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Contents
Solutions
3. Algebra ...... 54
(vi)
1.Sets and
SETS AND Functions
FUNCTIONS
1
Exercise 1.1
1. If A 1 B, then show that A , B = B (use Venn diagram).
Solution: A , B = B
2. If A 1 B, then find A + B and A \ B (use Venn diagram).
Solution: A + B = A A\B = z
3. Let P = {a, b, c}, Q = {g, h, x, y} and R = {a, e, f, s} . Find the following:
(i) P \ R (ii) Q + R (iii) R \ ^ P + Qh
Solution: (i) Given, P = {a, b, c}, Q = {g, h, x, y} and R = {a, e, f, s}
Now, P \ R = {t ! P; t g R} , the set of all elements of P which are not in R.
= {b, c} .
(ii) Q + R .
Now, Q + R is the set of elements which belong to both the sets Q and R.
Thus, Q + R = Q, the empty set.
(iii) R \ ^ P + Qh .
Now, P + Q is empty. Thus, R \ (P + Q) = R = {a, e, f, s} .
4. If A = {4, 6, 7, 8, 9}, B = {2, 4, 6} and C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} , then find
(i) A , ^ B + Ch , (ii) A + ^ B , Ch , (iii) A \ ^C \ Bh .
Solution: (i) Now, B + C = {2, 4, 6} + {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = {2, 4, 6}.
Thus, A , (B + C) = {4, 6, 7, 8, 9} , {2, 4, 6} = {2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9}.
(ii) Now, B , C = {2, 4, 6} , {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Thus, A + (B , C) = {4, 6, 7, 8, 9} + {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} = {4, 6}
(iii) Now, C \ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} \ {2, 4, 6} = {1, 3, 5}
Hence, A \ (C \ B) = {4, 6, 7, 8, 9} \ {1, 3, 5} = {4, 6, 7, 8, 9}.
5. Given A = {a, x, y, r, s}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, - 10} , verify the commutative property
of set union.
Solution: Given A = {a, x, y, r, s}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, - 10} .
Let us verify that A , B = B , A .
Solution - Sets and Functions 1
Now, A , B = {a, x, y, r, s} , {1, 3, 5, 7, - 10} .
= {a, x, y, r, s, 1, 3, 5, 7, - 10} g (1)
B , A = {1, 3, 5, 7, - 10} , {a, x, y, r, s}
= {a, x, y, r, s, 1, 3, 5, 7, - 10} g (2)
From (1) and (2), we get A , B = B , A . That is, the set union is commutative.
6. Verify the commutative property of set intersection for
A = {l, m, n, o, 2, 3, 4, 7} and B = {2, 5, 3, - 2, m, n, o, p} .
Solution: Let us verify that A + B = B + A .
Now, A + B = {l, m, n, o, 2, 3, 4, 7} + {2, 5, 3, - 2, m, n, o, p}
= {2, 3, m, n, o} g (1)
B + A = {2, 5, 3, - 2, m, n, o, p} + {l, m, n, o, 2, 3, 4, 7}
= {2, 3, m, n, o} g (2)
From (1) and (2), we get A + B = B + A . That is, the set intersection is commutative.
7. For A = {x ; x is a prime factor of 42} , B = {x ; 5 1 x # 12, x ! N} and
C = {1, 4, 5, 6} , verify A , ^ B , Ch = ^ A , Bh , C .
Solution: A = {2, 3, 7}, B = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, C = {1, 4, 5, 6}
Let us verify that A , (B , C) = (A , B) , C .
Now, B , C = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} , {1, 4, 5, 6}
= {1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
Thus, A , (B , C) = {2, 3, 7} , {1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} g (1)
Now, A , B = {2, 3, 7} , {6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
= {2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
Thus, (A , B) , C = {2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} , {1, 4, 5, 6}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} g (2)
From (1) and (2), we get A , (B , C) = (A , B) , C . (Note: The set union is associative)
8. Given P = {a, b, c, d, e}, Q = {a, e, i, o, u} and R = {a, c, e, g} . Verify the associative
property of set intersection.
