ASSIGNMENT 01

Question 1:
Marks=10

dy
Solve e x (1  )  x e y
dx
The equation is not separable

dy
1  xe  x e  y
dx
dy
1  xe  ( x  y ) ...............................(1)
dx
put z  x  y then
dz dy
 1
dx dx
Equation no. (1) becomes
dz
 xe  z
dx
e z dz  xdx
int egrating we have
x2
ez  c
2
0r
x2
e x y   c where z  x  y
2
x2
x  y  ln c
2

Question 2:
Marks=10

Solve ( x  xy  y )dx  x dy  0
2 2 2
x 2 dy  ( x 2  xy  y 2 )dx
dy x 2  xy  y 2
 ........................................(1)
dx x2
put y  vx
dy dv
vx
dx dx
equation (1) becomes
dv x 2  x(vx)  (vx) 2 x 2  x 2v  v 2 x 2 x 2 (1  v  v 2 )
vx   
dx x2 x2 x2
 1  v  v2
dv
x  1  v  v2  v  1  v2
dx
dv 1  v 2

dx x
dv dx

1 v 2
x
int egrating we get
dv dx
 1 v 2
x

1
tan v  ln x  c
y
tan 1  ln x  c
x

is the required general solution

Question 3:
Marks=10

Determine whether the given equation is Exact, if so please

(2 xy  y  tan y) dx  ( x2  x tan 2 y  Sec2 y) dy  0

M  2 xy  y  tan y
N  x 2  x tan 2 y  sec 2 y
M
 2 x  1  sec 2 y  2 x  tan 2 y
Y
N
 2 x  tan 2 y
X
the eq is exact therefore the function f ( x , y ) is
f
 2 xy  y  tan y      (1)
x
f
 x 2  x tan 2 y  sec 2 y      (2)
y
int egrating (1) w.r.t x
f ( x, y )  x 2 y  xy  x tan y  h( y )    (3)
where h( y ) is the cons tan t of int egration
diff the above equation w.r .t y
f
 x 2  x  x sec 2 y  h / ( y )  x 2  x tan 2 y  sec 2 y
y

h / ( y )  sec 2 y
h( y )  tan y
therefore eq (3) becomes
f ( x, y )  x 2 y  xy  x tan y  tan y  c

Question 4:
Marks=10

Solve (by finding I.F)

dy 1
 y
dx e  x
the equation may be written as
dx
 ey  x
dy
or
dx
 x  e y  (1)
dy
It is a linear in x.

I .F  e   e y multiply by eq (1)
dy

therefore
d
xe y  e 2 y
dy
or
xe y   e 2 y dy  c
e2 y
xe y  c
2
or
ey
x  ce  y
2
 ASSIGNMENT 02
Question 1: Marks=10
Solve the differential equation and mention the name of type of this D.E
dy
 y  xy 3
dx
Solution
dy
 y  xy 3
dx
It is known as a bernoulli differential equation.
1 dy 1
 x
y 3 dx y 2
1 dy
3
 y 2  x
y dx
putting y 2  z
Diff w.r.t. x
dy dz
2 y 3 
dx dx
2 dy dz

y 3 dx dx
1 dy dz

y dx 2dx
3

dz
 zx
2dx
dz
 2z   2x
dx
it is linera differential equationof the first order.
p   2, q   2 x
as we knowthat Integrating factor is e  , so
p dx

I .F  e 
2 dx

e 2 x
z ( I .F )   ( I .F ) q dx

z (e 2 x )   (e 2 x )  2 x dx

  x . e 2 x (2)dx

 x . e 2 x  1. e 2 x dx
e 2 x
z (e 2 x )  x e 2 x  c
2
1 2 x e 2 x
e  x e 2 x  c
y2 2

Question 2: Marks=10

Find an equation of orthogonal trajectories of the curve x  cy 2

x  cy 2  (1)
dy
1  2cy
dx
x
From equation (1) we have c 
y2
x dy
1  2 y. .
y 2 dx
2 x dy
1 .
y dx
dy y

dx 2 x
By the rule of orthogonal trajectories, we get
dy 2x

dx y
y dy   2 x dx

int egrating both sides

 y dy  2 x dx
y2 x2
 2 c
2 2
y2
  x 2  c.
2
y 2   2 x 2  c.

