Risk Management And

Assessment

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Learning Objectives

Upon completion of this topic, students should be

able to:
Design safety and health program to meet the
work place requirements (C5, PLO1)
Perform according to the most current acts
pertinent to the Occupational Safety and
Health (P5, PLO2)

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Scope

Overview of risk and risk assessment

Planning for risk assessment

Risk control

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Industrial Accident Statistics
Overview Of Risk Management And
Risk Assessment

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Definitions
Hazard: A source or a situation with
a potential for harm in terms of human
injury or ill health, damage to property,
damage to the environment or a
combination of these.

Danger: Relative exposure to hazard

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Definitions
Risk: A combination of the likelihood
of an occurrence of a hazardous event
with specified period or in specified
circumstances and the severity of injury
or damage to the health of people,
property, environment or any combination
of these caused by the event.

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Basic Principles Of Risk Management

1. Integrate Risk Management as part of

planning at all levels of business
2. Accept all risks
3. Make risk decisions appropriately
(depending on level of risk)
4. Manage the risk

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The Risk Management Process
The total procedure associated with:

identifying a hazard,

assessing the risk,

putting in place control measures,

and reviewing the outcomes.

HI-RA-RC

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 SOURCES OF HAZARDS

Man Unsafe acts

Machinery Installation, layout and design of
equipment
Materials Substances such as chemicals and
gases use in the workplace
Method The way people carry out their work
Media Workplace condition i.e. air quality,
ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration
etc.

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 Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification Example of Potential Sources of
of Hazards Hazards

Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges,

overload or force a tool beyond its
capabilities and grinding wheel without
guard
Electrical Electrical cord insulation damaged,
electrical face plate or cover broken or
missing and fan cord insulation pulled
loose
Biological Exposed to airborne and blood borne
viruses, bacteria and fungus

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Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification Example of Potential Sources of
of Hazards Hazards

Chemical Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,

sensitizers and corrosive chemicals.

Ergonomics Repeated exposure to unnatural

postures and unnatural movement,
wrong design of workstation, tools and
task.
Psychological Stress, sexual harassment and violent at
work.

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Pre-Assessment
Information Gathering

Information on the facilities, processes and

activities of the organization, including:
Area Map
Site plan(s); own and neighbor
Process flow-charts
Inventory of materials (raw materials, chemicals,
wastes, products, sub-products)
Toxicology and other health and safety data
Monitoring data

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Pre-Assessment
Classifying Work Activities

Geographical areas within/outside the premises;

Stages in a production process, or in the
provision of a service;
Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window cleaning);
Identify the working groups;
Land use; previous property use, future use.

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Methods Of
Identifying Hazards
Review of documents and publications

Inspection and observation at the workplace

Measurement of the atmosphere, monitoring

the environment or medical surveillance of
workers

Hazard Analysis
Document Review

Reports of accidents, accident investigation and

audits

Information from publications

Acts, Regulations and Codes of Practice
Statistics
Handbooks
Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)

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Inspection and Observation

Types of inspections: statutory inspection,

periodic inspection, formal and informal
inspection

Documentation - Checklist and inspection

worksheet (standard approach and record)
Inspection and Observation

Activities - to involve supervisors,

managers and employees

Inspection outcome - to include actions

and timeframes

Ensure follow up on action - to ensure

effectiveness
Exposure Monitoring
Types of monitoring: area and personal
monitoring.

Monitoring of:
Noise
Heat
Radiation
Air contaminants
Chemicals etc.
Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring is a regular measuring
activity where selected validated indicators of
the uptake of toxic substances in the
human body are determined in order to
prevent health impairment.

This form of monitoring could entail

examination of, for example, blood, urine,
saliva and expired air.
Biological Monitoring

Biological monitoring commonly features in

the health or medical surveillance of
persons exposed to hazardous environments
especially complying to legal requirement i.e.
USECHH Regulations 2000 etc.
Medical Surveillance
Health Surveillance is Warranted if:
Substance is used in workplace

Substance is hazardous

Evidence or reason to suspect injury

Atmospheric monitoring insufficient

Hazards Analysis

Method use: (example)

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Fault Tree Analysis etc.

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

Job described in less than 10 steps

Action verb used to describe job

List things that can go wrong

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

Note:
The term JSA includes the formulation of
safe work procedures using written
instructions for workers

May still require other risk controls

Supervisor and workers assist

Ideally all jobs should have a JSA

Hazards And Operability Studies
(HAZOP)

To identify and evaluate safety hazard in

the process plant
To identify operability problems
New design or process
Multidisciplinary brainstorming
What If questionnaire method
Focus on fire, explosion, toxic release etc.
Fault Tree Analysis
To analyse how and why incident could
occur.

Graphic technique - traces branches of

events.

To calculate probability of end event.

Example: Water pumping system

Fault Tree Analysis
No Flow (T)

Pump failure Control valve (C)

failure to regulate
flow of water through
pump

Pump failure (A) Pump failure (B)

(automatic
standby pump)

No water flow occurs if both pumps fail or if the control valve fails.
If the individual initiating event probabilities P(A), P(B), and P(C) are known,
then the probability of P(T) the top or end event can be calculated.
Risk Assessment
What is Risk assessment: The
process of evaluating the risks to
safety and health arising from hazards
at work.
Risk assessment results is
documented and used for:
1. Risk control in OSH management
2. Future reference and review

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Why Carry Out Risk Assessment?

