radiator increases by using nanoparticles of Al2O3 in
volume fraction in base fluid like water for particular load and constant flow rate of coolant. It is
observed that the heat transfer rate increases with increase in volume fraction of Al2O3 in water
at constant flow rate. When volume fraction increases beyond 6% the nanoparticles were settled
at the bottom.

Sadollah Ebrahimi et. Al studied about application of Nano fluid as coolants. Today more
than ever ultrahigh-performance cooling plays an important role in the development of energy-
efficient heat transfer fluids which are required in many industries and commercial applications.
However, conventional coolants are inherently poor heat transfer fluids. Nano fluid a term
coined by Choi in 1995 is a new class of heat transfer fluids which is developed by suspending
nanoparticles such as small amounts of metal, non-metal or nanotubes in the fluids. The goal of
Nano fluids is to achieve the highest possible thermal properties at the smallest possible
concentrations (preferably <1% by volume) by uniform dispersion and stable suspension of
nanoparticles (preferably <10nm) in host fluids. We have divided this chapter to four sections.
Section 1 has focused on the two methods of synthesizing Nano fluids and different methods for
dispersing spherical and cylindrical nanoparticles such as Ag, Cu in a host fluid and also the
common methods for measuring the thermal conductivity of Nano fluids respect to pure fluids to
explain the effective thermal conductivity of Nano fluids.

Bhagat UK et. Al did a work on Heat Transfer Applications of zinc oxide Nano fluids.
This paper describes preparation of zinc oxide (ZnO) based Nano fluids in polymer matrix. The
rheological properties of Nano fluid were studied and were studied and were applied in heat
transfer application. Heat transfer application of aqueous based ZnO Nano fluid was tested and it
was observed that, the presence of ZnO Nano fluid effectively reduces the temperature
propagation in a sono-chemically heated system. It is observed that the heat absorption capacity
was increased by about 30p40% for the ZnO containing Nano fluid. For the preparation of Nano
fluids, as synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were utilized after characterization by various modern
tools such as UV-visible, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, Particle size analysis, and TGA
studies. The average particle size of as prepared ZnO nanoparticle was in the range of 19 to 30
nm and XRD analysis revealed hexagonal crystal structure. Nano fluids (NFs) are new class of
fluids comprising of base fluid i.e. water, ethylene glycols, oils, bio-fluids, polymer solutions or
other common fluids with nanoparticles (1-100 nm) suspended in them.
 R J Bhatt et. Al did work on the thermal abilities of Nano fluids as coolants. Today, the
demand of automobile vehicles is on peak. So, it is a great challenge for automotive industries to
provide an efficient and economical engine. The performance of an engine affects by various
systems like fuel supply system, lubrication system, transmission system, cooling system etc. So,
it becomes essential to account them while designing an engine for improves the engines
performance. Cooling system is one of the important systems amongst all. It is responsible to
carry large amount of heat waste to surroundings for efficient working of an engine. It enhances
heat transfer and fuel economy which leads to maximize the performance of an engine. Most
internal combustion engines are fluid cooled using either air or a liquid coolant run through a
heat exchanger (radiator) cooled by air. The heat transfer through radiator can be improved by
maximizing the heat transfer area and increasing the heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer
coefficient can be increased by using more efficient heat transfer methods or by improving the
thermos-physical properties of the heat transfer material i.e. coolant.

As per cited papers it is observed that if the concentration of fluid increases beyond
certain volume fraction heat transfer rate increases, however it becomes difficult to prevent
settling of Nanoparticles at such high concentration. In this paper we are trying to reduce the
settling problem of Nano particles (Al2O3) by providing stirring mechanism. Further details are
explained in following article by providing adequate data.
2.2 Proposed Work

The Literature review above clearly shows that using Nano fluid can effectively improve
the heat convective performance, but will also increase the pipeline pressure drop and pumping
energy, clogging and particle settlement problem. Using Nano fluid with a high heat convective
performance for heat exchange can help reduce the volume of the heat exchanger (radiator). In
addition, using Nano fluid with higher heat transfer performance instead of the traditional
working fluid for cooling can reduce the demand and cost of cooling system modifications. Most
of the Nano fluids used in previous studies were used in single pipe heat transfer, micro channel
heat sinks, plate heat exchangers, double-tube heat exchangers, or heated enclosures, and seldom
used in air-cooled heat exchangers. Since the ultimate goal of radiators is to discharge heat into
the atmosphere, and the air-cooled heat exchanger is widely used in automotive, air conditioning,
proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and electronic chip cooling, and is therefore a
worthy research direction.

This study uses a two-step synthesis method to make Al2O3/water Nano fluid, which can
be used as coolant in diesel engine radiator to heat dissipation. Since the temperature in diesel
engine is higher, by using Nano fluid with base fluid can increase heat transfer there by reducing
size of diesel engine radiator. Identifying the differences in Nano fluid weight fractions, Mass
flow rates, and temperature effects on heat exchange performance and pressure drop of the air
cooled heat exchanger makes it possible to evaluate the feasibility of applying Al2O3/water Nano
fluid to PEMFC heat dissipation or electronic chip cooling in the future. Further the clogging and
particle settlement problem which occurs beyond certain limit of volume concentration of
nanoparticles can be overcome by stirring methodology suggested in this thesis.
 Chapter 3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

3.1 Principle of Working

3.1.1 Methodology:

In experimental work generally quantitative methodology is followed.