Question 3: Marks=10

1
A fossilized bone is found to contain of the original amount of C-14. Determine the age of the fissile.
1000
Let A(t) be the amount present at any time t and A0 the original amount of C–14.
Therefore, the process is governed by the initial value problem.

dA
 kA, A(0)  A0
dt
We know that the solution of the problem is

A(t )  A0 ekt
Since half life of the carbon isotope is 5600 years, Therefore

A0
A(5600) =
2
So that

A0
 A0e5600 k or 5600k   ln 2
2

k = -0.00012378

Hence
A(t )  A0 e(0.00012378)t

If t denotes the time when fossilized bone was found then

A0
A(t ) 
1000

A0
 A0 e (0.00012378) t
1000

0.00012378t   ln1000

Therefore

ln1000
t  55,800 years.
0.00012378
 ASSIGNMENT 03
Maximum Marks: 30

Upload Date: April 11, 2007

Question 1: Marks=10
Solve the initial value problem
d2y dy
2
6  9y  0
dx dx
with y (0)  2 , y ' (0)  3
Solution:

Given equation is
d2y dy
 6  9y  0
dx 2 dx
Expected solution of this equation is y = emx

Substituting it in the differential equation, we get

d 2 mx
2 
e   6  emx   9  emx   0
d
dx dx
After differentiation, we get
m2emx  6memx  9emx  0
We factorize it
emx  m2  6m  9   0
Sinceemx  0 ,we conclude that
 m2  6m  9  0
(m  3)2  0
 m  3 ,  3
general solution is
y  C1e3 x  C2 xe3 x
Given the initial conditions y(0) = 2 and y’(0) = -3
y (0)  2  C1e3(0)  C2 (0)e 3(0)
2  C1e0  C2 (0)e3(0)
2  C1

y '( x)  C1e3 x (3)  C2  xe 3 x (3)  e 3 x 

 3C1e3 x  3C2 xe3 x  C2 e3 x
 e3 x  3C1  3C2 x  C2 
y '(0)  3  e3(0)  3C1  3C2 (0)  C2 
 3  e0  3C1  C2 
 3  3C1  C2
But from first initial value of y(0), we got C1 = 2
therefore,
3  3(2)  C2
3  6  C2
C2  3

Substituting the values of C1 and C2 in y  C e3x  C xe3x , we can get

1 2
y  2e3x  3xe3x

Question 2: Marks=10
Solve
y ' ' '  6 y ' '  3 y '  10 y  0
Solution:
''' ''
y  3 y '  10 y  0      (i)
 6y
Put y  emx
y  memx , y  m 2e mx , y   m3e mx
Putting these values in the eq (i )
m3emx  6m2emx  3memx  10emx  0
 (m3  6m2  3m  10)emx  0
Since emx  0
m3  6m2  3m  10  0
Whichcanbe factorized 

by synthetic division we find

1  6 3 10 
1  
  1 7  10 
____________________
1 7 10 0

-1 is a root.
The coefficients of the quotient are
1, -7, 10

Thus we can write the auxiliary equation as:

(m  1)(m2  7m  10)  0
 m  1 or m2  7m  10  0
 (m  5)(m  2)  0
 m  5 or m  2
The roots are -1, 2 and 5.
Therefore solution of the differential equation is
y  C1e x  C2e2 x  C2e5 x

Question 3: Marks=10

Given that y1  x 2 x2 y ' '  3xy '  4 y  0

is a solution of

Find the general solution of the differential equation on the interval (0, ) .
Solution:
The equation can be written as
Dividing by x 2
3 4
y  y  y0
x x2
The 2nd solution y is given by
2
  Pdx
e
y  y ( x)  dx
2 1
y2
1
3 dx
e d
y x  2 dx
2
x4
3
2 eln x
y x  dx
2
x4
1
y  x 2  dx
2 x
y  x 2 ln x
2
Hence the gernal solution of the differential equation
on(0, ) is given by
y c y c y
11 2 2
y  c x 2  c x 2 ln x
1 2
 Assignment 4
Answer# (1):-

d2y dy
2 2
3  y  x 2  3Sinx
dx dx
solution :
d2y dy
2 2
3  y  x 2  3Sinx.................( A)
dx dx

