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This Technical Note describes how the program checks column capacity or de-
signs reinforced concrete columns when the BS 8110-97 code is selected.
Overview
The program can be used to check column capacity or to design columns. If
you define the geometry of the reinforcing bar configuration of each concrete
column section, the program will check the column capacity. Alternatively, the
program can calculate the amount of reinforcing required to design the col-
umn. The design procedure for the reinforced concrete columns of the struc-
ture involves the following steps:
Generate axial force/biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the dif-
ferent concrete section types of the model. A typical biaxial interaction
surface is shown in Figure 1. When the steel is undefined, the program
generates the interaction surfaces for the range of reinforcement from 0.2
to 10 percent.
Calculate the capacity ratio or the required reinforcing area for the fac-
tored axial force and biaxial (or uniaxial) bending moments obtained from
each load combination at each station of the column. The target capacity
ratio when calculating the required reinforcing area is taken as the Utiliza-
tion Factor Limit, which is equal to 0.95 by default. The Utilization Factor
Limit can be redefined in the Preferences.
Overview Page 1 of 13
Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Column Design
failure surface. In addition to axial compression and biaxial bending, the for-
mulation allows for axial tension and biaxial bending considerations (BS
3.8.4.1, 3.4.4.1). A typical interaction diagram is shown in Figure 1.
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The stress in the steel is given by the product of the steel strain and the steel
modulus of elasticity, s Es, and is limited to the design strength of the steel,
fy/s. The area associated with each reinforcing bar is placed at the actual lo-
cation of the center of the bar and the algorithm does not assume any simpli-
fications with respect to distributing the area of steel over the cross section of
the column (such as an equivalent steel tube or cylinder). See Figure 2.
Determine the factored moments and forces from the analysis load cases
and the specified load combination factors to give N, V2, V3, M33, and M22.
where,
2
1 le
e = . (BS 3.8.3.1)
2 ,000 b'
4 (1 ) , if both I and J ends are hinged,
2 (1 2 ) , if I end is hinged,
f ( ) = (1 - ) (1 + ) , if J end is hinged,
(
(M I M J ) + (1 M I M J ) 3 2 ,
2 3
) if M J > M I , and no hinge at any end,
(
1 + (M J M I 1) 3 2 ,
2 3
) if M I > M J , and no hinge at any end.
MI is the absolute value of the end moment at the I end about the re-
spective axis of bending.
MJ is the absolute value of the end moment at the J end about the re-
spective axis of bending.
In addition to magnifying the factored column moments for major and minor
axes bending, the minimum eccentricity requirements are also satisfied. The
design moment is taken as:
where,
h
emin = 20 mm. (BS 3.8.2.4)
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The minimum eccentricity is considered about one axis at a time (BS 3.8.2.4).
The sign of the moment resulting from the minimum eccentricity is taken to
be the same as that of the analysis moment.
It is assumed that the user performs a global P-delta analysis for both braced
and unbraced frames. For P-delta analysis, it is recommended that the load
combination used to obtain the axial forces in the columns be equivalent to
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL (White and Hajjar 1991).
Before entering the interaction diagram to check the column capacity, the de-
sign forces N, M33 and M22 are obtained according to the previous subsections.
The point (N, M33, M22) is then placed in the interaction space shown as point
L in Figure 4. If the point lies within the interaction volume, the column ca-
pacity is adequate; however, if the point lies outside the interaction volume,
the column is overstressed.
This capacity ratio is achieved by plotting the point L and determining the lo-
cation of point C. The point C is defined as the point where the line OL (if ex-
tended outwards) will intersect the failure surface. This point is determined by
three-dimensional linear interpolation between the points that define the fail-
OL
ure surface. See Figure 4. The capacity ratio, CR, is given by the ratio .
OC
If OL = OC (or CR=1), the point lies on the interaction surface and the
column is stressed to capacity.
If OL < OC (or CR<1), the point lies within the interaction volume and the
column capacity is adequate.
If OL > OC (or CR>1), the point lies outside the interaction volume and
the column is overstressed.
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The maximum of all the values of CR calculated from each load combination is
reported for each check station of the column, along with the controlling N,
M33, and M22 set and associated load combination number.
In designing the column rebar area, the program generates a series of inter-
action surfaces for eight different ratios of reinforcing steel area to column
gross area. The column area is held constant and the rebar area is modified
to obtain these different ratios; however, the relative size (area) of each re-
bar compared to the other bars is always kept constant.
The smallest and the largest of the eight reinforcing ratios used are taken as
0.2 percent and 10 percent. The eight reinforcing ratios used are the maxi-
mum and the minimum ratios, plus six more ratios. The spacing between the
reinforcing ratios is calculated as an increasing arithmetic series in which the
space between the first two ratios is equal to one-third of the space between
the last two ratios.
After the eight reinforcing ratios have been determined, the program develops
interaction surfaces for all eight of the ratios using the process described ear-
lier in this Technical Note in the section entitled "Generation of Biaxial Inter-
action Surfaces."
Next, for a given design load combination, the program generates a de-
mand/capacity ratio associated with the each of the eight interaction surfaces.
The program then uses linear interpolation between the interaction surfaces
to determine the reinforcing ratio that gives a demand/capacity ratio of the
Utilization Factor Limit, which is equal to 0.95 by default. The Utilization fac-
tor can be redefined in the Preferences. This process is repeated for all design
load combinations and the largest required reinforcing ratio is reported.
Calculate the design shear stress and maximum allowed shear stress from
V
v= , and (BS 3.4.5.2)
Acv
Acv = b d.
Note
The program reports an overstress message when the shear stress exceed 0.8RLW f cu
or 5 MPa (BS 3.4.5.2, BS 3.4.5.12).
N Vd N
v c' = vc + 0.6 vc 1 + (BS 3.4.5.12)
Ac M Ac v c
where,
1/3 1/4
0.79k1k2 100 As 400
vc = RLW , (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
m bd d
1/3
f
k2 = cu , (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
25
100 As
0.15 3, (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
bd
400
1, (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
d
Vd
1, (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
M
As is the area of tensile steel and it is taken as half of the total reinforc-
ing steel area, and
Asv 0.4b
, (BS 3.4.5.3)
sv 0.95 fyv
Asv (v v 'c ) b
, (BS 3.4.5.3)
sv 0.95 fyv
fyv cannot be taken as greater than 460 MPa (BS 3.4.5.1) in the calcula-
tion. If fyv is defined as greater than 460 MPa, the program designs shear
reinforcing assuming that fyv is equal to 460 MPa.
References
White. D. W., and J.F., Hajjar. 1991. Application of Second-Order Elastic
Analysis in LRFD: Research in Practice. Engineering Journal. American
Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Vol. 28, No. 4.
References Page 13 of 13