In experimental methodology researchers try to isolate and control every relevant condition
which determines events investigated, so as t observe effects when conditions are manipulated. It
includes:

1) Pre experimental work in which the assumptions are made despite the lack of control
over variables.
2) Next step is true experimentation which includes rigorous check on variables influencing
system parameters.
3) In Quasi experimentation, all the conditions of true experimental design cannot be
fulfilled but the shortcomings are identified.
4) Correlation and ex post facto looks for the cause and affects relationship between sets of
data.
5) Last step in methodology is system analysis which involves identifying the problem in
past research work and try to find out the solution for it.

3.1.2 Working Principle:

Cooling system in diesel engine plays very important role. Temperature inside the diesel
engine is high because of higher compression ratio. Conventional coolants are added in diesel
engine in the ratio of 50:50 (water + coolant). This project work is carried out to enhance the
heat transfer rate from radiator so as to obtain compact design.

Heat transfer calculations to get compact design have certain limits. Hence enhancement
in heat transfer rate by using Nano fluid appears to be most promising solution in case of cooling
system.

Ample of experimentation has been done to investigate heat transfer rate in cooling
system of automobile and results shows that heat transfer rate increases by using Nano fluid by
controlling certain parameters. The study also shows that with use of increasing concentration of
nanoparticle frictional resistance increases resulting in pressure drop as well as particles
settlement and clogging also increases.

The aim of this project work is not only to improve heat transfer across radiator by using
Nano fluid but also to reduce above mentioned problem. This can be achieved by using a novel
methodology of stirring system.

3.2 Experimental setup

The test rig in Fig.3-1 has been used to measure heat transfer coefficient in diesel engine
radiator with and without. This experimental setup includes a steel tank as reservoir, electrical
heater, a centrifugal pump, a flow meter, tubes, valves, a fan, dimmer (8Amp), a DC power
supply & Digital thermocouples (type K) for temperature measurement & heat exchanger (Car
radiator). An electrical heater (2000W) inside a steel storage tank (40cm height and 30 cm
diameter) represents the engine and to heat the fluid. A voltage regulator (dimmer of 8Amp)
provides the power to keep the inlet temperature to the radiator from 60oC to 80oC. A flow meter
(0100 LPH) and valve is used to measure and control the flow rate. The fluid flows through GI
pipes (12.7mm) by a centrifugal pump (0.5Hp and 3m head) from the tank to the radiator at the
flow rate ranging from 40-70 LPH. Two thermocouples (copperconstantan; types K) have been
fixed on the flow line for recording the inlet and outlet fluid temperatures. 8 thermocouples (type
K) have been fixed to the radiator surface to ensure more of surface area measurement. To read
all the temperatures of thermocouples a DTI is provided. Two small plastic tubes with 0.25inch
diameter is connected to inlet and outlet pipe of radiator and further joined with U-tube
manometer to measure pressure drop on inlet and outlet of the pipe. The car radiator has 195
louvered fins and 18 vertical tubes. For an airside, an axial fan (2800rpm) installed close on axis
line of radiator. A small motor of 20V capacity is provided to drive the fan. In addition to this a
stirring mechanism is provided to avoid clogging and settling of Nano particles. A stirring
mechanism consists of a shaft on which steel plates are brazed to form a stirrer. This stirrer is
driven by 20V motor.
Figure 3-1: Line Diagram of Setup
Figure 3-2: Actual Experimental Setup
3.3 Constructional Features

3.3.1 Key components

Radiator and Radiator Fan:

Radiator is the main component of any cooling system. Function of radiator in engine is
to cool the coolant so that it can be recirculating again and again around the engine to maintain
its temperature. Radiator consists of number of fine tubes in which coolant flows. Cooling is
achieved by circulating air around tubes either naturally or with the help of fan (forced
convection). Flow of coolant in radiator is through thermostat valve which opens only when
there is sufficient temperature increase of coolant. Thermostat valve operates by wax melting.
Coolant flows from engine to radiator and radiator to engine through hose pipe.

Figure 3-3: Radiator

Reservoir (a tank acting as engine):

Coolant coming from engine has high temperature. To serve the purpose of engine a steel
tank is installed with heater within it to increase temperature of coolant. A steel tank is used as
reservoir which supplies high temperature water to radiator.

Electric water heater

To provide high temperature coolant to radiator a reservoir is provided with a heater

operated by a dimmer. Heater is made up of two or more copper sheathed tubular heating
elements brazed to brass flange. Heaters are Nickel-Chrome plated and are provided with
earthing terminals.

Figure 3-4: Electric Heater

Pump

A pump is provided to circulate water between tank and radiator. It is used to lift the
water from reservoir and supply it to radiator. It is a rotary pump which is driven by belt drive
from crankshaft of engine. A centrifugal pump is used for this purpose.

Figure 3-5: Centrifugal Pump

Flow meter:

A flow meter is a device used to measure volume flow rate in the system. There
are different types of flow measuring devices. A rotameter is a device that measures the flow rate
of a fluid in a closed tube. It belongs to a class of meters called variable area meters which
measures flow rate by allowing the cross- sectional area of fluid travels through, to vary causing
a measurable effect.

