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System Integration:
Smart Grid with Renewable Energy
Authors
Mrs. N. V. Vader
Research student (Reg. 141012208)
JJT Univercity, Rajstan
Head of Elect. Power System Depart
V.P.M.s Polytechnic,
Thane India
Abstract:-
As electricity demands are increasing day by day causing unbalance in the present grid
system which results in various causes like load shedding, unbalance voltage etc which
ultimately affects the consumers. Now to avoid all such situations the only option is to meet the
demand by increasing generation but, we are also lagging with the conventional sources so
generating more power is also not convenient by conventional ways. Thus, use of Renewable is
quite important.
The solar power reaching the earths surface is about 86,000 TW. Covering 0.22% of our
planet with solar collectors with an efficiency of 8% would be enough to satisfy the current
global power consumption solar have tremendous potential for fulfilling the worlds energy
needs
Smart grids promise to facilitate the performance of the grid system. The power industry
has adopted smart grids that use information and communication technologies, which may
make electric power systems more reliable and efficient.
Renewable technology enhances the available energy resources. These technologies also
enable integration of higher levels of renewable energy and conventional energy sources. The
renewable sources are not dispatch-ablethe power output cannot be controlled. Future
energy sustainability depends heavily on how the renewable energy problem is addressed in the
next few decades.
Solar energy can be made more economical by reducing investment and operating costs and
by increasing solar plant performance. Integration of solar system with the smart grid have to
come up with the challenges put forward by solar systems like technology barrier, uncertainty,
social impact, economical aspects, free acceptance etc.
Several countries have adopted special programs to subsidize and promote solar energy.
Among the most successful ones are the Feed-In-Tariff (FIT) programs and the Production Tax
Credit (PTC) programs.
In this paper, we consider path from conventional grid towards smart grid, challenges against
integration of renewable energy, i.e. solar system. And impact of solar on grid stability,
reliability of supply. Failure of grid which leads to total blackout which may lead to renewable
energy as one of the solution to reduce impact of blackout- case study of total blackout in North
India on 29th& 30th July 2012 .
The section of the paper will concentrate on Ways of assimilation of Solar system in Smart
grid, challenges & benefits of integrated grid systems.
Introduction:-
`In recent years availability of power in India has bothincreased and improved but
demand has consistently outstrippedsupply and substantial energy and peak shortages prevailed
in recent years. The selection of an energy resourcefor electricity generation is growing concern
about other aspects such as social, environmental and technological benefitsand consequences of
the energy source selection. Adoption of System integration by utilitieswill help to find ways to
maintain the functionality of their current systems while also riding the wave of innovative
technology that keeps them ahead of the competition.For integration of smart grid and renewable
energy systems into a integrated system needs broad range of skills .These skills are likely to
include advance technology, interface procedures, and general problem solving skills. They are
likely to include new and challenging problems with an input from a broad range of engineers
where the system integration engineer "pulls it all together."
An electrical grid is an
interconnected network for
delivering electricity from suppliers
to consumers. The electrical grid
has evolved from an insular system
that serviced a particular
geographic area to a wider,
expansive network that
incorporated multiple areas. India is
geographically divided in five
regions namely, Northern, Eastern,
Western North Eastern and
Southern. All the states and union
territories in India fall in either of
these regions. Except the Southern region all other regions are operating in syncrons mode. The
Southern Region will be synchronized in 2014. All regional grids are interconnected through tie
lines. so that the power across these regions can flow seamlessly as per the relative load
generation balance.
Peak shortfalls: India is world's 6th largest energy consumer, accounting for 3.4% of
global energy consumption. Demand for energy has grown at an average of 3.6% per annum
there is short fall of peak demand.
Loss reduction: Indias aggregate transmission (technical and commercial) losses are on
av. 20-27%. Adoption of smart grid has reduced losses.
Performance Efficiency: The smart grid can improve load factors and reduce system
losses. This will reduce the dips in load curves and improves the performance efficiency of entire
power system.
Human Error: Error in meter reading, deliberate errors, power theft, faulty meters, and
poor maintenance of meter intentional damage has resulted with significant losses. However,
automated meter reading would lower recording and other errors thereby reduced commercial
losses.
Generation Mix:-
Renewable (Solar & Wind) energy can be made more economical by reducing investment
and operating costs and by increasing solar plant performance. Integration of solar system with
the smart grid have to come up with the challenges put forward by solar systems like technology
barrier, uncertainty, social impact, economical aspects, free acceptance etc.
Benefits of integration:-
Leading characteristics of renewable resources that impact their integration into power
grids are their size (generation capacity as compared to other sources of power generation on a
system), their location (both geographically and with respect to network topology), and their
variability (minute-by-minute, daily, seasonally, and intermittently).Renewable integration -
reducing our nations dependence on foreign coal by enabling the seamless integration of
cleaner, greener energy technologies into our power network.
