Design for Static Strength

Strength is a property or characteristic of a material or of a

mechanical element
A property which is independent of whether or not the part is
subjected to a load

A static load is a stationary force or moment acting on a

member
Unchanging in magnitude, direction and point of application
Can be an axial tension or compression, a shear load, a bending
load, a torsional load, or any combination of these

It is required to develop the relations between strength and

loads to achieve optimum component dimensions, with the
requirement that the part will not fail in service
The Theory of Static Theories of failure
For the design of a machine element to be accurate, the engineer
should have conducted tests on similar components exactly
under the same loading conditions as the part will experience in
service
Such tests are, in general, costly

The cost of gathering such extensive data is justified only under

conditions where human life is in danger or when the part is to be
manufactured in large number
The fundamental problem of the designer is to use the simple
tension-test data and relate them to the strength of the part,
regardless of the stress state or the loading situation
The essence of Theories of failure is that Whatever is
responsible for failure in a standard tensile test will also be
responsible for failure under all other conditions of static
loading
Various Theories of Failure

Maximum Normal-Stress Theory

Rankine Theory

Maximum Normal-Strain Theory

Saint-Venants Theory

Maximum Shear-Stress Theory

Tresca Theory

Maximum Distortion-Energy Theory

Von Mises Hencky Theory
Maximum Normal-Stress Theory
Maximum Normal-Stress Failure Surface (Biaxial)
Maximum Normal-Stress Failure Surface (Tri-axial)
Maximum-Normal-Strain Theory
Maximum-Normal-Strain Theory (Biaxial)
Maximum Shear-Stress Theory
Maximum Shear-Stress Theory
Maximum Shear-Stress Theory
Maximum Shear-Stress Theory
Then max= 0, and there is
no yielding regardless of
the magnitude of the stress
Plane Stress Condition
Comparison of the major theories of failure for a ductile material
Plot of the major theories for a ductile material of Syt = Syc = 100 ksi
 Failure of Brittle materials

Failure occurs by fracture

Brittle materials do not have a yield strength

Compressive strength is usually many times greater than the

tensile strength

The ultimate torsional strength Sus (i.e. the modulus of rupture,

Tur /J) is approximately the same as the tensile strength
 Failure of Brittle materials (Contd)

Coulomb-Mohr theory
Based on the tensile test and the compression test
Stresses and strengths are related by the equation

1 3 1 0
1
S ut S uc 3 0

Modified Mohr Theory

More accurate in the fourth quadrant of the A-B plot
Less conservative than the Coulomb-Mohr theory
Failure of Brittle materials
 Example

The shaft in the figure is

made of Class 20 cast iron.
The ends are simply-
supported, but are keyed
against rotation. The stress
concentration factor at the
bracket is 2.5. Find the
diameter of the shaft using
maximum normal stress
theory, if the required factor
of safety is 2.25.

(For Class 20 Cast Iron,

ut = 200 MPa)