Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Du et al
Modern Wireless
Communications
March 5, 2008
In the last two decades, the explosive growth of mobile and wireless com-
munications has radically changed the life of people. Wireless services have
migrate from the conventional voice-centric services to data-centric services.
The circuit-switched communication network is now being replaced by all-
IP packet-switched network. Mobile communications have also evolved from
the first-generation (1G) analog systems to the third-generation (3G) systems
now being deployed , and the fourth-generation (4G) systems are now under
development and are expected to be available in five years. The evolution of
wireless networking also strides rapidly during this period, from low-speed
wireless local area networks (WLANs) to broadband WLANs, wireless wide
area networks (WWANs), and wireless personal area networks (WPAN). Also
broadband wireless data service has been expanded into broadcasting service,
leading to satellite TV broadcasting and the wireless regional area network
(WRAN) for digital TV. The data rate has also evolved from the 10 kbits/s
voice communications to approximately 1 Gbits/s in the 4G wireless network.
In addition, the 4G wireless network will provide ubiquitous communications.
This book gives a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of wire-
less communications. Various enabling technologies for modern wireless com-
munications are also included. Unlike existing books in the field, this book is
organized from a wireless system designer’s viewpoint. We give wide coverage
to the techniques that are most relevant to the design of wireless communica-
tion and networking systems. Due to limited space, we do not provide lengthy
mathematical details, but rather emphasize on the practical aspects.
This book is primarily intended as a textbook for senior undergraduate
and graduate students specializing in wireless communications and telecom-
munication systems. It is also a good reference book for practising engineers.
The reader is expected to have a background in electrical engineering and to
be familiar with the theory of signals and systems, digital communications,
and engineering mathematics. The contents are useful for mobile celluar com-
munications, satellite communication, and wireless networking. We focus our-
selves on the lower layers of wireless systems, since the upper layers such as
VI Preface
network layers and transport layers are very similar to that of general data
communication systems.
The book is divided into twenty chapters. We introduce various aspects of
radio systems, including system architecture, wireless channel and radio prop-
agation, diversity, cellular systems and multiple access, antennas, RF and mi-
crowave design, A/D and D/C conversions, digital signal processing, channel
equalization, modulation and detection, information theory, spread-spectrum
communications, orthogonal frequency deplexing multiplexing (OFDM), ul-
tra wideband (UWB) communications, speech coding, video coding, channel
coding, smart antennas, multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, and some
related topics.
Many thanks go to ... for their helpful comments. Special thanks go to
Ezio Biglieri and Giorgio Taricco from Politecnico di Torino, Italy for helpful
discussion. K.-L. Du also would like to express his gratitude to M. Omair Ah-
mad from Concordia University, Canada, Yi Shen from Huazhong University
of Science and Technology, China, Hong Bao and Jiabin Lu from Guangdong
University of Technology, China, Qiang Ni from Brunel University, UK, Ay-
han Altintas from Bilkent University, Turkey, for their help during the period
of writing this book.
A book of this length is certain to have some errors and omissions. While
we have made significant attempts to a comprehensive description of major
techniques related to modern wireless communications, there are many new
emerging techniques and we may not have included them. MATLAB codes
for the examples in the book are downloadable from the book website at
http://www..../.. in the form of Example## ##.m. Feedback is welcome via
email at kldu@ieee.org and we will try our best to reply all the messages.
Montreal, K.-L. Du et al
December 2007
Contents
4 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.1 Diversity Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2 Combining Multiple Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.2.1 Selection Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.2.2 Maximum Ratio Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.2.3 Equal Gain Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.2.4 Switch Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2.5 Optimum Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.3 Transmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.3.1 Open-Loop Transmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.3.2 Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.4 Multiuser Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.4.1 PDF anf CDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.4.2 Multiuser Diversity versus Classical Diversity . . . . . . . . . 120
6 Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.1 Maxwell’s Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.2 Introduction to Computational Electromagnetics . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.2.1 The Method of Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.2.2 Finite Difference Time-Domain Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.2.3 Finite Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.3 Antenna Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.3.1 Radiation Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.3.2 Antenna Field Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.3.3 Antenna Gain and Directivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.3.4 Effective Area and Effective Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.3.5 Antenna Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
X Contents
Wirtinger-Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
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