Figure 3-6: Flow meter

Stirrer Mechanism:

Stirring is needed for obtaining homogeneous solution. There are different types of stirrer
used in laboratory. Stirring mechanism used in this set up consist of a 10 mm steel rod over
which a plate is brazed to form a mechanical stirrer. It is used to solve the purpose continuous
stirring of Nano fluid to avoid particle settlement and clogging and agglomeration problem.
Stirrer is driven by a 20V motor, in actual engine it can be driven by battery power.

Figure 3-7: Stirrer

Thermocouples and DTI, manometer:

Thermocouples are temperature measurement devices. It is an electric device consisting

of two different conductors forming electric junction at differing temperatures. It produces
temperature dependent voltage as a result of thermoelectric effect, and this voltage can be
interpreted to measure temperature. There are different types of thermocouples depending on
working conditions like J, K, E, T, N, B, R and S. J type is most common and more suitable for
temperature range of 210 to 7600C.

Figure 3.8: K Type Thermocouple Figure 3.9: Digital Temperature Indicator (DTI)

DTI is digital temperature indicator for reading of temperature obtained by

thermocouples.

Manometer is a pressure measurement device. Different types of manometers are used for
pressure measurement in which U-tube manometer is very common. U-tube manometer is used
for pressure difference measurement.

Figure 3-10: Manometer

3.4 Preparation of Nano Fluid

Two step process: This technique is also known as Cool-Aid method which is usually
used for oxide nanoparticles. In this technique nanoparticles are obtained by different methods
(in form of powders) and then are dispersed into the base fluid. The main problem in this
technique is the nanoparticle agglomeration due to attractive Van der waals forces.

One step process: In this process the dispersion of nanoparticles is obtained by direct
evaporation of the nanoparticle metal and condensation of the nanoparticles in the base liquid
and is the best technique foe metallic Nano fluids such as Cu Nano fluids. The main problems in
this technique are low production capacity, low concentration of nanoparticles and high costs.
While the advantage of this technique is that nanoparticle agglomeration is minimized. The
suspensions obtained by either case should be well mixed, uniformly dispersed and stable in
time. Also it should be noted that the heat transfer properties of Nano fluids could be controlled
by the concentration of the nanoparticle and also by the shape of nanoparticles.

The parameter which affects thermal conductivity is size of Nano particles. Overall we
can say that the smaller the size the greater the stability of colloidal dispersion, the greater the
stability of colloidal dispersion the greater the probability of interaction and collision among
particles and collision among particles and fluid and the greater the effective heat energy
transport inside the liquid (Xue 2003).

Thermal conductivity enhancement ratio:

(Keffective = Knanofluid / Kbasefluid )

And the parameters that most affect the thermal conductivity of Nano fluids are:

1- Particle volume fraction

2- Particle material
3- Base fluids
4- Particle size
5- Temperature
 Table 1: Properties of Nano fluid and base Fluid

Properties Water Al2O3

Density (Kg/m3) 9971 3970
Specific Heat (J/Kg K) 4179 765
Thermal Conductivity (W/m K) 0.605 40

Thermo-physical Properties of Nano-fluid:

Some important Thermo-physical properties of Nano fluid on which heat transfer coefficient of
Nano particle depends are given below

A. Specific heat of Nano fluid is define as

Cpnf = p Cpp + (1- ) bf Cpbf / nf

B. Density of Nano fluid is define as

nf = p + (1 - ) bf

C. Viscosity at room temperature is calculated by using following relation

nf = bf (1+2.5)

D. Thermal conductivity of Nano fluid for Al2O3 + Water is developed by

Knf / Kbf = Renf0.1750.5 (Kb / Kbf)0.2324

E. Volume concentration or weight concentration of particle is given by

= (wp / p) / (wnf / nf )
3.5 Procedure

For experimentation on setup to investigate heat transfer rate following steps are followed
considering some assumptions.

Ensure all the connections are proper and leak proof.

Initially readings for water as a coolant are taken. For this purpose 10 liters of water is
filled in reservoir.
Water is heated to a temperature of 67C with the help of heater. Dimmer is used to
provide power supply to heater.
When the water temperature reaches to 67C, radiator system is activated by running the
pump. Radiator fan is also started.
Flow rate is kept constant at 60 LPH with the help of valve.
Temperature readings are taken from DTI which includes inlet and outlet temperature of
water from radiator (T9 and T10 respectively) and radiator surface temperature readings
(from T1 to T8).
In next step inlet temperature of water is allowed to descend to 65C, flow rate was again
kept constant (60LPH) and all the temperature readings are noted.
Same procedure is repeated for inlet temperature of 63C.
In next step Nano fluid is added in water and again temperature readings are taken for
different inlet temperatures as stated above.
Now the stirring system is initiated with the help of motor and 10 min of time is allotted
for proper mixing.
Again same procedure is followed i.e. temperature readings are taken for different inlet
temperature by keeping stirring mechanism ON.
All the observations are tabulated as readings for water with constant flow rate and varying
inlet temperature, Nano fluid readings for 2g of Nano fluid in water without stirring and
next observation table for Nano fluid with stirring.
In further experimentation flow rate and inlet temperature both are kept constant and
particle concentration was increased from 2g to 4g and 6g.
Rest of the procedure was same.
 All the temperatures are tabulated for 4g particle concentration without stirring and with
stirring.
Same steps are repeated for 6g particle concentration.
Further inlet temperature and flow rate, both are varied at the same time and readings were
taken for particle concentration of 2g, 4g and 6g.
All observations are tabulated and calculations are done.
 Chapter 4 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Heat Transfer Coefficient:

Heat transfer coefficients are obtained by increasing inlet temperature of radiator gradually. The
flow rate was kept constant and readings were taken for water then for Nano fluid with 2g
concentration without stirring and then Nano fluid with stirring mechanism active.

