Turkish Studies

Turkish Historical Review Journal
Issue 8, 2017, Issue 2
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Volume: 8 (2017)
Issues: 2
ISSN: 1877-5454
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Editor: Kate Fleet, Director of the Skilliter Centre for Ottoman Studies, Cambridge
Book Review Editor: Ebru Boyar, Middle East Technical University, Ankara
Editorial Board:
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Table of Contents
Emperor of Constances in the church history concentration of Konstantinopol
By Yaakov Talsabskiy......................................................................................................................5
Eisfora - military tax in peacetime (according to the treaties on the lease of public land in attica
mid-IV century. bc. e.)
By Enrique B. Brain ....................................................................................................................10
Ethnocultural relations of China with the peoples of Central Asia in antiquity and the middle ages
By Ivan .E. Ermolov ......................................................................................................................18
The barbarian aspect" of the procopius uprising
By Devid W. Orlean .......................................................................................................................30
Roman Empire began IV according to the codes of Theodosius and Justinian
By Ernest V. Buldoin ...................................................................................................................38
Establishment of the "God's World" in France, the end of the X - the beg. of the XII century
By Oliver V. Aurin.........................................................................................................................48
On the eve of one internal strife to the interpretation of the First general chronicle of Spain
By Synthia M. Schelmerdine ........................................................................................................56
The treaty of Troyes (1420): from the war external to the war internal and vice
By: Philip D.Souza ........................................................................................................................64
The main idea features of Vladimir Nabokov`s Sebestian Knight`s real life novel
Basira Azizaliyeva73
Burgundian lands in the face of French aggression in 1477
By Chrisopher S. Pelling................................................................................................................94
4
Emperor of Constance's in the

church history concentration of
Constantinople
by Yaakov Talsabaskiy
Saint Louis University, USA
Publication Year : 2017
DOI: 10.1163/18775462X00302017
ISSN: 1877-5454 E-ISSN: 1877-5462
ABSTRACT: This text is not so much a special study as the introduction to this
collection. Article examines the role of war in the history of civilization by analyz-
ing essay relationship between the concepts of war and peace in different histori-
cal periods, an assessment of the war as a phenomenon, is a typology of wars.
Keywords: war, peace, history of civilization, the ancient world, the Middle Ages,
modern times.
Catching many years researching Perhaps there will be a mistake to state

the history of croup-Nation military- that our civilization - a "war of civiliza-
political conflict in Western Europe tions".
During the Middle Ages (the code The very beginning of human his-
name - Hundred Years' War), I came to tory, war, hatred, con flits are the actual
some general thoughts about the role of reality of life,
war in history our civilization. It While the texts of the world, in
sounds, at first glance, paradox-greasy, fact, are an expression of utopia, infi-
but it seems clear that world peace was nitely desirable goal. Expressed ideas
not yet. Military conflicts, battles, wars about war-wife in countless texts and
are a reality traversed and are experi- images, as well as boundless archeolog-
encing today-history chelae-operation. ical data. Representations of the world
5
are expressed in a large variety of texts for hegemony in the then not very large
of different nature - from the official in- pro-civilization space.
ternational treaties to religious teach- There is an extensive bibliog-
ings and art items-governmental texts. raphy dedicated prudish REPRESEN-
When comparing these two phenomena TATIONS-and the nature of war in the
unconsciously begs comparison ex- history of mankind. This phenomenon
tremely clear picture and drawing-call is-followed by philosophers, historians,
hell and rather abstract, too dreamy ra- sociologists, psychologists, and even
ther than actual, paintings visions man bio-logs. All advanced concept is actu-
passionately desired paradise. ally not opposed, but rather comple-
Consideration of these two as- mentary. Ultimately, the source for the
pects of human civilization is particu- pony-mania conflict and war as a per-
larly interesting on the example of the manent context humanization of his-
early stages of human history, as they tory is, of course, the very nature of
are much more naive and on history man, in Coot swarm laid irrepressible
than today. Review of the problem of attraction to the leadership, approved
war and peace on the basis of the early by various forms of use of force. Deep-
stages of human history, in fact, wish to cal symptom is the fact that the basic
set up Call, to see some important facets texts that have come down to us from
of what can be called "the childhood of the depths of ancient history, is devoted
humanity." Perhaps, as in the history of to the war sung endless heroic image,
the individual, a childhood phenome- through the beauty of which are pro-
non is extremely important for all sub- tread material aspects of the war, such
sequent the victory and the individual, as on-Kroviniu fight for prey. Here rows
and collectively studied mankind. of brilliant Homer Iliad. Endlessly ad-
An important metaphor in this miring their heroes, Homer, however,
sense is the fact that reveals the actual darkest sides of the
The United Nations building on war:
the wall Playback den treaty text of an- City proposed other two strong
cient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses II, king armies of the nations, terrible weapons
of the Hittites Hattusili III (XIII c. BC. blazing. Rate threatened in two ways:
E.). The past millennium indicate that Or destroy, and citizens with
people do not lose interest to the oldest them should be shared by all the wealth,
extant texts of the official peace to- as their blooming hail concludes.
speak. We note immediately that his Openly expressed even in the he-
ceremonial signing and issue-Leonie in roic epos Mercantile Nye basis War still
several languages did not bring the real does not eclipse the perception of this
world Ancient Egypt and Hittite the phenomenon in the early history of civ-
power, which at that time were fighting ilization, not as heroic or purely mer-
cantile absolutely, but as tragic,
6
something Proto withstand and cope Sees - they drove too far from the
with human nature. We see it in fright- castle, he turned his banner, ran back.
ening PGI-Sonia battles: "Beat them, the knights! chop without
Systems become, the battle for fear!
Braga fighting the river; Prick each Entry of Western Europe in the
other by throwing spears quickly Cop- Early Modern Time is not marked by
per. Scouring and anger and confusion tremendous changes in civilization ion
and terrible death between them. War development. However, the war as a
as a phenomenon worthy of admiration, normative behavior within the west-Eu-
was the object of not only artistic, but ropean history was manifested most
also analytical thinking a tree-their au- clearly is this era. Endless conflicts, di-
thors. In the first book of "History" He- vision of territories in pro-cession fa-
rodotus says: "Herodotus of Halicar- mous War of the Spanish and Austrian
nassus collected and recorded this in- Succession, a pan-European Thirty
formation to past events did not come Years War drastically changed the per-
over time into oblivion, and the great ception of war-minded people of the
surprise and worthy acts as the Greeks Renaissance. This is clearly manifested,
and the barbarians have not remained, for example, in the first half of XVII
were in obscurity, in but especially why century the famous German poetry.
they waged war with each other "(italics Here is an excerpt from a poem by Mar-
mine -. NB). tin Ovitz: Villainous war corrupted the
A striking point in the glorifica- thought and feeling.
tion of the war was the era of the Middle So faith is exhausted, rotting in
Ages. The highest absolute epitome of the mud art, Laws violated, spat upon
attempts to make heroes and even rights dishonored the honor and con-
chanting the war was during the Middle science of us is dead another author,
Ages mature, which can be called Frederick Logan even hear the Eg-zhen-
"Knight's era." The heroic epic of the naya work of human thought on the re-
time-no raises in absolute knightly lation of a new era in near war and
valor, who joined religious idea and the peace:
fight for the Christian faith. The ruling War is always war. It is difficult to
elite of the Middle Ages has positioned be onour.
itself as a high example of morality and Where dangerous world, since it
nobility that, for example, brilliantly ex- is fraught with war.
pressed in the famous "Song of Roland". This author is not only sees
However, in the heroic epics often stood beauty in traditional carolers-Myth he-
out not heroic side of knight fighting roic battles. He felt the inevitable defor-
ion, namely enrichment at the expense mation of the thoughts and feelings of
of violence. To quote a few lines from the people involved in confronting the
the famous "Song of the Cid": endless-of armies, generals and rulers.
7
Absolutely modern ulcer chat some of modern times add to this search for new
his lines: trade routes and fight for the colony,
What does it mean today to be in- which was also a increments territories
credibly brave? Call black and white call and revenues, with more intensive
white, excessively loud odes murder has methods. War acquires a more complex
not resigned, Lie only on need and with- ideology masking the true goals of the
out the need to lie (My italics -. NB). the parties (in the Middle Ages the so-called
perspective of European history at the just war for the faith or against recalci-
dawn of modern times were endless, in- trant vassal, in modern times - a by-
creasingly large-scale war and peace Kroviniu desire for territorial expan-
dog thieves who were preparing the sion).
next war. Moral assessment of war as a Terrible consequences in terms of
phenomenon unworthy former glorifi- both material and do, ecclesiastical type
cation gave LN Toll-stop in the famous of war was a civil war, which is known
lines of the novel "War and Peace", and antiquity (the civil wars in Rome I-
"June 12, 1812 Western European II cent. BC. E.), And Medieval-cove
forces crossed the border of Russia and (countless religious wars).
started And yet in this generally dismal
War - that is accomplished con- picture has new more gratifying mo-
trary to human reason and human na- ments. In my opinion, there is one type
ture throughout the event. " of war-governmental, which has some
Thus, from the age of antiquity to moral operation. This liberation war
modern times the estimate-ka war as a against any people who came to his land
phenomenon has done a great evolu- invaders. rule, US states against the
tion, at least in the minds of intellectu- English metropolis in the XVI-XVIII
als. And this estimate - deeply negative. centuries. Is indisputable, but the na-
Nevertheless, some idea of war as inev- ture of the liberation war against our
itable, to date, a factor of civilization distinguished-Corollary Bonaparte (in
avoided the exclusion spend some ty- Spain and Russia at the beginning of the
pology of wars known to mankind. The XIX century.), The Great Patriotic War
era of the ancient war was not only a of the Soviet Union in the framework of
manifestation of PRIS-conductive na- the Second World War ... This sad list
ture of human aggression and the desire could be greatly extended.
to be a leader, but also the so-called And yet, not coming out of the
form of security of natural exchange, framework (Civilization Wars), men-
wasp-fected by force. In the Middle tion in the past XX century has come to
Ages wars were the main form of expan- make some attempts to temper-govern-
sion of subordinated territories that mental evaluation criteria, actions op-
through-exceedingly important for the posing stable the scourge of war. Nu-
predominantly agrarian world. Early merous international efforts in this in-
8
screened so far have not yielded suffi- leave some hope for humanity on the
cient tangible results. However, they adjustment of its own nature.
References:
1. Hereinafter, translation N. Gnedich (unless otherwise specified).

2. Translation YB Konev.
3. Translation BI Marko, recycled YB Konev and A. Smirnov.4 Translation
Ginsburg.
9
Eisphora - military tax in peace-

time (according to the treaties
on the lease of public land in At-
tica mid-IV century. bc. e.)
by Enrique B. Brain
Georgetown University, USA
DOI: 10.1163/18775462X098702017
ISSN: 1877-5454 E-ISSN: 1877-5462
Abstract: Purpose of the article - the consideration for the payment of eyesore (Ex-
traordinarition tax) members of the public land lease in Attica in the IV. before e.
Based on a careful study of epigraphy (on public land lease inscriptions in Attica)
data the author draws Attention to the cases of charging eysfory in transactions
with public property. Eysfora was paid by both citizens and non-governmental or-
ganizations. The amount of the tax depended on many factors (income from the
leased land from agricultural production and other conditions).
Keywords: public land, eysfora, tenants Teli, contract, demos, Oregon.
State since its inception pre-re- state-Shih. They came together with the
sents a historically established organi- state. We used them as the main source
zation that has the supreme authority, of funds for maintenance public author-
and ensure the implementation of con ities. It's hard not to agree with K. Ma-
indiscrete interest (human, religious seru, in the classical form of tax policy
Nationalization, etc..) In a particular on the story can be, begins with ancient
area. No state cannot function normally Greece1. Athenian democracy, as the
without the imposition of taxes, duties phenomenon is very distinctive, has
duties. On the other hand, taxes are one created a number of state and social in-
of the most important features of the stitutions, which have no analogues in
10
the whole subsequent history of the threatened by defeat in the Peloponne-

world. Among these can be attributed to sian War4. This view is the basis, but
the tax system, which was an important Thucydides reported that while she has
political tool for citizens' associations in collected 200 Lana (Hist. III. 19). Ap-
the framework of policies. parently, really at this time in Athens
Over time, tax-organization to up- began to constantly charge the emer-
date themselves. Among the duties of gency tax. However, we can assume that
citizens before the policy includes: the practice of charging eyesore obso-
funding celebratory processions, nant before. It was introduced before
choirs, comedy, tragedy, construction, the start of the Peloponnese ion of war
etc. A characteristic feature of Attica so- against the Athenian colonies. In partic-
cio-economic life in the IV... BC. e. It be- ular, it has an order in the decree of Mi-
came the state's need for financial letus 450/49 BC. e. (SEG. 10)
means, primarily for military purposes. In the Decree on Gestate 446 BC. e.
Manifestations rd, it was more and (IG. I2. 42). However, in these cases
more frequent recourse to a special type eysfora levied occasionally. So, in the
of tax - eyesore. Sources IV in. BC. e. are decree of Gestate states that payment
full of references to this extraordinary eyesore is permitted only in the case of
tax. On the one hand, they contain fund-raising in the fight against piracy
praise of citizens who are willing to pro- (line. 6).
vide funds for public-WIDE needs. On Despite the fact that references to
the other hand, given the complaints of the sources eyesore not-enough, in
taxpayers to the gravity of the burden most cases they are reduced to a small
placed upon them. Eysfora was associ- remark, niyama, designed for knowl-
ated with all the complex processes tak- edgeable reader or listener who does
ing place in the Athenian polis, which, not have to specifically explain the pur-
according to H. Hammond, allows us to pose eyesore. In this ancient evidence of
call on the emergency-log one of the key the extraordinary tax are often very
questions of the history of Athens in the sparse and contradictory.
IV. BC. e.2 Researchers in the works of eyesore
Eysfore question of one of the most often burst out laughing-questions un-
studied in abroad-term and domestic der study is devoted to the collection of
literature. At the same time during the the tax in the case of frequently-term
period The duration ion eyesore contra- ground. The main sources of infor-
dictory problem causes such Denial and mation for them are the ancient speak-
interpretations3. Most studies have ers - Demosthenes, Lyses and Isocrates,
confirmed the view that the first eyesore and on-sensible inscriptions on the col-
was introduced in 428 BC. e., as a result lection eyesore with individuals. Cases
of the uprising on. Lesbos over Athens overlaid eysforoytion of public land
11
almost was not considered by-are. At which can be judged on the basis of in-
the same time there are numerous trea- formation from other sources. In the
ties dealing with public land lease (land rental contract of Mr. Exxon as a tenant
belonging demand, portray and reli- Set Avtey son Avtokleya (IG. II2. Num-
gious associations), which are Xia men- ber 2492, line. 2, 33). According to VN
tion of charging eyesore. In this regard, Andreev this name is found among
the purpose of infusion-present article choregos middle of IV. BC. e.5Indeed,
is to examine the controversial question Avtey name very rare, and therefore can
of the nature of charging eyesore based be pref-lay down that this is what the
on inscriptions of leasing common citizen in question in the choir-gov list.
property policy-governmental groups It is known that the duties choregos
and different some details of ancient were very honorable and IP-fills their
authors. The primary source of infor- people, well-known in the community
mation used by us following leases: and the wealthy. Choregos pay the high
lease on land deem obtion (Placket. 43), cost of conducting a ceremony of reli-
a document of land lease deme ek- gious-tion and festivals.
soneytsev (IG. II2. Number 2492), the The lease of public land illegal Xan-
lease of land pireytsev (IG. II2. Number thippe's named tenant. The inscription
2498), documents on the lease of land it is characterized as highly in reading
orgeonov Egret (IG. II2. 2499). At citizen (Placket. 41, line. 1-2). In an-
Ba-Vania these sources, we will try to other the lease of land deem Preset re-
answer the question of what the nature sponsible for the swim-emergency tax
of the collection received eysfory since charged on Kara son Poseydippa (IG.
windows-Chania Peloponnesian War. II2. 2497, line. 3-4). We can assume
These sources date from the second half that he was the father or the son of Pos-
of the 350-321's. BC. e., t. e. the time eydippa Preset referred to as a triorarha
when the Peloponnese, Skye War has about 342 BC. e.
long ended. An interesting fact is that, as shown
Based on data from narrative by the data of leases after the Pelopon-
sources, it is possible to draw a conclu- nesian War, the staff, you are more
sion about who basically brought likely to become performing payers
eysforu. As a rule, these were the very eysfory. The lease orgeonov (IG. II2.
wealthy citizens. So, Demosthenes- Number 2499, line. 27-29) should make
mentioning are the citizens of Leptin eysforu orgeony sanctuary Egret. The
and Callicrates, who certainly were landlord is also lip-as a major contribu-
wealthy people, as they performed even tor to contract eysfory surrender illegal
trierarch (XXII. 60) lease on public rent of land and other types of property
land eysforu often implicitly-FNF indi- (Agora. XV, line. 6-9). In particular,
viduals - tenants, on the social situation they say that the people themselves are
12
making eysforu deme Piraeus signs Teams were interested in his time-ful-
land lease eksoneytsev also said that if fillment of obligations to the policy be-
the city will establish an extraordinary cause of the polis structures they were
tax, pay it to dem eksoneytsev (IG. II2. entitled to resolve their Dey Flow rate,
Number 2492, line. 36-39). Thus, nal- in particular, the right to lease public
ogopla-payers can be not only citizens, imu-society. Furthermore, in IV. BC. e.
but also the administrative and territo- the number of affluent citizens who are
rial division of the policy (demos, or- able to pay taxes, has decreased dra-
geony and t. D.). In this case, the ques- matically9Possibly in connection with
tion of the participation of NGOs in the increase in the number of social
eysfory paid virtually no attention in the groups, spo, who are able to pay emer-
historiography6. Inter do so is a very gency tax. Payment eysfory increasingly
important aspect of the social and eco- caused resentment among citizens, as
nomic life of the Athenian polis. In this the tax-conv schalsya of emergency into
connection it should try to answer the a permanent and therefore polis struc-
question, what reasons have prompted ture becomes difficult to collect it from
policy often involve collective-tivy to the individual. It is reported in the nar-
pay emergency tax. rative sources. They comprise individ-
Levying eysfory with administra- ual application-Xia burdensome given
tive-territorial sub-divisions of the pol- type nalo-n (Lys XXVIII 3;.. Dem L.
icy, apparently, it was due to several fac- 20.). In the writings of Lysias and De-
tors. Firstly, on the whole group of peo- mosthenes found some mention of the
ple entrusted with their increased-by, people who do not want paid vat
respectively, than individuals. In some eysforu, but such resistance of citizens
cases, given official - demarh who is is not so massive. So, Demosthenes,
obliged to follow its time-making without mentioning specific cases are
eysfory (Pleket 41, line 39-40..). cit- generally reported that there were citi-
izens. They were responsible to demar- zens and metics who refuse to make
hom and tried to strictly Observed-all timely eysforu (XXV. 57). Such mes-
prescription because demarh had the sages are meeting, and in the epigraphic
right to punish people for not comply- material. This is evidenced by the in-
ing with the different agreements. scription on delivery demes rent public
Within its competence, he could impose land. According to the contracts, some
fines on the members of his deme7. The of the responsibilities of tenants have
responsibility of public organizations taken post-yanny (hereditary) nature.
was prodiktova-on and certain moral In particular, in the contract for the sur-
principles. For example, orgeonov As- render of rent land teytrasiytsev states
sociation considered it a shameful fail- that arendato-py Xanthippus and its
ure to comply with any regulations8. descendants prescribed pay the rental
13
fee (Pleket. 41, line. 15-16). Like set- Document lease land deme teytra-
ting pref-ik- and against eysfory. The siytsev MSG-schaetsya that the sum of
document on the lease of land deme the emergency tax should be transmit-
Prasit said that "the tenant and his de- ted de MArchI (Pleket. 41, line. 39-
scendants to be free of annual fees and 40). The lease decision Orhei-new Egret
emergency tax (IG. II2. Number 2497, eysforu prescribed transfer orgeonam
line. 5-7). Thus, we can assume that Mr. (IG. II2. Number 2499, line. 39-40).
eysfo took permanent, hereditary. Thus, we can assume that the collection
In addition, taxpayers in many re- eysfory following local administration,
spects did not suit the system itself it is possible that sleep-chala amount of
eysfory collection. A. Jones says that all the tax goes to the local treasury, and
is subject to boiling-taxed citizens pay then (maybe with other drugs) is sent to
the same percentage of their capital, re- the treasury policy. Single go-national
gardless of their degree of solvency10. budget in Athens, did not exist. The
Based on the information of narrative classical-ical era in the state had several
sources in the research literature pre- cash desks, each of which had its own
vailing view that eysfory size each time sources of revenue and its cost struc-
by its decision established a national as- ture12. In connection with the payment
sembly of Athenseleven. of the inhabitants of Athens eysfory
inscriptions on public land lease colo-ny can make some assumptions
stated that the Extraordinary-tion tax about the order of payment. So, in the
established policy (IG. II2. Number decree of Miletus (SEG. 423) for the
2492, line. 25-26; Pleket. 41, line. proceedings of various financial prob-
36-37). This indication allows us to as- lems set appropriate sudopro-duction.
sume that the tax could be determined In particular, it states that citizens ar-
not only by the national assembly, but riving from Athens to hearing any cases,
all civilian staff of what actually was the do not have to conduct an inventory of
policy, time-tion of its authorities, offi- property for the purpose of emergency
cials in the service of the policy. military nalheysfory. Miletyane them-
Eysfory procedure for making sci- selves should assess the haves-tion to
ence-confirmed representation of infor- each other, and are required to submit
mation thanks to Demosthenes. He re- information (unfortunately not speci-
ports that in 378 BC. e. to streamline the fied which authorities) (line. 55-61).
collection of emergency tax pla-payers The decree of Gestiee pre-written, in
were merged into simmorii, between some cases, to charge eysforu with resi-
which is evenly distributed, the amount dents of the colony (line. 23-25). It is
of tax (XIV. 27). In the Report-Research not clear who should take the decision
Institute of Demosthenes there is no in- to levy the tax - the Athenians or
dication who passed the tax amount. gestieytsy. Thus, the researcher Carrie
14
believes that this could be the national history of Athenian democracy draws
assembly Gestiei rather than Athens13. attention to the fact that in Athens after
Thus, we can assume that eysfora the Peloponnesian War, the world was a
charged by different officials and au- SET-linen is very conditional, flashed
thorities, the procedure for charging everywhere fighting and troops of the
also different. This inconsistency in the Spartans continued to harass civil-
actions could cause discontent of citi- ians16. Thus, it can be assumed that the
zens. However, as in texts proves the in- positions-governmental entities had
scriptions and details of ancient au- reason to believe the situation in the
thors, citizens outraged not so much the policy Extraordinary-term, almost mili-
amount of the tax and levy system as tary, but because they did not see any-
that of the state of emergency it be- thing extraordinary in levying eysfory.
comes a constant, and the fact that the Based on a review of data labels
military began to levy taxes in peace- lease pan-governmental lands and nar-
time. rative sources can be made that the
Therefore, I would like to make non-conclusions. Eysfory taxpayers
one comment. The ISTO-riografii often were not only private citizens, but also
talking about what eysfora continued to the administrative and territorial divi-
be charged after the Peloponnesian sion of the policy (demos) and non-gov-
War, in peacetime, although remained ernmental organizations (Orhei-ones).
extraordinary, war tax in effect14. How- Responsible for paying eysfory carried
ever, with the position that was calm, it as individuals, and all the civilian staff.
is hardly possible to agree in Attica after Payment eysfory carried out in accord-
the end of hostilities between Athens ance with the assessment of the value of
and Sparta. The texts of the inscrip- property (land lan-ki, houses, business
tions, dating from the mid IV century. premises and so on. D.). Dissatisfaction
BC. e., permanently contain provisions rent participation of nicknames, appar-
in the event of hostilities or clearly ently, could not cause eysfory size, and
demonstrate the situation when the the fact that its payment became a reg-
land Hatti-ki have been exposed to at- ular practice. Emergency tax imposed
tack enemies (IG. II2. Number 2492, in the years of the Peloponnesian War,
line. 7-9; Number 2499, line. 14-17)15. continued STORE nyatsya and afte its
VP Buzeskul in his monograph on the completion.
References:
1. K. Mayer Athenians financed their public structures / Tot. Ed. and trans.
BE Lanin. M., 1992. P. 56.
15
2. Hammond H. History of Ancient Greece / Trans. LA Igorevskaya. M.,

