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Fault
Is a break in Earths crust where slabs of crust slip past each other.
Usually occur along plate boundaries, where the forces of plate motion compress,
pull, or shear the crust so much that the crust breaks.
Rock fractures where a block of rock moves with respect to another, caused by
forces which may be vertical or inclined at an angle.
Fault plane - the plane along which the rock or crustal material has fractured
Hanging Wall Block - the rock material which lies above the fault plane, It is always
above the fault.
Footwall Block - the rock material which lies below the fault plane, It is always under
the fault.
Types of Faults
Normal Fault
Caused by tension forces where plates diverge
The fault is at an angle
One block lies above the fault (hanging wall)
The other block lies below the fault (footwall)
When movement occurs along a normal fault, the hanging wall slips downward
Reverse Fault
Caused by compression forces along convergent plate boundaries
Has the same structure as a normal fault, but blocks move in opposite direction
One side lies at an angle above the other
Where the hanging wall is displaced upward relative to the footwall
OR where the footwall is displaced downward relative to the hanging wall
Strike-slip Fault
Created by shearing along transform boundaries
Rocks on either side of fault slip past each other sideways with little up-or-down
motion
Focus - Location within the earth where fault rupture actually occurs
Epicenter - Location on the surface above the focus
Faults Are Classified According to the Kind of Motion That Occurs on Them:
Joints - No Movement
Strike-Slip - Horizontal Motion
Dip-Slip - Vertical Motion
Tsunami
Probably Caused by Submarine Landslides
Travel about 400 M.p.h.
Pass Unnoticed at Sea, Cause Damage on Shore
Warning Network Around Pacific Can Forecast Arrival
Whether or Not Damage Occurs Depends on:
Direction of Travel
Harbor Shape
Bottom
Tide & Weather
Intensity
How Strong Earthquake Feels to Observer
Depends on:
Distance to Quake
Geology
Type of Building
Observer
Varies from place to place
Mercalli Scale- 1 to 12
Magnitude
Related to Energy Release
Determined from Seismic Records
Rough correlation between the two for shallow earthquakes
Richter Scale:
Related to Energy Release Magnitude-Energy Relation
Exponential 4-1
No Upper or Lower Bounds 5 - 30
Largest Quakes about Mag. 8.7 6 - 900:
1 Megaton = about 7
7 - 27,000
8 - 810,000
A Seismograph Measures Ground Motion at One Instant But --
A Really Great Earthquake Lasts Minutes
Releases Energy over Hundreds of Kilometers
Need to Sum Energy of Entire Record
Modifies Richter Scale, doesn't replace it
Adds about 1 Mag. To 8+ Quakes
TYPHOON
Typhoon
A weather event that is common in the Philippine
A severe weather disturbance
It is developed in the north east pacific ocean
Air mass - a large body of air
Front the boundary between two air masses with different temperature
Warm front air mass that is warmer than a surface
Cold front air mass that is colder than the surface
Tropical depression wind speed less than 63 km/h
Tropical storm wind speed from 63 to 118 km/m
Typhoon wind speed of more than 118 km/h
Weather map
Basic tool of weather forecasting
Shows the pattern of pressure, temperature, humidity and wind speed at different
levels of the atmosphere
Two kinds of weather map:
Surface map made four times a day at 6-hour intervals
Upper air map constructed twice a day at 12-hour intervals
Barometer pressure measurements are done for plotting isobars
Isobars lines on a weather map indicating places around the world that have the
same pressure
Thermometer used for recording the minimum and maximum temperatures
Thermograph a recording thermometer
Sling psychrometer used to measure relative humidity
Two thermometers:
Regular thermometer
Has a water-soaked cotton cloth or muslin wick around its bulb
Hygrograph continuously records relative humidity
Rain gauge measures the amount of rain
Radiosonde measures weather conditions at upper levels of the atmosphere
Radar detects weather conditions at high altitudes