Solution: Given that P = {a, b, c, d, e}, Q = {a, e, i, o, u} and R = {a, c, e, g}
Let us verify the associative property of set intersection (P + Q) + R = P + (Q + R)
Now, P + Q = {a, b, c, d, e} + {a, e, i, o, u} = {a, e}
Thus, (P + Q) + R = {a, e} + {a, c, e, g} = {a, e} g (1)
Now, Q + R = {a, e, i, o, u} + {a, c, e, g} = {a, e}
Thus, P + (Q + R) = {a, b, c, d, e} + {a, e} = {a, e} g (2)
From (1) and (2), we get (P + Q) + R = P + (Q + R) .
Thus, the set intersection is associative.
2. Write a description of each shaded area. Use symbols U, A, B, C, , , + , l and \ as
necessary. (Many answers are possible. One such description is given below)
(ii)
Exercise 1.3
1. If A and B are two sets and U is the universal set such that n^U h = 700 ,
n^ Ah = 200, n^ Bh = 300 and n^ A + Bh = 100, find n^ Al + Blh .
Solution: n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = 200 + 300 - 100
= 500 - 100 = 400
n (Al + Bl ) = n (A , B)l = n (U) - n (A , B) = 700 - 400 = 300
Aliter: n (Al + Bl ) = n (Al ) + n (Bl ) - n (Al , Bl ) = n (Al ) + n (Bl ) - n (A + B)l
= 500 + 400 - 600 = 300
2. Given n^ Ah = 285, n^ Bh = 195, n^U h = 500, n^ A , Bh = 410, find n^ Al , Blh .
Solution: n (A + B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A , B) = 285 + 195 - 410 = 70
n (Al , Bl ) = n [(A + B)l ] = n (U) - n (A + B) = 500 - 70 = 430
Solution - Sets and Functions 9
3. For any three sets A, B and C if n^ Ah = 17 , n^ Bh = 17, n^Ch = 17, n^ A + Bh = 7 ,
n (B + C) = 6 , n^ A + Ch = 5 and n^ A + B + Ch = 2 , find n^ A , B , Ch .
Solution: n (A , B , C) = n (A) + n (B) + n (C) - n (A + B) -
n (B + C) - n (A + C) + n (A + B + C) .
= 17 + 17 + 17 - 7 - 6 - 5 + 2 = 53 - 18 = 35.
4. Verify n^ A , B , Ch = n^ Ah + n^ Bh + n^Ch - n^ A + Bh -
n^ B + Ch - n^ A + Ch + n^ A + B + Ch for the sets given below:
(i) A = {4, 5, 6}, B = {5, 6, 7, 8} and C = {6, 7, 8, 9}
(ii) A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {x, y, z} and C = {a, e, x} .
Solution: (i) A = {4, 5, 6}, n (A) = 3, B = {5, 6, 7, 8}, n (B) = 4 and
C = {6, 7, 8, 9}, n (C) = 4
Now, A , B , C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, n (A , B , C) = 6 g (1)
A + B = {4, 5, 6} + {5, 6, 7, 8} = {5, 6}, n (A + B) = 2
B + C = {5, 6, 7, 8} + {6, 7, 8, 9} = {6, 7, 8}, n (B + C) = 3
A + C = {4, 5, 6} + {6, 7, 8, 9} = {6}, n (A + C) = 1
Thus, A + B + C = {4, 5, 6} + {5, 6, 7, 8} + {6, 7, 8, 9} = {6}, n (A + B + C) = 1
Now, n (A) + n (B) + n (C) - n (A + B) - n (B + C) - n (A + C) + n (A + B + C)
= 3 + 4 + 4 - 2 - 3 - 1 + 1 = 6 g (2)
From (1) and (2), we get,
n (A , B , C) =n (A) + n (B) + n (C) - n (A + B) - n (B + C) - n (A + C) + n (A + B + C)
(ii) A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {x, y, z} and C = {a, e, x} ; n (A) = 5, n (B) = 3, n (C) = 3
A + B = {a, b, c, d, e} + {x, y, z} = { }, n (A + B) = 0
B + C = {x, y, z} + {a, e, x} = {x}, n (B + C) = 1
A + C = {a, b, c, d, e} + {a, e, x} = {a, e}, n (A + C) = 2
A , B , C = {a, b, c, d, e} , {x, y, z} , {a, e, x} = {a, b, c, d, e, x, y, z}
Thus, n (A , B , C) = 8 g (1)
n (A) + n (B) + n (C) - n (A + B) - n (B + C) - n (A + C) + n (A + B + C)
= 5 + 3 + 3 - 0 - 1 - 2 + 0 = 8 g (2)
From (1) and (2), we get n (A , B , C)
= n (A) + n (B) + n (C) - n (A + B) - n (B + C) - n (A + C) + n (A + B + C)
5. In a college, 60 students enrolled in chemistry, 40 in physics, 30 in biology, 15 in
chemistry and physics, 10 in physics and biology, 5 in biology and chemistry. No
one enrolled in all the three. Find how many are enrolled in at least one of the
subjects.