2003. P. 560.
3. See .: Gluskina LM Eysfora in Athens in IV. BC. e. // Bulletin of ancient
history. Number 1961. 2. S. 23; Jones AH Athenian Democracy. Oxford, 1964. P.
57.
4. S.G. Vereschagin Tax policy in ancient Greece // Problems of modern
economy. 2006. 1 (17). C. 6.
5. Andreev VN Attic public landownership V-III centuries. BC. e. // West
nickname ancient history. Number 1967. 2. S. 55.
6. Small details regarding payment eysfory public organi-tions contained
in M. Finley and LM Gluskina (see .: Finley MI Studies in land and credit in ancient
Athens 500-200 BC New Brunswick, 1952. P. 276).
7. N.F.Jone The Associations of classical Athens. Oxford, 1999. P. 80.
8. Y.B. Ustinov said that the central place in the framework of the activities
of these associations are engaged not only in honor of the sacrifices to any god or
hero, but also actively participate in the economic life of the policy: Ustinova YB
Private religious community of the Greeks (Attica VI-IV centuries. BC. E.) // Life
and history in antiquity. M., 1988. S. 198. Perhaps the expression financial ak-
ciency orgeonov was due to the fact that some of them (especially initially) there
were many foreigners seeking to strengthen its position in the policy (see. Eg .: N.
Hammond History ancient Greece. M., 2003, p 81).
9. Frolov, ED Greece during the late classic. SPb., 2001, pp 46.
10. Jones AH Op. cit. Note 28.
11. Melanchenko IV Athenian democracy. M., 2007. P. 185.
12. Ibid. Pp 202.
13. Cary M. Athens and Hestiaea. Oxford, 1979. P. 245.
14. Will E. Histoire grecque. Bulletin historique (1973-1975) // Revue his-
torique. 1977. Vol. XXLIV. P. 381-383.
15. The inscription on the lease of land eksoneytsev said: "In the event of
any besporyad-ing or damage caused by war, dem eksoneytsev is entitled to only
half grown produce (IG.II2. Number 2492, line. 7-9). The contract of lease of land
teytrasiytsev said: "If the enemy-when repairing damage to the tenant site, give
teytrasiytsam half of the income from the site (IG.II2. Number 2499, line. 14-17).
16. Buzeskul VP The history of the Athenian democracy. SPb., 2003, pp 419.
16
Ethnocultural relations of
China with the peoples of Cen-
tral Asia in antiquity and the
Middle Ages
by Ivan E. Ermolov
Moscow M.V.Lomonosov state University, Russia
DOI: 10.1163/187754628987302017
ISSN: 1877-5454 E-ISSN: 1877-5462
The article is devoted to a holistic analysis of the forms and stages of for-
mation development of China's ethnic and cultural relations with the peoples of
Central Asia in ancient and Medieval. Direction, the nature, scope and intensity of
contacts between civilizations are defined by sitesitive factors such as the antiquity,
originality and potential of contacting cultures, socio-political situation, time-vita
means of communication, and so on. D.
Keywords China, Central Asia, ancient, Medieval.
For the reconstruction of the for- and Turkic, Tongues, Tibet-Burmese,

mation of relations on the trans-then Iranian, Arab and other ethnic peoples
initial stage in ancient times important in the formation of the first composition
data-based surveys, anthropology, ar- of the population of East and Central
cheology and pale ecology materials Asia; pro-way penetration of different
Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. race components; the nature of their
Antropological researching amuses-tin, fragmentation and inter-
such important and complex issues ference in different historical periods.
such as the role of the Mongolian, china Experience to date experience of
17
studying the dynamics of dispersion assimilation process of material and

and anthropological structure of East- spiritual culture of both sides ran paral-
ern and Central Asian populations sug- lel, however it is the food and objects of
gests that the differentiation of cranial mother-cial production of particular in-
complexes proceeded zonal, but in this terest to its neighbors. Differences tech-
region1. Consequently, ranges of syn- niques perform artistic images, as well
chronous expanding cultures anthropo- as change the set of images and related
logical communities ranges overlap systems abstract geometric patterns
sometimes stretched pulse across the suggest a significant process of ethnic
entire Eurasian continent. This caused and cultural change in Central Asia and
a multicomponent own cultures and an- Ce-right China during the period that
thropological structure of their carriers. separates the Neolithic and Bronze-age-
The Neolithic era in the east and hand. Under the influence of natural
in the center of the Asian continental- and ecological environment in Eastern
she gradually began to form independ- Eurasia happened crossroads of the
ent, and co-consummate different cul- evolution of two civilizations, when
tural areas. The emergence and devel- peaceful contacts were replaced by con-
opment of each type of culture in an- flicts. The interaction of cultures was
cient times caused first of all of the nat- not only The historically-skiing possi-
ural environment and adapt ways. ble, but essential.
Sformirova-were the main lines of de- Thus, we can say that the for-
marcation zones of the northern no- mation of otno-between solutions of the
madic culture, farming culture Sred- ancient population of East and Central
nekitayskoy on peer-to-no and south- Asia were the result of general historical
ern irrigation farming culture. At all development in the respectively-Corol-
times, lichiyah between the central lary to environmental conditions.
plains and southern China, they are not The transition to the Bronze Age
of a fundamental nature, while between marks a new stage in the development
Central China Plain and northwestern of relations between East and Central
nomadic world of the time-differences Asia, as The historically ski-established
are significant. The separation into two contacts become dependent on the nec-
distinct areas - nomadic. It farming ac- essary Mosti interchange of cultural
companied by unavoidable reacting rd and technical achievements. At this
and interpenetration. A manifestation stage, the largest value-nye acquire
of this was the novena originated-inter- communicative possibilities of the peo-
mediate buffer zone between the two ples of the steppe and forest steppe of
forms of culture. Specificity topography Eurasia. These anthropological studies
was an important prerequisite the con- show that Terry torii Central Asia active
dition of mutual enrichment of the two mutual contacts can be for-fix 700 BC.
cultural zones. Although pro- e, and in Southern Siberia -. from the
18
beginning of Bron-century zovogo2. tohtonnosti formation of its culture or

The invention wagons, chariots and clearly identify the features of interfer-
horse harness to a large extent affected ences with neighboring cultures. If we
the appearance of cultures and ethnic assume that the culture of the Shang au-
situation in the steppes of Eurasia. tochthonous, we should expect that in
Summarizing the presently known data China this and the preceding period ar-
can be roughly divided into three times. chaeologists will obna-o n those traces
1 - an era in sleigh (4-3 millennium of gradual evolutionary development
BC...) When many cultures, especially from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age,
cattle, have become more mobile, as if the one who could safely associate this
Utilized-wheeled vehicles. 2 - epoch culture with the preceding. But despite
chariot (2 thousand BC...), Coh da is a the hard work-ing archaeologists such
further development of the most opti- trace has yet been found. In addressing
mal forms of cattle; Harness invention the issue of how and when the bronze
harnesses and chariots different Ti- appeared in East Asia, it should be
dressing, which greatly increased mo- noted that at the start of 2 thousand.
bility and Agres-sivnost many crops BC. e. near the border China (North In-
Eurasian steppe; allocation of crafts, es- dia, Central Asia, including South Sibe-
pecially the formation of metal-working ria) already existed a culture of the
centers. 3 - the first epoch riders (one Bronze Age. Bronze culture Shang Yin
thousand BC...) When steppe culture appears in China without preceding
osvai vayut horse-riding under; chang- Evo-Lucia. Typological analysis of Chi-
ing forms of farming (vertical or year- nese products (form Bron-zovyh prod-
round complex nomadism the herds), ucts and "animal style" in the orna-
are convenient and easily tolerable ment) and the study of the composition
home utensils, set of equestrian weap- of Chinese bronze revealed parallels
ons and so on. n., which spread rapidly, with things step-governmental cul-
are in the steppe cultures, from the tures3. Finds in graves in the north of
Urals to Mongolia. Formed the main di- Xinjiang decrees vayut-on contact with
rections of cultural relations: to the Afanasiev culture of South Siberia and
north - with taiga tribes to the south - its effect observed since the beginning
with the agricultural, from China to In- of 2 thousand. BC. e. Thus, it is possible
dia and to the west. This process created that in the first half 2 thousand. BC. e.
the preconditions for the establishment one of the earliest Bronze-O cultures of
of relation-tion between the two re- China, culture Qiji, could adopt the
gions. technology of bronze metallurgy from
As for the time of the Bronze and cultures in the Sayano-Altai region of
early Iron Age Ki-th covering Shang-Yin southern Siberia4.
and Zhou, it is precisely for this period All this allows us to talk about a
can be most clearly see evidence of AV major transformation-s on the verge of
19
the beginning of the Bronze Age in south of the cultural achievements of

China, and most importantly, to see in the peoples of Central range, in particu-
the xy-dozhestvennyh bronzes natural lar the "animal STI-la" in art. It was
rate of change. In-mer of this transfor- then that many of the stereotypes were
mation is the appearance traditions formed behavior and thinking Chinese
who clearly seen behind-the-fact for
Yin and rannechzhouskoe time centuries.
chariots and horses as draft animals for China's ethno-cultural contacts
his chariots, their equipment, weapons- with the population tsentralnoazi-ASCT
wheel-border fighters. Chinese chariots regions continued to develop rapidly in
were first applied in the Xia Yin epoch the next era. Archaeological evidence
in the XIV-XII centuries. BC. e. Along suggests that the benefit of giving this
with the chariot in China relationship through the Scythian inter-
Shang-yin, a host of advanced mediaries, with the help of the nomadic
types of bronze weapons -.. knives, axes, peoples of Siberia on the territory of the
socketed spearheads, etc. The study of empire appeared and iron objects, and
the Yin bronze weapons shows that the the earliest method of smelting this me-
most developed types it does not have Tull5. But all the technical and techno-
prototypes among the Chinese Neo- logical features have been invented and
lithic stone tools and morphologically added to already by the Chinese them-
go back to a more primitive -s types of selves, transforming per-then initial
non-Chinese bronze weapons in Central idea of the features and capabilities of
Asia, Siberia and other regions of Eura- this material.
sia. In addition, the study of bronze-O The study of China's relations
blades Karasuk type, previously consid- with the population-Niemi steppe zone
ered the results-Tat Chinese influence of Central Asia during the Bronze Age
in Siberia, showed that the effect was and injuries-he of the Iron Age, we
reversed. Even more clearly exemplified come to the conclusion that they were
socketed weapons (Celts, spearheads) determined, fissile to the emergence in
that appeared concurrently with Asia of bronze and iron-production,
Menno-chariot, and as is clear from the distribution domesticated-govern-
special investigations, could only come mental horse transport many weapons
from the West. An important material and so on. d. However, the subsequent
proof-stvom availability of existing eth- transformation enabled them to infil-
nic and cultural contacts of the peoples trate so material culture that they have
of East and Central Asia can serve find- become part of Chinese tradi-tion.
ings nephritis these regions. Finds from Ethno-cultural contacts with the West-
the sites investigated in the provinces of ern world in this period contributed to
Gansu-tion, show that this area was an the formation of the Chinese developed
infiltration of the transfer zone to the a stratum-ology, on the scope of
20
relations with the surrounding nations relations and China's diplomacy with
to rannehanskoy era. Since that time, the countries and the people-mi, placed
policy otno-sheniyu to neighboring na- outside. The third important principle
tions was to attach them to the elite of of relations with Western countries,
the Chinese way of life, to arouse inter- based on mutually advantageous, espe-
est in Chinese goods, to ensure that all cially trade, cooperation, formed under
the Chinese acquired in common-stve the influence of the real situation, when
special value and significance. As far as China became possible relations with
this kind of policy has been imple- Central Asia developed countries in the
mented, it can be seen in numerous ex- Middle Ages.
amples The historically-ing relations Specifically, particularly intense
with the Central Asian nation-mi in ethnic and cultural contacts with the
later periods. Chinese Central Asian nations made at
Starting from a II. BC. e. China's the expense of functioning of trade
relations with the West are re-regularly routes of the Silk Road. We can say with
and clearly expressed in several differ- confidence that the formation of trade
ent major-visibility: formed by the road eye-Zali influenced by several fac-
Great Silk Road, there Ambassadorial- tors: first, the route follows the wali of
contractual and trade relations, and the more ancient roads of migrations,
provide a variety of hikes, partly aggres- well known from previous peaceful and
sive. In general, things are torture to ex- military contacts; secondly, considering
tend the influence of the empire at the the safety of the path-las, which de-
state-term Central Asia, and even pended both on the climate geograph-
"kitaizirovalis" specific population ical factors and the possibility of escape
groups in the region. to local tribes-downs; Thirdly, it is nec-
Characteristic of ancient China essary to have in-frastructure.
can be considered two bases-govern- In addition to trade an important
mental type of interstate relations: the aspect of inter-ethnic and cultural activ-
basis of the first is the concept of "di th" ities were diplomatic contacts, which is
- "equal states", the second is based on accompanied, were given an active ex-
the Confucian doctrine "miroustroitel- change of embassies and diplomatic
nye monarchy", koto-paradise consid- missions, and, consequently, the offer-
ered all other countries as potential ing of gifts and diplomatic receptions
tributaries towards China. It is this si- such as contracts, warranties Coto ryh
notsentricheskaya concept and theory provided with hostage-taking or dynas-
of ethnic and cultural superiority resi- tic marriages.
dents "middle kingdom" over the sur- An important element in the de-
rounding marginal world "Varva-ditch velopment of relations between the Em-
four countries of the world" began to pire and Central Asia has been the pen-
spread on the interstate-governmental etration of new religious Uche-tion in
21
China, which was a direct result of the time, it begins to show a feature of Chi-
expansion of trade contacts. In turn, the nese civilization is the fact that all the
spread of Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, elements introduced by gradually
Manichaeism, Nestorian et al. In China adapting, siniziru-are and become ele-
is able to update themselves, boost ments of Chinese culture itself.
trade along the Silk Road. A separate issue is possible to al-
However, with the development locate penetration of China-tion of ma-
of relations with distant state-mi Cen- terial culture in the territory of South
tral Asia and further to the West for Siberia and its influence on the for-
China of this period remains a topical mation of local traditions. Important
issue of relations with the neighboring ASPEK-ter in establishing close con-
Coche-vym population of Central Asia. tacts between China and yuzhnosi-
China's policy in relation-SRI sur- Birsky nations were geography and The
rounding nomadic peoples, especially historically ski-established nature of
in Central Asia vary considerably in dif- economic and cultural ties with the re-
ferent historical periods, although the gion. Chinese-made products fall here
strategy was always the same - the max- as trophies or gifts, as a result of barter
imum expand the scope of the influ- or trade6. In the zones of collision of
ence-tion of the surrounding territory cultures at different economic and so-
and at the same time protect the NACE- cial development levels, the group
Lenie his state against external aggres- standing in the lower stage of social and
sion. At the initial stage of China has economic development, are beginning
solved this problem in an effort to alien- to show the desire for social consolida-
ate the nomads from their borders and tion, reorganization of its social struc-
isolate themselves as much as possible ture, the transition from on-fittings sep-
from penetrating. One-to protect the arate and relatively independent of no-
borders with defensive structures re- madic tribal groups to centralized social
quire large material costs and did not education. It is this kind of phenome-
bring the desired results. Whereas pol- non and occur in Hun (Xiongnu) envi-
icy towards nomads was re-looking and ronment, when the Chinese dynasty in
used new tactics of struggle with the no- the course of their mutual Bor-growing
mads - the resettlement of nomadic and would strengthen internal consoli-
tribes in the border areas of China. dation BOOP-zhennoe pressure on no-
Their task was to defend the frontier madic Ordos, Gansu and other heaven-
territories from intruders other no- ones of the Chinese borderlands. A
mads. Since that time the problem of study of Chinese products imported
ethnic and cultural contacts affect the from the northern part of the monu-
scope of relations with Neki-Thai peo- ments of Central Asian Hun-Sarmatian
ple in the territory of China in the pe- time showed the following aspects:
riod of early-Middle Ages. Since that firstly, the bulk of the finds discovered
22
among Hun materials Sargatka Tashtyk However, the presence of a certain type
and cultures; Second, China's imports of material objects while allowing the
divided into two categories: the massive second-vorit on imports of symbolic
use items (zer-kala, coins, some articles and mystical elements in China, but no
of lacquer and silk) and items ro-Scotia evidence of a consistent representation
(bronzes, ceremonial weapons, ceremo- of religious import-tion. Traces of pen-
nial silk clothes and accessories, and so etration elements of the Chinese culture
on. ).; Thirdly, the Chinese import-ex- were also observed in the visual arts,
erting a significant influence on the de- such as ornamental ke: Image combat-
velopment of local traditions. ing yascheroobraznogo dragon with two
Based on the study results, it is tigers image horned and winged wolf, a
possible to reconstruct the two mecha- curved pattern in the form of parallel
nisms of cultural interaction between spirals, concentric circles, poluova-fish-
the Siberian on-delivery and China. ing, etc... they are applied when paint-
One of them is based on hunno ing plaster masks, carved in bone, wood
Tashtyk-tra-ditsii relationships. The and birch bark products, which in
presence of imported Chinese products themselves constitute innovations in
ordinary tribesmen, a large num- the local material culture. As part of a
ber of imitations, Sde lannyh local arti- possible Chinese influence on the cul-
sans, construction of fortified towns, ture of southern Siberia can be distin-
the emergence of agriculture and pig guished burial ritual in the sepulchral-
farming, irrigation, CCA-singular-bur- kah-mannequin dolls, masks, wooden
ial ritual traditions, and so on. d. indi- funerary models sheathed daggers,
cate significant cultural penetration of bows, arrow shafts, often painted Red
the Chinese tradition and its influence. color. Similar funerary customs of the
On the other hand, Sargatskoe contact country-wide propagation in China and
options that can be set only by the pres- reflected in the archaeological materi-
ence of luxury goods is likely to involve als, pis-variables sources in the Chinese
only trade relations. ethnography. For techno-troscopies
Due to China ultimately had a ma- Chinese dates clay recipe for producing
jor impact on the emergence and devel- specific South Siberian vessels "Kyrgyz
opment of settled agricultural economy vases". Their quality clay, technology,
at the local nomads, such as the Huns, shape and ornamentation printed re-
because, gradually mastering the basics produce china-parameter techniques. A
of Chinese handicrafts and construction large number of vases found in South
business, they eventually began to cre- Siberia-term, evidence of the close rela-
ate their own permanent settlements. tionship of the population with Mongo-
The influence of the agricultural tradi- lia and China living here. Widely prac-
tions can be explained by the emer- ticed manufacturing imitations of Chi-
gence of some specific rites herdsmen. nese local products, such as mirrors.
23
However, attention is drawn to the fact On the basis of archaeological

that among the large number of differ- material clearly traced-vayutsya the fre-
ent mirrors local craftsmen chose to quency and intensity of the China-Cen-
copy only a few people close to them by tral Asian contacts. in Central Asian cul-
Orna-mental reasons. Enriched at the ture East Asian active implementation
expense of the Tang, the Sassanid and of components marked up until the
the whole Central Asian motifs, crafts- middle of the VIII century. (Loss of con-
men develop their own style. Such mir- trol of China over much of the western
rors are found on the northern borders segment of the Silk Road). Further eth-
of China, the Altai Yenisei in Tuva. nocultures nye China's contacts with
We can confidently assert that the the Central Asian agricultural peoples
ethnic and cultural interaction was a de- observed sporadically.
cisive factor in the appearance of the The most intensive contacts of
ground-Delia, permanent settlements Chinese civilization peoples of South Si-
and certain types of craft and build-ing beria occur during periods of Hun pre-
in the case of the nomadic peoples of dominance in Central Asia (with II in.
Central Asia (Usuns, Huns, and so on. BC. e. to the III. BC. e.) and the exist-
D.). The Chinese introduced peoples ence of the Kyrgyz State (VII-XI centu-
Central Noi Asia lacquer ware, ceremo- ries. with re-nearly continuously),
nial umbrellas, neko-torymi kinds of which coincided with the strengthening
jewelry, including jade, new ornamen- of the Chinese empire and the imple-
tal motifs and patterns on silk, mirrors, mentation of the most successful poli-
woode-liyah silver, ceramics and so on. cies Boc exact Turkestan. East Asian in-
D. Penetration significant the number fluence on the material culture of the
of Chinese elements can be attributed to South Siberian peoples was insignifi-
innovations in-tra-traditional areas of cant in ne-IRS weakening the Chinese
material culture: the emergence of new state and counteraction between civili-
types of mirrors almost the entire terri- zations contacts by the nomadic peoples
tory of Central Asia; "Sino-kha- of the Juan-juan and Turks (III-VI
roshtskih" coins in East Turkestan and cent.), The Uighur Khanate (end VIII -
central-noaziatskih cast on the Chinese the beginning of the IX.), Mongolian
model and technology; non-domestic tribes (from the beginning of the XIII
utensils which kinds - low wooden ta- century.). Intermediation in the Khitan
bles, wicker products, ceramics and cel- and Jurchen (XI-XII centuries.) In
adon porcelain in the courts, bronze China and South Siberian peoples
coppers, earwigs metal-pins, pin tsetov; greatly limit the penetration of the in-
jewelry and t. d. Equally important is fluence of its culture to the North con-
the Chinese component in the Central tacts, but contributes Valo-emergence
Asian culture associated with Bud- of Korean and Japanese products in the
dhism. region7.
24
We have collected data allowed divergence of content with minimal life-

you confident enough, to reveal the stvami convenient, but communication
main direction and the result of inter- with the settled population, in which
ethnic and cultural activities in China there are many more (products of agri-
and Central Asia from ancient times to cultural labor, handicraft productst. e.),
the beginning of the XIII century. The stimulates the nomads and to improve
assimilation of the best in the culture of their living conditions. Several ways to
other countries, in particular the strict do this - trade with the neighboring sed-
selection of foreign cultural achieve- entary peoples, demand tribute peri-
ments of civilization, was one of the fac- odic raids or conquest. However, these
tors of the development of China and actions legkoosuschestvimy only if the
the peoples of Central Asia. However, neighboring sedentary population is
the priority position in the relations be- weak and poorly prepara-Leno to resist
tween Eastern and Cen-tral Asia in the foreign aggression. Accordingly,
period after the start of operation of silk sosedstvovanie nomads with strong
Vg way is China. states, such as for example Ki-tai in
Study the formation and develop- some periods of its development, en-
ment of ethnocultural con beats China couraging them to create tribal organi-
with Central Asian peoples in antiquity zations, and even the empire.
and among Ages allows you to see how In fact, one can observe and polit-
these relations manifested in the devel- ical dependence-bridge (the second as-
opment of the contacting parties. pect), which is evident in this case that
For agricultural oases of Central the organization and strengthening of
Asia relations China had a fundamental the settled population, by stimulating
impact on the appearance and time-vi- the development of the same process
tie new branches of local production. It and with certain nomadic al-nokultur-
is above all the introduction of sericul- nymi features. Moreover, the manage-
ture and silk weaving (Sogd) technology ment of a large association of nomadic
you iron-smelting (Fergana), paper peoples requires the use of administra-
making; rice cultivation, peaches, apri- tive skills, which are also often bor-
cots, cinnamon and the like. d. rowed from the neighbors. It contrib-
Relationship with strong settled utes to the appearance of Settlement
agricultural civilization (in the case of and the nomadic elite of the population.
China) have a fundamental effect on The third aspect - cultural. The
economic, political and cultural devel- formation of large, strong-tion of no-
opment of the steppe on-delivery Eura- madic empires of the population who
sia. The economic aspect of the nomads had different religious beliefs contrib-
are largely dependent on the logo-A set- uted to the development or adoption
tled population. Of course, the nomadic mirovoz-view, provides the spiritual
way of life involves an optionally- unity of the entrance to this obe-union
25
of peoples headed by the supreme borders, believing that they can enjoy
leader. the benefits of all the surrounding area,
China's relations with the peoples to which are able to get. Freedom in the
of Central Asia, two key areas can be conquest of the world may be limited
distinguished - the relationship with ag- only by the strength of their resistance
riculture-cal sedentary civilizations and to raids by those who have mastered
relations with the nomadic peri-feriey. these areas. On this basis, it develops
As for the sedentary peoples, it is contradiction nomadic sedentary peo-
obvious that the relationship built on ples.
the basis of mutually beneficial priori- Central Asian territories, includ-
ties. Firstly, this trade relationship, ing the north-yuzhnosi Birsky region,
which started frequently-governmental and the western borders of East Asia, in
merchants and travelers, try to realize terms of the ecological situation, are the
their own interests, broaden our under- most figure-nym example of such a con-
standing of the outside world. It is flict between nomads and farmers lymi-
thanks to them that the first contacts A settled. Sosedstvovanie territory of
were adjusted and were pro-lozheny the nomads from the borders of China, to
most convenient way to the neighboring which they often get faster and easier
regions, on the basis of than even cross his steppe, created con-
ecological and geographical situa- ditions for the re-regularly raids on bor-
tion of that time. When the contacts der rural communities. Roaming on
have become regular and began to bring large areas, adopting and creating their
real income, first the neighboring weapons, constantly practicing warfare,
states, and then began to use them long- nomads, undoubtedly superior to the
term in its geopolitical interests. Since Chinese army's mobility and in the level
being established diplo-matic relations, of techni-agency equipping weapons.
accompanied by the organization of the Accordingly, the Chinese were forced to
entire spectrum of contract services, constantly adapt and reform their army.
tangible evidence that the archaeologi- For example, eliminate the use of mar-
cal investigations open on China and tial wheels-down in favor of the cavalry,
the Western world territories. In turn, because the horse nomads It exceeds,
the development of trade and economic went their movement speed and attack.
ethnocultural relations occurs on the For the development of riding required
basis of the political situation. to use a different style Clothing--dy.
In other ethno-cultural contacts And the Chinese have to start applying
are formed in China with Coche-howl attributes of nomadic th robes - long
periphery. And here it is necessary to trousers and short jackets, fastened the
take into account several principles-cial buckles and straps with hooks. Natu-
important aspects. Firstly, the nomads rally, the Chinese decorate encrusted
did not recognize gosu donative these items on the basis of their artistic
26
representations, but essentially it is the have been used in different periods with
same style of the nomads. varying degrees of success. Naturally,
The presence of the nomads in the many of the achievements of nomadic
western and northern periphery of the civilization have been adopted and
Chinese forces him to constantly find adapted to the culture of China, which
new ways to protect their possessions. It significantly expanded its capacity and
could be the strengthening of military in communication with other civiliza-
defense (the construction of the Great tions of the West.
Wall, the army reform and attempt to For China, these relationships
out-Drita at best at that time weapons were key to that name, but in the pro-
agents borrow-bathrooms again the no- cess of solving the problem to find the
mads), and methods of use of the en- optimal shape of the coexistence-
emy-dy between different nomadic tweaked with the surrounding nations
tribes (the policy of " conquest barbar- were developed principles of its unique-
ian hands of the barbarians "or resettle- ness, based on a policy of wise maneu-
ment of nomads on the border first, and vering, sinizatsii, the ability to adapt
then in the confines of their state), and and transform other people's achieve-
the policy of luring the nomadic elite ments-tion in their interests. This will
benefits of peace" friendship "(giving ensure that the inner shaft of the Chi-
expensive gifts and paying out the trib- nese culture in different historical con-
ute, even in veils bath odds e), and other ditions.
means. Depending on the internal situ-
ation in the country, all these funds
References:
1. Keates S.G. Home Range Size in Middle Pleistocene China and Human
Dispersal Pat-terns in Eastern and Central Asia // Asian Perspectives. 2004. Vol.
Number 2. 43. P. 227- 247.
2. Lalueza-Fox C., Sampietro ML, Gilbert MT, Castri L., Facchini F., Pet-
tener D., Bertran-petit J. Unravelling migrations in the steppe: mitochondrial DNA
sequences from an-cient Central Asians // Proceedings of The Royal Society of
London. Biological Series. 2004. P. 941-947.
3. The use of tin and arsenic in the composition of bronze (see .: Black EH
formation of Eurasian "steppe belt" pastoral cultures: a look through the prism of
under-arheometallurgii and radiocarbon chronology // Archeology, ethnog-
raphers
4. FFL and Anthropology of Eurasia. 2008. 3 (35). Pp 36-53).
5. Xiang Wan. Early Development of Bronze Metallurgy in Eastern Eurasia
// Sino-Pla-tonic Papers. Number 2011. 213. P. wagner DB The Earliest Use of Iron
27
in China // Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eas- tern Antiquities. 2003. Vol. 75. P.
127-169.
6. Typology and description of Chinese products imported from the exca-
vations arheologiche-ing monuments on the territory of Central Asia See .: Barinov
EB Influence of Material Culture of China on the processes of inculturation of Cen-
tral Asia and South Siberia-term pre-Mongol period. M .: IEA RAS, 2011. P. 52-137.
Table. 3, 6, 8-9, 10-13, 15, 16.
7. Barinov EB China's influence on the culture of the peoples of South Si-
beria domongol-mechanical time // Bulletin of Univ of Peoples' Friendship. Ser.
"Russian history". Number 3. 2012. pp 99-113.
28
The Barbarian aspect" of the

procopius uprising
by Devid W. Orlean
University of Kentucky, USA
DOI: 10.1163/18775462X0898765017
ISSN: 1877-5454 E-ISSN: 1877-5462
Article analyzes the problem of the participation of the barbarian tribes in

the Sun-pitched Procopius 365-366 years. and their union with the Roman provin-
cials.
Keywords: The Roman Empire, barbarians, insurrection, usurpation, prov-
ince, provincial, soldiers.
Revolt of Procopius 365-366