Table 2: Heat Transfer Coefficient for varying inlet temperature

hexp for Nano fluid hexp for Nano fluid

Temperature hexp for water
without stirring with stirring

63 569.53 585.74 640.40

65 640.72 765.90 830.49

67 802.67 741.39 896.84

4.2 Heat transfer rate

Heat transfer rate are obtained by increasing inlet temperature of radiator gradually. The flow
rate was kept constant and readings were taken for water then for water then for Nano fluid with
2 concentrations without stirring and then Nano fluid with stirring mechanism active.

Table 3: Heat Transfer Rate for varying inlet temperature

Q for Nano fluid Q for Nano fluid

Temperature Q for water
without stirring with stirring

63 555.30 555.03 624.40

65 624.71 763.16 763.16

67 694.12 765.90 832.54

 1000
Heat Transfer Rate (W) Water
800

600
Nano fluid
400 without
stirring
200
Nano fluid
0 with stirring
63 65 67

Inlet Temperature (oC)

Figure 4-1: Temperature on Heat Transfer Rate under varying Inlet Temperature

From above graph it can be clearly stated that

1. Heat transfer rate of Nano fluid with addition of 2g of nanoparticle for inlet temperature of
630C is minute as compared to water
2. Heat transfer rate of Nano fluid with addition of 2g of nanoparticle is 22.16% higher than
water for inlet temperature of 65oC
3. By using stirring mechanism heat transfer rate has further increased by 9.09% than Nano fluid
without stirring for inlet temperature of 65oC
4. Heat Transfer rate of Nano fluid with addition of 2g of nanoparticle is 10.34% higher than
water for inlet temperature of 670C.
5. By using stirring mechanism heat transfer rate has further increased by 8.70% than Nano fluid
without stirring for inlet temperature of 670C.

Thus increase in inlet temperature increases the rate of heat transfer but at a slower
rate.
4.3 Varying particle concentration

Heat transfer coefficient and Heat transfer are calculated for the readings of increasing Nano
fluid particle concentration from 2 to 4 and 6. Inlet temperature and flow rate was kept constant
(650C, 60LPH)

Table 4: Heat Transfer coefficient and Heat transfer rate for varying particle
concentration

Weight of Nano hexp for Nano fluid Q for Nano fluid hexp for Nano fluid Q for Nano fluid
fluid added (g) without stirring without stirring with stirring with stirring

2 765.90 693.79 830.49 832.54

4 677.36 762.34 730.04 831.64

6 596.96 761.97 712.52 831.25

Obtained results reveal that the heat transfer properties of Al2O3 Nano fluid were found to be
higher than the conventional coolant water.

1. First table shows that heat transfer rate for Nano fluid is higher than base fluid that is water.
2. Further due to continuous stirring, provided during working of radiator, the heat transfer rate
thus obtained is higher than that of Nano fluid without stirring.
 1000
Heat Transfer Rate (W)
800
Nano fluid
600 without
stirring
400
Nano fluid with
200 stirring

0
2 4 6

Particle Concentration (g)

Figure 4-2: Temperature on Heat Transfer Rate under varying Particle Concentration

By increasing concentration of Nano powder in base fluid, results obtained are

1. Increasing volume concentration from 2 to 4g increases the heat transfer rate by

9.88% but friction factor also increases resulting in pressure drop across radiator.
2. Further increasing concentration of Nano fluid beyond certain limits results in
increasing problem of clogging and particle settlement.
3. With the use of stirring mechanism clogging and particle settlement get reduces;
resulting in increased in heat transfer by 9.09% for 4g concentration.
4. Further due to stirring mechanism at low concentration of Nano fluid heat transfer
rate increases which can be effectively used to reduce friction resistance and pressure
drop.
4.4 Varying flow rate

Heat transfer coefficient and Heat transfer rate are calculated for the readings of increasing flow
rate of Nano fluid in the range of 40-60 LPH with varying concentration from 2 to 4 to 6 g. Inlet
temperature was kept constant (650C)

Table 5: Heat Transfer coefficient and Heat transfer for varying flow rate

hexp for Nano fluid Q for Nano fluid

Flow Rate
(LPH) Concentration Concentration

2g 4g 6g 2g 4g 6g

40 982.90 1954.63 2269.67 647.53 831.64 872.23

50 1868.84 1642.10 1985.96 865.68 924.05 1090.29

60 1309.75 1283.76 3154.40 970.72 1039.55 1385.41

 1600
Heat Transfer Rate (W)

1200 Nano fluid with

2g concentration
800 Nano fluid with
4g concentration
400 Nano fluid 6g
concentration
0
40 50 60