Solution: Let C, P and B be the set of students enrolled in Chemistry, Physics and
Biology respectively. Thus, n (C) = 60, n (P) = 40, n (B) = 30 ,
n (C + P) = 15, n (P + B) = 10, n (C + B) = 5, n (C + P + B) = 0
n (C , P , B) = n (C) + n (P) + n (B) - n (C + P) - n (P + B) - n (B + C) + n (C + P + B)
= 60 + 40 + 30 - 15 - 10 - 5 + 0 = 100
Hence, Number of students enrolled in atleast one of the subjects = 100.
10 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
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6. In a town 85% of the people speak Tamil, 40% speak English and 20% speak
Hindi. Also, 32% speak English and Tamil, 13% speak Tamil and Hindi and
10% speak English and Hindi, find the percentage of people who can speak all
the three languages.
Solution: Let E denote the set of people speaking English, T denote the people
speaking Tamil and H denote the people speaking Hindi.
Thus, n (T) = 85, n (E) = 40, n (H) = 20
Also, n (E + T) = 32, n (T + H) = 13, n (E + H) = 10, n (E , T , H) = 100 .
n (E , T , H) = n (E) + n (T) + n (H) - n (E + T) - n (T + H) - n (H + E) + n (E + T + H)
100 = 40 + 85 + 20 - 32 - 13 - 10 = 90 + n (E + T + H)
Thus, n (E + T + H) = 100 - 90 = 10
Therefore, the percentage of people who can speak all the three languages = 10%.
7. An advertising agency finds that, of its 170 clients, 115 use Television, 110 use
Radio and 130 use Magazines. Also, 85 use Television and Magazines, 75 use
Television and Radio, 95 use Radio and Magazines, 70 use all the three. Draw
Venn diagram to represent these data. Find (i) how many use only Radio?
(ii) how many use only Television? (iii) how many use Television and magazine but
not radio?
Solution: Let, T - Clients of Television
R - Clients of Radio
M - Clients of Magazines
Then, n (U) = 170, n (T) = 115
n (R) = 110, n (M) = 130
n (T + M) = 85, n (T + R) = 75
n (R + M) = 95, n (T + R + M) = 70
From the Venn diagram
(i) Number of clients using only radio = 10
(ii) Number of clients using only television = 25
(iii) Number of clients using only magazines but not radio = 15
8. In a school of 4000 students, 2000 know French, 3000 know Tamil and 500 know
Hindi, 1500 know French and Tamil, 300 know French and Hindi, 200 know
Tamil and Hindi and 50 know all the three languages.
(i) How many do not know any of the three languages? (ii) How many know at
least one language? (iii) How many know only two languages?
n (F + T) = 1500, n (F + H) = 300
n (T + H) = 200, n (F + T + H) = 50
(i) Number of students do not know any of the three languages = 450
(ii) Number of students who know atleast one language = 3550
(iii) Number of students who know only two languages = 1850
9. In a village of 120 families, 93 families use firewood for cooking, 63 families use
kerosene, 45 families use cooking gas, 45 families use firewood and kerosene, 24
families use kerosene and cooking gas, 27 families use cooking gas and firewood.
Find how many use firewood, kerosene and cooking gas.
Solution: Let, F denote the Families using Firewood.
K - Families using Kerosene.
n (F + K) = 45, n (K + G) = 24
n (T + H) = 27, n (F , K , G) = 120
n (F , K , G)
& 93 + 63 + 45 - 45 - 24 - 27 + n (F + K + G) = 120.
n (F + K + G) = 120 - 105 = 15 .
Exercise 1.4
1. State whether each of the following arrow diagrams define a function or not.
Justify your answer.
Solution: (i) (ii)
The element c in P has no image inQ. Every element in the domain L has a unique
Thus , it is not a function. image in M. Therefore, it is a function.
2. For the given function F = { (1, 3), (2, 5), (4, 7), (5, 9), (3, 1) }, write the domain and
the range.
Solution: Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , Range = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} .