years. in the eastern part of the Roman Ammian Martsellin detail intro-
Empire, not overlooked researchers An- duces its listeners and readers with this
tic-ness. The course of events in the IV man, "Procopius came from a noble
one of the many attempts to usurp the family; originally he was from Cilicia,
supreme power. analyzed in the works where he received his education. Kin-
of XIX-XX centuries.1, In the Num-le ship with Julian (propinquitate Iulia-
and in Russian2. Scientists involved in num ... contingebat), koto-ing later be-
this issue, is trying to use all the availa- came emperor, helped his nomination,
ble sources. But some aspects of the and since his first speech at the public
problem remain controversial and do arena, he was in full view. In private life
not have a unique solution. These in- and character he differed restraint, was
clude the problem of interpretation of secretive and silent. He had a long and
the co-authors of the ancient communi- perfectly served Notari Stands and was
cation about the composition of partici- already close to the top rung. After the
pants in the uprising and special-no - death of Constantius in the coup, he is a
problem of relations between the popu- relative of the emperor (imperatoris
lation of the Roman provinces, and rep- cognatus), conceived hopes of higher
resentatives of alien peoples during status and was included among the
specific events associated with con-Pro- count "3. Belonging to the genus Con-
copius. stant Ting noted by other ancient
29
authors4. As Notaro Pro copies perform circumstances, which learns and if to

important assignments Emperor Con- his attention before-going, that the Ro-
stance II (Amm Marc XVII 14. 3;.... man business suffered in Persia failure,
XVIII 6. 17). During the Persian cam- take care to proclaim himself emperor.
paign of Julian "squad, as there is in the Without arrogance and with great care
mind of his military plans, 30 thousand he performed the duties assigned to it.
chosen soldiers and put them under the When he learned that Julian was mor-
command of mention, even higher Pro- tally wounded
copius, to which he seconded with equal He died that Jovian received the
authority to the count Sebastian, former supreme power and that this race-volu-
Dux Egypt (Amm. Marc XXIII 3. 5;.. minous false rumor that Julian at his
XXV 8.7;. 16). After the surrender of last gasp expressed a desire to Handle
Nisibis "Procopius was ordered to go Sovereign stvom trusted was Procopius,
with the remains of Julian, and bring he was afraid, as if he was not on-Stigl
them in the comb on the outskirts of for this reason execution without trial,
Tarsus as he ordered Julian during his and decided to escape. And since Proco-
lifetime. Journeyed to the Emperor's pius learned that he was wanted very
body, Procopius immediately after the hard, then, wishing to avoid the burden
funeral, was gone, and he could not find of fierce hostility, I went to unknown re-
anywhere, despite the most careful mote areas "5. Some modern scholars I
search, until he appeared suddenly, believe that such a legend could appear
much later, in Constantinople in the after the start of the Boc-pitched and
purple clothes of the emperor (Amm. could even be deliberately initiated by
Marc. XXV. 9. 12-13). Ammian Martsel- the Pro-spear or its environment to cre-
lin reports rumors that Julian during ate the legitimacy of claims to higher
his lifetime appointed Procopius his authority6.
successor: "It is said that before the al- According to its position and
tar without witnesses, he re-gave se- origin, as well as in connection with the
cretly to his relative (propinquo suo) on-circumstance in which he was - to
Procopius purple-tion cloak, instruct- live in peace is still not allowed - Proco-
ing him immediately to seize the su- pius had reason to fight for power. Only
preme power, if it is received the news Themistius in a speech to Valens and
of his death in Persia ... Upon entry into delivered after the suppression of the
Persia, Julian left him with last revolt of Procopius, understandably
Sabinianom, leaving last the same sought to belittle the man: "When hos-
rights, in Mesopotamia led considera- tile-tion gods man lived all his life in the
ble-governmental military forces and fate of a scribe from ne-Nala and ink,
instructed him how to read a vague ru- think to dare to power over the Romans
mor - with Uwe-rennostyu nobody e - gi-cabling of disastrous, who is Ty-
claimed - act according to the phon of Cilicia Korikov ... (Them Or
30
VII 86...). "He never considered well ex- to the Goths to definitely ascertain on
ecuted-lem, but envious and criminal what basis the people, friend-govern-
(Them. Or. VII. 90). mental Romans and the related agree-
The usurpation of Procopius ment of lasting peace, has support per-
lasted from September 27 365 of 27 May son to start a war against the legitimate
366 It began with the proclamation of govt yard. As a full justification for their
his emperor in Constantinople, the actions Goths image
events developed in the vicinity of the They presented a letter of Proco-
capital, the provinces of Bithynia, the pius, who said that he accepted the su-
Hellespont and Thrace. preme power belongs to him as well,
One of the interpretations of close MEMBER Konstantinova kind
these events lies in the fact that on the (Amm. Marc. XXVII. 5. 1). Ammian
eve of the uprising, on the Danube, the Mar tsellin shows three thousand
Visigoths in 378, "here already seething tervingov (Amm. Marc. XXVI. 10. 3).
national-liberation struggle, there is This is reported by other authors (Eun.
support s-gavshihsya barbarians and Fr. 37). Take part in the battles tervingi
merge with these invasions. The main not yet.
center of this struggle became Thrace, Sending auxiliaries federates of
as shown by the events connected with the Romans demand was common in
the revolt of the usurper Procopius. the IV.9As part of the troops uzurpato-
<...> His uprising has therefore been ra were more auxilia (Amm. Marc.
characterized by a broad national liber- XXVI. 8. 5), these auxiliary-govern-
ation struggle against the Roman subju- mental squads could also serve as a bar-
gation, with the support of barbarian barian mercenaries. But the same kind
tribes who have come from across the of troops and were under the rule of the
Danube "7. emperor Valens. The set-set of com-
The above thesis is composed of manders and soldiers, tempted by "the
two very serious assertion-tion, one - on hope of the ogre-WIDE awards (spe
the main part of the rebels, the other - praemiorum ingentium) (Amm. Marc.
on vzaimoot-wearing population of the XXVI. 6. 13) is first switched to the side
Roman Empire and the alien peoples, of Procopius, and then, "taking care of
each of which requires a thorough anal- any benefit (attenti ad omne compen-
ysis of sources. In this SLU-tea will fo- dium [Amm. Marc. XXVI. 6. 14]) 're-
cus on the second problem, since the turned to the rightful emperor. The cor-
first question a different point of view ruption of late Roman army was mani-
expressed in many works8. fested in the IV. repeatedly. Among
Well-known fact of Procopius to those who strongly and quickly changed
tervingam "When Procopius was de- his political orientation in 365-366
feated in Phrygia and internal Sec-ry years. and from the West by their
stopped, Master cavalry Victor was sent names, were the Romans, and the
31
Germans (aguiln, Gomoary, wado- distressed the fate of the free inhabit-
mari), but both of them were in military ants of the state, and those who serve
service. him. On-in relative who was sur-
HELL. Dmitry Thrace considered rounded by Procopius, he writes: "In
the main center of the uprising Pro- stavschiki provisions, court ministers,
copy, because there were a lot of un- present and former soldiers who have
happy on predatory lair-in-law policy of completed their term of service in the
Valens Petronius10But, according to military units and those who turn Xia
Ammianus Marcellinus, Petronius ri- has a more peaceful life, were involved,
oted in all domains Valenta (Amm. some against their will, others in agree-
Marc. XXVI. 6. 6-9), and the Thrace ex- ment with it, to the dubious fate of un-
cept siege Philippopolis (Amm. Marc. expected-foot challenger (Amm. Marc.
XXVI. 10. 4-6), military operations XXVI. 7. 1), that is, they were people
were not carried out. HELL. Dmitry be- who in one way or another connected
lieved that Procopius' gaining strength with the army, regardless of the place of
precisely in the province, where there Bani-lived. Thrace, according to Am-
were many barbarians - men, co-malo- mianus Marcellinus, worried pro-copy,
nic and slaves, "groaned under the same as there were military forces that can
burden." These vnut-rennie barbarians quickly crush the insurgency is so cun-
lost under the sky Empire their freedom ning he lured to Constantinople com-
and oppressed over measures have manded them Komichi Julia. "Through
played a prominent role in the uprising this clever deception was acquired with-
Prokom Pia. They flocked to his banner out blood on martial-Thrace settlement
from all sides, entrained on-dezhdami and thus obtained it was a great help in
rid of the unbearable oppression of the the breakaway enterprises (Amm.
empire "eleven. With this position fully Marc. XXVI. 7. 5). Social and ethnic
associates I. Khan, not further-the structure bellatrices Thraciae gentes is
number of times referring to a passing not decrypted, and in the future they do
remark in one of retsen EM-zy not participate in hostilities. And ex-
Shtaerman12. pressing GL-set Kurbatov "Thracian
Without questioning the plight of peasantry (agrestes) stubbornly defend
the inhabitants of Rome-tion of the em- their freedom, finding support among
pire, I would like to relate this assertion settlements on the borders of the em-
with evidence sources. The quotation pire ready-federates, and the proximity
included in it, - the text of Ammianus, of the free-tion barbarian periphery al-
though he talking about suffering from lowed them to count on the support
the oppression of the provincials and Varva-ditch from abroad"13It is diffi-
soldiers Petronius (provincialium et cult to confirm the source, as in the first
militum paria gementium - Amm. part, and especially in the second.
Marc. XXVI. 6. 9). Historian clearly
32
Contemporaries uprising Proco- ongoing debate over a wide range from

pius addition Ammianus Mar tsellina the middle of V in. until the middle of
were famous orators Themistius and the VI.18But most researchers tend to
CIMMYT, pro-worn speech before the top, or the first two decades of the
emperor in 369 and 366/7 years. Nei- VI.19This product - a very uneven in
ther one nor the other did not mention value. Dost degree of fidelity of one or
the barbarians, while in the IV. espe- another of the historical work is heavily
cially prized victory over the barbari- dependent on those sources which it is
ans14. Themistius, calling Valens to Mi- based, and many other objective and
locer-Dieu in relation to the defeated, subjective factors.
says, "that <it is inherent> Barbarians - Description Zosima usurpation of
continuously pursue the Romans, and Procopius inaccuracy abounds-ness20.
the Romans under-menitelno to the Ro- In particular, it refers to a much larger
mans must be a <specific> measure - number sent due Istra ready - 10 ty-
<opportunity> to fix <the admitted> syach (Zos IV 7. 2..). All researchers of
error (... Them Or VII 94), and further leaning toward smaller numbers,
mentions those who went to Valens," counting information Zosima exagger-
can enumerate "the ranks" <attracted ated21. Further, according to Zosimas
you to their store-well,> - separate Procopies first captivating Garrison
strategies, separately taxiarch, many Constantinople consisting of two rows-
captains, silts archers silts riders <par- otrya (Zos IV 5. 4..), And then - legions
ticipants> "grand council" (Them. Or. passing therethrough (Zos. IV. 6. 3), but
VII. 97). Quintus Aurelius Symmachus in the capital, there was no garrison22,
calls Procopius re-bellis exul and per- Ammian Martsellin-communicates
sonal enemy Valentinian I15. with only two guide Thrace bribed le-
The only author who reports that gions (Amm. Marc. XXVI. 6. 12). Their
Procopius secu-chili considerable mul- relative Marcel la Procopies with de-
titude of soldiers' squads Romans and tachment sent Bithynia, where it acted
Barbarians ( "Also" came and other bar- (Amm. Marc. XXVI. 10. 1). By Zosima
barian tribes - in order to take part in same Marcellus participated in the
the company ( "- this Zosimus (Zos IV 7. siege Cyzicus (Zos. IV. 6. 5), although
1-2) Pre-position AD Dmitreva that" there distinguished Alyson stands
words "... "Zosim outlined mass barbar- (Amm. Marc. XXVI. 8. 9-10). By
ian settlers in Thrace"16No trace of a Zosima, in Marcellus we found some
text-17: It is a question of detachments royal apparel, conveyed to him by Pro-
and of the Romans, and of Varva-ditch copius (Zos. IV. 8. 4). Ta Kim, in his
above mentioned about the composi- work Zosima may notice some doubling
tion of the Roman army in the IV. of events in the development of the up-
Composing Zosima - later. About rising.
dating him, "But-ing history" is an
33
Pretty exotic Zosimus describes out. According to Ammianus Marcelli-

backstory Restore-tion. If Ammian nus, Valens Dep-lift in Arinfeya Corps
Martsellin reports that Procopius hide Master's raid with a group, and they
Xia pursuers in unknown locations, and took a few families tervingov who had
then made his way to Chalcedon (Amm. not managed to hide (Amm. Marc.
Marc. XXVI. 6. 4), according to Zosima, XXVII. 5. 4). In Zosima, appar-
"elected autocrats Valentinian and Va- ently about the same event has re-
lens (they first looked at it suspicious) mained a go-Sec more colorful story
immediately sent <people> who were to with clearly hasty ending, as there were
capture the <it>. He betrayed itself in still two military season. "Because they
their hands and letting de lat, what they did not dare to come together <the Ro-
want, first uttered the right to talk to his mans> in melee, but took refuge in the
wife see the children. When they al- swamps and made out covert attacks,
lowed it, he <ordered> cooki-twist <Valens> at Casa soldiers remain in the
them a feast. Seeing that they were country and, gathering as it was possi-
drunk, <Procopius> together with their ble to servants () and guards (), which
families fled to the Pont Euxine, and he < before> in ruchil protect belong-
from there, up on the ship, arrived in ings, promised some <amount> gold to
the Chersonese. There he spent some the one who will bring the enemy's
time and found that the local residents head. Overcome by greed, penetrated
can not be trusted, and he was afraid into the forests and swamps, all imme-
that he had not been given to detectives, diately began to kill those they met; and
sent to search for him. Noticing sailing showing the head slaughtered, gets put-
by a cargo ship, he entrusted him with ing <award>; when thus killed a large
himself and his relatives. It reached number of <enemy>, the rest began to
Constantinople still dark (Zos. IV. 5. 1- ask the emperor of the world (Zos. IV.
2). One of the modern research rightly 11. 2-3).
sees in this colorful description of the You should probably listen to
"flavor of the Greek novel"23. The vast those who believe that "reading" new
majority of scientists, Catching- history ", it is necessary with great dili-
yuschihsya this issue, based on the text gence to separate the wheat from the
of Ammianus, not even mentioning the Tribes-led. Zosima have a lot of truth,
version Zosima24. although it is mixed with a large coli
It seems to taste Greek novel is honors the fables "25.
present not only in this episode, but in Considering all the above, and the
the whole story, related to Procopius. silence of other sources-ing a marked
For example, during the campaign 367, participation of the barbarians in the
at war with tervingami, which served as revolt of Procopius, it is difficult to find
a pretext for sending ready to Proco- reliable evidence of Zosima. It seems
pius, the local operation was carried that It says that "the Union is composed
34
of the lower classes of the empire bar- pacify Thrace and ready to punish, sup-
barians "26, Especially since it is not ported the liberation struggle. It was a
necessary. The population of the Ro- real robber campaign against the em-
man pro-Winz perceived as an alien peror of his subjects, a new war against
conquerors and treat them accordingly. the Empire of the Thracian people.
In one of the preserved frag ments While part of the Roman army will
works Eunapius well reflected attitude break-las in the internal region is ready,
to go-there, marching to the aid of Pro- another mending bloody strife-woo in
copius: "It was said then that the ap- Thrace "28It is true only to the Goths.
proximate-zhayuschiesya Scythians All operations were conducted outside
were arrogant, they despised anyone the borders of the Roman Empire on
who they meet, were prone to excesses the left bank of the Danube, on the ter-
and insults and all behaved arrogantly ritory of the Thrace heavily fortified de-
and insolently "27. Evidence Ammianus fenses29. Terror was sent as clearly evi-
on assistance Goths in 378 denced by Ammian Martsellin, in the
dedititsiyami or prisoners (Amm. Marc. persons of the environment Procopius:
XXXI. 6. 5) can not reinforce the thesis "... started a ferocious persecution in-
Union-tion places population and bar- volved in the case, and in relation to the
barians since dedititsii as social-hydro- set-GIH much more cruel than de-
chloric group derived from barbarians, manded their errors or misconduct,"
not to mention the prisoners. with a lot of abuse. "And there was no
AD Adoption Dmitreva: "The limit to this terrible disaster, until he
mass terror, which brought down on Empire-tor and his family did not had
Valens Thrace after the suppression of enough money and blood (Amm.
the uprising, clearly demonstrates the Marc. XXVI. 10. 6-14).
large scale of the liberation struggle Thus, sources of evidence do not
against anti-growth-tion Thracian pop- allow govo-rit of participatory barbar-
ulation that supported Procopius. Va- ian tribes in the revolt of Procopius, and
lent sent a punitive expedition under the more of an alliance of Roman pro-
the command of Victor and Arinfeya vincials with the barbarians.
1. Notes
2. See., Eg .: Rubin B. Prokopios von Kaisareia // Realencyclopdie der
clas-sischen Alterturnswissenschaft. Bd. 23. Hibd [45]. Stuttgart, 1957. S. 252-256;
Folkerts Dr.M. Prokopios // Der Kleine Pauly. Bd. 5. Stuttgart, 1965. S. 1164; Jones
AHM The Later Roman Empire (284-602). Oxford, 1964. Vol. 2. P. 1033; The Cam-
bridge Ancient History. Vol. 13 / Ed. by A. Cameron, P. Garnsey. Oxford, 2008. P.
89-91; Lenski N. Failure of Empire. Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Cen-
tury AD Berkeley; Los Angeles, 2002. P. 68-115; Gibbon E. The History of the
35
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire / Trans. from English. VN Nevedomsky. M
.; SPb., 1994. P. 291-294.
3. See Dmitry .: AD Rise of the Visigoths on the Danube and the revolution
of slaves // Bulletin of ancient history. Number 1. 1950. pp 66-80; Khan I. On the
question of the social bases of the usurpation of Procopius // Acta Antiqua Aca-
demiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. T. 6, fasc. 1-2. Budapest, 1958. C. 199-211; Kur-
batov GL Revolt of Procopius (365- 366 years.) // Byzantine Annals. T. 1958. 14
(39). Pp 3-26; aka. On the issue of territorial distribution of the revolt of Procopius
(365-366 gg.) // Visan-tiyskie essays. M., 1961, pp 64-92.
4. Amm. Marc.XXVI. 6. 1; See also:. XXVII. 5. 1 (Ammiani Marcellini. Re-
rum gestarum libri qui supersunt / Ed. W. Seyfarth. Vol. 1-2. Leipzig, 1978. Trans-
lation hereinafter by ed .: Ammian Martsellin. Roman History / Trans. From the
Latin. Yu A. Kulakovskogo and AI Sonny. SPb., 1996).
5. Eun. Fr. 34. 3 (Eunapius Text and Translation // The Fragmentary Clas-
sicising His-torians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus
and Malchus / Ed and transl by RC Blockley Vol 2. Liverpool, 1983.....); Them. Or.
VII. 92: "... brow-century, Constantine covers and shamelessly entices its other
name (Themistii Orationes quae supersunt / Rec H. Schenkel, opus consumm G.
Downey et AF Norman Vol 1-2 Leipzig, 1965-...... 1971). I express my deep blah tude
AS Vanyukov for the opportunity to use his unpublished translations of Themistius
and Zosimus.
6. Amm. Marc.XXIII. 3. 2; XXVI. 6. 2-4; See also:. Zos. IV. 4. 2; III. 12. 5
(Zosimus. Opera / Ex rec. I. Bekkeri. Bonnae, 1837).
7. Lenski N. Op. cit. P. 70.
8. Dmitry AD Decree. Op. S. 69-70.
9. See. Note. 1.
10. Budanov VP Goths in the era of the Great Migration. SPb., 2001. P. 182.
11. HELL. Dmitriev calls Petronius praetorian prefect, but those at the time
was Nebridy (Amm. Marc. XXVI. 7. 4).
12. Dmitry AD Decree. Op. S. 69.
13. Khan I. Decree. Op. C. 200, 207 (EM Shtaerman M. Pallasse. Orient et
Occident. A propos du Colonat Romain au Bas-Empire. Lyon, 1950. P. 93 // Byz-
antine vremennik. T., 1953. 7 (32). S. 327, 329).
14. Kurbatov GL Rise Prokopii ... C 7 17.
15. Lenski N. Op. cit. P. 138.
16. Symm. Or. I. 17, 19 (Q. Aurelii Symmachi Orationum quae supersunt /
Ed by O. Seeck, 1883;.. Reprinted Munich, 2001).
17. Dmitry AD. Decree. Op. S. 69. I. Khan writes: "It is correct point of view-
tion of Soviet researchers, which Procopius uprising sees the movement of peas-
ants of Asia Minor, the barbarian mercenaries, colonists and slaves" (I. Khan op S.
36
207..). Barbarian mercenaries were indeed servants, too (Them. Or. VII. 99), and
the peasants and colonists sources are silent.
18. Budanov VP Decree. Op. Pp 183.
19. Kazhdan, AP Zosime, Histoire nouvelle. T. 1 (livres I et II) / Texte tabli
et traduit par F. Paschoud. P., 1971 // Bulletin of ancient history. Number 4. 1975.
pp 166.
20. See .: Scavoni DC Zosimus and his Historical Model // Greek, Roman
and Byzantine Studies. Vol. 11. Durham, 1970. P. 57; Go ff art W. Zosimus, the First
Historian of Rome's Fall // The American Historical Review. 1971. Vol. 76. P. 421;
Ridley RT Zosimus the Historian // Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 1972. Bd. 65. S. 280;
Paschoud F. Zosime, Eunape et Olympiodore, Tmoins des Invasions Barbares //
Das Reich und die Barbaren / Hrsg. EK Chrysos und A. Schwarcz; Ver ent-
lichungen des Instituts fr sterreichische Ge-schichtsforchung. Bd. 29. Wien,
1989. S. 181; Udaltsov ZV Conceptually-political fight early Byzantine (data histo-
rians IV-VII cc.). M., 1974, pp 93; Goat-fishing AS Some aspects of the "problem of
the barbarians" in the "New History" Zosima // antiquity and the Middle Ages. Sat.
14. Sverdlovsk, 1977. 52 pp.
21. Since the first scientific publication unabated accusations against Zosya
flow-ma due to negligence, various errors and distortion-Detect-conjugated in the
text (Go ff art W. Op cit P. 413..); a list of those in one of the hundred-dren takes
ten pages of fine print (Ridley RT Op. cit. P. 293-302).
22. VP Budanov writes: ". ... it can be said that either Zosimus, referring to
the 10 thousand soldiers who came to the aid of Procopius, increased their number,
or part ready to have time to go to their land before the Emperor Valens sent
against them punitive espeditsiyu ..." ( Budanova VP op. cit. pp 184).
23. Ridley RT Op. cit. P. 300; Lenski N. Op. cit. P. 71.
24. Lenski N. Op. cit. P. 71. D. Skeyvoni drew attention to another passage
Zosima, which also uses the motif of soldering guards (Zos. II. 27), and believes
that one can see in this the influence of Herodotus, Wed .: Her. II. 121 (Scavoni DC
Op. Cit. P. 59-60).
25. A rare exception is E. Gibbon, which sets out precisely it: Gibbon E. De-
cree. Op.
26. Bolgov NN Zosimus - the last ancient historian // Questions of history.
8. number 2006. pp 164.
27. Kurbatov GL Revolt of Procopius ... P. 3.
28. Eunap. Fr. 37 (translation by SJ Destunisa ed .: Byzantine historians:
Dexippus, Evnapy, Olympiodorus, Malchus, Peter the Patrician, Menander, Can-
dide, and Nonnus Feo-fan Byzantine Ryazan., 2003).
29. Dmitry AD Decree. Op. C. 70.
37
30. See .: Yermolov IE The war of the emperor Valens with tervingami //
Journal of Russian State Humanitarian University. 2013. 13 (114). A series of
"historical science. General history". S. 38-50.
38
The conscription in the late Ro-

man Empire began IV according
to the codes of Theodosius and
Justinian
by Ernest V. Buldoin
Illinois University, Department of Classic History,
USA
DOI: 10.1163/18775462X88652017
ISSN: 1877-5454 E-ISSN: 1877-5462
Article attempts to identify all the regulations governing the institute of bil-
leting in the late Roman law IV - beginning of V in. n. e. Late considered the termi-
nology used for billeting notation-tion Institute. The basic categories of persons
entitled to use quartered. Characterized homeowner responsibilities with respect
to guests, as well as the main categories of benefits relating to Xia liberation from
Postojna service. In addition, attempts to identify general trends in the evolution
of the Institute billeting.
Keywords: Late Antiquity, hostpitium, hospitalitas, wait, service, the Code of

Theodosius, Justinian Code.
Period IV - V in the first third. It nalogo-payers, is one of the toughest.