Associated homogeneous differential equation is:

2 y '' 3 y ' y  0.....................(i)
Now solution to the equation (i) is determined by the solution
of associated auxillary equation given by:
2m 2  3m  1  0.....................(ii)
2m 2  2m  m  1  0
2m(m  1)  1(m  1)  0
(m  1)(2m  1)  0
Therefore the roots of the given equation(ii) are
1
m1  1, m2  
2
Hence, the complimentary solution to the
associated homogeneous equation (i) is given as
1
 x
yc  c1e  x  c2 e 2
Now we assume that the particular integral

y p  Ax 2  Bx  C  D cos x  E sin x
Diff w.r.t. x
y p '  2 Ax  B  D sin x  E cos x
Again diff w.r.t. x
y p ''  2 A  D cos x  E sin x
Substituting the values of y p , y p ', y p '' in the equation (A)we
will have:
4 A  2 D cos x  2 E sin x  6 Ax  3B  3D sin x  3E cos x  Ax 2 +Bx+C +Dcosx+E sin x  x 2 +3sin x
Ax 2  (6 A  B) x  (3E  D) cos x  (3D  E ) sin x  (4 A  3B  C )  x 2 +3sin x .................(iii)
Equating like coefficient on both sides of equation (iii), we have:
A 1
6 A  B  0  B  6
4 A  3B  C  0  C  14
3E - D  0................................(iv)
and
 E  3D  3  3D  E  3 .............(v)
Solving equation (iv) and (v) simultaneously we have:
3E-D=0
3E+9D=-9
......................
-10D =9
9
D=-
10
Now,
9
3E+ 0
10
9
3E  
10
9 1 3
E   *  
10 3 10
Hence the particular integral y p is :
9 3
y p  x 2  6 x  14 cos x  sin x
10 10
and the general solution to the given non-homogeneous differential equation is:
y  yc  y p
1
 x 9 3
y  c1e  x  c2 e 2
 x 2  6 x  14  cos x  sin x.
10 10

Answer# (2):-
 4 y ' '  36 y  Csc 3 x
To find the complementary function we solve the associated homogeneous
differential equation:
4 y ' '  36 y  0
Dividing by 4
y' '  9 y  0
The auxillary equation is
m 2  9  0  m  3i
roots of the auxillary equation are complex. Therefore, the complementary
function is
yc  c1 cos 3 x  c2 sin 3 x
From the complementary function, we have
y1  cos 3 x, y2  sin 3 x
cos 3 x sin 3 x
W (cos 3 x,sin 3 x)  3
-3sin 3 x 3cos 3 x
Now by dividing with 4, we put the given equation in the following
standard form:
1
y '' 9 y  csc 3 x
4
1
So we identify the function f ( x)  csc 3 x
4
We shall now construct the determinants W1 and W2
 0 sin 3 x
1 1
W1  1   csc 3 x.sin 3 x  
csc 3x 3cos 3 x 4 4
4
cos 3x 0
1 cos 3x
W2  1 
3sin 3 x csc 3 x 4 sin 3 x
4
Therefore the derivatives u '1 and u '2 are given by
W1 1 W 1 cos 3x
u '1    , u '2  2 
W 12 W 12 sin 3x
Now integrating the last two equations w.r.t x, we obtain
1 1
u '1   x, u '2  ln sin 3 x
12 36
The particular solution of the non-homogeneous equation is:
1 1
yp   x cos 3x  (sin 3x) ln sin 3 x
12 36
Hence the general solution of the given differential equation is:
1 1
y  yc  y p  c1 cos 3x  c2 sin 3x  x cos 3x  (sin 3x) ln sin 3 x
12 36