3. Let A = { 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 }; B = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 } and fi : A " B , i = 1,2,3.
State the type of function for the following (give reason): (i) f1 = {(10, 1), (11, 2),
(12, 3), (13, 5), (14, 3)}, (ii) f2 = {(10, 1), (11, 1), (12, 1), (13, 1), (14, 1)},
(iii) f3 = {(10, 0), (11, 1), (12, 2), (13, 3), (14, 5)}.
Solution:
(i) f1 = {(10, 1), (11, 2), (12, 3), (13, 5), (14, 3)}
The elements 12 and 14 in A have same image 3 in B.
Hence, it is not one-one.
The element 0 ! B has no pre-image in A. Thus, it is not onto.
Hence, it is neither one-one nor onto.
(ii) f2 = {(10, 1), (11, 1), (12, 1), (13, 1), (14, 1)}
Since f2 (x) = 1, for every x ! A , f2 is a constant function.
(iii) f3 = {(10, 0), (11, 1), (12, 2), (13, 3), (14, 5)}
Distinct elements in A have distinct images in B under f3 .
Thus, f3 is one-one.
Also, f3 (A) = B .
Thus, f3 is onto.
Hence, f3 is one-one and onto. ( f3 is a bijective function)
Solution - Sets and Functions 13
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(iii) R3 = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7), (5, 7)}
The element 1 ! X has two images 1, 3 in Y.
Thus, it is not a function.
(iv) R4 = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (4, 7), (5, 9), (3, 1)}
Every element has unique image. Thus, R4 is a function.
Distinct elements in X have distinct images in Y .
Thus, it is one-one.
Each element in Y has atleast one pre-image in X.
Thus, it is onto. Hence, it is a bijective function.
5. If R = {(a, - 2), (- 5, b), (8, c), (d, - 1)} represents the identity function, find the
values of a, b, c and d .
Solution: Given R is an identity function. Thus, R (x) = x, 6x .
Hence, a =- 2, b =- 5, c = 8 and d =- 1 .
6. A = { –2, –1, 1, 2 } and f = $` x, 1 j : x ! A . . Write down the range of f .
x
Is f a function from A to A ?
Solution: Given that f = ` x, 1 j . So, f (x) = 1 .
x x
Thus, f (- 2) = 1 1
=- ; f (1) = = 1. 1
-2 2 1
f (- 1) = 1 =- 1; f (2) = 1 .
-1 2
1
Thus, the range of f = $- , - 1, 1, . . 1
2 2
However, - 1 , 1 g A . Hence, it is not a function from A to A. .
2 2
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7. Let f = { (2, 7), (3, 4), (7, 9), (–1, 6), (0, 2), (5, 3) } be a function from
A = { –1, 0, 2, 3, 5, 7 } to B = { 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 }. Is this (i) an one-one function
(ii) an onto function (iii) both one-one and onto function?
Solution:
(i) Distinct elements in A have distinct images in B.
Thus, it is an one-one function.
(ii) Every element in B has atleast one pre-image in A
Thus, f is onto function.
(iii) From (i) and (ii) we have, it is a bijective.
8. Write the pre-images of 2 and 3 in the function
f = { (12, 2), (13, 3), (15, 3), (14, 2), (17, 17) }.
Solution:
Pre-images of 2 are 12 and 14.
Pre-images of 3 are 13 and 15.
9. The following table represents a function from A = {5, 6, 8, 10} to B = {19, 15, 9, 11}
where f^ xh = 2x - 1 . Find the values of a and b .
x 5 6 8 10
f(x) a 11 b 19
Solution: Given, f (x) = 2x - 1, 6x ! A
f (5) = 2 # 5 - 1 = 10 - 1 = 9
f (8) = 2 # 8 - 1 = 16 - 1 = 15
Thus, the values of a and b are 9 and 15 respectively.
Note: A function of the form f (x) = px + 1, x ! R, is called linear function.
Such function are always one to one.
10. Let A = { 5, 6, 7, 8 }; B = { –11, 4, 7, –10,–7, –9,–13 } and f = {( x, y ) : y = 3 - 2x ,
x ! A , y ! B } (i) Write down the elements of f (ii) What is the co-domain?
(iii) What is the range? (iv) Identify the type of function.