Normally Renewable resources are connected at the distribution level and as larger resources
(wind farms, solar farms) are connected at the transmission level.
2. Empowering grid in peak hours :Integration of more renewables and storage support the
smart grid with real time information and substituting renewable energy sources
whenever possible. Increasing proportion of Renewables in generation mix not only
improves operational efficiency but reduces peak demands
3. Energy management: Smart metering helps to adopt energy management techniques such
as Demand side managementat consumer level, demand response usage leads to
optimum utilization and results into saving of energy.
4. Independent systems: RE systems works as isolated system during grid failure and
reduces impact on customer. Industrial and commercial consumers adopt grid connected
RE systems which helps to reduce power demand. Sometimes isolated system in
residential areas conserves the energy.
The challenges can be categorized below as technical, financial, business and societal issues.
A--Technical:-
1. Advanced Control Strategies: Solar and wind power plants exhibit changing dynamics,
nonlinearities, and uncertainties .Hence smart grid require advanced control strategies to
solve effectively. The use of more efficient control techniques would not only increase
the performance of these systems, but would increase the number of operational hours of
solar and wind plants and thus reduce the cost per kilowatt-hour (KWh) produced.
2. Wind and solar energy are both intermittent resources. Wind behavior changes daily and
seasonally, and sunlight is only available during daylight hours. Both wind and solar
energy can be viewed as aggregate resources from the point of view of a power grid, with
levels that vary within a 10 minute to 1 hour time frame, so they do not represent the
same form of intermittency as an unplanned interruption in a large base-load generator.
3. Research in technology is still in progress. Hence existing generation and delivery
infrastructure (i.e. legacy) of RE systems must be adaptive to work with new
technologies.
4. Being flexible to changing technologies require identifying the vital interface between
technology components.
5. Achieving association across service providers, end-users and technology suppliers is
difficult in particularly in growing international market place. Exchange of knowledge
and information can allow multiple parties to connect their devices and system for proper
interaction, but attaining interoperability is difficult.
1. Understanding and communicating the value proposition of a smart grid deployment for
each stakeholder in the electricity supply chain is scary.
C-Societal:-
On 30th June 2012 the two stages in North India have drawn excess power from the grid
which resulted in dropping frequency level which tripped the NEW grid and cascaded the
Northern and Eastern Grid. Western grid has isolated itself from NEW grid by reducing the
demand. Among the two major circuits linking Agra-Gwalior and a line linking Zerda in Gujarat
and Kankroli in Rajasthan were out for maintenance which main links connecting western and
northen grid. Prior to fault on 29th one of this line was heavily loaded by around 1000MW power
flowing through a single circuit brought it on a verge of Collapse by 3pm.
Because of such critical condition at 2.30 pm the Northern transmission grid collapsed
and took Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh into darkness. NTPCs six plants: Singrauli (2000 MW),
Vital Observations:-
Due to the above mentioned failure some vital observations were carried out which are
as mentioned below:-
Railways and Delhi Metro came to halt for few hours due to failure of signaling systems.
About 270 miners were stuck in coal mines in eastern India as elevators stopped
working.
Oil refineries in Panipat, Mathura & Bhatinda continued operating because of captive
power stations (independent of grid).
Majority of industries, shopping malls, commercial complexes not affected due to their
backup systems which were run by diesel generators.
Major IT hubs, small commercial sectors and some agricultural loads were still in line
due to renewable energy generation like solar energy & Wind energy.
Due to this integrated system some of the major break downs were prevented by the use of
such integrated systems and the minor part of northern grid was operating without any
disturbances. If this would have been implemented on the complete grid system might be this
major black out would have been prevented. Thus integrating renewable energy into grid
requires not only new technology but new attitude and operating procedure.
Conclusion:-
Smart grid technology can control renewable resources to effect changes in the grids
operating conditions and can provide additional benefits as distributed generation assets or when
installed at the transmission level.
Distributed generation can support weak grids, adding grid voltage and improving power
quality. In certain circumstances, distributed generation can be used in conjunction with
capacitor banks for management of power flows or to manage active and reactive power balance.
Reference: -
Papers
Paper on Control for Renewable Energy and Smart Grid. By, Eduardo F. Camacho,
Tariq samad , Mario Garcia-sanz, and Ian Hiskens.
Websites
http//www.powergrid.in/national grid.html
http://www.powermin.in/loaddispacthcenter
http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/stakeholder_roundtable_sept_09_fin
al.2.00.pdf
Books
Renewable energy sources and their environmental impact by Abbasi S.A / Abbasi N.
Publication: - PHI/New Delhi.