Answer #(3):-
y ' ' '  y '  tan x
To find the complementary function we solve the associated homogeneous
differential equation
y' ' '  y '  0
The auxillary equation is
m3  m  0  m(m 2  1)  0
m  0, m  i
Therefore, the complementary function is
yc  c1  c2 cos 3 x  c3 sin 3 x
Therefore,
y1  1, y2  cos x, y3  sin x
Now we compute the wronskian of y1 ,y2 ,y3
1 cos x sin x
W ( y1 ,y2 ,y3 )  0 - sin x cos x
0 - cos x - sin x
By the elementary row operation R1  R3 , we have
1 0 0
0 - sin x cos x
0 - cos x - sin x
 (sin x  cos x)  1  0
2 2

The given differential equation is already in the required standard form

y ''' 0. y '' y ' 0. y  tan x
The determinants W1 ,W2 and W3 are found by replacing 1st ,2 nd ,3rd column of W by the column
 0 cos x sin x
W1  0 - sin x cos x  tan x(cos 2 x  sin 2 x)  tan x
tan x - cos x - sin x
1 0 sin x
W2  0 0 cos x  1(0  cos x tan x)   sin x
0 tan x - sin x
and
1 cosx 0
W3  0  sin x 0  1(  sin x tan x)  0   sin x tan x
0  cos x tan x
Therefore the derivatives u '1 ,u '2 ,u '3 are given by
W1 W W
u '1   tan x, u '2  2   sin x, u '3  3   sin x tan x
W W W
Now integrating these three derivatives of the function u '1 , u '2 , u '3

W1 sin x
u1   dx   tan xdx     dx   ln cos x
W cos x
W
u2   2 dx    sin xdx  cos x
W
W
u3   3 dx    sin x tan xdx
W
sin x
   sin x dx    sin 2 x sec xdx
cos x
  (cos 2 x  1) sec xdx   (cos 2 x sec x  sec x)dx

  (cos x  sec x)dx   cos xdx   sec xdx

 sin x  ln sec x  tan x

Thus, the particular solution of the non-homogeneous equation

y p   ln cos x  cos x cos x  (sin x  ln sec x  tan x )(sin x)
  ln cos x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x  sin x ln sec x  tan x
  ln cos x  1  sin x ln sec x  tan x
Hence, the general equation of the given differential equation is:
y  c1  c2 cos x  c3 sin x -  ln cos x  1  sin x ln sec x  tan x
 ASSIGNMENT 05
Maximum Marks: 30

Question 1: Marks=10
Solve the initial value problem
d 2x dx
 2  2 x  4 cos t  2S int
dt 2 dt
x(0)  0 , x / (0)  3

Solution:
First of all associated homogeneous equation
d 2x dx
2
2  2x  0
dt dt
By putting the
x=e mx , x  me mx , x  m 2e mx
Then the auxiliary equation is
m 2  2m  2  0
for finding roots.
2  4  8
m  1  i
2
Thus the complementry function is
xc  e  t  c1 cos t  c2 sin t 
 For the particular integer
x p  A cos t  B sin t
xp   A sin t  B cos t
xp   A cos t  B sin t
d 2 xp dx p
2
2  2 x p   A cos t  B sin t  2 A sin t  2 B cos t  2 A cos t  2 B sin t
dt dt 2
OR
d 2 xp dx p
2
2  2 x p   A  2 B  cos t   2 A  B  sin t
dt dt 2
By substituting in the given differencial equation,we have
 A  2 B  cos t   2 A  B  sin t  4 cos t  2sin t
The equation coefficient,we obtain
A+2B=4
-2A+B=2

By solving these two equation,we get

A=0,B=2
Thus
x p  2sin t
Hence general solution of the differencial equation is as given below,
x(t) = x c  x p
x  t   e  t  c1 cos t  c2 sin t   2sin t
Diff w.r.t. x
x  t   e  t  c1 cos t  c2 sin t   e  t  c1 sin t  c2 cos t   2 cos t
Now we apply the boundry conditions
x  0   0 , c1.1  c2 .0  0  0 , c1  0
x  0   3 ,  c1.1  c2 .1  2  3 , c2  1
Thus solution of the initial value problem is
x=e-t sin t  2 sin t