Solution: Given, A = {5, 6, 7, 8}, B = {- 11, 4, 7, - 10, - 7, - 9, - 13}
Here, y = f (x) = 3 - 2x, 6 x ! A
Now, f (5) = - 7, f (6) =- 9
Now, f (7) = - 11, f (8) =- 13
(i) f = {(5, - 7), (6, - 9), (7, - 11), (8, - 13)}
(ii) Co-domain = {- 11, 4, 7, - 10, - 7, - 9, - 13}
(iii) Range = {- 7, - 9, - 11, - 13}
(iv) Distinct elements have distinct images under f .
Thus, f is one-one.
(Here, the function is not onto.)
(iii) In this graph, the vertical line l cuts the graph at two points A
and B .
Thus, it is not a function.
(iv) The vertical line l cuts the graph at three points A, B and C
.
Thus, it is not a function.
(ii) Set of ordered pairs f = {(6, 1), (9, 2), (15, 4), (18, 5), (21, 6)}
(iii) Table
x 6 9 15 18 21
f (x) 1 2 4 5 6
(iv) Graph
Here, the graph is the collection of all points (6, 1), (9, 2), (15, 4), (18, 5), (21, 6)
in x -y plane.
14. Let A = {4, 6, 8, 10 } and B = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }. If f : A " B is defined by f^ xh = 1 x + 1
2
then represent f by (i) an arrow diagram (ii) a set of ordered pairs and
(iii) a table.
Solution: f (x) = x + 1, x ! A
2
Thus, f (4) = 4 + 1 = 3, f (6) = 6 + 1 = 4
2 2
f (8) = 8 + 1 = 5, f (10) = 10 + 1 = 6 .
2 2
(i) An arrow diagram:
(ii) Set of ordered pairs: f = {(4, 3), (6, 4), (8, 5), (10, 6)} .
(iii) Table:
x 4 6 8 10
f (x) 3 4 5 6
4x 2 - 1 ; - 3 # x 1 2
15. A function f : 6- 3, 7h " R is defined as follows f^ xh = *3x - 2 ; 2#x#4
2x - 3 ; 41x17
f (3) + f (- 1)
Find (i) f^5h + f^6h (ii) f^1 h - f^- 3h (iii) f^- 2h - f^4h (iv) .
2f (6) - f (1)
Solution: Let us find the values of the function at the required points.
When x =- 3, - 2, - 1 and 1 , the function is f (x) = 4x2 - 1 .
Thus, f (- 3) = 35, f (- 2) = 15, f (- 1) = 3, f (1) = 3.
When, x = 3, 4 , the function is f (x) = 3x - 2,
Thus, f (3) = 7 and f (4) = 10 .
When x = 5 and 6 , the function f (x) = 2x - 3 .
Thus, f (5) = 7, f (6) = 9
(i) f (5) + f (6) = 7 + 9 = 16
(ii) f (1) - f (- 3) = 3 - 35 =- 32
(iii) f (- 2) - f (4) = 15 - 10 = 5
f (3) + f (- 1) 7 + 3 = 10 = 2 .
(iv) =
2f (6) - f (1) 2 (9) - 3 15 3
x 2 + 2x + 1 ; - 7 # x 1 - 5
16. A function f : 6- 7, 6h " R is defined as follows f (x) = * x + 5 ; -5 # x # 2
x - 1; 2 1 x16 .
4 f (- 3) + 2 f (4)
Find (i) 2 f (- 4) + 3 f (2) (ii) f (- 7) - f (- 3) (iii) .
f (- 6) - 3 f (1)
Solution: When x =- 7, - 6 , f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1
Thus, f (- 7) = (- 7) 2 + 2 (- 7) + 1 = 49 - 14 + 1 = 36 and
f (- 6) = (- 6) 2 + 2 (- 6) + 1 = 36 - 12 + 1 = 25 .
When x =- 4, - 3, 2 and 1 the function is f (x) = x + 5
Thus, f (- 4) = - 4 + 5 = 1, f (- 3) = 2 , f (1) = 6 and f (2) = 7.
When x = 4, the function is f (x) = x - 1. So, f (4) = 3.
(i) Now, 2f (- 4) + 3f (2) = 2 # 1 + 3 # 7 = 23 .
(ii) Now, f (- 7) - f (- 3) = 36 - 2 = 34.