was a time-Konso lidatsii political Its prevalence was associated with an
power late Roman Empire, being able to increase in size of the army the growth
come out stronger than before-necks of the state apparatus. Application
from "the crisis of III century." The flip practice of billeting was intended to
side of this success is the trend towards solve the problem as the quartering of
greater byurokratiza-tion of power and troops, so a huge number of officials to
increase the fiscal burden. Postojna ser- move around the empire. This practice
vice, one of many binding Roman has gained an everyday character, and
39
homo-mu unsurprising seems there are stores the value until the appearance of
numerous great-vovyh rules governing the Code of Justinian5. As part of this
the bearing of Postojna duties recorded kodifi-katsii constitution me interested
in the late Roman law. It is these rules were included in the special-tion title -
and are the main source of my research. CTh. VII.8 fasting"; In addition, some
Historiography of the problem is holes, we (primarily relating to the pro-
not as extensive as it might seem at first vision of benefits under the bearing of
glance. Of course, the Institute billeting Postojna duties) are presented in other
upo-ming in many general works on the parts of the vault. In this part of the im-
history of the late Roman Empire1As perial decrees 312-438 years. for vari-
well as studies on specific issues Politi- ous reasons, it has not been included in
cal, economic and legal history2. In ad- the codification of Feodosia, but then
dition, the essence of billeting institu- went to the Code of Justinian. Compo-
tion considered in numerous studies, sition title special dedicated regulation
niyah dedicated resettlement barbarian Postojna service, - S.XII.40 "fasting and
federates located on site-rii the Western compensation for release from it" in-
Roman Empire3Because, according to cludes 8 constitutions period beginning
the common point of view, the model is IV -. V in the first third, one of the co-
able to serve it pozdnerim-lic service toryh not included in the set of Feodosia
Postojna4. However, special studies, . In addition, a significant problem is
which would be considered by the Insti- the accounting discrepancies between
tute of billeting in its initial boil-ante, to the texts konstitu-tions that are in-
my knowledge, does not exist, that in it- cluded in both codes. In this case, as in
self leads to scientific problems. the case of a set-Feo dosiya, rules gov-
The most important source for erning the bearing of Postojna service,
the history of the Institute is billeting not limited to just one title.
Xia late Roman law; his stuff and is First of all, I touch on the problem
mainly used by me below. The chrono- of late Roman legal ter terminology
logical frame is my second study deter- used to refer to Postojna guilty-sti. To
mined the content of the most im- begin with, that VII.8 title of the Code
portant rights-Vg monument of that of Theodosius, dedicated-ny post,
era - the Code of Theodosius, which in- called De metatis (fasting); Parallel
cluded imperial laws (constitution) to it the title XII.40 in the Code of Jus-
from the time of Constantine I (306- tinian, dedicated to the same issues,
337) (approximately 312 g) and until called De metatis et epidemeticis (of
the publication of a set of oriental em- the post and compensation for exemp-
peror Theodosius II the Younger (402- tion from billeting). It turns out that in
450) (438). Commission of Jurists com- the names of both Clue-chevyh titles
piled under the direction of quaestor of wait denoted by the word metatum (or
the sacred palace of Antiochus, the code metata in the plural), which,
40
apparently, comes from metari verb -.. precisely in order to stay there on the
Measure (ie, we are talking about a stand-by")12.
measured defined-lennoy of the house What are the categories of per-
under the wait ). However, despite the sons have the right to stay on stand-by?
fact that the word metatum appears in Although the interest of the Institute I
the names of both titles in the texts of in the literature, as the right-lo, men-
the laws themselves, published in the tioned in connection with the quarter-
period under review, it is extremely rare ing of troops13But in fact, the reasons
- only three times in the two constitu- for this demand Postojna duties is not
tions (. CTh VII.8.15, VII.8.16), both of limited-lis. This is evidenced, in partic-
which these constitutions were not in- ular, the expression of the Const-tutsii
cluded in the Code of Justi-niana. CTh. VII.8.5: "nos ipsi ... vel ii, qui nobis
Much more often used to refer to militant" ( we are either
the words of billeting host-pitium and those who serve us "). It turns out
hospitalitas, as well as different words that this definition Getting-out like the
from the same root (on-example, ius emperor with his court (imperial court -
hospitale - right billeting6, Hospitari - comita-tus - referred to in plain text in
stop quartered7Also many times the the constitution CTh VII.8.8.), And the
word hospes, which can be referred to soldiers and all the government officials
as the host, the guest host8And most of (as we know, the term applied militia
the guest9). In general, in both codes in the period in question under-one who
the constitutions issued to 312 437, at a understands not only the military, but
word from this root there are more than any civil servants ba14). In general,
40 times, all of which are found exclu- when referring to a potential guest, as a
sively use billeting context (with the ex- rule, featured a different form of the
ception of only one konstitu-tion of the verb militare, or cognate words: vir mil-
Code of Theodosius (CTh. XIV.9.1), itaris (CTh VII.8.5 = XII.40.2.), Milites
where under-hospitia impersonate (CTh VII.8.13, VII.9.2, XIII.3.16.) , hos-
Meva location in another city). pites militares (CTh. XIII.3.10).
Periodically to indicate the same The content of all these categories
range of phenomena form a Execu-and of persons rested on the shoulders of
other constructions: meritum habita- Domo-farms, the heads of which were
tionum10 (Right to a pro-zhivanie, t. E. among the must bear wait-ing service.
The right to wait), recepti habitaculi At the same time lodger should provide
causaeleven.. - adopted for the housing, one-third of home ownership15. The
ie the guests; In addition, sometimes procedure itself is regulated in detail
there are times-personal forms of the above-mentioned constitution CTh.
verb manere, for example, "intrare VII.8.5, published in 398 went down in
praedium manendi causa" ( start both codes. Home ownership was di-
vided into three parts: the first part has
41
the right to select the owner of the owner of the house. Perhaps this con-
house, then the remaining two parts Xia cept is somewhat clarifies the change
guest chooses his third and last part re- made to the text of the constitution con-
mained the same owner. The work- sidered in the Code of Justinian, where
shops, which were at the house (if any), she came in slightly modified form (CJ
are not subjected to division, but if a XII.40.6.): In the later-lodger for pro-
third, relying lodger, had stables, he hibiting the access request from the
could claim a part of the workshop host to the bath (balneam quisquam );
premises for keeping animals. In this apparently it (or something similar)
case, if the guest has a dignity illustrious and under the implied privatum.
husband, he's not laggy a third and half In addition, any restrictions of the
of the house. same kind in the Code Feo-dosiya dedi-
Should the owner of the house cated small title VII.9 De salgamo hos-
was to feed the guest and his belly-tion? pitibus non praebendo ( About
CTh Constitution. VII.8.10 gives a neg- Stores that do not provide post-
ative answer: the legislator forbids to yaltsam"). It consists of four constitu-
demand from the food and the owner tions issued during the period 340 416
something (aliquid) yet. Moreover, un- In their different wording repeated the
der penalty of homeowner-lodger pro- same thought: guests can not demand
hibits providing any additional services, from the host cushions (mattresses),
even on its own initiative. Evidently, wood and vegetable oil (all of which is
such drastic measures were caused by meant by the umbrella term salga-
the fact that, in practice, often consist mum). The legislator handwriting-IN-
zlou-consumed with their situation and DICATES that in the service enough
provide them with additional services- Imperial slit-dryh hands (. CTh VII.9.4:
tion turned into a precedent, in turn, militibus nostrae su ffi cient
causes dissatisfaction taxpayers. The largitates); under these "generous dis-
same constitution forbids guests stay in tribution of" likely refers to Annona.
other people's homes longer than nec- The fact that the same rule is repeated
essary, so as not to ruin other people's with different-mi intervals four times,
possessions. apparently, shows that guests regularly
In general, the content of most of tried to break it. However, unlike the
the constitutions that are included in situation with edible, here the owner is
the "fasting" title, is not focused on the allowed with impunity to provide these
fact that the owner must provide the products voluntarily, if he has such a
lodger, but rather on what the billeting- desire.
rings should not require. CTh Constitu- Speaking about possible abuses
tion. VII.8.12 contains all-ma vague or- by the coaching-ant who are stopped by
der about that nobody demanded 'pri- law, it should be mentioned constitu-
vate Service (privatum) from the tion STh. VII.8.15, published in 430 g .:
42
it is prohibited to require billeting in the fasting" in the Code of Theodosius

event that he presumed the guest has opened a law banning stop quartered
his own house in the respective city Senators homes against their will16(In-
(though most likely in the Constitution cidentally, this provision in the Code of
refers only to the capital of-sorts - Con- Justinian was not included). Other ben-
stantinople (East ) or equal to (West)). efits included in the titles, dedicated
As a rule, provided billeting whelping-post, in both codes are usu-
homes, and most of the constitutions ally not so generous: we are for the most
aimed at regulating otno-solutions of part are not talking about full and par-
the guests and the owners of these tial exemption. According to the consti-
houses. However, some times there are tution STh. VII.8.3, ex-prefects, the for-
references to the possibility of billeting mer masters of infantry and cavalry, the
in public buildings; however, in most former Komichi consistory and a for-
cases, the legislator prohibits their use mer pre-positive sacred bedchamber
for this purpose. In CTh constitution. permitted to exempt from billeting one
VII.8.13, because of this, the 422, we are house, where they live themselves. STh
talking about the quartering of soldiers Constitution. VII.8.16 not-much ex-
in the towers of the new city walls of tends this benefit if they have two
Constantinople (t. E. In the wall of The- houses in Constanta-nopole, both of
odosius). Twice (STh. VII.8.6, VII.10.2) them are allowed to exempt from billet-
mentioned wait judges in ready-to Rhee ing. In the same Const-tutsii consular
(m. E. In a residence governor prov- granted the right to exempt from billet-
ince). STh Constitution. VII.8.2 prohib- ing one of their homes. In addition, in
its stopping quartered in the syna- this constitution contains a lengthy and
gogues and other religious buildings. rather confusing rules about what is
Finally, CTh constitution. VII.10.1, you- happening with the benefits after the
marching in 405, forbids anyone would death of these people, when they go
stop at wait at the Imperial Palace home for at-a consequence of (the gen-
(which seems logical), but the constitu- eral sense is that the benefit is pre-
tion CTh. VII.10.2, published two years served, but truncated form). Exemption
later, SOFT-chaet this prohibition: from billeting given homes gunsmiths,
quartered in the palace allowed iudices except in cases where the relevant city
ordinarii (ie the provincial governor..) stop the emperor and his court (CTh.
In those cities that do not have the prae- VII.8.8). By by-standing fully exempt
torian building (ie residence Pretoria - estates and the emperor to make it eas-
Imperial governor..). ier to attract tenants (STh. VII.8.9).
Codes of Theodosius and Justin- These benefits appear in the title,
ian contains enough of the set-legal but A direct-dedicated post. However,
rules governing the various benefits re- apart from them all kinds of weaker-
lated to Postojna service. Title VII.8 ment certain categories of citizens in
43
regard to the wait-term service, are uniform. Judging from the Audio Out-
found in other titles. For the most part put stvu constitutions with respect to
they relate to the court, as well as cer- different periods, there is a sense that
tain categories of profes-catch (doctors, previously IV in the second half. prob-
professors), which are fully exempted lem of billeting soldiers and officials are
from billeting. For example, the legisla- not viewed as demand-schaya constant
tor sets it in relation SRI-court arhi- attention of the legislator.
atrov physicians and physicians practic-
ing However, the more extensive be-
the city of Rome, teacher of liter- come the central bureaucracy empire
ature and painting (CTh. XIII.3.18), management, the more there is a need
clergy (STh. XVI.2.8), grammarians to mainstream the use of the test insti-
(corresponding to the Constitu-tutsiya tute. Process formyl-tion relevant legis-
the Code of Theodosius was not in- lation has reached its peak after ciency
cluded, but it is found in kodifi-katsii ak-390 should be highlighted constitu-
Justinian: CX53.6), rhetoricians, phi- tion 398, published emperors Arkady
losophers, teachers (STh XIII.3.16), Im- and gonorrhea (CTh.VII.8.5). It intro-
perial postelnichim (see S.XII.5.2; in duced clear rules governing the rela-
STh con prostitution... not preserved) tionship and the owner of the house in
and silentsiariev (STh. VI.23.4). stoyaltsa (including the requirement to
Finally, it should address the provide the last third of the pre-mo-
question about the stages of folding the hozyaystva). In the future, these stand-
billeting-tion Institute in its mature ards have not been essential-term ad-
form. These pozdnerim-sky legislation justment, but only repeated the legisla-
IV - V in the first third. (Mainly the con- tor. In general, this observation is con-
stitution included in the Code of Theo- sistent with the general understanding
dosius) witness exist that although the of the bases-tion directions of the evo-
practice itself billeting originated in ne- lution of governance systems
IRS prior to the era of the late empire, The military organization of the
in its main features was investigated In- Later Roman Empire, have approved
stitute was formed during the Domi- Xia literature17
nate. This process was by no means
Notes
1. See .: The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 13. Cambridge, 1998. P.

320; jones AHM
2. The Later Roman Empire 284-602: A social economic and administra-
tive survey.
44
3. Vol. 1. Oxford, 1964. P. 235-249; Demandt A. Geschichte der Sptan-

tike: Das R-mische Reich von Diocletian bis Justinian 284-656 n. Chr. Mnchen,
1998. S. 233; Kulakovskii YA History of the Byzantine Empire. T. 1. SPb., 2003, pp
358.
4. See, eg .: Halfmann H. Itinera principum:. Geschichte und Typologie
der Kaiserrei-sen im Rmischen Reich. Stuttgart, 1986. S. 70, 74, 78, 89, 133-134;
Clauss M. DeMagister O ciorum in der Sptantike (4.-6 Jahrhundert.): Das Amt
und sein Ein-fluss auf die Kaiserliche Politik. Mnchen, 1980. S. 19-20; Neesen L.
Die Entwicklung der Leistungen und mter (munera et honores) im rmischen
Kaiserreich des zweiten bis vierten Jahrhunderts // Historia: Zeitschrift fr alte
Geschichte. 1981. Bd. 30. S. 203-235.
5. See. Eg .: Sivan H. On Foederati, Hospitalitas and the Settlment of the
Goth in AD 418 // The American Journal of Philology. 1987. Vol. Number 108. 4.
P. 759-772; Wirth G. Zur Frage der federierten Staaten in der spteren rmischen
Kaiserzeit // Historia: Zeitschrift fr alte Geschichte. 1967. Bd. 16. S. 231-251; Bar-
nish SJB Taxation, Land and Barbarian Settlement in the Western Empire // Pa-
pers of the Britisch School at Rome. 1986. Vol. 54. P. 170-195; Havet J. Du partage
des terres entre les romains et les barbares chez les Burgondes et les visigoths //
Revue Histo-rique. 1878. T. 6. Fasc. 1. P. 87-99; Lot F. Du rgime de l'Hospitalit
// Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire. 1928. 7. T. P. 975-1011; Go ff art W. Bar-
barians and Romans AD 418-584: The techniques of accommodation. Princenton,
1980. P. 164-177; The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 13. P. 524-525; The Cam-
bridge Ancient History. Vol. 14. Cambridge, 2000. P. 112, 115.
6. See., Eg .: Barnish SJB Op. cit. P. 170; The Cambridge Ancient History.
Vol. 13. P. 524-525.
7. General information about the Code of Theodosius, see. Eg .: AV
Koptev Codification Feo-dosiya and its preconditions // IUS ANTIQUUM. Ancient
right. Number 1. 1996. pp 247- 261; The Theodosian Code / Ed. by J. Harries, I.
Wood. L., 1993. In the present paper, those used ed .: Mommsen T., Meyer E.,
Krger P. Theodosiani libri XVI cum constitutionibus sirmodianis. Berlin, 1901.
Bd. 2. S. 27-906 (when referring - CTh). In CTh. It includes not all constitutions
312-438 years, a number of which are reflected in the Code of Justinian (see .: Cor-
pus Iuris Civilis / Rec P. Krueger Vol 2: Codex Iustianianus Berolini, 1906 (when
referencing - C)......
8. CTh. VII.8.1.
9. 7CTh. VII.8.4.
10. 8STh. VII.9.3, CTh. VII.9.2, CTh. VII.8.10.
11. 9CTh. VII.8.9, CTh. VII.8.14, CTh. VII.8.16.
12. CTh. VII.8.2.
13. CTh. VII.9.4.
45
14. CTh. VII.8.7.

15. See., Eg .: Demandt A. Op. cit. S. 233; The Cambridge Ancient History.
Vol. 13.
16. 320.
17. See .: Calder WM Militia // The Classical Review. 1910. Vol. Number 1.
24. P. 10-13.
18. See., Eg .: STh. VII.8.5, CTh. VII.8.13.
19. STh. VII.8.1.
20. See. Eg .: Bury J. A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius
to Irene (395 AD to 800 AD). T. 1. L., 1889. P. 39ss .; Jones AHM The Later Roman
Empire, 284-602. Vol. 1. Oxford, 1964. P. 317-522; Brown P. The World of Late
Antiquity:
21. D. 150-750. P. 115-136.
46
Establishment of the "God's

World" in France, the end of the
X - the beginning of the XII cen-
tury
by Oliver V. Aurin
Oxford University, UK
DOI: 10.1163/18775462X8986554432017
ISSN: 1877-5454 E-ISSN: 1877-5462
The last quarter of the tenth century. French church initiated the movement,
which in the middle of the next century has been called the movement for "God's
world (pax Dei). Church efforts were primarily on-rule in the struggle with the
endless internecine wars waged by both large and small lords in an extremely
weakened royal power. But the desire of the world at that time turned out to be
paradox-greasy due to the war. As part of the establishment of the "peace of God"
CER-kov was forced to develop its own concept of "spraved-livoy War", which was
significant evidence of the continuity of these antagonistic phenomena. "Just war"
has become the most effective way to achieve peace. It is supplemented by new
provisions at the end of XI century. in connection with the organization crusading
dvi-zheniya, the idea of "just war" has gained the status of "holy war", referring to
the cause of the Roman throne.
Keywords: "God's world", "a just war", "God's turn-Rie" cathedral canon,
"holy war."
One of the evidences of a move- called the movement for "the peace of
ment that during the eleventh century. God," NE-Cluny wish to set up the story
determines the social life of the French of the monk Raoul Glaber, given his
king-tion and at the same time has been "History of his time in the five books" (c.
47
1040). Raul describes the events taking views about the history arose-novena
place in the following way in the pages movement (Raul obviously believed
of this chronicle: that people are going to set the world to
1000 After the Passion, when the thank God sent down after befallen
famine, about which we wrote, walked their adversity blessings, Gerard of
and showers have become less destruc- Corby, for example, contrary, to stop
tive skies again showed to his joyful the misery and beg God for for-
face. <...> The whole earth flourished giveness), named nye authors were
again and brought a la abundance of unanimous in the view that the cause of
fruits, so that any poverty disappeared. unhappiness, hit-experienced during
Then the bishops, abbots and other the kingdom of France at the turn of X-
people who have devoted themselves to XI centuries, it is a violation of the chief
the service of the Church, became co- of the covenant of the Lord -. to live in
Bira people and organize churches. At peace, and, respectively, but could not
these meetings they bring, whether the welcome desire Church recover from
remains of saints and numerous relics. Glace among Christians.
At first it did The first known attempt to estab-
Aquitaine, which served as an ex- lish "peace of God" in the kingdom of
ample to other dioceses, provinces-tion France is considered to be a contract
Arles and Lyons, then Burgundy king- concluded about 975 g at the assembly
dom and even more areas of Dalen- near the village of Saint-Germain-
Frankish power where a pre-designated Laprade3. Here Gi Anzhuysky, Bishop
locations prelates and rulers collected of Le Puy, assembled on a large field-of
churches to restore peace and approval its people and the diocese asked the
faith. When people heard about it all, seniors oath obliging to keep the peace
and the great, and medium and small, and not to commit violence against the
willingly went to the meeting ready to church and the poor. This oath, first of
obey all-vatsya that may indicate the all, to protect the people who lived out-
pastors of the Church. <...> For all side the Diocese mi possessions of the
mindful of the recent misfortune, and princes, and it said nothing about sud-
feared that they would not be able to be those who inhabited their own land.
collect hast Xia abundant harvest1. Their claims to nobility Bishop ex-
Similar stories are found in the plained by the fact that in conditions
writings of others to write-teley, for ex- approaching milleniuma all Christians
ample, in the book about the miracles of should think about the atonement of
St. Benoit, written in 1043 a monk An- sins worry about eternal salvation, the
dre Fleriyskim, and in the life of St. key to which is in the earth world. Ini-
Adalbera compiled by Gerard of Corby tially, his appeal came across nepon-
in the 80 years of XI century.2When the ima-set and aristocratic resistance,
creature Vania some differences in since the requirement to present the
48
Church of Tell-greatly restricted recog- One of the members of the cathe-

nized for knightly estate of the law of dral Sharru was the Duke of Aquitaine
war, directly providing susche-exist- Guillaume V Iron hand, which, in fact,
ence and prosperity of this social group. recognized the demands of the world,
Nevertheless, Gi Anzhuyskomu was then he has initiated several "cathedrals
able to reach an agreement at the sen- of the world" in Limoges and Poitiers, in
iors, resorting to the most effective way the period 1000 to 1014 in these co-
- the help of armed groups of their rela- Bran first punishment of offenders the
tives, graphs Brioude and Gevaudan. order was declared part of the prince's
For assembly in Saint-Germain- jurisdiction.
Laprade followed cathedral in Sharru 994, the movement for the "peace
(June 989)4, Which was attended by of God" reached Burgundy. Abbot of
prelates Aquitaine chaired Gombo, Cluny Odilon Congress called on the
Archbishop of Bordeaux. The text of the clergy church thread peace between
canons of the cathedral retained Xia is Christians and outlined the conditions
the first documentary evidence of Medi- of this world. He demanded that the
eval-postglacial meetings of this kind. secular elite avoided wars, urged sen-
Articles destroyers cathedral churches iors to conclude alliances and respect
were condemned, those who attack un- for the world in the church holidays,
armed clerics, as well as those who are and on Saturdays and Sundays. In this
plundering the property of the peasants way,
and the poor. In one of them detailing Odilon has revived the idea of a
the pets, cat-theft ryh was banned: truce, which was formulated recognized
sheep, oxen, donkeys, cows, goats, pigs. as early as Carolingian times. The most
But while no specific protection mecha- thorough complete in the sense of de-
nisms for people in B nodes and did not termining the conditions of "peace of
develop. The penalty for violation of God" in the duchy was in the Cathedral
klyatyh-you world gathered in Sharru of Verdun-sur-le-Doubs in 10165His
included exclusively ecclesiastical, re- oath under-one who understands the
spectively unconvincing for most sen- prohibition to select a certain property,
iors sanctions. Next "the cathedral of and the prohibition to attack people
the world" in Le Puy 990 taken under during the war. First of all, lock-schalos
his protection a category of the popula- invade the church, except for the pur-
tion, as a trading people. In addition, poses of prosecution on-rushitelya
the participants developed a list of ac- world and provided not take away from
tions to condemn-Mykh during the war: other things of the church, except for
it included the prohibition to destroy the attacker's equipment; attacking un-
the mill, ruin the vineyards, attacking a armed cus-Rykov and monks. The oath
person walking or RETURN-cleaning- also included the protection of farmers,
out of the church. their property and cattle, under her
49
patronage were tradesmen and serv- in the formulas peaceful oath Cathedral
ants. Participants vow gave a commit- in Beauvais, composed by Bishop
ment not to cut the V-nogradnyh vines, Guerin6. The canons of the cathedral is
not to destroy the mills and not take be- traditionally forbidden to rob seniors of
ing in their harvest. Among other the church, located on foreign soil, and
things, forbade swearing to attack with- commit violence against the peasants,
out ruzhnyh-riders in the period from as well as to break the cease-fire, not
the beginning of Lent until Easter. only in Saturdays and Sundays, but in
However, it should be noted that the ex- the period of Easter. The conditions of
tensive list of prohibitions was the world.
equipped with at least an extensive list Beauvais allowed to kill livestock
of clauses that limit the operation of the farmers in case of need and its suste-
treaty. For example, the protection of nance lord Formation. Default and rec-
the monks and clerics propagation- ognized the right of seniors to a blood
stranyalas only for those who have not feud. For original articles of this oath
carried a weapon and was not currently should include the details specified pro-
a party to the offense; otherwise, giving hibition to attack unarmed knights, as
the oath had the right to attack these well as the prohibition of attack on
people. Once solved, burn and destroy women who are not specifically men-
houses if they were inside the armed tioned in the previous peace formula-
horsemen, who are enemies of the lord tions. Pre-zhde just under her patron-
or a thief-mi. Prohibition selected cattle age provided to women who are not ac-
only applied to animals on pasture. The companied by their husbands, and wid-
reservation was made and about fal- ows and nuns. Among other things, the
conry. Senor, giving the oath, pledged Bishop of Beauvais, with the participa-
to pay only the cost of the farmer killed tion of Bishop Bero Soissons proposed
poultry. So on-again, "thanks" to such the creation of the world community led
refinements for aristocrats even in the by the prelates.
recognition of the rules of "God's But the terms of such a "peace"
World" remained set-tion rights the not staged all members of the church.
first decade of the XI century. the idea The main opponents of the oath of
of "God's World" has found its echo in Beauvais became bishops Adalberon
the northern regions of the kingdom of Lansky and Zherar Kambreysky. In the
France. In particular-ness, "peace Assembly of Kom piennes convened by
council" in New Orleans in 1011 saw the May 1, 1023, Robert the Pious, Zherar
introduction of in-ennyh restrictions in Kambreysky condemned the formula
the presence of King Robert Blagoche "God's peace" proposed by the Bishops
Stephen. In 1023 most of the re- of Beauvais and Soissons7. He criticized
strictions approved by the Cathedral of clerics and princes, claiming the role of
Verdun-sur-le-Doubs, was represented the direct defenders of peace, and
50
reminded the audience that since the life on earth, likened to the heavenly hi-
time of Charlemagne, the first peace- erarchy. As Gerard Adalberon believed
keeping functions in the state is the pre- that the church can be involved
rogative of the king. In August of the
same year he had a new reason pa- just war against violators of peace
gandirovat pro-peace, established only as a mentor do, ecclesiastical king.
kings. We are talking about-che vstre But the concept of the world that has
French and English monarchs in Ivua come Wali Gerard of Cambrai and Adal-
on which the decision was made to rec- beron Lansky, does not really corre-
oncile the two sides and determined the spond to the political realities in the XI.
formula of a just peace in the Christian The power of the French monarch, de-
community8. In follow-up for this event spite the efforts made by Robert
sermon in Douai, Zherar Kambrey-sky Blagoche Stephen, remained extremely
again began to insist on "the world of weak. Real power was hands rich and
the King," and argued that the bishops powerful seniors kingdom. It is there-
in this situation is a function of tip-tors fore not surprising that the world model
monarch9. He urged the participants proposed by the Bishops of Beauvais
that will present, whether the church and Soissons, was more acceptable to
has no right to take up arms and join their contemporaries.
yourself to the fight against violators of Attempt to implement one of the
peace. Gerard thought that makes you ideas Guerin Boveziyskogo and create a
laugh, of spiritual and secular functions society of peace after a while undertook
no less sinful than the war, because it arhie-Piscopo Emo Burzhsky. In 1038,
can lead to the destruction of the social he ordered all Christians to the 15-
hierarchy established on earth by God, years-of age he declare themselves ene-
and, accordingly, to close the way to mies of the troublemakers and the two-
eternal salvation. Thoughts Gerard schat, if necessary, to act against those
shared his colleague and close relative who attack the property of the church
Adalberon Lansky. His ideas about the and its ministers. This duty near-galas
Christian world found expression in the burzhskim prelate not only laymen, but
poem "Carmen", NADI-sledge them also in Church Cove. So Emo was the or-
about 103010 ganizer of the first in the West Euro-
On the pages of this work, Bishop pean troops, whose main task was to
formulated his famous threefold for- protect the world.
mula organization of medieval society I, Emo, by the grace of God Arch-
(those who pray, those who fight and bishop Burzhsky, in the presence of God
those who work), in-kah frames which and His holy promise and confirm that
each class has to perform only those <...> I will fight with all who captures
functions, entrusted to him by God, and church property who incites others to
in no case did not violate the order of rob, who causes resentment monks,
51
nuns, clergy, who It is threatening to the Vic in 1033 to increase the installed
mother church, until they come to their synod in Tuluzhe period of time for up
senses. <...> I promise to resist those to three days, from Thursday evening
who would not obey these restrictions, until Monday morning. Far th promote
remain steadfast in everything, while the idea of "God's truce" in the region
neglecting their dollars by God no spo-sobstvovali efforts made by the
knowledgeeleven. bishops Rimbaud Arles (Arles Cathe-
But emo efforts in this case were dral in 1041 established the world from
in vain, since the content of the special Wednesday evening to Monday morn-
forces require additional de-neg, in ing) and Leger Vennskim.
other words, new taxes, to which the Cathedral solutions in Saint-
population was an asset-but resist even Gilles-du-Gard in 1042 designated
in conditions of peace proposed. queue-term stage in the development of
30-40-ies. XI in. number of con- the peace movement13. It was here the
ciliar decrees, ka-sayuschihsya estab- first time were closely linked both ideas,
lish "God's world", is reduced, but this "the peace of God" and "Truce of God":
increases the number of oaths that in- the military activities of seniors of any
sist on co-observance of terms "truce of rank was banned in Prien th during the
God". If "God's world" was designed to "truce of God" and restricts the defini-
protect the whole of the war affects un- tion of E-terms, when the conduct of the
protected categories of the population war became possible again. It should be
and their property, the "God truce ", noted that by this time that the formu-
first of all, was intended to exclude full- lation of the concepts of "peace of God"
Stu war during certain time periods. It and "God's truce", they are increasingly
was noted above that in 994, the abbot fi-guriruyut to texts councils and syn-
of Cluny Odilon, and then in 1016 ods, replacing the definition previously
Participants in the Cathedral of used, such as "treaty of peace ( pac-
Verdun-sur-le-Doubs attempted to pro- tum pacis ), "the establishment of
hibit any military action in Sundays and peace ( constitutio pacis), the res-
Easter. Their idea was picked up in 1027 toration of peace and justice ( restau-
by the Synod in Tuluzhe, who led the ratio pacis et justitial).
Bishop Berengar, and since then has Its apogee joint movement for
been actively spreading to other parts of peace reached in the ka-nonah Council
the kingdom. According to Mr. dogs, of Narbonne in 105414"Truce of God"
which initially spread to the county and participative-ki of the cathedral decided
the diocese of Elne Roussillon, all vio- to extend not only on Sundays but also
lence should be suspended from the to the numerous religious holidays, em-
ninth hour on Saturday night and an brace-ing a whole 285 days, so only 80
hour the first prayers in the morning days allocated for the war in the year.
nedelnik12. Subsequent Cathedral in With specific regard to SET-tions
52
"peace of God", the first canon of the ca- Thus, the experience Emo Burzhskogo
thedral deklarativ-but declared that no received some historical value.
Christian has the right to kill another A new level of peace movement
Christian. The 15th and 16th articles of came in 1095, when Claire Mon State
the cathedral, respectively, were forbid- Council proclaimed the idea of a "holy
den to attack unarmed clerics and war" - cross the first hike to the East15.
monks, as well as being selected their Pope Urban II declared, "God's world"
property, 17th and 18th articles guarded Binding to the whole Christian commu-
possession bishops, abbots and Ka- nity and, as an integral part of "God's
nonnikov, 19-th article of defending life world", presented the struggle against
property of the peasants, 20, 21 and 22 non-believers. From this moment the
canons were not allowed to encroach on royal peacekeeping mission has been
the lives and property of unarmed entrusted to the Church of Rome to the
knights. Narbonne Cathedral lords for- Knights. In the framework of military
bade revenge others, if the reason is a asset-ness seniors had significance out-
plot of revenge and debt disputes. The side the Christian world, and their ser-
oath violators cathedral church besides vice has gained spiritual value, provid-
penalties set Denezh-tion a fine of 40 ing the Crusaders eternal salvation of
sous. However, all these restrictions do the soul. At the beginning of XII cen-
not touch those who fought for the tury. any op-organization-specifically
"God's world", including the bishops, designed for conducting a "holy war" -
who pro-fight continues not only in the spiritual and knightly orders of the
word but also in arms. Follows-blowing Templars Hospitallers 16.
to say that the other way out of the prel- So, as we can see, the war in the
ates still was not. If Robert Pious has establishment of the "peace of God"
made at least a single attempt to bring throughout the history of this particular
peace to his country, his successors, medieval social-tion of the phenome-
King Henry I and Philip I, the problem non is not only not denied, but it was
is almost no in-The interested, in fact, picked-yuschim moment. It was seen by
they were often among those who vio- contemporaries movement as an inevi-
lated the terms of peace. table reality that requires reflection,
Wide dissemination of the peace study and evaluation. Churches, synods
movement in the last third of the XI and assemblies end of the world - the
century. It contributed to the emer- beginning of XII century.
gence in some French cities of military in none of the cases did not try to
alliances. For example, under the guid- condemn the war as such, on-cons,
ance of local episko-dressing in 1070 in vows peace formulated at these con-
Man and in 1081 a special municipal gresses, one-digit recognized for
teams to deal with violators of "God's knightly estate of the rules of war. The
Peace" was organized in Saint-Quentin. nature of the reservations against the
53
lords of action with me-in a hundred church was forced to develop its own
vows, largely testified to a clear effort of concept of "just war," which was an-
those who formulated them, to mini- other significant indication of the conti-
mize the loss of aristocrats, con-associ- nuity of these antagonistic phenomena.
ated with the restriction of the rights of It is the "just war" led by prelates of the
war. war to which no event shall nyalis-even
Indeed, the very desire of the terms "truce of God" became the action
world at that time was directly associ- nym way to achieve peace. It is supple-
ated with a con-war. Spiritual punish- mented by new provisions at the end of
ment, which initially threatened to be- XI century. in connection with the or-
come cathedrals, as a rule, do not exert ganization of the crusading movement,
the necessary influence on violators of the concept of "just war" was called
peace vows, and certainly not for those "holy war". The latter have become a
who do not give them. Therefore, those matter of self-Roman throne and called
gentlemen who were willing to take the for military action, have-ing not only
oath Observed-world, in fact, gave a miroustanavlivayuschy internal, but
commitment not only alive Pryderi-es- also external offensive nature. "Holy
tablished prohibitions, but also to take War" propagandirova-las pleases God
A direct-ing part in restoring order. Christian mission, whose members for-
Within the established "peace of God" deserves special grace of God.
Notes:
1. Histoire IV.5 // Glaber R. Les cinq livres de ses histoires (900-1044). P.,
1886.
2. Bredero Adrian H. Christendom and Christianity in the Middle Ages: the
relations between religion, church, and society. Grand Rapids, MI: William B.
Eerdmans, 1994. P. 113-115.
3. Contamines F. War in the Middle Ages. SPb .: Juventa, 2001. Part 2, Ch.
X 2.
4. Les conciles gnraux et particuliers. T. 2 (681-1326) / Ed. par abb P.
Gurin. P .: V. Palm, 1869. P. 233.
5. G. Duby History of France. Middle Ages. From Gugo Kapeta to Joan of
Arc. M .: 987- 1460. Intern. attitude, 2000, pp 113-115.
6. M. block Feudal society. M .: Izd Sabashnikov, 2003, pp 405-406.
7. Gesta episcoporum Sameracensium III.27 // Monumenta Germaniae
Historica. SS, VII. Hannover, 1846. S. 474.
8. Gesta episcoporum Sameracensium III.37. S. 480-481.
9. 9Gesta episcoporum Sameracensium III.52. S. 486-489.
54
10. Adalbron de Laon. Pome au roi Robert / d. et trad. C. Carozzi. P .:

