Outline

Hook’s Law and periodic

Chapter 13
„

motion
„ Elastic potential energy
„ Equations of simple harmonic
Vibrations and Waves
motion
(Part 1)
„ Motion of a pendulum

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Hooke’s Law Hooke’s Law Force

„ Fs = - k x „ The force always acts toward the
Fs is the spring force
„
equilibrium position
„ k is the spring constant
„ It is a measure of the stiffness of the spring „ It is called the restoring force
A large k indicates a stiff spring and a small k
„
indicates a soft spring „ The direction of the restoring force
„ x is the displacement of the object from its is such that the object is being
equilibrium position
„ x = 0 at the equilibrium position
either pushed or pulled toward the
„ The negative sign indicates that the force is equilibrium position
always directed opposite to the
displacement
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Hooke’s Law Applied to a Motion of the Spring-Mass

Spring – Mass System System
„ When x is positive „ Assume the object is initially pulled to a distance A
(to the right), F is and released from rest
negative (to the left) „ As the object moves toward the equilibrium
„ When x = 0 (at position, F and a decrease, but v increases
equilibrium), F is 0 „ At x = 0, F and a are zero, but v is a maximum
„ When x is negative „ The object’s momentum causes it to overshoot the
(to the left), F is equilibrium position
positive (to the r r
right) Fs = −kx
r r
F = ma
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1
 Motion of the Spring-Mass
System, cont Simple Harmonic Motion
„ The force and acceleration start to increase in the „ Motion that occurs when the net
opposite direction and velocity decreases force along the direction of motion
„ The motion momentarily comes to a stop at x = - A obeys Hooke’s Law
It then accelerates back toward the equilibrium
„
„ The force is proportional to the
position
displacement and always directed
„ The motion continues indefinitely toward the equilibrium position
„ The motion of a spring mass
system is an example of Simple
Harmonic Motion
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Simple Harmonic Motion, Periodic Motion:

cont. Amplitude
„ Not all periodic motion over the „ Amplitude, A
same path can be considered „ The amplitude is the maximum position of the
object relative to the equilibrium position
Simple Harmonic motion
„ In the absence of friction, an object in simple
„ To be Simple Harmonic motion, harmonic motion will oscillate between the
the force needs to obey Hooke’s positions x = ±A
-A A
Law

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Periodic Motion:
Period and Frequency Quick Quiz 13.1-2
A block on the end of a spring is pulled to position x = A and
„ The period, T, is the time that it takes „
released. Through what total distance does it travel in one full
for the object to complete one complete cycle of its motion?
(a) A/2; (b) A; (c) 2A ; (d) 4A
cycle of motion „ Which of the following pairs of vector quantities can’t both point in
„ From x = A to x = - A and back to x = A the same direction?
(a) position and velocity (b) velocity and acceleration
„ The frequency, ƒ, is the number of (c) position and acceleration
complete cycles or vibrations per unit r
-A A
r
time Fs = − kx
r r
„ ƒ=1/T F = ma
„ Frequency is the reciprocal of the period

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2
 Acceleration of an Object
in Simple Harmonic Motion Elastic Potential Energy
„ Newton’s second law will relate force „ A compressed spring has potential
and acceleration energy
„ The force is given by Hooke’s Law „ The compressed spring, when allowed
„ F=-kx=ma to expand, can apply a force to an
„ a = -kx / m object
„ The acceleration is a function of position „ The potential energy of the spring
„ Acceleration is not constant and therefore can be transformed into kinetic
the uniformly accelerated motion equation energy of the object
cannot be applied

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Elastic Potential Energy, Energy in a Spring Mass

cont System
„ The energy stored in a stretched or „ A block sliding on a
compressed spring or other elastic frictionless system
collides with a light
material is called elastic potential spring
energy
„ The block attaches to the
„ PEs = ½kx2 spring
„ The energy is stored only when the „ The system oscillates in
spring is stretched or compressed Simple Harmonic Motion
„ Elastic potential energy can be added to „ The spring force is
the statements of Conservation of conservative and the
total energy of the
Energy and Work-Energy system remains constant
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Velocity as a Function of
Position Example: Problem #9
1 2 1 2 1 2
kA = mv + kx „ x0 =2.0 cm
2 2 2
„ Conservation of Energy allows a calculation of
„ m = 100 g
the velocity of the object at any position in its „ hmax = 60.0 cm
motion
k 2
v=± ( A − x2 )
m „ k-?
„ Speed is a maximum at x = 0
„ Speed is zero at x = ±A
„ The ± indicates the object can be traveling in either
direction
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3
Simple Harmonic Motion Period from Circular
and Uniform Circular Motion Motion
„ A ball is attached to the „ The ball rotates with constant
rim of a turntable of
speed v0, its period
radius A
The focus is on the 2πA
„
T=
shadow that the ball v0
casts on the screen
„ Analogy with ball and spring
„ When the turntable
rotates with a constant system leads to
angular speed, the
shadow moves in simple m
harmonic motion T = 2π
k
A
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Period and Frequency from

Circular Motion Angular Frequency
m
„ Period T = 2π „ The angular frequency is related to the
k frequency
„ This gives the time required for an object of k
mass m attached to a spring of constant k ω = 2π ƒ =
to complete one cycle of its motion m
1 1 k „ The frequency gives the number of
„ Frequency ƒ = = cycles per second
T 2π m „ The angular frequency gives the
„ Units are cycles/second or Hertz, Hz number of radians per second

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Example: Problem #24

„ x0 =0.8 cm
„ m = 320 kg x0
„ M = 2x103 kg

„ f-? 1 1 k
ƒ= =
T 2π m

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