Gives organisations a more effective way of

managing hazards
Requirement of the law e.g.
OSHA 1994, CIMAH Regulations 1996 & USECHH
Regulations 2000
Requirement of OSH management
system standards:
MS 1722:2003,
OHSAS 18001 and
ISO 14001, etc.
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Risk Assessment Should Be Carried
Out For:

Routine and non-routine activities

including emergencies;

Activities of all personnel having access to

the workplace (including subcontractors and
visitors);

Facilities at the workplace, whether

provided-by the organization or others.
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When To Carry Out Risk Assessment

Before Operation

During Operation

After Operation

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When To Review Risk Assessment

Types of review:
initial review, and
periodic review.

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When To Review Risk Assessment

Review whenever there are changes:

internal
Before modification, changes or introduction of new
Materials, machinery or processes, working
procedures,
external
Amendments of national laws and regulations
Developments in OSH knowledge and technology

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Who Will Carry Out Risk Assessment

Person or persons trained to identify hazard

and risk assessment
In some cases legally competent person,
example : Chemical Health Risk Assessor

Consultation with and involvement of

workers
Safety and health committee OR workers and
their representatives

Involvement of supervisors
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Techniques of Risk Assessment

Qualitative Risk Assessment

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

Quantitative Risk Assessment

Determining Severity

Severity in terms of:

Harm to health
Damage to property
Damage to environment
Or the combination of the above
Severity
Determine severity categories i.e.:
Fatality

Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or

damage to health)

Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or

damage to health requiring days off work)

Negligible injuries (first aid)

Determining Likelihood of
Occurrence of Hazard

Based on statistic & data, professional

judgement.

Determine likelihood categories i.e.:

highly likely,
likely,
highly unlikely.
Likelihood

Very likely - could happen frequently

Likely - could happen occasionally

Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely

Highly unlikely - could happen, but probably never

will
 Qualitative Risk Table

Severity Likelihood
Very Likely Likely Unlikely Highly Unlikely
Fatality High High High Medium
Major Injuries High High Medium Medium
Minor Injuries High Medium Medium Low
Negligible Injuries Medium Medium Low Low

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Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determine severity categories i.e. :
Level 4: Fatality & Permanent Disability

Level 3: More than 4 days MC

Level 2: Less than or 4 days MC

Level 1: First aid and near misses

Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determining Likelihood of Occurrence of
Hazard
Level 4: Daily

Level 3: Weekly

Level 2: Monthly

Level 1: Yearly
Semi-Quantitative
Risk Assessment
LIKELIHOOD
Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
SEVERITY

1 2 3 4

First Aid
and Near 1 1 2 3 4
Misses
Less than
or 4 days 2 2 4 6 8
MC
More than
4 days MC 3 3 6 9 12
Fatality &
Permanent 4 4 8 12 16
Disability

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Quantitative
Risk Assessment

Where the hazards presented by the

undertaking are numerous and complex,
and may involve novel processes,

For example in the case of large chemicals

process plants, detailed and sophisticated risk
assessments will be needed, and it is
appropriate to carry out a detailed
quantitative risk assessment.

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Quantitative
Risk Assessment

Quantitative risk assessment involves

obtaining a numerical estimate of
the risk from a quantitative
consideration of event probabilities
and consequences.
Quantitative
Risk Assessment

In carrying out quantitative risk

assessments, special quantitative tools
and techniques will be used for hazard
identification, and to estimate the severity
of the consequences and the likelihood of
realisation of the hazards.
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Where such methods and techniques are used
it is important that they are carried out by
suitably qualified and experience
assessors.
 Decision For Action
AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE (ALARP)
PRINCIPLE

Risk cannot be Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)

justified
on any grounds LEVEL

OF TOLERABLE IF:
A Risk is undertaken if
Reduction
a benefit is desired
L Impractical
RISK or
A Reduce risk Cost / gain grossly
R Disproportionate
P No need for detailed
action
Trivial
Risk Assessment Form
Risk
Activities / process / facilities/ Current Risk Legal
Hazard Effect Action & Recommendations
equipment Control Reqmt Risk
Severity. Likelihood.
Rating

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Risk Control

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 Principle of Control

Substitution Housekeeping Training and

Modify process General education
Enclosure ventilation Worker rotation
Local exhaust Continuous area Enclosure of
Fugitive monitoring worker
emission control Dilution Personal
Isolation ventilation monitoring
Automation or Personal
remote control protective devices

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Consideration In Implementing
Risk Control

Review measures regularly; modify if

necessary

Comply with national laws and

regulations

Reflect good management practice; and

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Consideration In Implementing
Risk Control

Consider the current state of knowledge

Include information or reports from

organizations such as:
DOSH, OSH services, and others.

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Hierarchy of Control

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 Hierarchy Of Control
MOST EFFECTIVE
Elimination - remove the hazard.

FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
Substitution - use less hazardous one.
Isolation isolate the work area i.e. X-ray machine in
restricted room
Engineering Control design, isolation at source,
barricade, guarding,

LEAST EFFECTIVE
Administrative Control safe work procedure, isolation
i.e. reduce exposure time and limit, training, signage etc
PPE - last resort.
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 Summary

The basis of OSH management is the identification of

hazard, risk assessment and control
Ways of identifying hazards varies from inspection of
the workplace to reviewing legislation
Risk assessment allows an organisation to build a
sound basis for managing hazard
Hierarchy of hazard control starts by elimination; use
PPE as protection is the last resort

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Hazard Identification

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Why Carry Out Risk Assessment?

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Risk Control

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THANK YOU

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