What is the difference between the classical and the statistical approaches

to thermodynamics?
Classical thermodynamics is the description of the states of thermodynamical
systems at near-equilibrium, using macroscopic, empirical properties directly
measurable in the laboratory Statistical thermodynamics is based on the
fundamental assumption that all possible configurations of a given system, which
satisfy the given boundary conditions such as temperature, volume and number of
particles, are equally likely to occur .

An office worker claims that a cup of cold coffee on his table warmed up to
80C by picking up energy from the surrounding air, which is at 25C. Is
there any truth to his claim? Does this process violate any thermodynamic
laws?
This claim doesn't violate the first law,as the energy from the surroundings can
flow into the cup, but It violates the second law, which states that the entropy of
the universe can never decrease.

What is the difference between pound-mass and pound-force?

One pound-force is the force required to accelerate a mass of 32.174 lbm by 1
ft/s2.

What's the difference between kg-mass and kg-force ?

The kilogram-force is a gravitational metric unit of force. It is equal to the

magnitude of the force exerted by one kilogram of mass in a 9.80665 m/s^2
gravitational field .

What is the net force acting on a car cruising at a constant velocity of 70

km/h (a) on a level road and (b) on an uphill road?
(a) constant velocity on a level road, no acceleration, no force .
(b) constant velocity on an uphill road, no acceleration no net force
(c)

A 3-kg plastic tank that has a volume of 0.2 m3 is filledwith liquid water.
Assuming the density of water is 1000 kg/m3, determine the weight of the
combined system?
Determine the mass and the weight of the air contained in a room whose
dimensions are 6 m _ 6 m _ 8 m. Assume the density of the air is 1.16
kg/m3.?

A large fraction of the thermal energy generated in the engine of a car is

rejected to the air by the radiator through the circulating water. Should the
radiator be analyzed as a closed system or as an open system?
Open system, Mass is crossing the boundaries
The radiator should be analyzed as an open system since mass is crossing the
boundaries of the system.

A can of soft drink at room temperature is put into the refrigerator so that it
will cool. Would you model the can of soft drink as a closed system or as an
open system?
Soft drink shall be modelled as closed system as no mass is moving out of the
soft drink. Only heat interaction is taking place between soft drink and refrigerator.

What is the difference between intensive and extensive properties?

Intensive properties do not depend on the size of the system but extensive
properties do.

For a system to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, do the temperature and

the pressure have to be the same everywhere?
the temperature has to be the same throughout but the pressure does not.

What is a quasi-equilibrium process? What is its importance in engineering?

When a process proceeds in such a manner that system remians infinitesimally
close to an equilibrium state at all the times, It is called quasi-euquilibrium process
and It has great importance in engineering because of two reasons :
1) Quasi-equilibrium process is easy to analyse
2) work producing device produces of most of work when they operate in quasi-
equilibrium.
Define the isothermal, isobaric, and isochoric processes.?
The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a particular property
remains constant.
An isothermal process is a process during which the temperature T remains
constant
an isobaric process is a process during which the pressure P remains constant
and an isochoric process is a process during which the specific volume v
remains constant.

What is the state postulate?

The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two
independent, intensive
properties.

Is the state of the air in an isolated room completely specified by the

temperature and the pressure?
Yes, because temperature and pressure are two independent properties and the
air in an isolated
room is a simple compressible system.

What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?

that two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the same temperature
reading, even if they are not in contact.

What are the ordinary and absolute temperature scales in the SI and the
English system?
Deg C & Kelvin (K) are in SI scale and deg F & Rankine (R) are in English system

Consider a system whose temperature is 18C. Express this temperature in

R, K, and F.
T ( K] = T (C) + 273 = 18 + 273 = 291 K
T (F] = 1.8T (C) + 32 = (1.8)(18) + 32 = 64.4F
T (R] = T (F) + 460 = 64.4 + 460 = 524.4 R

Consider two closed systems A and B. System A contains 3000 kJ of

thermal energy at 20C, whereas system B contains 200 kJ of thermal
energy at 50C. Now the systems are brought into contact with each other.
Determine the direction of any heat transfer between the two systems.?

'
The heat flows from higher to the lower temperature. It will flow from the
system B to A
What is the difference between gage pressure and absolute pressure?
The pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure is called the gage pressure,
and the pressure relative to an absolute vacuum is called absolute pressure.

The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a

multifluid manometer as shown in
Fig. P142. Determine the gage pressure of air in the tank if h1= 0.2 m, h2=
0.3 m, and h3= 0.46 m. Take the densities of water, oil, and mercury to be
1000 kg/m3, 850 kg/m3, and 13,600 kg/m^3, respectively.

A pressure gage connected to a tank reads 50 psi at a location where

the barometric reading is 29.1 mm Hg. Determine the absolute
pressure in the tank. Take rHg
848.4 lbm/ft3.
Determine the pressure exerted on a diver at 30 m below the free
surface of the sea. Assume a barometric pressure of 101 kPa and a
specific gravity of 1.03 for seawater.

A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless pistoncylinder device. The

piston has a mass of 4 kg and a cross-sectional area of 35 cm2. A
compressed spring above the piston exerts a force of 60 N on the piston. If
the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa, determine the pressure inside the
cylinder.

A manometer containing oil (r 850kg/m3) is attached to a tank filled with

air. If the oil-level difference between the two columns is 60 cm and the
atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa, determine the absolute pressure of the air
in the tank
The maximum blood pressure in the upper arm of a healthy person is about
120 mm Hg. If a vertical tube open to the atmosphere is connected to the
vein in the arm of the person, determine how high the blood will rise in the
tube. Take the density of the blood to be 1050 kg/m3.