Question 2: Marks=10
Solve by using ( x  et )
d2y dy
x 2
2
 3x  5 y  x 2 sin(ln x)
dx dx
Solution:

d2y dy
x2 2
 3x  5 y  x 2 sin(ln x)
dx dx
First of all associated homegeneous differential equation is.
d2y dy
x2 2
 3x  5 y  0
dx dx

( x 2 D 2  3xD  5) y  0
With the substitution of x=e t , We have:
xD= , x 2 D 2      1
So, the homegeneous differential equation becomes,

     1  3  5 y  0
  2    3  5 y  0
  2  4  5 y  0
OR
 d2 d 
 dt 2  4 dt  5 y  0
 
2
d y dy
2
 4  5y  0
dt dt

By putting the y=emt , We get the auxiliary equation as ,

m 2 e mt  4me mt  5e mt  0
 m 2  4m  5 e mt  0
e mt  0 , m 2  4m  5  0

b  b 2  4ac 4   4   4  5
2
4  16  20
m  
2a 2 2
 4  4 4  2i
   2i
2 2

yc  e 2t  c1 cos t  c2 sin t 
where t  ln x
yc  x 2  c1 cos(ln x)  c2 sin(ln x) 
Now the non-homogeneous equation becomes,
according to condition
x  et
so
x 2  e 2t
So equation becomes
d2y dy
2
 2  5 y  e 2t sin t
dt dt
By the method of undetermined coefficient we try a particular
solution of the form
1
yp  (e 2t sin t )
  4  5
2

1
y p  e 2t (sin t )
   2  4    2  5
2

1
y p  e 2t (sin t )
 1
2

t
y p  e 2t (sin t )
2
t
y p   e 2t cos t
2
So, the General solution,
y  yc  y p
t
y  e 2t (c1 cos t  c2 sin t )  e 2t cos t
2
x 2 ln x
y  x 2  c1 cos  ln x   c2 sin  ln x    cos  ln x  , Where t  ln x
2

Question 3: Marks=10

Find the interval of convergence of the power series

 
xn

n  0 (2n)!
Solution:
For finding interval of the series we use ratio test

lim
an 1
 lim
x n 1  2n  !
. n
n  an n  2  n  1 ! x

lim
an 1
 lim
xn . x  2n  !
. n
n  a
n
n 
 2  n  1 ! x
an 1 x .  2n  !
lim  lim
n  an n   2n  2  !
lim
an 1
 lim
 2n  ! x
n  an n   2n  2  !
 lim
 2n  ! x
n   2n  2  (2n  1) (2n)!
1
 lim x  0 1
n   2n  2  (2n  1)
Thus the power series converges  x.

Thus the interval of the convergence of the given series is  , 

 Assignment 6

Question 1: Marks=10

Find solution of the differential equation

4 y/ /  y  0
in the form of a powers series in x.

Solution:

We assume that a solution of the given differential equation is

 
y   cn x n  c0  cn x n
n 0 n 1

Then term by term differentiation

 
y   ncn x n1  c1   ncn x n1
n 1 n2


y   n  n  1 cn x n 2
n2

Substituting the expression for y / / and y .

we get
 
4 y  y   4n  n  1 cn x n2   cn x n
n2 n 0

Notice that both series start with x 0 . If we, respectively, substitute

k = n - 2, k = n, k = 0,1, 2,K

In the first series and second series on the right hand side of the last equation.
 Then we after using, in turn, n = k + 2 and n k, we get
 
4 y  y   4  k  2  k  1 ck  2 x k   ck x k
k 0 k 0


4 y  y    4  k  2  k  1 ck  2  ck x k
k 0

Substituting in the given differential equation, we obtain



 4  k  2 k  1 c
k 0
k 2  ck x k  0

4  k  2  k  1 ck 2  ck  0

ck
ck  2  , k=0,1,2,k
4  k  2  k  1

From iteration of this recurrence relation it follows that

c0 c
c2   20
4.2.1 2 .2!

c1 c
c3   21
4.3.2 2 .3!

c2 c0
c4  
4.4.3 24.4!
c3 c1
c5   4
4.5.4 2 .5!

c4 c
c6   60
4.6.5 2 .6!
c5 c
c7   61
4.7.6 2 .7!

so on
This iteration leaves both c0 and c1 arbitrary.