Les Belles Lettres, 1979.
11. Op. by: Bredero Adrian H. Op. cit. P. 114.
12. M. block Decree. Op. Pp 406.
13. Supplment l'Analyse des conciles gnraux et particuliers. T. 5 / Ed.
par Ch.-L. Richard. P .: Chez Benot Morin, 1777. P. 150.
14. Les conciles gnraux et particuliers. R. 261.
15. Ibid. R. 297.
16. Demurzhe A. The Life and Death of the Knights Templar. SPb .: Eurasia,
2008. Part 1. Ch. 2.
55
On the eve of one internal strife

to the interpretation of the First
general chronicle of Spain
by Synthia M. Schelmerdine
University of Texas at Austin, USA
DOI: 10.1163/187754627765654302017
ISSN: 1877-5454 E-ISSN: 1877-5462
Abstract: Article attempts to emphasize the importance of taking into ac-

count the formal characteristics of the manuscripts in the process of analyzing the
content of medieval chronicles. object of analysis - Ch. 1025 "First General Chron-
icle" contains zhaschey-story about the beginning of strife Castilian nobility, which
has become a consequence of accession to the throne of a minor king of Castile and
Toledo Enrique I (1214-1217).
Keywords: Medieval chronicles, medieval manuscripts, Castile and Leon, Al-

fonso X, "History of Spain" Enrique I, feudalism, rebellions nobility, private wars,
the Reconquista.
The infancy of a medieval king - weak support systems VNU-friction

the motive is almost traditional for the world are well known and described in
begining of strife. The weakness of the detail the literature1.
feudal state, the imperfection of the The foregoing, however, does not
principles of the organization of power, mean that it is always and everywhere
It is largely a set of public-legal in- the action time-Wiwa on a single sce-
stitutions, the lack of the most estab- nario. And here in the first place there
lished in the society the idea of a strong is a genre of micro-history, which al-
central govrnment - all these factors, lows closer look at each individual case,
the benefit-priyatstvovavshie violation
56
to assess local conditions and nuances, history of Spain (Estoria de Espanna),

as well as, the most integral fragment of which was
that is by no means superfluous, the "first general of chronic-ka", which
to understand how the reference to covers events from the time of Moses to
these conditions and the nuances ex- the death of his father " Emperor cul-
pressed themselves "standard" feudal ture, "King Fernando III the Holy, in
institutions. In this particular case it is 1252 The principal novelty of these texts
particularly important to pre- is that they are not written in Latin, but
stavlyaetsya the fact that too often the in colloquial Castilian5That was not
story content chro-antimony can not be only elevate Castile, but by extension-
adequately understood without taking tion the audience to create entirely new
into account external characterized-ter- opportunities for pro-pagandy6.
istics of the manuscript, the story con- About that, how important was
cludes. This is what will be discussed in this goal, it testifies not to the content of
this article. the roofing-chronicles, but also the ap-
Its base - the analysis of charac- pearance of the text containing the
teristics of external code-zhaschego codes closest in time to the period of
contains a chapter of "first general creation of NADI-Sania text of the mon-
chronicle". Chronicle - one of the sur- ument. These two manuscripts, and
viving fragments of the grand plan of they are both in infusion-present time is
creation "History of Spain", the initiator stored in the Royal Library of El Esco-
of which was the famous king of Castile rial, one of the most important reposi-
and Leon Alfonso X the Wise2. Brilliant tories of Spanish medieval manu-
on-razovanny and ambitious, he was scripts7. The full text of the monument
met by researchers-some nickname to reflect the two codes - YI-28, XI-49,
"Emperor culture" and its cultural pol- The contents of which continues to one
icy is not without reason, is called in the another10. The first of these is tradi-
literature "renaissance of the XIII cen- tionally dated to the XIII century, and
tury."3. One of the most wealthiest the second -. XIV in, although oche
monarchs of his time, he sought to it is clear that both codes were
make provincial of Castile-Len mo- created at the same time, what a wit-
Narkhov one of the centers of contem- ness-exist and writing, and character
porary Europe and many succeeded. design of both manuscripts. Appar-
Cultural projects "wise king" is-were ently, both codes were created almost
part of a political project, and fully con- simultaneously, although WTO swarm
cerned historiography. obviously later than the first.
From "historiographical work- The design of the first of two
shop"4 Alfonso X came two outstanding codes (YI-2) a post-sequence of evi-
monument - "General History (Gen- dence of the desire of the authors of the
eral Estoria) and the unfinished "The text to create a luxurious manuscript.
57
However, they were able to do relatively scripts of the other major Spanish stor-
little: in addition to the carefully exe- age medium of ancient manuscripts -
cuted colored initials the National Library in Madrid (of
Code contains only six thumb- which only one manuscript I am inter-
nailseleven; although it was initially ested in the monument-dati ruetsya
planned to create them much more, as XIV century .; the rest belong to the XV
evidenced by spe-cial left their place on century or more later time17). Even
almost every page; according to the sig- more significant, however, is the fact
natures, the majority of these minia- that none of these codes does not con-
tures was to portray the "portraits" of tain the full text of "First General
the kings, referred to in the text. Pref- Chronicle". It seems that in this case the
Laga is also a special way to issue lists of form
the names of heads of each; make it pos- fully in harmony with the content,
sible only to a minimal degree; talking which is, I think, with the passage of
about it fol. 12r - 13v, where the head of time it seems to be less relevant than in
the list is completed fugitive Gothic ital- the mo-ment creation.
ics. Fol. 14r and fols. 132v - 133v gener- The foregoing makes particularly
ally remained unfilled; clear, however, attentive to ana-lease eskorialskogo
that they left specifically for table of Code XI-4, which is, in fact, contain
contents. INH-Ch. 1025 her translation is at-
There is even less able to do for tached to this article. Established if not
the decoration of the Code XI-4, which at the time of writing of the text (which
was conceived no less luxurious. There is unlikely), then directly follow him
remained only one thumbnail (showing stormy reign of Sancho IV (1282 / 84-
the king with a sword and his arrest)12; 1295), the son of the "wise king",
on a number of sheets, as in the first marked by turmoil and strife, this man-
code, saving space13; uscript, which registration as and left
Some cases, there are signatures unfinished, it became as it were the last
that allow to judge that going to be rep- of the-luster brilliant epoch of Alfonso
resented in the appropriate place14. As X, and its external form only empha-
for the pages dedicated to the luxurious sizes the relevance of the content. From
tables of contents, they have remained this point of view, the condemnation
unfilled15. from the pages of the manuscript quar-
It should be noted that other rels Castilian nobility the minority of
codes of the same period, containing Henry I (1214-1217), eleven King of Cas-
conductive-chronicled, look much more tile and Toledo, whose reign, albeit OF
modest. They do not have thumbnails SHORT-ing (the child's life took a ran-
and colored initials and painted a much dom and absurd death) must have
less solemn letter. This applies to both sounded particularly weighty and by
eskorialskih manuscripts16And manu-
58
virtue of the merits of CCA, the God of number from the beginning of the reign
attention. of King Dona Enrike, died the Queen
The first general CHRONICLE OF Dona Leonor 21, Wife of the glorious
SPAIN 1025. To learn how to King Don King Don Alfonso and the mother of the
Enrique was handed over to the custody King Dona Enrike ... And as the king
of Count Don Alvaro Don Enrique seemed all too young to
As already mentioned, departed manage Sovereign stvom and keep it in
this world a noble Don Al-Fons18, King the hands of a noble Queen Dona
of Castile, and they buried him, and the Beren-Gela22His sister, attended it and
story etsya With reference to the story took the trouble to preserve the king-
of the generation of kings, who ruled af- dom for his brother; and she kept it in a
ter him, and way that for all time of its custody all -
First of all - of King Don Enrique, both poor and rich, both cus Rica and
his son, who was the first who came to lay people - were not harmed in their
power after him. And they say: when the great estates Islands; So it was during
glorious King Don Alfonso was buried, the time of King Don Alfonso, her fa-
Toledo al-hiepiskop and Primate and ther, until the moment when the excite-
the bishops, who were there, and the ment caused disagreement magnates
magician-Nata Castile took the Infante and Nena Vista. And there were then
Dona Enrike, who was still a child, but three graphs in Castile - Count Don Fer-
the first-born and heir of King Don Al- nand-up, Count Don Alvaro23 and
fonso and which took over the power of Count Don Gonsalvo24Sons of the
the king on the right and on the NIJ- above-mention of Count Don Nuo25.
born, and the singing of the clergy pre- And they began to fight for the custody
sent "Te Deum laudamus" King raised of a minor king: because if they got it,
his arms and raised him to the throne; they could take revenge, spout all the
eleven years from his birth when Don hostility that have accumulated in their
King Alfon-by died in the year AD one hearts to those who wish them evil; just
thousand two hundred fifty-sec- as their father did in the days of child-
ond19And on-chal rule King Don En- hood Dona Al-Fons, the father of the
rique. And by the time of his reign made reigning king Dona Enrike. And they
thus: the King Don Enrique first - and it are attracted to this case some of the
was such as in Castile or earlier, or later people who trust the queen Dona ber-
has not been known to us the king, who engelite in order to ward of the King
bore that name - began to rule year AD Don Enrique moved hand graph.
one thousand two hundred fifty- Among them was a knight of Palencia
third20. After that, called Lorenzo Garcia, who also took
part in this by adopting the following
After twenty-five days after the obligations: this knight was entrusted
death of Don Alfonso and the same the protection of a minor king his sister,
59
the Queen Dona berengelite. And this aggrieved immoderate-ness knights

rytsa Ryu Count Don Alvaro promised and magnates angry, afraid that the new
to pass in succession Vlad of town guardians of the kingdom will outrage.
Tablada26Located in Serrato27If he So she gave the Count Don Alvaro cus-
will advise a minor king Don Enrique go tody of the minor king, take care that he
to the custody of the said Count Don Al- did well in the soot-sponding with these
varo. But I realized it is a wise koro-left arrangements. A graph of Don Alvaro,
Dona berengelite, who knew all the un- along with Gonsalvo Ruiz28 and his
rest, koto-rye only can happen in this brothers29That are consistent with this
world. And so arranged in otno-shenii were-and kept his side, left Burgos with
Queen Dona berengelite this knight Lo- the boy as soon as he was transferred to
renzo Garcia and his other comrades his powerthirty; and in the kingdom
who were involved in the same case, Earl began to repair the discord, and to
that they are forced to do it in their own cast Hidalgo31And humiliate know and
way; and as she saw that they were act- burden of dues and obligations of the
ing sincerely and that they are good rich men of the people, and monaster-
people, she co-reads yield to them vol- ies, and the diocese, and took a third of
untarily, though not wholeheartedly. the parish churches32Intended for the
And yet, for fear of obscene things that construction and payment for work,
may happen later, she was ordered to and took away the church in the royal
report to Count Don Alvaro and Dru- domain33And did what he wanted with
SHM Castilian magnates and made them. Was there then Don Rodrigo,
them swear that from now on, without Dean of Toledo co-boron, while keeping
consulting her, they will not take no for these payments from the Archbishop of
yourself or give land ownership to any- Toledo, osprey; He excommunicated
one else, nor fight with any of the rulers the Count Don Alvaro, and forced him
of neighboring countries nor to impose to return assigned in churches and
Pla tezhey on any whatsoever part of the swore that henceforth he did-that they
kingdom; and in this Poquelin, we were did not take. And the Count Don Alvaro
all as one, and brought homage to began to oppress the "good peo-
Queen Dona berengelite, ple"34Who were free from taxes for
They sealed it, putting their hands good privileges received from the royal
into the hands of the Archbishop Don churches, and the churches they were
Ro-Drigo Toledo; so if they violate these given to kings, placing the burden on
bonded homage and this oath, or will these people and the hardships, so that
not act in accordance with them, then these privileges to them exactly meant
for it to be considered traitors. How- nothing; and the extent of its powers in
ever, the Queen Dona berengelite who this matter also intervened35 Dean of
consider themselves offended and Toledo Don Rodrigo.
60
Notes
1. See., Eg .: Ganshof FL Feudalism. NY; Hagerstown; San Francisco; L.,
1964. P. 117- 120; Rodn Binu E. El lenguaje tcnico del feudalismo en el siglo XI
en Catalua (Contribucin al estudio del latn medieval). Barcelona, 1957. P. 141-
142; garca de
2. Valdeavellano L. Las instituciones feudales en Espaa // Garca de Val-
deavellano L.
3. El feudalismo hispnico. Barcelona, 2000. P. 106-128; and etc.
4. The most complete of the existing biographies of Alfonso X, see. Eg .:
Gonzlez
5. Jimnez M. Alfonso X el Sabio. Barcelona, 2004. See also:. Alfonso X y
su poca. El siglo de Rey Sabio / Coord. por Miguel Rodrguez Llopis. Barcelona,
2001.
6. See, eg .: Emperor of Culture:. Alfonso X the Learned of Castile and his
Thirteenth Century Renaissance / Ed. by R. Burns. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 1990.
7. On "historiographical workshop" X Alfonso see, for example:. Fernn-
dez-Ordez I. El taller historiogrfico alfons. La "Estoria de Espaa" y la "General
Estoria" en el marco de las obras promovidas por Alfonso el Sabio // El Scriptorium
alfons: de los "Libros de Astrologa" a las "Cantigas de Santa Mara". Madrid, 1999;
Idem. Las 'Estorias' de Alfonso el Sabio. Madrid, 1992; Idem. El taller de las "Es-
torias" // Alfonso X el Sabio y las Crnicas de Espaa / Ed. por I. Fernndez-
Ordez. Valladolid, 2001. P. 61-82; etc. . See also: Dyer NJ Alfonsine Historiog-
raphy: The Literary Narrative // Emperor of Culture. P. 141-158; Martin G. Los
intelectuales y la Corona: la obra histrica y literaria // Alfonso X y su poca. P.
259-285.
8. On general sense Castillian fact assertion language as literary th see. Eg
.: Procter ES The Castilian Chancelery during the Reign of Alfonso X (1252-1284)
// Oxford Essays in Medieval History presented to HE Salter. Oxford, 1934. P. 104-
121; Kasten L. Alfonso el Sabio and the Thirteenth-Century Spanish Langage //
Emperor of Culture. P. 33-45; Fernndez Ordoez I. Las lenguas del rey: de latn a
las lenguas vernculas en las cancilleras regias de la Pennsula Ibrica // La con-
struccin medieval de la memoria regia / Ed. por P. Martnez Sopena, A. Rodrguez
Lpez. Valencia, 2011. P. 323-361.
9. On the importance of the fact of the transition of the medieval Western
historiography from Latin into the vernacular first drew the attention of the US is-
sledovatelnitsa G. Spaygel (see .: Spiegel GM Romancing the Past: The Rise of
61
Vernacular Prose Historiography in Thirteenth Century France Berkeley; Los An-

geles. , 1993. Just in relation to the historiography of the epoch-Alfon with X, see
eg .: Fernndez-Ordoez I. Variacin ideolgica del modelo historiogrfico alfons
en el siglo XIII:. las versiones de la "Estoria de Espaa" // La histria alfons : el
modelo y sus destinos (siglos XIII-XV) / Ed por G. Martin Madrid, 2000. P. 41-
74...
10. General information about the manuscript tradition of the "First Gen-
eral Chronicle" See. Eg .: Catalan D. De Alfonso X al conde de Barcelos. Cuarto
estudios sobre el nacimiento de la historigrafa romance en Castilla y Portugal. Ma-
drid, 1962.
11. Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial (herein-
after - RBME). Cod. YI-2. RBME. Cod. X-1-4.
12. YI-Contents 2 brought to reign first Asturias King Pelayo; XI-4 begins
with the continuation of the story about the reign of Pelayo and-Euclidean-ditsya
to the death of Fernando III.
13. RBME. YI-2. fols. 1v (the king's image and the court), 3r (image Noah
Islands ark), 4r (the image of Hercules, holding in both hands two lions), 4v (the
lock icon, and above it - a statue of Hercules), 5r (portico image with the inscription
" Aqu ser pobla la: grant: cibdat: "( there will be more densely populated than
the first-born )), 7v (the king's image in the cave of dragon slaying, made in the
style of Drew by God, and it is possible - and with the other hand).
14. RBME. Cod. X-1-4. fol. 1v.
15. Ibid. fols. 27r, 30v, 43v, 44r, 47v, 49v, 50v, 64r, 78r, 80r, 92v, 102r,
114r, and others.
16. For example, on fol.27r sheet, according to the sign, intended to por-
tray koro la Ordoo I.
17. Ibid. fols. 199r, 199v, 315r, 315v.
18. RBME: cod. XI-7 (XIV in.) And XI-11 and Z-III-3 (XV c.); none of them
does not contain the full text.
19. By the XIV century. refers manuscript BNM.Mss.579; it is written in
italics and has a gothic color initials, but do not miniatures; rest medieval manu-
script BBC chronicle date from the XV century. (See .: BNM Mss 643, 1343, 1298,
13002, 10134 <3> (the only miniature in the beginning of the text -... Fol 1r), 645,
1347, 1526.
20. Alfonso VIII (1155-1214).
21. 1214 A.D.
22. 1215 A.D.
23. Leonor (Eleanor) Plantagenet (1160-1214) - the daughter of the English
King Henry II Plantagenet ha (1154-1189) and Eleanor of Aquitaine; wife of King
Alfonso VIII of Castile and Queen of Castile from 1170
62
24. Berengelite (1180-1246 approx.) - the daughter of the King of Castile

and Toledo Alfonso VIII and Queen Leonor Plantagenet, wife of King of Leon Al-
fonso IX (1188- 1230).
25. Alvaro Nez De Lara (1170-1218 approx.) - a graph representative of
a noble clan of Lara.
26. Gonsalvo Nez De Lara (- after 1225), Senor belorado (in the modern
province of Burgos) - Castilian magnate.
27. Nuo Prez De Lara (-1177?) - Castilian magnate powerful stem-to Lara
(dating back to the younger branch of the descendants of the famous Count of Cas-
tile Fernand Gonzalez).
28. Tablada - present-day. Tablada del Rudron in the province of Burgos.
29. Cerrato - the area with the natural limits, located within the borders of
present-day. the provinces of Palencia (the majority), Burgos and Valladolid.
30. Gonsalvo Ruiz (or Rodriguez) (aka: Gonsalvo Rodriguez Chiron) (. Ca