4f (- 3) + 2f (4) 4 # 2 + 2 # 3 = 8 + 6 = 14 = 2
(iii) Now, =
f (- 6) - 3f (1) 25 - 3 # 6 25 - 18 7
( Ans. (A) )
2. If A 1 B , then A + B is
(A) B (B) A\B (C) A (D) B\A
Solution:
( Ans. (C) )
3. For any two sets P and Q , P + Q is
(A) " x : x ! P or x ! Q , (B) " x : x ! P and x b Q ,
(C) " x : x ! P and x ! Q , (D) " x : x b P and x ! Q ,
Solution: By definition, P + Q = {x : x ! P and x ! Q} ( Ans. (C) )
4. If A = { p, q, r, s }, B = { r, s, t, u }, then A\B is
(A) {p, q} (B) {t, u} (C) {r, s} (D) {p, q, r, s}
Solution: A\B is the set of elements in A but not in B . ( Ans. (A) )
( Ans. (A) )
(A) ^ A \ Bh + ^ A \ C h (B) ^ B \ Ah + ^ B \ C h
(C) ^ B \ Ah + ^ A \ C h (D) ^ A \ Bh + ^ B \ C h
Solution: De Morgan’s Law : B\ (A , C ) = (B\A) + (B\C) ( Ans. (B) )
f = { (1, –1), (3, 2), (4, 1), (7, 5), (11, 9) }. Then f is
(A) one-one (B) onto
(C) bijective (D) not a function ( Ans. (A) )
Solution:
(A) an onto function (B) a constant function
(C) an one-one function (D) not a function
(A) { 1, 4, 5 } (B) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
(C) { 2, 3, 4 } (D) { 3, 4, 5 }
Solution: f (x) = x2 + 5
& f (- 4) = (- 4) 2 + 5 = 21. ( Ans. (B) )
Solution: If A and B are finite sets and f is bijective, then n (A) = n (B) ( Ans. (C) )
If n is odd, a = 2n .
n 2
n +1
2 (25)
So, a25 = 2 = 50 = 50 = 25 .
25 + 1 625 + 1 626 313
4. Find the 13th and 16th terms of the sequence defined by
bn = )
2
n, if n ! N and n is even
n (n + 2), if n ! N and n is odd.
Exercise 2.2
1. The first term of an A.P is 6 and the common difference is 5. Find the A.P and its
general term.
Solution: The general form of an A.P is a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, g .
Given that a = 6 and d = 5. Thus, the A.P is 6, ^6 + 5h, 6 + 2^5h, 6 + 3^5h, g
That is, the required A.P. is 6, 11, 16, 21, g
The general term tn = a + (n - 1) d
= 6 + ^n - 1h^5h
= 6 + 5n - 5 = 5n + 1 , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , g .
2. Find the common difference and 15th term of the A.P. 125, 120, 115, 110, g .
Solution: Given that the sequence 125, 120, 115, 110, g is an A.P.
Here, a = 125, d = t2 - t1 = 120 - 125 = - 5
The general term is
tn = a + ^n - 1h d .
Thus, t15 = 125 + ^15 - 1h^- 5h = 125 + 14^- 5h = 125 - 70 = 55 .
n = l - a + 1
d
& n = 3 - 24 + 1 = ` - 21 # 4j + 1 = 28 + 1 = 29
-3 -3
4
Thus, 29th term of the sequence is 3.
Here, a =- 1, d = - 5 + 1 = 1 and l = 10 .
6 6 3
Now, n = l-a +1
d
10 + 1
Thus, n= 3 + 1 = 13 (6) + 1 = 26 + 1 = 27 .
1 3
6
Hence, the sequence has 27 terms.
(ii) Given A.P. is 7, 13, 19, g, 205 .
Here, a = 7, d = 13 - 7 = 6 and l = 205.
The number of terms in the given A.P. is n = l - a + 1
d
= 205 - 7 + 1 = 198 + 1 = 34
6 6
Hence, there are 34 terms in the given sequence.
7. If 9th term of an A.P. is zero, prove that its 29th term is double (twice) the 19th term.
Solution: Given that t9 = 0 & a + 8d = 0 or a =- 8d .
Now, t29 = a + 28d =- 8d + 28d = 20d
= 2 610d @ = 2 6- 8d + 18d @
= 2 6 a + 18d @ = 2t19
Hence, t29 = 2 t19 .
Solution - Sequences and Series of Real Numbers 25
8. The 10th and 18th terms of an A.P. are 41 and 73 respectively. Find the 27th term.
Solution: Given that t10 = 41 and t18 = 73 .