Inlet Temperature (oC)

Figure 4.3: Temperature on Heat Transfer Rate under varying Flow Rate

By increasing flow rate of Nano powder in base fluid, results obtained are

1. With the increase in flow rate from 40 to 50 LPH the heat transfer rate for 2g
concentration of Nano fluid increases by 33.68%.
2. Further if the flow rate is increased from 50 to 60 LPH then the heat transfer rate for
2g concentration of Nano fluid increases by 12.13%.
3. Now for 4g concentration of Nano fluid the increase in heat transfer rate for increase
in flow rate from 40 to 50LPH is 11.11% and for 50 to 60 LPH is 12.49%.
4. Now for 6g concentration of Nano fluid the increase in heat transfer rate for increase
in flow rate from 40 to 50LPH is 25.00% and for 50 to 60 LPH is 27.06%.

Thus with increase in flow rate for a given concentration of Nano fluid, the heat
transfer rate increases.
Also with increase in both flow rate and concentration of Nano fluid, again the
heat transfer rate increases.
4.5 Varying Flow Rate, Inlet Temperature and Particle Concentration

Heat transfer rate are calculated for the readings of increasing flow rate (40, 50, 60 LPH), inlet
temperature (63, 65, 67 0C), particle concentration (2, 4, 6 g) simultaneously.

Table 6: Heat transfer rate for varying flow rate, inlet temperature and particle
concentration

Heat Transfer Rate

Inlet
Flow Rate Concentration
Temperature
2g 4g 6g
63 601.28 739.24 780.42
40LPH 65 647.53 831.64 872.23
67 693.79 877.84 918.14
63 865.68 866.27 1032.91
50LPH 65 932.39 924.05 1090.29
67 981.10 981.80 1147.68
63 901.38 970.25 1316.14
60LPH 65 970.72 1039.55 1385.41
67 1040.06 1108.86 1454.68
 1200
Heat Transfer Rate (W)
1000
800 40 LPH
600
50 LPH
400
60 LPH
200
0
63 65 67

Inlet Temperature (oC)

Figure 4.4: Temperature on Heat Transfer Rate under varying inlet temperature and flow
rate for 2g concentration

1200
Heat Transfer Rate (W)

1000
800
40 LPH
600
50 LPH
400
60 LPH
200
0
63 65 67

Inlet Temperature (oC)

Figure 4.5: Temperature on Heat Transfer Rate under varying inlet temperature and flow
rate for 4g concentration
Heat Transfer Rate (W)

1600
1200 40 LPH
800 50 LPH
400 60 LPH
0
63 65 67

Inlet Temperature (oC)

Figure 4.6: Temperature on Heat Transfer Rate under varying inlet temperature and flow
rate for 6g concentration
By increasing flow rate of Nano powder in base fluid, results obtained for varying inlet
temperature and particle concentration are

1. With the increase in flow rate from 40 to 50 LPH for inlet temperature of 630C, the
heat transfer rate for 2g concentration of Nano fluid increases by 43.97%.
2. Further if the flow rate is increased from 50 to 60 LPH then the heat transfer rate for
inlet temperature of 630C and 2g concentration of Nano fluid increases by 4.12%.
3. Similar increase in heat transfer rate is obtained for inlet temperature of 650c and
670c.
4. Now for 4g concentration of Nano fluid the increase in heat transfer rate for increase
in flow rate from 40 to 50LPH at inlet temperature of 630C is 17.18% and for 50 to
60 LPH is 12.00%.
5. Similar increase in heat transfer rate is obtained for inlet temperature of 650c and
670c.
6. Now for 6g concentration of Nano fluid the increase in heat transfer rate for increase
in flow rate from 40 to 50LPH at inlet temperature of 630C is 32.35% and for 50 to
60 LPH is 27.42%.
7. Similar increase in heat transfer rate is obtained for inlet temperature of 650c and
670c.

Thus with increase in flow rate for a given concentration of Nano fluid along
with increasing inlet temperature, the heat transfer rate increases.

Based on the experimental results, introducing nanoparticles to the fluid will increase heat
transfer rate of the system. Surface properties, particle shape, and concentration of
nanoparticles play important role to improve Nano fluid heat transfer properties.
The increase in heat transfer rate while using Nano fluid as compared to that of the base
fluid i.e. water is obtained because of higher value of Thermal Conductivity of Al2O3 Nano
powder (40 W/m K) and further it has been proved that a bulk material has constant
physical properties regardless of its size, but at the Nano scale, size-dependent properties
are often observed. Thus, the properties of materials change as their size approaches the
Nano scale and as the percentage of the surface in relation to the percentage of the volume
of a material becomes significant.
 Chapter 5 - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The convective heat transfer performance of Al2O3 Nano fluid flowing on diesel engine
radiator has been experimentally investigated. Experiments have been carried out under turbulent
conditions. The effect of particle concentration, inlet temperature and flow rate has been
determined. Comparison of heat transfer rate in water and in Nano fluid without stirring action
and with stirring action is done from readings by plotting graph.