1160- 1231) - Castilian magnate.
31. Refers to Alvaro Ruiz, Nuno Ruiz, Pedro Ruiz Rodrigo Ruiz, Ruiz
brothers Gonsalvo participants Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212
32. In this case we are talking about private power graph of a minor king,
pro-flows from its guardian powers.
33. Hidalgo (from st.-caste fijodalgo.) - a hereditary warrior as opposed to
individuals, in luchivshim their status personally.
34. It refers to one-third of all church income, which is based on the tithe
(tenth part of the property), as well as pervinki (first offspring from SKO-ta and the
newly developed areas the harvest). The tithe was going to the priests of the parish
churches.
35. The text - regalengo, ie land, is under the direct control of the king..
36. Unlike abadengo - Church lands.
37. The text - "omes buenos"; This term (going back to the same value for
the Latin "boni homines"), usually refers to all kinds of representatives to be ap-
pointed for the conduct of individual cases and featuring Xia good reputation and
strong financial position.
38. The text - "dio ... el consseio que pudo" (. Lit. "gave the advice that
could");
39. Here, "Council (consseio) as a peaceful way to solve the problem, wi-
Dimo, opposed to "help (ayuda) as a direct power vmesha-ments.
63
The treaty of Troyes (1420):

from the war external to the war
internal and vice
by: Philip D.Souza

University of Kentucki, USA
DOI: 10.1163/187756745677600302017
ISSN: 1877-5454 E-ISSN: 1877-5462
The subject of study in this article are the main polo zheniya peace agreement
concluded May 21, 1420 in Troyes, and department-WIDE aspects of their imple-
mentation. Despite the declared aim of putting an end to the age-old Anglo-French
conflict, in fact, the contract only marked the beginning of a new phase of the Hun-
dred Years War, Pere within the mutual relations of political forces in France and
to change the legal basis for British participation in military operations on the con-
tinent. Article discusses the nature of these changes and their impact on the teach-
ing-stie in the war of the kingdom of England, as well as possessions and subjects
of the Duke of Burgundy.
Keywords: The Treaty of Troyes (1420), the Hundred Years War, sterskaya
Lanka-France, Henry the V, Filipp Dobry, the history of the French XV.
May 21, 1420 an agreement was Count of Armagnac) and Bourguignon

concluded in Troyes, which is pro- (led by the Duke of Burgundy). For this
claimed, had ever establish peace be- distribution, co-Thoraya since 1411 as-
tween the English and French king- sumed the character of a full-scale war,
doms1. This occurred in the conditions soon added the English invasion. By
of the hardest-ditions for the French pe- mid-1419 the troops en gliyskogo King
riod of the Hundred Years War. Bezout- Henry V occupied the greater part of
Mie King Charles VI led to a struggle for Normandy and capturing Pontoise,
power between the parties Armagnac reached the approaches to Paris. At-
(led by the house of Orleans and the tempting to accept-rhenium between
64
Armagnac and Bourguignon for joint in the fight against Armagnac, as well as
born to the British tragically ended in get rid of the responsibility for combat-
the September killing of Jean the Fear- ing invading English-Niemi. He found
less, Duke of Burgundy, during the ne- support in Paris, as it allowed the re-
gotiations on the bridge in Montoro. bels-vit trade with Normandy, and after
This murder led to a rapprochement be- the liberation of Armagnac middle
tween the British and Bourguignon reaches of the Seine during the cam-
party, dominated at the time paign in 1420 - and with a Burgundy-mi
Administration and surrounded territories5. Some saw Henry V man
by Charles VI, and to conclude a con- spo, who are able with a firm hand to re-
tract store order in the kingdom, after a dec-
The declared aim of this agree- ade of wars and strife that meets the as-
ment was to put an end to the wars be- pirations of the submit-lei royal admin-
tween England and France. In order to istration (mainly proburgund-tion)6.
achieve this to the role of France gave to Members of the party armagnac,
Henry V married his daughter Cathe- grouped around the Dauphin Charles,
rine (Art. 1. P. 103), acknowledged him the last surviving son of Charles VI
as his heir (Art. 6. P. 104-105) (later Charles VII) have not been con-
France assigned regent (Art. 7. P. sidered in the contract as one of the par-
105). Combining koro-levstv agreement ties. They were declared rebels against
does not provide, they should have a the crown, and the duty of Henry V as
thread preserves its institutions, laws the regent of France was to force them
and customs (v. 8-11, 23, 24. P. 105-106, into submission (Art. 12. P. 106).
110-111). Henry V won the French terri- Thus, being in the form and con-
tory with its accession to the throne of tent of a peace thief agreement in
France were to return under the rule of Troyes could not, and should not have
the French crown (v. 18. P. 109)3. The to put an end to hostilities, but it
main guarantor of peace between Eng- changed the nature of war. On North of
land and France was to be in the pres- France to create a new regime, receiv-
ence of Bu duschem single ruler (Art. ing-shy in the historiography of the
24. P. 111). Such an approach, in pri- English name, or Lancaster, France. If,
vate-sti allowed to omit the agreement before the 1420 war it was a conflict be-
the question of suzerainty over the Ak- tween the two co-rolevstvami, but now
Vitanov, who was a stumbling block in it seemed (at least to Lancastrian) inter-
Anglo-French relations since the mid- nal French conflict. This change may
dle of the XIII century.4 seem insignificant:
The contract was profitable for Eventually, the British all as con-
the King of England, whose claim to the tinued military action in France. Never-
crown of France finally implemented, theless, it was soon to affect the course
and Bourguignon receiving British aid of the war7.
65
Back in 1421, in England, Hein- in the contract (Art. 27, 29, 30. P. 112-
rich V encountered with present- 114). It was envisaged that Henry V will
Rozhen relation to their subjects con- dei update themselves "with the board
cluded dogo-thief. King lost character- ... Philip, Duke of Burgundy, and other
istic of the beginning of his reign sup- nobles of the kingdom ..." in regard to
port in Parliament, where they were un- the content of Charles VI (Art. 27, P.
happy with his long absence from the 112-113), but it is not clear whether it
country (Henry was not in England was about the Duke of participation in
from August 1417). Parliament adopted the management of the kingdom13. The
a number of measures designed to en- duke so as not imposed specific obliga-
sure that the Anglo-mechanical king- tions on participation in the fight
dom was not subordinated to the against dofinistami.
French under the dual monarchy8. It In fact, the only requirement in
was felt that the British have done their relation to the ger-tsogu (which also ap-
duty to the king and help him regain plies to Charles VI and Henry V) was
proper at-his rightful crown of France, not to conclude peace or agreement (
and now for the suppressed-of the paix ou concorde) with dauphin, ex-
French rebels must pay his French sub- cept with the consent of the other two
jects9. As a result, during his last visit to parties, and also to present-ing classes
England Henry V did not receive subsi- both kingdoms (v. 29. P. 113). It should
dies from Parliament and was forced not, however, see in this a ban on all
on-ratitsya to private loans10. Of the sorts of diplomatic relations dofinis-
nine parliaments of Henry V with its ac- tami14and Philip the Good blame for
cession in 1413 until the return of the repeated truce with the enemy. This ob-
traditional extraordinary tax was voted ligation is not included in the formula of
England in six King, lime-tion as the the oath, which had to give citizens Fran
tenth and fifteenth shareeleven(And tsuzskogo King, recognizing the legiti-
three times - in the dual-rated macy of the Treaty (Art. 13. P. 106- 108).
amount!). After the Treaty of Troyes, It would be strange to expect that these
this tax was voted only once (in Decem- simple subjects were freer in dealing
ber 1421), and after the reign of Henry with the dauphin, than their rulers, so it
VI (1422) did not return to it until the must be assumed that Article. 29 it was
crisis associated with the victories of only possible peace treaties, the antici-
Joan of Arc in 142912 Support for the pated final resolution of the conflict,
war in France, in England became very while the agreement on local and tem-
limited. porary Terminated schenii military ac-
Even more ambiguous contract tions did not fall under the ban.
value for the new Duke Burgundy, However, the obligation not to
Philip Good, only representative of the conclude with the dauphin of the world
French nobility specifically mentioned did not mean the Duke of active
66
participation in the war. At the same Henry V de-dren crown could go to the
time, other provisions of the treaty, it brothers of King16. Philip Good was
seemed, were to reduce its interest in with Charles VI in kinship through the
participating in the hostilities. It was as- male line, and thus had the chance one
sumed that the lands captured from day to inherit the French crown;
dofinistov, should either move the Henry V he in such a relationship
crown, or to return to their rightful was not involved. Chances Duke of Bur-
owners (if they recognized the treaty of gundy were quite ephemeral: even the
Troyes) (Art. 14. P. 108). Thus, the duke time of signing the contract in Troyes
could hardly count on the extension- dauphin Charles has been suspended
renie their lands due to the victories from prestolonasle-diya17, Princes of
over dofinistami. Although during the Orleans and Anjou houses stood closer
1420's. Filipp Dobry made from the to the throne. At the end of 1419 in ne-
crown of a number of territorial-gov- gotiations with the British tried to put
ernmental concessions, such as the Philippe Bourguignon nomination as
transfer to him in 1424 Oserra, Macon heir of Charles VI, but this proposal was
and Bar-sur-Seine, as well as a formal rejected unequivocally en-party
award in 1430 Shampa-ni and Bree, gliyskoy18. Nevertheless, Philip the
who were at that time under the control Good, its rejection of them (no matter
of dofinistov generally Lancastrian ad- how weak they may be) hereditary right
ministration was fairly scrupulous-on to the throne Fran-tion19I had to
in defending the rights of the French weaken his position in the kingdom.
crown. The most striking at-mer can Possibly, in this way should be consid-
serve as an incident during the siege of ered failure (or suspended-set) by
Orleans, when the spring of 1429 repre- Philip Good Regency for minor Henry
sentatives of the city offered to surren- VI after death in 1422 by Heinrich Karl
der his Philip the Good-pu, but the V and VI. Then he became regent John,
Duke of Bedford, the English regent of Duke of Bedford, the eldest of the sur-
France, at the insistence of his French viving brothers of Henry V and a poten-
advisers rejected this proposition-volt- tial heir to the throne. Philip could
age. It followed a quarrel with the Duke hardly count on the regency, being just
of Burgundy, burgundy review-ing one of the Franc-tsuzskih princes and a
troops from the siege in only two weeks distant relative of the new king20.
before the arrival of Joan of Arc, and It is believed that the determining
perhaps as a result - a failure of the tendency in poly-tick the Duke of Bur-
whole campaign15. gundy, pushes him into an alliance with
It was also stated that after the the British, was the revenge motive21.
death of Charles VI of France crown was There is no doubt that it was the murder
to pass to Henry V and his heirs. As sug- of Jean Besse-terrible was the cause of
gested by E. Curry, in case of absence of the Anglo-Burgundian approach and
67
that Filipp Dobry has used the mourn- having been recognized by Bourgui-
ing for his father in the politi-ing or- gnon, they have pledged to keep
der22. But it is doubtful that the Duke of beskompro-missnuyu fight against
Burgundy was looking for it for revenge. dofinistov.
The decision on the alliance with the Contract finalized the Anglo-Bur-
king of England was under-Busy only gundian alliance and laid the ground for
after careful discussion with the family, a direct military co-operation between
and co-Adviser23. Although it is noted al-glichanami and Bourguignon against
that during the funeral service for Jean armagnac, extending shegosya-variable
Fearless Arras new Duke and his sup- degree of activity down to Philip the
porters have reacted very negatively to Good of reconciliation with Charles VII
the sermon, urged to abandon revenge in 1435, however, it is not a way to up-
and justice rely on the royal24That is date themselves, Duke of interest in
what was done. After the entry of fighting with supporters of the Dau-
Charles VI and Henry V in Paris in De- phin, of course, if it was not about the
cember 1420 Filipp Dobry has filed a safety of its proper-tion possessions.
lawsuit in the Paris parliament, de- Perhaps it is this threat, as well as the
manding punishment for the perpetra- personal charisma of Henry V is due to
tors of the murder of Jean the Fear- the active participation of private Phi-
less25. It is possible that an appeal to Lippe Good in hostilities in 1420-1422
the supreme court Fran tsuzskogo king- gg. Henry V, who succeeded to the post
dom was intended to show the commit- of regent of France, his brother John,
ment of the new regime to restore order Duke Bed-ford, was forced to formalize
in the country, to return from the chaos the mutual obligations to treaty of Ami-
grazh-Danish war to the traditional in- ens in 142326 and to strengthen the dy-
stitutions. However, it is important that nastic alliance with the house of Bur-
personal revenge Duke chose (at least gundy, married the sister of Philip the
DEMONSTRA-tively) royal justice, Good, but this has not led to a signifi-
simultaneously laying the crown obja- cant strengthening of the Burgundian
of affection to deal with his enemies. asset-ness. Although reconciliation
The contract concluded in Troyes, with the dauphin would be (and was in
is a lyubopyt-dimensional case the 1435), a gross violation of the treaty of
peace treaty does not provide for Troyes, the ability to vary the degree of
phased-tion of war. For Lancaster mon- their participation in the war allowed
archy it meant a transition from foreign the now Duke of Burgundy to use to
wars for the acquisition of the French their advantage the war between the
crown to fight with MN-tezhnikami sides, nicknames Lancaster and Dau-
within the dominion of the French king- phin.
dom. If earlier the British could benefit It would be an exaggeration to say
from war-ing French court party, now, that, in agreeing to the Anglo-French
68
treaty of Troyes, the Duke deliberately the protection of their interests where
took a course on non-dependence of necessary. This allowed him to dine in
their possessions, abandoning the de- the sulfur-1420's. engage in establish-
sire to play a leading role in French pol- ing the Burgundian power in Nider-
itics. However, the contract with the landah, going so soon from the internal
Duke took responsibility for the suc- struggle for power in France to the ex-
cessful conclusion of the war against the ternal struggle for the expansion of
dauphin and untied his hands to take their possessions.
Notes
1. Overview of the surviving copies of the contract and their publications

up to reference from a distance-tion edited by E. Kono (Les grands traits de la
Guerre de Cent Ans / Ed. E. Cosneau. P .: Alphonse Picard, 1889. P. 100-114) is
given article: Duparc P. La conclusion du trait de Troyes // Revue Historique de
droit franais et tranger. 4 ser. 1978. 49 number.
2. P. 50-64.
3. In Russian Treaty of Troyes was published in translation EI Dyakova
(.-Nick collection of documents on the history of international relations in the Mid-
dle Ages / Ed OI Nuzhdin Ekaterinburg. Publishing House of the Ural University
Press, 2001, pp 82-88). Unfortunately i-leniyu, this translation is rather a para-
phrase than critical publication is-Tocnik (an example of this approach is the uni-
fication of the articles 15 and 16 contract in a) and contains appreciable errors en-
tailing distortion certain provisions contract (e.g., translation of articles 3, 29).
agreement
4. Troyes are also analyzed VI Zemlyanitsinym, put forward the assertion
of the primacy of T. Reimer published the Latin text of the treaty (Foe-dera, con-
ventiones, litter, et cujuscunque generis acta publica, inter reges Angli, et alios
...: In 10 vols / Ed T. Rymer 3 ed Hague... , 1739-1745. Vol. 4, pt. III. P. 171-174) in
comparison with the French (see .: Zemlyanitsin VA Truasky contract as a yuri-
cally basis dual Anglo-French monarchy of the XV century // Bulletin young scien-
tists Series:. historical sciences 2000. 5. S. 13-17).. However, he also noted that
the form of contract had the appearance of Charles VI of decree, addressed to his
French subjects (Ibid, pp. 14). Such documents at the material time, drawn up in
French. It seems more likely that the Latin version of the text is a translation from
the French, made for reading the contents of the contract in the UK, where much
of the pre-kumentatsii conducted in Latin. Therefore, in this article refers to the
text of the contract are given for the publication, edited by E. Kono. References to
this edition are given in the text indicating the article number and the contract
page.
69
5. On the political situation and the negotiations leading to the conclusion

of a treaty of Troyes, see .: Bonenfant P. Du meurtre de Montereau au trait de
Troyes. Bruxelles: Palais des Acadmies, 1958. xxix, 282 p.
6. In fact, after the death in 1422 of Henry V and Charles VI and the ac-
cession of Henry VI British military presence in Normandy and other conquered
lands preserved Henry V, but the English garrisons were in the service of the
French, not the British Crown as part of the dual monarchy
7. Lancaster.
8. About conflicts around the suzerainty over Aquitaine see Basovskaya .:
NI A hundred years-
9. NJ war leopard lily against. M .: Astrel; AST, 2003, pp 108-109 and
description.
10. The importance of these communications, see .: J. Favier Hundred
Years War. SPb .: Evra-Zia, 2009. pp 450-451; Uvarov PY Paris? It's somewhere in
Flanders ... // Knowledge -force. Number 1997. 12. pp 94-95.
11. Tsaturova SK The officers of the authorities: the Paris parliament in the
first third of the XV century. M .: Logos, 2002, pp 108-110.
12. The value of the contract in Troyes as the beginning of a new phase of
the Hundred Years War for the first time NI has been noted in the national histo-
riography Basovskaya: Basovskaya NI Hundred Years War 1337-1453 gg. M .:
Higher School, 1985. pp 110-111. The Set-term work focuses on the transition from
multipolar feudal strife in the liberation struggle for the expulsion of the English,
while in the on-standing article discusses the impact of the agreement on relations
between BIDDERS
13. Curry AE Two Kingdoms, One King: The Treaty of Troyes (1420) and
the Creation of a Double Monarchy of England and France // "The Contending
Kingdoms" France and England 1420-1700 / Ed. by G. Richardson. Aldershot:
Ashgate, 2008. P. 26-28.
14. Kalmikova EV The images of the war in historical representations Late
British of the Middle Ages. M .: Kvadriga, 2010. pp 257, 388.
15. See .: Allmand CT Henry VL: Methuen, 1992. P. 382; The Parliament
Rolls of Me-dieval England: In 16 vols / Gen. ed. by C. Given Wilson. L .: The Na-
tional Archives;
16. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2005 (hereinafter - PROME). Vol. 9.
P. 263.
17. The size of this tax is estimated at 37 thousand. F. Art. (See .: Gray HL
Incomes from Land in England in 1436 // The English Historical Review. 1934.
49. P. 607).
18. On taxes, voted by the Parliament in the reign of Henry V and the be-
ginning of the channeling-tion of Henry VI of, see .: PROME. Vol. 9, 10.
70
19. The wording of the articles of the treaty allows for double reading. . See
also the so-: Leguai A. La "France Bourguignone" dans le conflit entre la "France
Franais" et la "France Anglaise" (1420-1435) // La "France Anglaise" au Moyen
Age. Actes Du 111e Congrs National Des Socits Savantes (Poitiers, 1986). P .:
Editions du CTHS, 1988. P. 47-48.
20. "... Since included in the treaty was a ban on any diplomatic approaches
or agreements with the 'so-called' Dauphin" (Curry AE Op. Cit. P. 29).
21. See .: Armstrong CAJ La Double Monarchie France-Angleterre et la
Maison de Bourgogne (1420-1435): Le dclin d'une Alliance // Armstrong CAJ
England, France and Burgundy. L .: The Hambledon Press, 1983. P. 348-363;
Leguai A. Op. cit. P. 48- 49. episode associated with the siege Orleans cm .: Desama
C. Jeanne d'Arc et la diplomatie de Charles VII: l'ambassade franaise auprs de
Philippe le Bon en 1429 // Annales de Bourgogne. Number 1968. 40. P. 290-299.
curry AE Op. cit. P. 30-31.
22. Bonenfant P. Op. cit. P. 128-129. There are statements that the contrac-
tual Trois Dauphin was stripped and declared illegitimate inheritance (see. Eg .:
EV Kalmikova op. Cit. C. 56). In fact, the removal of the Dauphin of succession was
made January 17, 1420 and was associated with it in particular, to the murder in
Montoro (Ordonnances des rois de France de la troisime race: En 22 vols P .: l'Im-
primerie Royale, 1723-1846. . Vol. 12. P. 273-277). Thus created a situation lack of
direct heirs of Charles VI was one of the prerequisites for the conclusion of the
contract in Troyes (Favier J., op. Cit, pp. 441). The question of the illegitimacy of
the future Charles VII is not a hundred-curling (Bonenfant P. Op. Cit. P. 132-133).
23. Leguai A. Op. cit. P. 43-44.
24. E. Curry points out that the Treaty of Troyes deprived of all the French
princes of the blood of the right to the crown, but focuses on Philip of Burgundy
(Cur-ry AE Op. Cit. P. 32).
25. J. Favier Decree. Op. S. 447.
26. This view is especially pronounced in J. Huizinga (J. Huizinga Middle
/ Autumn Lane DV Silvestrova 4th ed M:... Iris-press, 2004. C. 27- 28, 35, 116), but
often found in later works, in particular of a general nature.
27. See., Eg .: Ibid. S. 64; Curry AE Op. cit. P. 29.
28. See .: Calmette J. Les grands ducs de Bourgogne. P .: Albin Michel,
1949. P. 185;
29. Vaughan R. Philip the Good. The apogee of Burgundy. Woodbridge:
The Boydell Press, 2002. P. 3-4.
30. See .: J. Favier Decree. Op. 439 pp; La Chronique d'Enguerrand de
Monstrelet en deux
31. livres avec pices justificatives, 1400-1444: En 6 vols / Ed. by L. Douot-
D'Arcq. P .: SHF, 1857-1862 (hereinafter - Monstrelet). Vol. 3. P. 361-362.
71
32. See .: Monstrelet. Vol. 4. P. 17-20; Calmette J. Op. cit. P. 189-190;

Schnerb B. Jean Sans
72
The main idea features of Vladi-

mir Nabokovs "Sebastian
Knights real life" novel
Basira Azizaliyeva
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
Institute of Literature. Azerbaijan, Baku.
DOI: 10.1163/18775462X0998ju2017
ISSN: 1877-5454 E-ISSN: 1877-5462
Abstract: Vladimir Nabokovs first book which he wrote in English on Amer-

ican era is the novel "Sebastian Knights real life" (1941). Besides having the auto-
biographical features, this novel can also be said to serve as a key to resolve the
main ideas of V. Nobokovs novels, his manner of writing, literary principles, style,
forms of building composition, codes and cyphers in his works. The work was ded-
icated to a famous writer. It is a great and original writers novel narrated by a nar-
rative. Approaching from the point of view of three realities, a way which is outside
of the lifes realities, but at the same time is called real and here the truth is
searched. Sometimes life ways of the heroes of Nabokovs novels remind the turns
on the chessboard. In some cases, the writer giving a detective style to the descrip-
tion of the events, builds the plot of the novel in a logical sequence with his original
wording style and creative criteria.
Keywords: Vladimir Nabokov, the main idea, literary works, novels
"In this work, choosing compre- personality) as a sample of linguistic

hension of another me (or the second and literary transformation, Nabokov
73
described himself to some extent in the thinking and distinguished features.

personality of the artist and hero Sebas- This book presented by the narrator
tian Knight. [9, p.159]. The novel, be- during speaking on that process in fact
sides being a philosophical treatise is a book about his brother. In other
about a literary work, life and death, words, if not to take into account the
also presents aesthetic ideas in a unique characters which take part in the de-
manner; he evaluates other works in the scription of events, the novel "Sebastian
novel and writes a new book. The novel Knights real life" has got three main he-
is told on the basis of the narration of roes: the narrator, Sebastian Knight
Sebastian Knights brother who writes a and V.Nabokov. The reader is invited to
book about his life and who is kept in be the fourth hero. The idea of unity of
secret and only in one case is reminded the spirit which is clearly evident at the
as V. "That is, the hero of the novel is an end of the novel emerges as a major
invisible person. He is a late Russian cause and result moving forward to-
immigrant writer who is the author of wards the goal throughout the book,
many well-known works, and now his and finding the true meaning at the end.
brother who is presented only with an V.Nabokovs heroes and the spirit he
initial V is trying to write his biog- has delivered to readers are seen behind
raphy in the novel. As usual, there is a the raised curtain, and from behind the
lot of autobiographical information removed mask; "The end, the final. All
here "[4, p.213]. The author notes that return to their daily lives (Claire to the
the descriptions which have been given grave) - but the main player remains;
within the works of Sebastian Knight because, no matter how much I try to
correspond to V.Nabokovs childhood get rid of my role, I just cannot make
years in Russia. The narrator who be- away with it. Sebastians mask clings on
gins to write a book about his brother me, this resemblance will never be
explores and explains the childhood erased. I am Sebastian, or Sebastian is
and youth memories, Sebastians me, or both of us are another person,
friends, the women he loved, his books, whom we dont know. [10, p.216].
ideas of those books and publication is- That another one is a writer, and
sues of them, as well as his way of he tries to unite with his readers by
74
means of his soul. In order to under- reader and which he, rightly, does not
stand the final words of the novel which want to disclose, there is one which
we have set as a sample more clearly, we should be disclosed in order not to be
will look through the novel. V.Nabo- unfair to the reader who does not know
kovs novels requires the reader be very English. Of course, it is up to the reader
careful, to approach to every thought how he will evaluate this tip, it is left to
and stated word sensitively. For the au- his own imagination ... "[3, p.5]. During
thor, as we know, speaks with codes and research of the novel we will observe
cyphers and once we have lost the tip of that the author is right when he sug-
a skein, it becomes impossible to find it gests the word Knight" in the sense of
again. "Nature of Nabokovs art is as fol- the knight on the chessboard. Because,
lows: no analysis can be satisfactory" V.Nabokov managed to describe the
[11, p.2]. One of the important aspects moves in the life which look like the
of the novel Sebastian Knights real moves on the chessboard, he managed
life is that the novel teaches style, man- to create a scene within a prose. From
ner, method of description of events this point of view, as in other novels of
and ideas of the writer, helps to under- the writer, the novel Sebastian
stand and study Nabokovs creative Knights real life also bears a dramatic
work. "Sebastian Knights real life" character. The writer, presenting the
this tittle is not the biography of the truth as the events taking place as the
hero, it is a story about the complexity sequence of coincidences, but in fact are
of his writing, "[4, p.214]. Before ana- the result of known and necessary ob-
lyzing the novel, it would be helpful to jective laws, begins to write the life of
pay attention to Fatih Ozguvens words: Sebastian Knight saying that "unless
Knight (in chess, the knight you chase a known thing, you would
moves horizontally or vertically twice, never know what will the destiny bring
and then again goes once horizontally to you" [10, p.7]. The narrators first
or vertically), Bishop (in chess, bishop guide on this way becomes the diary of
cannot go beyond the color of the an old Russian woman called Olga Ole-
square it stands on). Among the riddles govna Orlova. Just from the very first
that V.Nabokov has submitted to the pages V.Nabokovs aesthetic ideas
75
begin to follow literary, philosophical was Russian and mother was an English
and artistic thought. The author calls woman Virginia Knight whom he met in
the diary a mans most miserable way Italy. When Sebastian was four years
of eternalization himself [10, p.7]. old his mother abandoned him and her
According to the author, as men- husband and only once came to meet
tioned above, when the target is not her son until her death. The narrator,
known it is impossible to find the right i.e. his brother was the son of his father
path. It is not accidental that in order to from his second wife who was Russian.
present himself to the American literary As you can see, the life of the future
environment V.Nabokov used this work writer began with huge losses, and it
which is written in such a unique and shaped his world view and brought dif-
interesting manner. This is not only a ferent qualities to his life. It is not acci-
diary, or an autobiography, it was an dental that in the novel as the first work
optimal form of presenting the person- by Sebastian Knight was mentioned the
ality and creative work of the writer novel Lost thing. From the first pages
which was the hero of the novel, and de- of the novel besides narration of the
scribing not his real, but true life. events, S.Knights works are also spo-
Therefore, before writing the book "Se- ken about, and they are analyzed and
bastian Knights real life", his brother estimated by the narrator. Although a
examines a variety of sources, ranging complex and mixed line is drawn to-
from a diary of a simple woman up to gether with the memories, quotes from
the book written by a critic, Mr. Good- Sebastian Knights work, critical assess-
man, who was Knights assistant on lit- ment samples on his works and the de-
erary work. The result is finalized with scription of the events taking place at
the emergence of a different book, the the current time, the style involving the
narrator did not limit his novel with logical sequence of thoughts and ideas
writing the events, he lives what he helps to understand the work.
writes. Here, it should be emphasized
that the above-mentioned form brings For example, let us consider an
success to the author. Sebastian Knight example. After talking about the novel
was born in Russia in 1899, his father Lost thing where Sebastian Knights
76
childhood years are described, the nar- polemic of critics and it becomes known
rator pays attention to the thought of a that it bears a subjective quality. The
critic assessing this book in one of liter- first tragedy of Sebastian Knight was his
ary circles. In that critical report which speech in a role of an abandoned child:
his brother did not accept evaluation of "There was nothing that could a child
his brothers work in such a context, it do, he simply had a strange abundance
was stated: Poor Knight! In fact, his life of time, the time which went out from a
can be divided into two stages firstly track and spread to all four directions"
he was an insipid man writing in broken [10, p.6]. The reason why the narrator
English, then he became a broken man referred to the above mentioned critical
writing in insipid English [10, p.4]. The assessment although he did not accept
events that V.Nabokov faced in his life this evaluation of Sebastian Knight on a
and creative activity, interestingness of broken plane now becomes clear. It
that sample matching with critical was not accidental. It also shows that
thoughts and its significance for the the V.Nabokovs approach to word met-
novel was its presentation namely at aphysic thinking is on a foreground, he
this point. Although the narrator does does not use a word without submitting
not accept brokenness, he searches it to the goal.
the reason of Sebastians lifes and liter- Sad childhood memories like his
ary styles deprivation of a tremendous mothers leaving them and meeting him
vitality [10, p.4] in heaviness of the only once after it and a year later from
losses he had to face in his childhood, this meeting her dying from a heart dis-
provides a true relation among the ex- ease, his father getting wounded during
amples which at a first glance seems a duel with a man who caused his wife
random, however are born from objec- to leave him and his dying from a dis-
tive laws from the gist. It should be ease caused by this injury, formed
noted that we do not agree with Chinara lonely and cold-blooded image of Se-
Ibrahimovas introduction of this sam- bastian. The author thinks the loneli-
ple as an assessment of an objective ness in character and life to be a key of
critic [5, p.29]. Because this sample the way he set off for finding realities of
comes into view on the basis of a Sebastian Knights life; he believed that
77
when he will look into the door opened directed with his silence to the things in
with this key, the true ideas will be re- which he had been interested in [10,
vived: The key word of Sebastians life p.36] confirm it once again. Namely for
was loneliness; as the destiny brought this reason, the narrator tried to inves-
him everything that he thought he had tigate and write Sebastian Knights real
dreamt of trying him not to feel strange, life way and his real life style. One of the
he understood more clearly the short- points realizing Sebastian Knights
coming in the sense of to keep to this, or out-of-frame character was his differ-
another frame. When Sebastian under- ent way of thinking, his permanent
stood it and began to develop a human alertness. This point brought to the
mind as a rare-met talent or a passion, hero differences like time indicator,
only at that time began to worry about evaluation, acceptation in regard with
his skills and incompatibility. [10, the relations of other people.
p.33]. The feeling of strangeness in Se- In order to express the above-
bastians real life could seem as his es- mentioned peculiarities of Sebastian
cape from Russia where he was born Knight, the narrator has presented an
and which was his fathers motherland, example from his Lost thing story:all
but actually, the above-mentioned issue frameworks, covers and doors of my
was not related with it. It was strange- mind are open at any time, at any mo-
ness of the soul in a real life and it came ment. Many brains have a Sunday day
to an end with the death of the hero at off, but mine cannot afford even a part-
the end of the novel. Not keeping to a day holiday. [10, p.51].
frame was determined with his charac- Practical aspect of life interested
ter, originality of his works as well as, Sebastian knight less, the writer owned
with his attitude to the literary environ- a truth which the daily life disguised.
ment. His divergence from the things His being met by the people around in a
that he had got accustomed to and en- different way, his seeming a contradic-
joyed from time to time was the conse- tive man, his cold attitude to his brother
quent way of his loneliness, the authors also derived from here. Sebastian
words he began to enjoy the things Knight himself also confessed it: ... As
which are meant to give enjoyment and I know this dangerous misery of my
78
mind, I was afraid to get accounted with issues at times. Sebastian Knight told
people, to hurt them, to seem ridiculous about the spirit world and the imbal-
to them. It is so easy with the thing ance between it and practical side of the
called practical side of life- saying be- society stating that the society will un-
tween us, to sell a book in a moon light derstand it as a disease: In my efforts
seems far away from the truth, as to to be adjusted to the colors of my envi-
hold a copy-book, and another thing- ronment, in my efforts resulted with
this peculiarity or shortcoming which failures I just looked like a color-blind
caused pain to me when I faced it at the chameleon. If my embarrassment was
time of my loneliness became an instru- due to sweating palms, or pimples, it
ment of an enjoyment [10, p.52]. The would be much easier to bear it by me
narrators words about Sebastian say- or by others But this disease which
ing from time to time he becomes like had nothing to do with the pains of ma-
a mad, he has strangeness [10, p.79] turity obtained a hidden form in me.
sourced from it. As it seems, the writer One of the most polite inventions of the
calls this aspect both peculiarity and prisons is the one forbidding a dream to
shortcoming, and it was related with ac- the prisoners [10, p.51]. Some people
quisition of reality relativeness in prac- did not understand and accept the au-
tical life of reality. In the above-men- thors style to build a scene within the
tioned novel, in relation with the soci- novel. In one of his meetings when the
ety, although not so strong, but Sebas- narrator asked the literary scholars
tian Knights referring to the founder of about evaluation of Sebastian Knights
psychoanalysis science, Sigmund books Broken places and Lost thing
Freuds ideas do not evade from eyes. , one of them said: Knight has his own
S.Freud wrote in his work called The view and he seems playing a game the
future of an illusion: It seems that the rules of which he does not explain to
culture is built upon coercion and sup- other players [10, p..141]. From this
pressing of desires [1, p.5]. We should point of view, in V.Nabokovs work, life
note that S.Freuds ideas are more viv- seems as a scene hiding the realities be-
idly manifested in V.Nabokovs Lolita hind a mask. The narrator finds the real
novel and we will pay attention to these life philosophy of the well-known writer
79
by removing this mask and we see it at interesting phrase like a starched

