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^
r
Transforms ^
"
The forward and reverse coordinate transformations are ! r ^
!
r= x2 + y2 + z 2 r
x = r sin ! cos"
y
! = arctan "# x 2 + y 2 , z$% y = r sin! sin"
z = r cos !
& = arctan ( y, x ) x "
Unit Vectors
The unit vectors in the spherical coordinate system are functions of position. It is convenient to express them in terms of
the spherical coordinates and the unit vectors of the rectangular coordinate system which are not themselves functions of
position.
!
r = r = xx + yy + zz = x sin! cos " + y sin! sin " + z cos!
r r
z #
r
" = = $ x sin " + y cos "
sin!
! = " # r = x cos ! cos" + y cos! sin " $ z sin!
! !
a = v = rr + r r + !r! + !r! + !r! + "r" sin! + "r" sin! + "r"sin ! + "r"! cos !
( ) ( )
= !! + "" sin ! r + rr + # r ! + "" cos! r! + !r! + !r!
[( )]
+ # r sin! + ! cos! " r" sin ! + "r" sin ! + "r" sin ! + "r"! cos !
!
( ) ( ) (
a = r r ! r" 2 ! r# 2 sin " + " r" + 2 r" ! r# 2 sin " cos " + # r# sin " + 2 r"# cos" + 2r# sin" )
The del operator from the definition of the gradient
Divergence
! !
The divergence ! " A is carried out taking into account, once again, that the unit vectors themselves are functions of the
coordinates. Thus, we have
! ! & # $ # % # )
! " A = ( r + +
' #r r #$ r sin $ #% *
(
+ " Ar r + A$ $ + A% % )
where the derivatives must be taken before the dot product so that
! ! & # $ # % # ) !
! " A = ( r + + + "A
' #r r #$ r sin $ #% *
! ! !
# A $ #A % # A
= r " + " + "
#r r #$ r sin$ #%
& #A #A #A% #r #$ #% )
= r " ( r r + $ $ + % + Ar + A$ + A% +
' #r #r #r #r #r #r *
$ & #A #A #A #r #$ #% )
+ " ( r r + $ $ + % % + Ar + A$ + A% +
r ' #$ #$ #$ #$ #$ #$ *
% & #A #A #A% #r #$ #% )
+ " ( r r + $ $ + % + Ar + A$ + A% +
r sin$ ' #% #% #% #% #% #% *
+
%
r sin$
& #A #A
" ( r r + $ $ +
' #% #%
#A%
#% [( )]
)
% + Ar sin$ % + A$ cos $% + A% , r sin $ + $ cos$ +
*
& #A ) & 1 #A$ Ar ) & 1 #A% Ar A$ cos$ )
= ( r + +( + + +( + + +
' #r * ' r #$ r * ' r sin$ #% r r sin $ *
& #A 2A ) & 1 #A$ A$ cos$ ) 1 #A%
=( r + r+ +( + ++
' #r r * ' r #$ r sin $ * r sin $ #%
! ! 1 # 2 1 # #A%
!"A = 2
r #r
r Ar +( )
r sin$ #$
( A$ sin$ ) + 1
r sin $ #%
Curl
! !
The curl ! " A is also carried out taking into account that the unit vectors themselves are functions of the coordinates.
Thus, we have
! ! & # $ # % # )
! " A = ( r +
' # r r #$
+
r sin $ #% *
(
+ " Arr + A$ $ + A% % )
where the derivatives must be taken before the cross product so that
! ! & # $ # % # ) !
! " A = ( r + + +" A
' #r r #$ r sin $ #% *
! ! !
# A $
#A %
# A
= r " + " + "
#r r #$ r sin $ #%
& #A #A #A% #r #$ #% )
= r " ( r r + $ $ + % + Ar + A$ + A% +
' #r #r #r #r #r #r *
$ & #A #A #A% #r #$ #% )
+ " ( r r + $ $ + % + Ar + A$ + A% +
r ' #$ #$ #$ #$ #$ #$ *
% & #A #A #A% #r #$ #% )
+ " ( r r + $ $ + % + Ar + A$ + A% +
r sin$ ' #% #% #% #% #% #% *
$ # & #u $ #u % #u )
+ " (r + + +
r #$ ' #r r #$ r sin $ #% *
% # & #u $ #u % #u )
+ " (r + + +
r sin $ #% ' #r r #$ r sin$ #% *
With the help of the partial derivatives previously obtained, we find
' # 2 u % #u % # 2 u & #u & # 2 u *
! 2 u = r " ) r 2 $ 2 + $ 2 + ,
( #r r #% r #%#r r sin % #& r sin% #&#r +