We have

y  c0  c1 x  c2 x 2  c 3 x3  c4 x 4  c5 x5  c6 x 6  c7 x 7  L

c0 2 c c c c c
y  c0  c1 x  2
x  2 1 x3  4 0 x 4  4 1 x5  6 0 x 6  6 1 x 7  L
2 .2! 2 .3! 2 .4! 2 .5! 2 .6! 2 .7!

Or

 1 1 1   1 1 c 
y  c0 1  2 x 2  4 x 4  6 x 6  L   c1  x  2 x3  4 x5  6 1 x 7  L 
 2 .2! 2 .4! 2 .6!   2 .3! 2 .5! 2 .7! 

is a general solution.

When the series are written in summation notation,

 1  x   1 2 k 1
k 2k k
 
 x
y1  x   c0    and y2  x   2c1   
k  0  2k  !  2  k 0  2k  1 !  2 

The ratio test can be applied to show that both series converges for all x.

Maclaurin series as y1  x   c0 cos  x / 2  and y2  x   2c1 sin  x / 2 

Question 2: Marks=10

Whether x   3 are singular points of the equation

( x2  9)2 y / /  ( x  3) y /  y  0

Solution:
 ( x2  9)2 y / /  ( x  3) y /  y  0

Dividing the equation by ( x 2  9)2 = ( x  3)2 ( x  3)2

( x  3) 1
y/ /  y/  y0
( x  3) ( x  3)
2 2
( x  3) ( x  3) 2
2

1 1
y/ /  y/  y0
( x  3)( x  3) 2
( x  3) ( x  3) 2
2

Where
1 1
p  x  and q  x  
( x  3)( x  3) 2 ( x  3) ( x  3) 2
2

X=3 is regular singular points because power of x-3 in P (x) is 1 and in Q (x) is 2

X= -3 is an irregular singular point because power of x+3 in P (x) is 2.

Question 3(a) : Marks=5

Find the general solution of the equation

1
x2 y / /  x y /  ( x2  )y  0
16

Solution:

The Bessel differential equation is

 x2 y / /  x y /  ( x2  v2 ) y  0  1
1
x2 y / /  x y /  ( x2  )y  0   2
16

Comparing 1 and 2 we get

1 1
v2  , therefore v= 
16 4

So, the general solution of 1 is

y  C1 J1/ 4  x   C2 J 1/ 4  x 

Question 3(b) : Marks=10

3
Derive the expression of J n ( x) for n 
2

Solution:

Consider

2v
J v 1  x   J v 1  x   Jv  x 
x

1
For v 
2

J 1 1  x   J 1 1  x  
2 1 2 J  x
1
2 2 x 2
 1
J3  x   J 1  x   J1  x
2 2 x 2
1
J3  x  J 1  x   J 1  x 
2 x 2 2
we know that

2 2
J1/ 2 ( x)  sin x , J  1/ 2 ( x)  cos x
x x
1 2  2
J3  x   sin x  cos x
2 x x   x
2  sin x 
J3  x    cos x 
2 x  x 
.
 Assignment 7

Q No.1 Solve the system of equation by systematic elimination

 D  1 x   D  1 y  2
3x   D  2  y  1

Solution:

 D  1 x   D  1 y  2  (1)
3x   D  2  y  1  (2)

From equation (2)

1   D  2  y
x
3

Putting in equation (1), then we have

 1   D  2  y 
 D  1     D  1 y  2
 3 
 D 2
 5 y  7

The associated homogenous equation is

D 2
 5 y  0

The auxiliary equation is

m2  5  0

Roots are m  i 5

yc  c1 cos 5t  c2 sin 5t

Now to determine the particular solution yp

yp  A
y 'p  0
y ''p  0

Thus substituting in the given D.E, we have

y ''p  5 y p  7

Equating the coefficients and constants terms gives.