Important conclusions are:

1. Dispersion of nanoparticles into distilled water increases the thermal conductivity and
viscosity of Nano Fluid.
2. This augmentation increases with increase in particle concentration.
3. Though increase in particle concentration increase friction factor. This problem can be
overcome by using stirring mechanism which enhances heat transfer rate at low
concentrations also.
4. It has been observed that using stirring mechanism clogging and settlement of particles
problems can be effectively overcome.
5. Stirring mechanism improves heat transfer rate by 10-15% than without stirring.

FUTURE SCOPE:

Experimenting and studying Nano fluids validate their properties but focus should be to
try to extract advantages and limitations of use of Nano fluid in cooling system. Focus must be
on overcoming the limitations of Nano fluids and it will be worthwhile to work out with various
permutations and combinations of the Nanoparticles and base fluids which might help to develop
the science related to Nano fluids more extensively because in most part of India atmospheric
temperature conditions make it essential to use water in cooling system.
 Chapter 6 - CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS

By using the Nano fluids the general trends for an enhanced heat transfer were observed
but also areas of discrepancies do exist. The inaccuracies encountered are mainly due to poor
characterization of Nano fluids which are experimented upon. It is difficult to measure and
quantify the size, shape and distribution of Nanoparticles in fluids. Viscosity measurement of
Nano fluids could be an important parameter which will be helpful when comparing Nano fluid
results. A major apprehension while using any particle laden flow is the effect of erosion of the
material surfaces due to the fluid motion. The Nano scale of the particles involved in Nano fluids
tends to mitigate the particle erosion problems. Also Nanoparticles tend to follow the fluid
streamlines better than larger particles in flows. Nano fluids have been mainly produced in small
quantities. This is adequate for research work, but large scale production of well dispersed Nano
fluids at low cost is required for commercial applications. This is a serious barrier for use of
Nano fluids in cooling system of vehicles.
 Chapter 7 APPENDIX A

7.1 Observations

Set 1:

1. Observations are taken for pure water when inlet temperature increases.
2. Temperature readings of 10 thermocouples are taken from DTI.
3. Flow rate was kept constant.

Table 7: For water with increasing inlet temperature

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow
Rate
LPH
56 44 57 45 46 55 43 55 63 55 60
55 45 59 46 48 57 44 57 65 56 60
59 46 62 48 50 60 49 59 67 57 60

Set 2:

1. Observations are taken for Nano fluid with particle concentration of 2g and without
stirring.
2. Temperature readings of 10 thermocouples are taken from DTI at same inlet temperature as
taken for water.
3. Flow rate was kept constant.

Table 8: For Nano fluid (weight 2g without stirring) with increasing inlet
temperature

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow
Rate
LPH
54 48 58 44 48 55 42 54 63 55 60
57 44 59 45 49 58 44 58 65 55 60
59 47 61 46 47 56 43 58 67 56 60
Set 3:

1. Observations are taken for Nano fluid with particle concentrations of 2g and with stirring.
For proper stirring stirrer is on and readings are noted after 10 minutes to ensure proper
stirring.
2. Temperature readings of 10 thermocouples are taken from DTI at same inlet temperatures
as taken for Nano fluid for without stirring.
3. Flow rate was kept constant.

Table 9: For Nano fluid (weight 2g with stirring) with increasing inlet temperature

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow
Rate
LPH
53 42 56 45 47 56 42 56 63 53 60
53 42 59 45 47 55 42 56 65 54 60
60 46 65 51 46 59 44 59 67 56 60

Set 4:

1. Observations are taken for Nano fluid with particle concentration of 4g and readings are
taken for both without stirring and with stirring.
2. Inlet temperature and flow rate was kept constant.
3. Temperature readings of 10 thermocouples are taken from DTI.

Table 10: For Nano fluid (weight 4g with and without stirring)

Condition T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow

Rate
LPH
Without 54 43 57 43 47 53 43 54 65 54 60
Stirring
With 53 42 56 42 46 54 42 54 65 53 60
stirring
Set 5

1. Observations are taken for Nano fluid with particle concentration of 6g and readings are
taken for both without stirring and with stirring.
2. Inlet temperature and flow rate was kept constant.
3. Temperature readings of 10 thermocouples are taken from DTI.

Table 11: For Nano fluid (weight 6g with and without stirring)

Condition T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow

Rate
LPH
Without 53 42 54 40 44 56 41 53 65 54 60
Stirring
With 53 42 55 41 45 55 42 54 65 53 60
stirring

Set 6

1. Observations are taken for Nano fluid with particle concentration of 2g.
2. Inlet temperature and flow rate; both are varied.
3. Temperature readings of 10 thermocouples are taken from DTI.

For Flow Rate = 40LPH

Table 12: For Nano fluid (weight 2g) with increasing inlet temperature at 40LPH

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow
Rate
LPH
53 56 58 42 45 53 50 56 63 50 40
53 54 61 45 47 52 47 57 65 55 40
55 55 61 49 48 53 51 57 67 52 40
For Flow Rate = 50LPH

Table 13: For Nano fluid (weight 2g) with increasing inlet temperature at 50LPH

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow
Rate
LPH
55 56 59 42 43 55 50 55 63 58 50
55 57 60 42 44 55 51 56 65 59 50
49 59 61 43 48 46 53 58 67 50 50