the end of the novel. Loneliness of Se- shirt. As we have mentioned, V. Nabo-
bastian Knight, his out-of-frame char- kov has not also entered to any immi-
acter found its reflection as a writer in grant group.
his attitude to the literary environment. Among Sebastian Knights dis-
At that moment, we come across auto- tinctive qualities his having his own
biographic features coinciding with hidden world, his peculiarities not fully
V.Nabokovs own life and literary ca- understandable for the people sur-
reer. As it is known from his life, the rounding him and even for his family
writer has always kept to his principle draws attention. The narrator while
not to enter to the literary unities. Se- characterizing his brother says Let us
bastian Knight who was known for his the door remain closed, let only a thin
original works actually did not accept light to leak under it [10, p.15], thus
the phenomenon of popularity. He au- tries not to tell all secret aspects of the
thor saying At our time, the thing writer to the reader. Each time during
called popularity is actually something V.Nabokovs communication with the
very ordinary which can be mixed with reader, his style calling the reader for a
the inexhaustible glory of a book [10, creative approach has always been on a
p.79] also did not accept Claires advice foreground. This aspect was also related
whom he loved, with whom he lived for with the relativeness issue which held
a certain time and who helped him to an important place in the writers world
develop his career, to take part in the lit- outlook. The idea that even the polished
erary environment: Claire wanted Se- ideas coming from Sebastian Knights,
bastian to enter to one of the literary the narrators and V.Nabokovs filters
clubs and to be with other writers. Once should not be absolute for a reader
or twice Sebastian forced himself to sourced from the literary principles of
take on a starched shirt in order to at- the writer. While setting off for search-
tend the dinner given in his honor and ing Sebastian Knights real life, the au-
took it off without saying a word [10, thor tries to convey these issues:
p.79]. As you see, the out-of-frame Dont be sure that you will learn the past
idea here is expressed with an from the lips of the present!... Do not
80
forget that what is said to you is three- I think that he lives in a strange country
staged; firstly, the narrator trims it, and writes us letters in English, it seems
then it is re-trimmed by a listener, and he will always remain a secret for me
that the dead man in the story has much [10, p.23]. The narrator speaks with the
he has hidden from these two [10, cyphers and codes, and here the issue of
p.40]. The narrator telling the novel letters in English is a cypher used by the
comes across with all above-mentioned writer which gets clear towards the end
three points while writing the book of the novel. It is not accidental that Se-
about Sebastian Knight and first of all, bastian Knights last letter to his
he tries to be loyal to secret world of his brother was written in English. The
brother. It is not accidental that he analysis of Sebastian Knights works in
burns without reading the letters and the novel, as we have mentioned, ex-
writings which Sebastian Knight before plains creation of cyphers by the writer
his death asked him in his letter to elim- by different means and the ways of de-
inate. He carries out his wish of confi- coding them. In the novel Lost thing
dentiality even when he comes across while speaking about the relations and
the name of a Russian woman in one of letters between Sebastian Knight and
the letters whom he tried to find. Sebas- Claire, the distinctive style that those
tian Knights world remaining among cyphers bring to the writers novels
the secrets made a distance between his draws attention: If you ask me to name
brother and his stepmother: It always a writer surprising his art so much, and
seems to me that, - my mother used to much more, a writer who uses a form
say, I have never known Sebastian truly. surprising the people who want to see
I knew that he got good marks at school, that real man behind the writer, I would
that he has read surprising number of not be able to name one. [10, p.88].
books, that he is attentive to cleanness, The narrator sets off to a way namely for
that every morning he has had a cold finding that real person hiding behind
bath despite his lungs being sensitive to the writer and he tries to fix the nods
cold, I knew it all and even much more and decode the cyphers and at the end
than this, but still, I have never man- of the novel that man comes emerges.
aged to know him. And even now when One of the issues bringing a
81
mystery to Sebastian knights world is was not a heartless and ironizing man
his elimination of all his incomplete [10, p.15]. As in other cases, the narra-
works and notes before his death and tor does not set this sample acci-
his precept to his brother to destroy dentally. At first sight, Sebastian Knight
some others. The narrator who seems as could make such an impression. It can
a literary critic appreciates it much: He be confirmed if superficially to ap-
is one of those rare writers who knows proach his attitude towards his step-
that only perfect sources and newly mother, brother, and Claire, the woman
published books should be kept [10, he loved. Lets pay attention the rela-
p.27]. In the novel two books written tions between the brothers. The most
about Sebastian Knight are talked appropriate description of the relations
about. One of them is Mr.Goodmans between the brothers since their child-
book who used to work as an assistant hood years is given by the narrator in
of the writer for a certain period of time, the form as always, his putting silence
the other is the narrators book covering and distance between him and me [10,
the whole novel. In these two books we p.12]. That silence and distance going
meet different Sebastian Knight. The on throughout all his life, find its actual
narrator, enters to the debate both dur- meaning in Sebastian Knights last let-
ing conversations, and also while giving ter and death. Sebastians strangeness
samples from Mr.Goodmans book, do and loneliness showed itself in his envi-
not accepting the thoughts of the critic ronment and in his attitude towards his
who distorted the real nature of the brother since his childhood. While re-
hero and could not understand the membering childhood years, the narra-
writer although working with him. tor wrote: As if Sebastian was not a
Mr.Goodman used to write about permanent owner of our family, as if he
Sebastian Knight: Sebastian Knight was a restless guest passing through a
was fond of strange and ridiculous as- light room and disappearing in the dark
pects of events, and was so incapable of the night. I believe that it was not for
while going down to serious basis that preventing me to contact with one who
he ironized even the most sacred and is elder than me so much that cannot be
beautiful feelings of others although he a friend of mine and one that was too far
82
away to show me the way, but it was the lines is tied to a main goal at the end of
result of Sebastians refusal from recog- the novel. We witness the narrators
nizing my love although I loved him above-mentioned feelings for Sebastian
much, and taking me as a stranger. [10, when he sees him off after he comes to
p.13]. After the revolution in Russia, the the funeral of his stepmother and stays
brothers way split up in a family se- with him for a certain period of time.
cretly escaping to Finland. Sebastian Suddenly, although there was no
Knight settles at first in London, then in ground for that, I felt sorrow for Sebas-
Cambridge, lives owning the heritage tian, I wanted to say him some true
left from his mother, his stepmother things with hearts and wings, but those
and brother settle in Paris. The silence birds came to me much later, when I
that we have noted between the broth- was left alone and felt no need for the
ers is conveyed with the regret of the words, they sat on my shoulders, on my
words that the narrator wanted to say to head [10, p.24]. The narrator tried to
Sebastian Knight, but could not say. express his love which he could not tell
The writers approach to the relation which began to blaze again with a dou-
between the word and the phrase ble strength [10, p.25], by beginning to
sourced from metaphysic ideas is write a book about Sebastian Knight
clearly reflected here. Throughout all two months later after his death. The
the novel, beginning from the descrip- unexpressed word line continues with
tions of the childhood years up to the narrators receiving a letter stating that
events at the end of the novel, the nar- his brother had a heavy and incurable
rator tries to express his feelings for his sickness and his strong desire for seeing
brother. him before his death, talking to him, be-
Regret for the unborn word lasts ing able to say him the words he wanted
throughout the entire plot, the words to say. We will have a look at this issue
which are one of the forms of real man- later. Sebastian Knights attitude to
ifestation of the soul are wrapped to a feelings and Mr.Goodmans thought
silence without being born. This process about him we observe in his attitude to
has been given in the novel with very se- Claire but not from essential point of
rious logical sequence, and as all other view, but from point of view of
83
appearance. Miss Claire Bishop plays narrator did not have an opportunity to
one of the key roles in discovery of the meet her and to talk about his brother.
character of the hero and in opening the Even once when the narrator met her in
idea, though she does not actively take the street, he could not come up to her,
part in the maintenance of events. and he saw the reason of it in her eye-
Claire becomes an ideal friend for the catching thoughtfulness[10, p.60].
writer- clever, and having a precise im- When we pay attention, we see that the
agination [10, p.62]. Even Staci Shiff in phrases that the author uses about
her novel devoted to V.Nabukov and his Claire are elaborated very masterly cre-
wife Vera, compares Claire with Vera ating a symbol of the love and separa-
drawing attention to the proximity be- tion on a womans face. This is one of
tween the [12, p.66]. We come across it the most significant aspects of V.Nabo-
in different points in the novel: You kovs creative activity. Claire is a friend
hardly hold yourself not imagining Vera of Sebastian Knight, a woman regulat-
in the image of Claire in Sebastian ing and discussing his literary works,
Knights real life [12, p.84]. Really, as helping him. The meeting of the heroes
we see the proximity between Sebastian is evaluated in a very original form:
Knight character and V.Nabokov, it is Claire entered his life without knock-
possible to observe closeness between ing the door; as a man looks like his
Vera and Claire who deeply understood room, as a man enters a wrong room.
both spiritual world, feelings, and crea- She forgot the doorway and remained in
tivity conception of the hero. Vera de- the room, got adapted to strange things
voted herself completely to the creative that she had found in the room, alt-
work of her husband [13, p.7]. Claire is hough being surprised, she loved them
a woman whom Sebastian Knight loved and took care of them. She had no spe-
and lived with her for a certain period of cial purpose for being happy or making
time. Claire, whom the narrator had Sebastian happy, she had never got de-
met only once in Paris and remembered pressed concerning for her future.
her as she had a silent beauty[10, s.8] Problem was that she accepted the life
although being a character being able to only with Sebastian, because a life with-
understand the real life of the hero, the out him was as unbelievable as a tent
84
built on one of the hills of the Moon be dangerous; but still thinking that it
[10, p.62]. Not clinging to the real sides was a temporary trouble and that eve-
of life, not converting the conditions to rything will be all right with time she
the dependences and the feeling of hu- comforted herself [10, p.80-81]. The
mor, according to Claire, helped to get relations between Sebastian Knight and
adapted to Sebastians way of life. The Claire came to an end in 1929 during his
narrator considered that her under- months rest in Bleiberg according to
standing Sebastians all actions in de- the advice of his cardiologist Dr.Gates
tails was her special miracle [10, after he became ill. Sebastian decided to
p.64]. Here, one of the issues drawing go to this trip alone. As his life was com-
attention is a mutual understanding being to an end, the heros living began to
tween the heroes. A unity of souls con- be wrapped in even more dark colors.
necting Sebastian, who was not ac- The narrator writes that his brothers
cepted by everyone, or was not able to thoughts in his this stage of life are re-
continue communication to everyone, flected in his Suspicious lily book:
with Claire, was not real, it was a com- The book was a fog wrapping the hori-
pliance between their lives. However, zons. Some time later the features will
these relations have continued within a begin to emerge and it will come out to
certain period of time and ended. Be- be a coast [10, p.81]. The relations
cause Claire could not fully enter to the coming to an end with entry of another
heros life. Sebastians out-of-frame woman to his life in the process of
character showed itself in his attitude to events was just a visible side of the rela-
Claire also. The events which were ex- tions between Sebastian and Claire. The
pressed as Sebastians world of illu- writer wrote this issue in an original
sions, but actually, were conditionally way, and added a love letter from the
named an illusion and were directed to story Lost thing to this part of the
clear up the way to real life of the writer, novel. The narrator saying that the let-
did not evade from Claires attention, ter of the hero of the novel perhaps was
too: She felt that somethings were not a kind of cypher expressing some truth
in an order, and that Sebastians break in the relations with Claire [10, p.88],
off from his imaginary life plain could actually, indicates to V.Nabokovs style
85
and creativity manner, helps to under- thoughts about Russia in the novel. The
stand the novel more clearly with his descriptions about Russia firstly appear
theoretical and aesthetic thoughts. The in the scene when Sebastian Knights
letter says: I have never stopped loving family was escaping from this country
you; but somethings happened in my and it is said that in 1918, when they
heart, and I cannot see you in the fog were running from the country Russia
anymoreGood bye, my unfortunate was in the most unrestful period when
beloved. I will never forget you, and I the borders were being closed [10,
will not give your place to anyone else p.18]. Different thoughts and feelings
It is the only truth; I had been happy are experienced during leave of mother
with you, now I am crawling towards and two brothers the country, and the
that unity [10, p.88]. narrator pays attention to Sebastian
V.Nabokov appreciates love Knights feelings: During our escape,
highly: There is only one true thing; no matter in how terrible condition
only one. And it seems that this unique- Russia was, I dont believe Sebastians
ness is called love. [10,p.119]. A Rus- feeling the yearning that we all had in
sian woman entering to Sebastian our hearts. After all, it was his home-
Knights life towards the end of his life land. On another hand, it was an envi-
plays a key role for the narrator to un- ronment created by cultural and gentle
derstand the real life of the hero. The people with good faith who were sent to
narrators searching of that woman a death just because for their existence.
emerges as a continuation of a brighter In his youth years his sad thoughtful-
line of Sebastian Knights Russian affil- ness, his romantic and between us, a bit
iation. Towards the end of the events, artificial longing for the native land of
the hero fell in love with a Russian his mother, I am sure, did not hinter his
woman and unlike the previous ones love to the country in which he was born
the last letter that he wrote to his and grew up [10, p.20]. As we have
brother was in Russian. Which idea in noted for several times, the main plot of
the novel has been coded with all these? the novel has been established in a very
In order to bring a light to this question, original and interesting way. The narra-
one should pay attention to writers tors thoughts have been given in
86
parallel with the samples given from Se- he had forgotten Russian. But the lan-
bastian Knights works on the same guage is something alive, organic, it
topic. Here also a sample from the cannot be forgotten so easily. Although,
heros Lost thing story has been given. his English has developed perfectly, but
We feel the longing between Sebastian I keep to my opinion that if he began to
Knights cold-blooded behavior and writing activity in Russian, he would be
manner who used to say I have always able to do away with the language prob-
thought that an exile is one of the most lemsI hold in my hand a letter that he
exciting form of a mans longing for the has written short before his death. In
country he was born [10, p.20]. In the spite of the beautiful meanings that he
novel an attitude to the writers bilin- conveyed in his books, this short letter
gual creative activity has also been gives something that he has never ex-
shown in an original way. It is known pressed in EnglishIt is in Russian
that V.Nabokov wrote his works in Rus- [10,p.64-65]. These thoughts stated by
sian and English. The works that the the narrator are V.Nabokovs apprecia-
writer has written in both languages are tions about himself, the reflection of his
distinguished with rich expression modest attitude to his language choice
means and style qualities. Being his first and their level. Unlike the other works
novel in English, this novel is in a sig- belonging to American period, in the
nificant place in the writers transition novel Sebastians Knights real life the
of language mind. His first novel in feelings for the native land have been
English Sebastian Knights real life given in more vivid form. About speak-
was the result of his everlasting doubts ing Sebastian Knights imaginary world,
and troubles, because he refused from the narrator reminds the sunset behind
his native Russian language [14, p.11]. Russias fir-tree forests and expresses
In the novel also, the narrator pays at- his longing saying I would give every-
tention to the language issue: ...Sebas- thing to live these memories again [10,
tians Russian is better than his English p.38]. At the same time, the thoughts
and more appropriate to Sebastian. I about Russia have been clearly ex-
am sure that not speaking Russian for pressed in the novel where Sebastian
five years he made himself believe that Knight gave a great importance to the
87
feeling of freedom. The thoughts about reading the letter, the narrator gets ex-
exile, political immigration have been cited, becomes surprised that he has
given in more clear way in Sebastian never received such kind of letter from
Knights Suspicious Lily story which his brother, approaching to this issue
has been presented in the novel in the very sensitively, he tries to set off as
form of samples. An attentive reader soon as possible, however, fails due to
can see the most important points his work. At the night of the day when
emerging among thoughts and opinions he has received the letter he sees his
of the author of the novel, the narrator brother in his dream. Being very dra-
and Sebastian Knight appearing as a matic and sad, the dream indicated to
continuation and answer of one another Sebastians death and the last words he
in a logical way. In Suspicious Lily wanted to say to his brother. S. Freud
story Sebastian Knight writes The only writes in his work called About
thing I am sure of is that I will never dreams: Sometimes when we are on
change my exile, my freedom to that ru- the eve of a journey to somewhere, in
ined world called motherland [10, our dream we see that we have already
p.19]. In the above-mentioned work the reached the placein other cases the
name of Russia or another country is dream does not express the real and
not mentioned, the hero of the story true realization of the wish; at that time
has escaped from a country full of terror one should build some relation to com-
and horror which is not named [10, prehend that secret wish, or to conclude
p.19]. All the lines drawn around Sebas- a result [9, p.23]. The narrators dream
tian Knight come to a common point at is on one hand expressed his wish to be
the end of the story. Early death of the able to see his brother as soon as possi-
hero caused from a heart disease that ble, on another hand an accident which
the hero was suffered from unites all has been presented in a horrible way
separate lines of the plot of the novel. and its result, Sebastians disease, his
As we have mentioned before, before invalid appearance, his gradual disap-
his death Sebastian Knight writes a let- pearance, broken echoes of the words
ter expressing his wish to see his he wanted to say to them when he was
brother and to talk to him. While going away from them symbolized the
88
heros death. The dream reflected the Knight was one of the writers who
narrators psychological state involving wanted with an effort to make a bridge
his wishes, excitement and sufferings to over the abyss between thinking and ex-
see his brother for the last time. It was pressing [10, p.64]: So, only thinking
not accidental that S.Freud writes in his which is considered bare, actually, is
work Problems of Metapsychology: not more than a thought that waits to
We should look at the study of a dream gain a form it needs for. On another
as the most reliable way of deep psycho- hand, the words which are emerging in
logical processes [8, p.83]. The next the far, and again getting lost, are not
letter comes from a doctor informing hollow shells as they have been consid-
that Sebastian Knights state is very des- ered; they are simply waiting for the
perate and incurable. At this time the thoughts that they hide to flame them
narrator sets off with a wish to see his [10, p.64]. S.Freud writes in his work
brother for the last time and to have a Crowd phycology and analysis of a hu-
chance to meet and to talk to him before man I that the practice of a tongue
his death. The last chapter of the novel even in its whims remains loyal to a real-
is accompanied with stressful mood of ity [7, p.54]. Real appearance of the aes-
the hero and one of the thoughts that thetic thoughts that we have set samples,
the writer stated throughout the novel we observe in narrators excitement to
longing that cannot be conveyed, word say the words before the death. However
that cannot be said- is reflected with all the narrator was not able to say his
its bareness. Internal logical subse- words to his brother, Sebastian Knight
quence of the novel becomes to get clar- passes away before his arrival. Sebastian
ified here and generally, towards the Knights death is evaluated as his com-
end of the story. Yet in the description prehension of the real life, the narrators
of previous events of the novel the nar- finding the truth he has been searching
rator researching Sebastian Knights at- for. The love between the brothers that
titude to the word and thought with a had not been expressed finds its reflec-
critical eye expressed his conclusions in tion after Sebastian Knights death. The
regard with the above mentioned issue. narrator who begins to write a book
According to the author, Sebastian about his brother two months later after
89
his brothers death, expresses his feel- of the novel to the knight figure on the
ings in such a way: the love that I have chessboard? We have not met in the re-
always experienced for him during his searches anything about this thought.
life, but was prevented in one or another Generally, there exists a venue where
way, blazed out after his death so the heroes of V. Nabokovs novel play.
strongly that all my work turned into Revitalization of life as a theatre is a tra-
fading shadows [10, p.25]. According ditional way. There can be various as-
to the writer, a strange adaptation pects and reasons for bringing the life
called a human death [10, p.25] takes on a chessboard plane. Here, the first
away all formal relations between the aspect coming to the foreground is
people, however at the same time, there logics. Sebastian Knights real life is a
appears a soul unity. Emergence of novel where the thoughts, words and
unspoken words and unexpressed feel- actions have been built in a very serious
ings after the death confirms this logical way. The scene here cannot be
thought. Because, as the writer wrote, imagined only as a theater scene, be-
it is just a physical death. Here we cause mathematical mind, logical ap-
should note that we do not agree with proach, and metaphysical thinking also
Rustam Kamals thought that Nabo- show them vividly. From this point of
kovs world is a world of games, shad- view, chess figures being taken as a
ows and mirages. It is metaphysics of symbol draws attention as an original
poverty and futility. Nabokovs charac- and interesting literary manner. Re-
ters as if lack soul [2, p.12]. The events garding the question, Why namely
telling about Sebastian Knights death knight figure?, the knight figure, un-
are given in parallel with the descrip- like the other figures, can jump over
tion of his novel Suspicious Lily. Here, other figures. Towards the end of the
two issues attract attention; the first is a novel, in the sample set from Suspi-
death motif, another is chess figures cious Lily story, this issue has also been
about which we have spoken at the be- touched, there is such a part in the
ginning of the work. At first, lets pay at- work: We observe an old and kind-
tention to the first issue. What does the hearted chess player called Schvarz who
writer mean by resembling the heroes tries to teach the movements of the
90
knight to an orphan boy sitting in a than a twisted rope; for the nails they
house, in a room, on a chair [10, seem to be never resolved, but consists
p.136]..It is not accidental that when the of only subtle rings going ahead lazily.
narrator secretly looked through Sebas- When unskilled fingers remain in
tians black school copy-book with his blood, eyes resolve it. He (a dying man)
poems in English yet when he was six- is this node and if he can track the yarn
teen, these poems were written with the with his eyes, they will be resolved all
name of the figure Knight: One de- together. Not only himself, everything
tail has remained in my memory, it was will be resolved [10, p.139]. Sebastian
the fact that under each poem there was Knights death leads to resolution of all
drawn a little black knight figure [10, events taking place around him and the
p.13]. Generally, the issue of chess fig- heros real life. It is a unity of souls, a
ures was one of the literary styles that spiritual proximity connecting the he-
V.Nabokov did not want to clarify. roes, the main idea and essence of the
From this point of view, Rustam Kamal novel emerges in this point. The narra-
rightly wrote: Nabokov knew the chess tor says: I do not know what secret he
well, in all his creative work there is had, but I have understood it, and it is
chess figure logic: But only he himself the following; the soul is not something
knew the rules [2, p.11]. As we have more than a creation form, if you track
mentioned before, towards the end of the waves of any soul, it can be yours.
the novel, while setting samples from The life after the death is perhaps an op-
Sebastian Knights Suspicious Lily portunity to live mentally in a plenty
story, the words a man is dying is of- number of souls. Then, I am Sebastian
ten repeated. When the cyphers began Knight [10, p.159]. The writer tries to
to be decoded towards the end, this express that when there is a soul unity,
phrase codifies Sebastian Knights the conventionalities in the life scene
death. The author finds an absolute acquire a relative character, as a form
resolution in the above-mentioned the body loses its significance, only soul
work, it was resolution of the nodes determines the personality. Because of
with Sebastian Knights death: The it, the novel ends in these words: I am
most mixed node is not something more Sebastian, or Sebastian is me, or maybe
91
both of us are another man whom we V.Nabokovs thoughts in the novel are
dont know [10, p.160]. So, in the Se- divided between the narrator and the
bastian Knights example, a real man writer Sebastian Knight who is the hero
which hides behind the writer are the of the novel. But it is not the collection
persons having soul unity. As it seems, of different thoughts; the same idea is
the novel Sebastian Knights real life completed with the narrators and
has a very complex structure, at the heros words in a logical way. The novel
same time, has a plot built systemati- is important from this point of view.
cally, on a logical sequence. The first V.Nabokov tries to say that unity of
significant condition of investigation of souls, if it has similar manifestations in
the work is the manner of approach and minds, differences among the writers
ability to track the internal connections will disappear and Sebastian Knight,
between thoughts and words. Other- the narrator and Nabokov express the
wise, description of events and research same idea.
of ideas do not let to get a correct result.
References
1. Freud Z. The future of an illusion. Fromm E. Psychoanalysis and religion,