 5 A  7
7
A
5

Hence the solution of variable y is given by

y  yc  y p

7
y  c1 cos 5t  c2 sin 5t 
5

From equation (1) we have

1  3x
y
D2

Putting in equation (2)

 D  2 D  1 x   D 1 1  3x   2  D  2

 D  2 D  1 x   D 1 3x    D 1  2  D  2 

D 2
 5 x  3

The auxiliary equation of the differential equation for x is

m2  5  0

Roots are m  i 5
 The roots of the auxiliary equation are complex. Therefore

xc  c3 cos 5t  c4 sin 5t

We assume that

xp  A

x 'p  0
x ''p  0

Substituting in the differential equation we have.

x''p  5x p  3

Equating the coefficients we have

3
5A  3  A
5

so that

x  xc  x p

3
x  c3 cos 5t  c4 sin 5t 
5

Thus
 3
x(t )  c3 cos 5t  c4 sin 5t 
5

7
y(t )  c1 cos 5t  c2 sin 5t 
5

Q No. 2: If possible rewrite the following equations in the canonical form

x ''  y '  2
x ''  y '  3

SOLUTION:

Writing the system in the operator form

D 2 x  Dy  2
D 2 x  Dy  3

D 2 x  Dy  2
D 2 x  Dy  3
  
0  1

This is absurd. Thus the given system cannot be reduced to a canonical form.
Hence the system is a degenerate system.

Q No. 3: Solve the following system of linear equations by Gaussian elimination method
 2 x1  x3  1
2 x1  4 x2  x3  2
x1  8 x2  3 x3  2

Solution

The augmented matrix of the systemis

2 0 1 1
 
 2 4 1 2 
1 8 3 2 

By interchanging R13

1 8 3 2
 
 2 4 1 2 
 2 0 1 1 

1 8 3 2
 
 0 20 5 6   2 R1  R2
 2 0 1 1 

1 8 3 2
 
0 20 5 6   2 R1  R3
0 16 7 3
1 8 3 2
 
0 1 5 6  R2
 20 20  20
 
0 16 7 3 

 
1 8 3 2
 
0 1 5 6 
 16 R2  R3
 20 20 
 
0 0 3
9
 5 

 
 1 8 3 2
 
0 1 5 6  R3
 20 20  3
 
0 0 1
3
 5 

 
 1 8 3 2
 
0 1 5 6 
 20 20 
 
0 0 1
3
 5 
Thelast matrix is in row  echelon form and represents the system

x1  8 x2  3x3  2
5 6
x2  x3 
20 20
3
x3 
5

5  3  6
x2   
20  5  20

9
x2 
20

 9  3
x1  8    3    2
 20  5

1
x1 
5

Solution set of given system of linear a lg ebraic equation

1 9 3
x1  , x2  , x3 
5 20 5
 Assignment 8

Question # 1:- Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the following matrix

 7 2 1 
A   2 15 2 
 1 2 7 

Solution:

For Eigenvalues

det  A   I   0
 7 2 1  1 0 0 
 2 15 2    0 1 0   0
   
 1 2 7  0 0 1 

7   2 1 
det  A   I    2 15   2   0

 1 2 7   

Expanding the determinant

det  A   I   1(2(2)  115   )   2   2  7      2   

 7     15    7      2  2  
 We have

   7  ( 2  22  96)  0

   7   16   6  0

Thus the Eigen values of the matrix are

1  7, 2  16, 3  6

For Eigenvectors are:

For 1  7 we have

    0 
=>     0 
    0 

=>By row reducing the augmented matrix

  ExchangingR1 & R3
    0 
   0 
 
    0 
 R2  2 R1
   0 
   0 
 
    0 
R
 2
2
   0 
   0 
 
    0 
 R2  R3 & R1  R2
   0 
   0 
 
    0 
R
 2
2
   
 0

    0 
  
   0 
 

Thus we have the following equations in k1, k 2, and k 3. The number k 3 can be chosen
arbitrarily.