For Flow Rate = 60LPH

Table 14: For Nano fluid (weight 2g) with increasing inlet temperature at 60LPH

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow
Rate
LPH
46 61 61 41 45 42 50 56 63 50 60
48 57 61 45 46 50 46 57 65 51 60
55 57 62 48 49 59 49 60 67 52 60

Set 7

1. Observations are taken for Nano fluid with particle concentration of 4g.
2. Inlet temperature and flow rate; both are varied.
3. Temperature readings of 10 thermocouples are taken from DTI.
 For Flow Rate = 40LPH

Table 15: For Nano fluid (weight 4g) with increasing inlet temperature at 40LPH

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow
Rate
LPH
52 53 57 42 43 51 45 54 63 47 40
55 57 59 46 41 54 50 55 65 47 40
51 56 55 59 45 54 50 58 67 48 40

For Flow Rate = 50LPH

Table 16: For Nano fluid (weight 4g) with increasing inlet temperature at 50LPH

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow
Rate
LPH
52 56 57 40 44 51 48 55 63 48 50
55 57 59 42 44 52 50 56 65 49 50
56 60 61 46 47 56 54 58 67 50 50

For Flow Rate = 60LPH

Table 17: For Nano fluid (weight 4g) with increasing inlet temperature at 60LPH

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow
Rate
LPH
54 50 52 49 40 50 43 50 63 49 60
55 47 60 47 46 49 41 56 65 50 60
57 50 61 49 48 51 45 58 67 51 60
Set 8

1. Observations are taken for Nano fluid with particle concentration of 6g.
2. Inlet temperature and flow rate; both are varied.
3. Temperature readings of 10 thermocouples are taken from DTI.

For Flow Rate = 40LPH

Table 18: For Nano fluid (weight 6g) with increasing inlet temperature at 40LPH

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow
Rate
LPH
54 56 57 40 43 52 48 54 63 46 40
55 57 60 42 44 52 50 56 65 46 40
56 60 61 46 47 56 54 59 67 47 40

For Flow Rate = 50LPH

Table 19: For Nano fluid (weight 6g) with increasing inlet temperature at 50LPH

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow
Rate
LPH
54 50 52 47 42 51 43 50 63 45 50
55 47 61 49 46 49 41 56 65 46 50
57 51 62 47 48 50 45 58 67 47 50
For Flow Rate = 60LPH

Table 20: For Nano fluid (weight 6g) with increasing inlet temperature at 60LPH

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Flow
Rate
LPH
52 54 50 47 43 51 43 50 63 44 60
53 55 61 49 45 49 42 54 65 45 60
55 58 60 48 48 48 45 55 67 46 60
Appendix B

7.2 Calculations

FOR WATER

Sample calculation for inlet temperature reading of 650C

Q = h A T = h As (Tb-Ts)

As is the surface area of the tube, Tb is the bulk temperature

Tb = (Tin + Tout ) / 2 = (65+53) / 2 = 590C

Tin and Tout are inlet and outlet temperatures respectively and Ts is the tube wall temperature
which is the mean value by two surface thermocouples as

Ts = (T1 + + Tn) / n = (53+42+59+45+47+55+42+56) / 8

Ts = 49.870C

And heat transfer rate calculated by

Q = m* C T = m* C (Tin Tout)

m* is mass flow rate which is determined as

m* = V* = 997.1 x 60 x 10-3 / 3600 = 0.0166 Kg/s

The heat transfer coefficient can be evaluated as

hexp = m*C (Tin Tout) / As (Tb Ts)

As = n Dh L

Dh is the hydraulic diameter

Dh = 4 x Area / Perimeter.

= 4 x {/4 x d2 + (D-d) x d} / { x d +2 x (D-d)}

Dimensions of radiator tubes are (D = 8mm and d = 4mm), length of the tube is 35cm and
number of tubes are 18.

Dh = 4 x {/4 x 0.004 + (0.008 0.004) x 0.004} / { x 0.004 + 2 x (0.008 0.004)}

Dh = 5.55 x 10-3 m

Therefore As = n Dh L = 18 x x 5.55 x 10-3 x 0.35 = 0.1098 m2

Now heat transfer coefficient

hexp = m* x C(Tin Tout) / As (Tb Ts)

= 0.0166 x 4179 x (65-53) / 0.1098 x (59 49.87)

hexp = 830.49 W/m2K

Q = h A T = h As (Tb Ts)

= 830.49 x 0.1098 x (59 49.87)

= 832.54 W
FOR NANOFLUID (2g without stirring)

Sample calculation for inlet temperature reading of 650C

For Nano fluid thermo-physical properties has to be found out

Density of Nano fluid is define as

nf = p + (1 ) bf

= 0.002 x 3970 + (1 0.002) 997.1

= 1003.05 Kg/m3

Specific heat of Nano fluid

Cpnf ={ p Cpp + (1-) bf Cpbf }/ nf

= [(0.002 x 3970 x 765) + {(1 0.002) x 997.1 x 4179}] / 1003.05

= 4151.96 J/Kg K

As is the surface area of the tube, Tb is the bulk temperature

Tb = (Tin + Tout) / 2 = (65 + 55) / 2 = 600C

Tin and Tout are inlet and outlet temperatures respectively and Ts is the tube wall temperature
which is the mean value by two surface thermocouples as