Baku: Baku University publishing house, 2004.
2. Kamal R. Creativity as a game of loneliness // Nabokov V. Selected works,
Baku: East-West, 2010, p. 5-13.
3. Ozguven F. Vladimir Nabokov, stanbul: Contact means, 2013, 216 p.
4. Anastasyev N, Phenomenon of Nabokov, .: Soviet writer, 1992, 320 p.
5. Ibrahimova Ch., V.Nabokovs creative work and American modernist novel of
the XX century, Dissertation for search of doc.fil. on philology, Baku, ASUL,
2013.
6. Freud S. Crowd psychology and analyses of human I, .: Academic project,
2011, 122 p.
7. Freud S. Problems of metapsychology, .: st, Moscow publishing house,
2010, 110 p.
8. Freud S. About dream, Ast. Moscow publishing house, 2010, 109 p.
92
9. Foster J. B. Nobakov's Art of Memory and European Modernism, Princeton,

New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1945.
10. Nabokov V. The real life of Sebastian Knight. Nabokov V. Novels and Memoirs
1941-1951, New York, Literary Classics of the United States, 1996.
11. David S.Rutledge. Nabokovs permanent mystery. The expression of meta-
physics in his work, McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers, North Caro-
lina, 2011.
12. Shiff S. Vera (Miss Vladimir Nabokov ), .: Kolibri, 2010, 672 p.
13. Kirilchenko O. From the translator. Shiff S.Vera (iss Vladimir Nabokov), .:
Kollibri, 2010, p. 3-12.
14. Vladimir Nabokov. Laura and her original, Saint Petersburg, Publishing Group
Alphabet classics, 2010, 105 p.
93
Burgundian lands
in the face of French aggression in 1477
by Chrisopher S. Pelling
University of Illinois, USA
DOI: 10.1163/18775462X77yy00302017
ISSN: 1877-5454 E-ISSN: 1877-5462
Description military conflicts took most of the Medieval-postglacial chroni-

cles. Burgundy historians pursued the purpose of glorifying the exploits of the
Knights. However, the events that followed the death of Charles the Bold at Nancy
in 1477, showed that many members of the second class devoted to the interests of
Burgundy home or advocated idiomatic with the king, while the citizens are ac-
tively defended Mary of Burgundy. Zhan Moline, who described the events of that
period, "chromo key" and prosimetrum "Shipwreck of the Virgin", clearly demon-
strated the inability of "decrepit nobility" to perform its functions and the pursuit
of "Community" to defend the rights of the Duchess.
Keywords: The nobility, townspeople, Zhan Moline, betrayal, the French in-
vasion.
"That the great deeds committed historical writings reveal eulogies that
during the wars between France and class, whose mission, according to the
England, were marked in a dignified first official historian Bur gun home
manner recorded in the eternal memory Georges shuttle surpasses all other
of the tablets, where the noble people goals social groups, as it is to provide a
could draw examples, I wish to take up minute of order, protection of the
their description in the pro-se "1- so be- church and the Christian religion3. The
gins the chronicle of Zhan Froissart. second official historian Zhan Moline
Chroniclers, TVO-RIVSH at the court of Burgundy house sees the appointment
the Dukes of Burgundy, Philip the of his work is to write the names of the
Good, and Karla Bold2, Continued the knights in the "martyrdom of honor,
tradition of his predecessor. Their that they were able to live after death"4.
94
Claiming that the first sub-Whig knight reforms of Charles VII7. The same de La
occurred in heaven, when the archangel Marche,
Michael cast Lucifer Moline describes Specifically, one of the first high-
the daily exploits of the earth ruts Rey, lighted the role of foot soldiers in bat-
seeking to protect the common good tle8.
and not regretting for that of their lives. on the other hand, it should be
That's what feats he intends to devote noted that studied drill-gundskie
his chronicle5. Wanting to tell readers chroniclers belonged to the school of
about the events noteworthy, Olivier de the great poetical rhetoric, which look
la Marche it focuses on pro-slavlenii at the historical process is imbued with
chivalry: describes tournaments wit- a deep pessimism9. History sees him as
nessed NE-lyalsya, chivalrous exploits keep-schayasya damage society and
on the battlefield. Such a vision of the morality of a person, first of all sover-
historian's task is inherent and Mon- eigns, which ultimately determine the
strele6. fate of his subjects10. Chronicle Georges
However, not only the desire to shuttle begins with an all-ma sad pic-
sing knightly prowess is due to in- ture of total chaos. Everywhere, as the
creased attention to the description of author writes, rampant disorder, tyr-
the chroniclers of war. Military con- anny. The subjects did not obey their
flicts, whether the battle of the Hundred great-Applicant rulers do not care about
Years War, the first-Worldwide, cities his people, the clergy committed to lux-
uprisings, armed conflicts accession ury and chasing vain glory. Humanity
Dukes of new territories, formed the ba- degenerates Xia, which is confirmed by
sis of the narrative in the chronicles of endless wars, conflicts, epidemics the
that era. success of the main enemy of the Chris-
Many Burgundian authors (eg, tian world - the Grand Turkeleven. The
Olivier de la Marche, Zhan Lefevr de reader is presented is quite traditional
Saint-Remy, Jean de Henin) just tak- for that era painting in the eschatologi-
ing-whether participation in hostilities, cal tones, predicted the imminent end
what, in our opinion, can be explained of the world12. In addition, the general
by a thread that much attention they picture of the disasters caused by wars,
paid to the description of these events. exacerbated by the fratricide - the death
In addition to messages about what of two members of the royal house
they saw with their own eyes chroni- newly-Lyudovika Orleanskogo and
clers notice various aspects of the or- Jean-sky Burgundus, the ensuing pro-
ganization of the army and warfare. For longed war between Armagnac and
example, Olivier de la Marche, and al- Bourguignon.
most all the other Burgundian chro- This vision of the modern world
grained write about the military of not only ve likim rhetoric, but other
authors Burgundy. Noble se-Niort and
95
statesman, Philip the Good Counsel, those knights whose deeds sang Bur-
Gugo De Lannoy13, Author of several gundian chroniclers, and townspeople.
didactic treatises, in the prologue of his Installation on a description of
"Institutes of true nobility," writes the exploits of brave knights and their
about the disaster-ies that cause end- some chroniclers-governmental disdain
less war and the failure soslo-viyami its for representatives of Tre-tego
functions14 great rhetoric, describes a class16In particular, to the citizens,
war in his The historically-ing or poetic partly you, the title of the city's numer-
works, and government officials, who ous uprisings contributed negative per-
had to personally participate in the bat- ception and description of the qualities
tles, and then re-wear to the pages of his of citizens, including
memoirs and treatises seen, one thing like warriors. Proper conduct of
in common - the military events took the war was not their stvennoj By di-
them more than periods dy of the world, rect-duty. However, in the later Middle
although the ideal they saw it in the ac- Ages prois-goes-known transformation
quisition of the world, whether it be techniques army recruitment
peace between France and Burgundy or It stands out as a separate infan-
peace between the Christian-mi states, try troops17. At the same time, repre-
through which can be realized credit- sentatives of non-noble estates have
Stow campaign against the Turks, the also qualify
conquest of Constantinople. One of the main functions of the
Review of the problem of war and nobility - with military servi-like. It
peace in the works of the Burgundian seems to have led to a kind of descrip-
chroniclers may take place in different tion of burgundy-sky chroniclers abili-
keys and cover different aspects of per- ties of other classes, especially the citi-
ception and description of them is zens, to fight18.
mainly the war, for the world, as evi- It makes no sense to dwell on how
denced by vyskazy-Bani Burgundy au- Burgundy authors have described the
thors cited above, was an ideal state of exploits of knights represented the epit-
society, but at the same time elusive. In ome of church-Broste, valor and nobil-
this article I would like to focus is given ity - it is evident from the above quoted
to the description of the events that fol- shihsya-lines from the prologue of their
lowed the death of Charles the Bold at works. However, we give an example.
Nancy, 5 January 1477 First of all it con- Zhan Moline admiringly describes the
cerns the story Zhana Moline15 disaster behavior of Seor de Bevra, led the de-
of the common people as a result of the fense of Saint-Omer. Valor-tion knight,
French invasion in the land of Bur- most care about their honor and loyalty
gundy house, the heir who is the only to the lord, did not yield to the black-
daughter of the Duke of Mariya Bur- mail of Louis the XI, threatened to exe-
gundskaya, and the actions of classes - cute his father - the great Burgundy
96
Antoine bastard, locat-flown to a pris- peuple), forced to suffer from the ex-
oner of the King - and not handed over cesses of the soldiers of Louis XI. Offi-
to the French city19. cial chronicler paints a frightening pic-
However, the chronicle is not ex- ture: zavoevate-if subjected to destruc-
hausted solely by the exploits of the tion and looting captured the city, killed
Knights, who are often opposed to cru- and raped their inhabitants, sparing
elty and recklessness fought against neither women nor children nor the el-
their citizens. The realities of war forced derly. Taken prisoner being subjected
them to depart from the rules of chiv- to severe torture, compared with which
alry, these-ki20Which they followed death seems better share23. Moreover,
during numerous Turnu ditch, held in the invaders did not stop the wrath of
the possession of the Dukes of Bur- God: they are destroying churches and
gundy. In armed clashes with rebels cit- killing priests. The army of the French
izens are not chivalrous ethic deter- king, according to Molyneux, destroy-
mines the behavior on the battlefield. ing not only locks, walls, keep, but
On numerous massacres of citizens and
ruin Goro-ing report the very Burgun- "Fought" with the grain fields, in
dian authors intending pi sat only wor- order to deprive the citizens of Ma-rii
thy of imitation actions21. In the same Burgundy livelihood. Official historian
time the rebels did not spare his oppo- describing-Vaeth unhappiness simple
nents - not only from among the nobil- peasants, houses and fields which are
ity, but also other classes. For example, ruining the French merchants who can
residents of Ghent, according to not safely trading and risk by losing all
Jacques du Clerc, burned villages, killed his goods24. In July 1477 by order of the
people, including women and children- king was destroyed crops in the fields in
Shin22. the vicinity of Valenciennes and Douai,
Description of the events of the in order to further intimidate citizens
struggle for "Burgundian inheritance" who resisted French-tion Army. The
for-stavlyalo chroniclers few adjust failure of this action aroused the wrath
their attitude to the Third Estate and its of the enemy, co-tory decided to burn
ability to conduct military operations. It the adjacent village and the abbey25.
seems that it is anti-French propaganda Unfortunately, that has a subject of
purpose and direction contributed to Mary of Burgundy War, devoted and
some change in social-tion views of the numerous poetic writings Mo-
authors of Burgundy. line26That compares the suffering sub-
Anti-French pathos chapters jects of Mary with the suffering of Is-
about the invasion of the army of the rael's chosen people, and their pursu-
king in the land of Burgundy, causes ers, the French, the UPR-doblyaet
more detail-shy story Moline disaster of Egyptians and Babylonians27 and calls
the common people (le pauvre menu them servants of Satan, for succumbing
97
to emotions, the chronicler calls the chronicle Moline very good reviews33.
French King Antichrist28. Ludo-Vic the XI, probably wanted to get
Against the background of disas- the count to his service, as evidenced by
ters that have affected the state of Bur- a letter from the King October 16,
gundy Mary subjects, revealing descrip- 147834However, this transition has not
tion of the behavior of classes - the sec- taken place. Interestingly, in the same
ond, whose function has traditionally letter also mentioned Olivier de La
been considered to protect society, Marche. At the moment, we do not have
third, to which the authors of Burgundy any evidence that the agents of the king
treated with known nym neglect 29. negotiated two, no doubt, important
Works Zhana Moline indicate figures at the Burgundy court. How-
that the author is aware of the fact- ever, examples of other court show that
chetlivo betrayal of many representa- any could very well be the case. It is not
tives ari-hundred times immediately af- clear, and the motives which deter-
ter the death of Charles the Boldthirty. mined their final choice in favor of the
The official historian and memoirist Burgundian camp. Drew-goy highly re-
Olivier de La Marche bitterly notes that spected representative of a large nobil-
many notable people enjoyed the favor ity - Filipp De Crevecoeur - acted differ-
and confidence of the Duke, very ently. Moreover, Moline, talking about
quickly became enemies of Burgundy th the pre-datelstve this lord interests of
house31. Going into the service of the Mary of Burgundy and surrender to the
French king, according to Molyneux, it king of Arras and Abbvilya, actually
was aimed to obtain some benefit, he tries to take off his answer-stvennost for
clearly shows the example of Zhana De this act and to lay all the blame on Louis
Chalon, Prince of Orange, had hoped to XI. According to the chronicler, The
obtain a position as governor of Bur- King's Speech was so convincing that
gundy32. Would-Story promotion of lulled everyone who listened to them35.
French troops and the occupation of the This image-siren King Moline develops
Duchy of Burgundy, Franche-Comt prosimetrum "Shipwreck of the Virgin",
and other land-fold Aristo forced to dedicated-schennom events Franco-
think about their fate and put them in Burgundian wars that followed the
front of heavy di- lemma: Faithfulness death of Charles the Bold36. About a
Burgundy home or oath to the king. The dash of King writes Olivier de La
set-Gia, as it is known, chose the latter, Marche, who had no time to communi-
though there were those who, despite cate with him personally during the nu-
the difficult situation of Burgundy, the merous diplomatic missions37. Louis
state and attempts at, involve them in the XI, while still dauphin, during his
the king's camp, have chosen the side of stay at the court of Philip the Good,
his "natural lord." Such is Filipp De where he fled after a quarrel with his fa-
Croy, comte de Chimay for-deserves to ther, Charles VII of, started to build a
98
network of acquaintances among the their official-cial historian, a great zeal

Burgundian elite. After becoming king, in the fight against the French invasion.
he continued to draw his service intro- Emotionally and eloquently called it
duced her-teley using them, including "Odryah-handed nobility (Noblesse
in the fight against Charles the Bold. Af- debilite), it being under the influence-
ter his death, the king used every means Niemi promises of Louis the XI, called
to divert people from it useful Burgun- upon to reach an agreement with the
dian camp - threats, bribes, promises King. "Decrepit nobility" - one of the
high positions, as well as the failures major person-ments already mentioned
surrounding Ma-rii Burgundy or a prosimetrum "Shipwreck Virgin" along
struggle for influence within it. It does with the "true heart" and "community."
not always It acted, as was shown above The latter is Xia collective image of ur-
in the example Senora de Bev-pa, the ban residents, Mo Lnea is presented in
great son of Antoine bastard. The case the traditional manner, characteristic of
of Philip Po, Seora de La Rosh, shows medieval cart-view on the purpose and
that Louis XI mind-lo used disagree- characteristics of this class - the lowest
ment with Burgundy court, which re- social group destination, compared
sulted in Philip Poe was deprived of the with the nobility, non-rational, rough
post of captain of Lille, Douai and brutal42. However, it is, rather
Orsha and was actually forced to than the nobility was not as responsive
retire from the court38To attract to its to the admonitions of sirens Sent by the
service. In September 1477 he was ap- whale, who was unable to go to destroy
pointed Senio Mr. de La Rosh, with the ship with the help of a huge army of
whom he had known since the time of sea monsters43. Under the whale with-
your stay at Burgundy yard39, Great out a doubt, it is possible to guess the
Seneschal of Burgundy40. French king, who sought to capture the
However, not all traitors Moline legacy of Mary of Burgundy. Moline fig-
inclined to excuse. In most cases, it is uratively, but it is understandable for
not only condemns the actions his contemporaries tells how this whale,
pereshed-Shih to the enemy, but also you get the desired military means,
notes many crossing the depravity-tors. tried to cheat and had sent a ship lo-
For example, Pen de la Plaza, a native of cated on a small dolphin, accompanied
Hainaut, has committed two murders by sirens44. Dolphin symbolized the
and exiled for these crimes with the Dauphin of France, son of Louis
homeland, and now at the head of the XI45And siren - negotiations that
French squad robbing the local popula- started the king. Their goal - marriage
tion41. between Mary and the dauphin, by
But there was another part of the which the king hoped in luchit Burgun-
nobility, which has not moved openly to dian inheritance. Responding to the
the king, but did not show, according to sweet the song of the sirens, "decrepit
99
nobility" calls on the Virgin throw-Xia with koro-lem or goes to his side. This
in the jaws of the whale, and to find thus is most clearly shown to them by the ex-
salvation, while rough "On-ness", con- ample of a large aristocracy of Bur-
stantly reproach to know, but at the gundy46 and Franche-Comt47.
same time faithful to her mistress, Against the backdrop of betrayal
fiercely opposed attempts to second- nobility glorification deserve Goro da
class pass-hsia at the mercy of the en- resisting superior to their garrisons, as
emy. Referring to the nobility, "Com- enemy forces about. This, for example,
munity" reproach him of not fulfilling the city of Aven48 and Conde49. It
its purpose: instead of defending the gorozha-not, merchants and other resi-
common good, and representatives of dents of the town of Saint-Omer, ac-
other social classes, they rob the peas- cording to Molyneux, in his heart were
ants and townspeople. St. Andrew's cross. After its reconquest
Like many other poetic works in everywhere were heard cries of "Long
Moline, prose-meter "Shipwreck of the live Burgundy!"50. Bo-Lee, the towns-
Virgin" in common with the events de- people as "Community" in the "ship-
scribe sleigh-author in "Chronicle". The wreck of the Virgin", constantly accused
reproach of "community", addressed to of treason and nobles did not trust
"decrepit nobility" is not only the posi- them, because many of them have de-
tion of the Goro-Jean, but also of the of- clared themselves French51. This situa-
ficial historian, who in the pages of his tion forced the chroniclers with even
historical work have, on whom he could greater urgency to glorify those who
really rely la Mariya Burgundskaya in have been faithful "Burgundy business"
the difficult period. Fierce opposition remained true "Burgundy". For exam-
cities and ambiguous behavior of the ple, the matron Minon du Molen, who
nobility-catching lyalo take another was so devoted to Burgundy, I hated the
look at their function in society. How- French. Capturing the town in which
ever, it is Ob-yasnyalos likely the most she lived, and learned about it, they
critical situation, which turned Burgun- popy talis force her to shout "Long live
dian state. Subsequent urban Boc the king!" But even under pain of death,
pitched against Maksimiliana Gabs- she cried out as follows: "Long live the
burga and Mary's heirs did not contrib- king by the grace of the devil!"52
ute to any whatsoever fundamental re- However, being true to its task to
vision of views Burgundian writers on glorify knighthood Molina finds and
urban class quality. However, during those of its representatives who retain
the fight against the French aggression ver-ness of Burgundy home and have a
in the cities townspeople Molinet, for desperate resistance to the conquerors.
example, sees the main supporters of These "Roland Olivier," he strongly
the drill-gundskoy authorities, while PREVOZI-wear - is the comparison
aware chooses the path of agreement with the characters, famous for his
100
loyalty, it was to capture them in the numerous poetic make-niyah noted

memory of future generations. Senor that the organization of resistance to
Taco, you mentioned above and Bevr de the enemy became, nods with a lot of
Comte de Chimay or Senor D'Arcy, who difficulties, which began the transition
led the uprising against the French in to the king many members of the aris-
Arras 53. tocracy or the desire of some members
The entry of troops of Louis XI in Mary environment go on peregovo
the territory belonging-Chiyah Bur- Temperature and concessions to Louis
gundy house, and the rapid conquest of XI. At the same time fierce resistance to
the Duchy Burgun-Diya, Picardy, and a the French besieged cities or uprising
number of other lands were regarded it has already captured the cities men-
as an aggression by those who remained tioned in the "Chronicle" and figura-
loyal to the heiress of Charles the Bold, tively in prosimetrum "Shipwreck of the
which was clearly reflected in the writ- Virgin", made Moline and third-soslo
ings of Burgundy authors, first of all Wii to see the true defender of Bur-
Zhana Moline. Official chronicler and gundy house.
historicized-parameter writing and in
Notes
1. Jean Froissart Chronicles. 1325-1340 / Ed. MV Anikieva. SPb .: Because in

the St. Petersburg University, 2008. V. 1. P. 23.
2. We are talking about the so-called Burgundian chronicler Georges Shatlene
school, Zhane Moline, Olivier de La Marche, and others. On it, see. Eg .:
Devaux J. L'historiographie bourguignonne, une historiographie aveug-
lante? // La cour de Bourgogne et l'Europe. Le rayonnement et les limites
d'un model culturel / Sous la dir. de W. Para-vicini. Ostfildern: Jan Thor-
becke Verlag, 2013. P. 83-96; Aseynov RM Historical culture at the court of
the Dukes of Burgundy: the question of "Burgundian school" // court cul-
ture in the Renaissance / Ed era. Ed. LM Bragin. M .: DFB SPAN (in press).
3. Chastellain G. uvres / Ed. J. Kervyn de Lettenhove. Bruxelles, 1863-1865.
Vol. 6. P. 416-417.
4. Molinet J. Chroniques / Ed. G. Doutrepont et O. Jodogne. Bruxelles, 1935-
1937. Vol. 2. P. 592.
5. Ibid. P. 589-590.
6. Monstrelet E. de. Chroniques / Ed. J.-A.-C. Buchon. P., 1875. P. 2.
7. See .: La Marche O. de. Mmoires / Ed. H. Beaune et J. d'Arbaumont. P.,
1883-1888. Vol. 1. P. 61; Clercq J. du. Mmoires / Ed. F. de Rei enberg.
101
Bruxelles, 1835-1836. Vol. 2. P. 395-396; Escouchy M. d '. Chronique / Ed.

G. du Fresne de Beaucourt. P., 1863-1864. Vol. 1. P. 55-56.
8. La Marche O. de. Op. cit. Vol. 3. P. 89-90.
9. See .: Devaux J. Jean Molinet indiciaire bourguignon. P .: Champion, 1996.
P. 71.
10. See., Eg., A fragment of "Chronicles" Jacques Chatelet, where the official
historian razocha-Rowan in Charles the Bold and Louis the XI, blames all
sovereigns in the vicious-sti and ignoring their direct duties (Chastellain G.
Op. Cit. Vol. 5. P. 476-477).
11. Ibid. Vol. 1. P. 10-11.
12. See .: J. Huizinga, Autumn of the Middle Ages / Ed. DV Silvestrov. M .: Iris
Press, 2002.
13. The question of authorship of "Instructions in true nobility" is still unre-
solved. However, recent studies B. erased very convincing-tion, in our opin-
ion, show that it was the author Gugo De Lan-LSA. See .: Sterchi B. Hugues
de Lannoy, auteur de l'Enseignement de vraie noblesse, de l'Instruction
d'un jeune prince et des Enseignements paternels // Le Moyen Age. 2004.
14. 110. P. 79-117.
15. L'Enseignement de vraie noblesse. Koninklke Bibliotheek van Belgi (Bib-
liothque royale de Belgique). KBR 11047. Fol. 5r-6v.
16. In general, the issue is analyzed in the works of J. Devo and E. Busmara.
See .: Devaux J. Jean Molinet, indiciaire bourguignon. P. 116-119, passim;
Bousmar E. Duchesse de Bourgogne ou "povre desole pucelle"? Marie face
Louis XI dans les chapitres 45 et 46 des Chroniques de Jean Molinet //
Jean Molinet et son temps / Dir. J. Devaux,
17. Doudet, E. Lecuppre-Desjardin. Turnhout: Brepols, 2013. P. 97-113.
18. On social ideas of medieval French authors see. Eg .: Mali Yu-ning Political
thought of the late medieval France XIV-XV centuries. SPb .: Publishing
house of the St. Petersburg University Press, 2000, pp 93-152.
19. This see. Eg .: Khachaturian NA XIII- estate monarchy in France
20. XV centuries. M .: High school, 1989. pp 156-167.
21. Learn more about views Burgundian chroniclers about the functions of the
nobility and the urban classes, in particular with regard to military service,
see .: Acey-new RM Knights and townspeople in the views of the Burgun-
dian chroniclers of the hierarchy of the society // hierarchical Middle Ages
/ Ed. Ed. AK Gladkov (in press).
22. Molinet J. Chroniques. Vol. 1. P. 195.
23. Malinin Yu Decree. Op. S. 51-70.
24. For examples, see RM .: Aseynov Knights and townspeople ... (in press); He
is the same. The uprising in Ghent 1452-53 biennium. in Burgundy
102
historiography XV. // Vestn. Moscow University. Ser. 8. History. Number

2. 2008. pp 105-122.
25. Clercq J. du. Op. cit. Vol. 2. P. 70, 72. See. In the papers mentioned in the
footnote of an earlier.
27. Ibid. P. 219-220.
28. Ibid. P. 220-221.
29. See .: Devaux J. Jean Molinet, indiciaire bourguignon. P. 480, passim.
31. Ibid. P. 537-538.
32. See .: Aseynov RM Knights and townspeople ... (in press).
33. A detailed analysis of the theme of betrayal in the "Chronicle" Moline see .:
Devax J. Jean Molinet, indiciaire bourguignon. P. 397-410.
34. Eg .: La Marche O. de. Op. cit. Vol. 3. P. 158.
36. See., Eg .: Ibid. P. 164 247.
37. Louis XI. Lettres choisies / Ed. H. Dubois. P., 1996. P. 389.
39. Ex .: Molinet J. Faictz et Dictz / Ed. N. Dupire. P., 1936-1939. Vol. 1. P. 92-
93.
40. La Marche O. de. Op. cit. Vol. 3. P. 34.
41. Vaivre J.-B. de.Un primitif tir de l'oubli: le panneau de Philippe Pot de
Notre-Dame de Don // Comptes-rendus des sances de l'Acadmie des
Inscription et Belles-Lettres, 149-e anne. Number 2. 2005. P. 843-844.
42. Zhorzh Shatlen indicates interest in King Philip Po. For instance, measures
throughout the celebratory banquet on the occasion of the coronation of
Ludo Vic XI spoke with Philip Po; See .: Chastellain G. Op. cit. Vol. 4. P. 61.
43. Archives dpartementales de la Cte-d'Or. In 17. Fol. 45v.
45. Molinet J. Faictz et Dictz. Vol. 1. P. 79.
46. Ibid. P. 88-92.
47. Ibid. P. 88-89.
48. In French dauphin dolphin and denoted by one word - dauphin.
50. Ibid. P. 179.
51. Ibid. P. 198.
52. Ibid. P. 258.
53. Ibid. Vol. 2. P. 99.
54. Ibid. Vol. 1. P. 218.
55. Ibid. P. 187.
103
56. Ibid. P. 188.
104
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