1
k1  k3, k2  k3
2

Choosing K 3 = 1, we get k1=1 and k2 = ½, hence the eigenvector corresponding 1  7 is

 1
1 1
K1   4  K1   
2
 1  1
 

For 2  16 we have

    0
 A  16  0     0 ]
    0

By the row reducing the augmented matrix

     0 
   0 
 
    0 
 Exchanging R1 & R3
    0 
   0 
 
    0 
 R2  2 R1 & R3  9 R1
   0 
   0 
 
    0 
R
 2
5
   0 
   0 

    0 
 R3  20 R2
   0 
    0 
 
    0 
 R1  2 R2
   0 
    0 
 
    0 

Thus we have the following equations in k1, k 2, and k 3. The number k 3 can be
chosen arbitrarily.

k1  k3, k2  4k3
 Choosing k3 = 1, we have K1 =1 and k2 = -4, hence the eigenvector corresponding
2  16 is

1
K 2   4 
 1 

For 2  6 we have

    0
 A  6  0     0
    0

    0 
   0 
 
    0 
 R2  2 R1 & R3  R1
   0 
  0 
 
   0 
R
 2
5
   0 
  0 
 
   0 
 R1  2 R2
   0 
  0 
 
   0 

Now, we have the following equations in k1, k 2, and k 3. The number k 3 can be chosen
arbitrarily.

=> k1  k3, k2  0
 2  6

Choosing k3 = 1, we get k1= -1 and k2 = 0,

Hence the eigenvector corresponding

2  6

 1
K 3   0 
 1 

Question # 2:

Solve the homogeneous system of differential equations

dx
 2x  3y
dt
dy
 2x  y
dt

Solution:
 The given system can be written in the matrix form as

 dx 
 dt   2 3  x 
   
 dy   2 1  y 
 dt 

Therefore, the coefficient matrix

 2 3
A 
 2 1

Now se find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the coefficient A. The characteristics equation
is

det  A   I   0
2 3
0
2 1 
 2  3  4  0

Therefore, the characteristic equations

   1   4  0    1, 4
Therefore roots of the characteristic equation are real and distinct and so ate the eigenvalues,

For   1 , we have

 2  1 3   k1 
 A  I  K    
 2 1  1 k2 
 3k1  3k2 
 A  I  K   
 2k1  k2 
 A  I  K  0

3k1  3k2  0
2k1  k2  0

These two equations are nod different and represent the equation.
Thus we can choose value of the constant k2 arbitrarily, If we choose K 2 = -1 then

K1 = 1.

Thus the corresponding eigenvector is

1
K1   
 1

For  =4 we have

24 3   k1 
 A  I  K    
 2 1  4   k2 
 2k1  3k2 
 A  I  K   
 2k1  3k2 
 A  I  K  0

2k1  3k2  0
2k1  3k2  0

Again the above two equations are not different and represent the equation

3k2
2k1  3k2  0 
2

Again m the constant k2 can be chosen arbitrarily. Let us choose k2 = 2 then k1 = 3.

Thus the corresponding eigenvector is

1  3
X 1    e  t , X 2    e 4t
 1  2

Hence the general solution of the system is the following

 X  c1 X 1  c2 X 2
1  3
X  c1   e t , c2   e 4t
 1  2
 x(t )   c1e t  3c2e 4t 
  t 4t 
 y (t )   c1e  2c2e 

x(t )  c1et  3c2e 4t

y (t )  c1et  2c2e4t

Question # 3: Write the given system in matrix form

dx
 x  y  z  t 1
dt
dy
 2 x  y  z  3t 2
dt
dz
 x  y  z  t2  t  2
dt
Solution:-

In the matrix notation

1 1 1  0  1   1
X   2 1 1 X   3 t   0  t   0 
'     2

1 1 1   1   1  2 

1 1 1 
 X   2 1 1 X  g  t 
'

1 1 1 
Where g  t 
0  1   1
  3 t   0  t   0 
  2

 1   1  2 