Ts = (T1 + .. + Tn) / n = (57+44+59+45+49+58+44+58) / 8

Ts = 51.750C

m* is mass flow rate which is determined as

m* = V* = 1003.05 x 60 x 10-3 / 3600 = 0.0167 Kg/s

The heat transfer coefficient can be evaluated as

hexp = m*C (Tin Tout) / As (Tb Ts)

= 0.0167 x 4151.96 x (65 55) / 0.1098 x (60 51.75)

hexp = 765.90 W/m2K

Q = h A T = h As (Tb Ts)

=765.90 x 0.1098 x (60 51.75)

= 693.79 W
FOR NANOFLUID (2g with stirring)

Sample calculation for inlet temperature reading of 650C

For Nano fluid thermo-physical properties has to be found out

Density of Nano fluid is define as

nf = p + (1 ) bf

= 0.002 x 3970 + (1 0.002) 997.1

=1003.05 Kg/m3

Specific heat of Nano fluid

Cpnf ={ p Cpp + (1-) bf Cpbf }/ nf

= [(0.002 x 3970 x 765) + {(1 0.002) x 997.1 x 4179}] / 1003.05

= 4151.96 J/Kg K

As is the surface area of the tube, Tb is the bulk temperature

Tb = (Tin + Tout) / 2 = (65 + 53) / 2= 590C

Tin and Tout are inlet and outlet temperatures respectively and Ts is the tube wall temperature
which is the mean value by two surface thermocouples as

Ts = (T1 + .. + Tn) / n = (53+42+59+45+47+55+42+56) / 8

Ts = 49.870C

m* is mass flow rate which is determined as

m* = V* = 1003.05 x 60 x 10-3 / 3600 = 0.0167 Kg/s

The heat transfer coefficient can be evaluated as

hexp = m*C (Tin Tout) / As (Tb Ts)

= 0.0167 x 4151.96 x (65 53) / 0.1098 x (59 49.87)

hexp = 830.49 W/m2K

Q = h A T = h As (Tb Ts)

= 830.49 x 0.1098 x (59 49.87)

= 832.54 W

Similar calculations of heat transfer are done for 4g and 6g weight percent of Nano fluid.

Density and specific heat for 4g and 6g are calculated as

For 4g Nano fluid:

A. Density of Nano fluid is define as

nf = p + (1 ) bf

= 0.004 x 3970 + (1 0.004) 997.1

=1009 Kg/m3

B. Specific heat of Nano fluid

Cpnf ={ p Cpp + (1-) bf Cpbf }/ nf

= [(0.004 x 3970 x 765) + {(1 0.004) x 997.1 x 4179}] / 1009

= 4125.23 J/Kg K
 m* = V*

= 1009 x 60 x 10-3 / 3600

= 0.01681 Kg/s

For 6g Nano fluid:

A. Density of Nano fluid is define as

nf = p + (1 ) bf

= 0.006 x 3970 + (1 0.006) 997.1

= 1014.93 Kg/m3

B. Specific heat of Nano fluid

Cpnf = { p Cpp + (1-) bf Cpbf }/ nf

= [(0.006 x 3970 x 765) + {(1 0.006) x 997.1 x 4179}] / 1014.93

= 4098.90 J/Kg K

m* = V*

=1014.93 x 60 x 10-3 / 3600

= 0.01691 Kg/s

The heat transfer rate is calculated for both 4g and 6g Nano fluid when conditions are applied
i.e., with stirring and without stirring.
 Chapter 8 LITERATURE CITED

[1] Adnan M. Hussein, R.A. Bakar, K. Kadirgama Study of forced convection Nanofluid
heat transfer in the automotive cooling system.

[2] Jaafar Albadr , Satinder Tayal, Mushtaq Alasadi Elsevier case studies in thermal
engineering studied Heat transfer through heat exchanger using Al2O3 nanofluid at different
concentrations (eISSN:2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308).

[3] Ravi Adwani, Shri Krishna Choudhary - Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer
Rate In Automobile Radiator Using Nanofluid at JISET International Journal of Innovative
Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 6, August 2014. (eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN:
2321-7308).

[4] Kirubadurai et al: in International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

(eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308).

[5] Sidi El BecayeMaiga, Samy Joseph Palm, Cong Tam Nguyen, Gilles Roy, Nicolas
Galanis Heat transfer enhancement by using Nano fluids in forced convection flows.

[6] S.M. Peyghambarzadeh, S.H. Hashemabadi, M. SeifiJamnani, S.M. Hoseini

Improving the cooling performance of automobile radiator with Al2O3/water nano fluid.
Applied Thermal Engineering (2011) 1833e1838.

[7] S.M. Peyghamberzadeh, S. H. Hashemabadi, M. Naraki, Y. Vermahmodi

Experimental study of overall heat transfer coefficient in the application of dilute Nano fluids in
the car radiator

[8] Kiran bhusal, J.H.Bhangale Study and Investigation of Heat transfer enhancementof a
car radiator by using Nano fluid-review.

[9] Shuichi Torii Experimental study on Convective heat transfer of aqueous suspension
of Nano diamond particle, International symposium on Eco Topia science 07 (2007).

[10] S.H. Anil Kumar and G.Jilani Convective heat transfer enhancement in an enclosure
with fin utilizing nano fluid, International journal of aerospace and mechanical engineering.