& a + ^10 - 1h d = 41 and & a + ^18 - 1h d = 73
& a + 9d = 41 g (1) ; & a + 17d = 73 g (2)
Now, (2) - (1) & 8d = 32 & d = 4 .
Also, (1) & a + 9 (4) = 41
& a = 41 - 36 = 5
Thus, t27 = a + ^27 - 1h d = 5 + 26^4h = 5 + 104 = 109 .
Hence, the 27th term is 109.
9. Find n so that the nth terms of the following two A.P.’s are the same.
1, 7, 13, 19,g and 100, 95, 90, g .
Solution: First consider the A.P. 1, 7, 13, 19, g .
Here, a = 1, d = 7 - 1 = 6 . So, the nth term of the A.P. is tn = 1 + ^n - 1h^6h .
Now, consider the A.P. 100, 95, 90, g . Here, a = 100, d = 95 - 100 =- 5 .
Thus, the nth term of this A.P. is sn = 100 + ^n - 1h^- 5h
Given that tn = sn
& 1 + ^n - 1h^6h = 100 + ^n - 1h^- 5h
& 1 + 6n - 6 = 100 - 5n + 5
& 11n = 110 & n = 10.
10. How many two digit numbers are divisible by 13?
Solution: Two digit numbers divisible by 13 are 13, 26, 39, g 91. . This is an A.P.
Here, a = 13, d = 13 and l = 91 .
Now, n = l - a + 1 .
d
= 91 - 13 + 1 = 78 + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7 .
13 13
Hence, there are 7 two-digit numbers divisible by 13.
11. A TV manufacturer has produced 1000 TVs in the seventh year and 1450 TVs
in the tenth year. Assuming that the production increases uniformly by a fixed
number every year, find the number of TVs produced in the first year and in the
15th year.
olution: Since the production increases uniformly by a fixed number every year, the
S
number of TV sets manufactured in 1st year, 2nd year, 3rd year ... will form an A.P.
Let us denote the number of TV sets manufactured in the nth year by tn .
13. The sum of three consecutive terms in an A.P. is 6 and their product is –120. Find
the three numbers.
olution: Let
S a - d, a, a + d be the three consecutive terms.
Now, ^a - d h + a + ^a + d h = 6 & 3a = 6 & a = 2
1. Find out which of the following sequences are geometric sequences. For those
geometric sequences, find the common ratio.
(i) 0.12, 0.24, 0.48, g . (ii) 0.004, 0.02, 0.1, g . (iii) 1 , 1 , 2 , 4 , g .
2 3 9 27
(iv) 12, 1, 1 , g . (v) 2 , 1 , 1 , g . (vi) 4, - 2, - 1, - 1 , g .
12 2 2 2 2
Solution: (i) Here, 0.24 = 0.48 = g = 2
0.12 0.24
Thus, the common ratio is 2. Therefore the given sequence is a geometric sequence.
(ii) The given sequence is 0.004, 0.02, 0.1, g
Now, 0.02 = 0.1 = g = 5
0.004 0.02
Thus, the common ratio is 5. Therefore, the given sequence is a geometric sequence.
(iii) Considering the ratio of the consecutive terms, we see that
1 2 4
3 = 9 = 27 =g= 2
1 1 2 3
2 3 9
2
So, the common ratio is . Therefore, the given sequence is a geometric sequence.
3
1
(iv) We have 1 = 12 = g = 1 . Thus, the common ratio is 1 .
12 1 12 12
Hence, the given sequence is a geometric sequence.
1 1
(v) We have 2 = 2 2 =g= 1
2 1 2
2
Thus, the common ratio is 1 .
2
Hence, the given sequence is a geometric sequence.
2. Find the 10th term and common ratio of the geometric sequence 1 , - 1 , 1, - 2, g .
4 2
Solution: The common ratio of the sequence,
-1
r = 2 = 1 = - 2 = g =- 2
1 -1 1
4 2
The first term of the sequence is 1 .
4
The general term of the sequence is tn = a r n - 1, n = 1, 2, 3g
Thus, t10 = ` 1 j^- 2h10 - 1 = 12 ^- 2h9 =- 27 .
4 2
3. If the 4th and 7th terms of a G.P. are 54 and 1458 respectively, find the G.P.
Solution: Given that t4 = 54 and t7 = 1458 .
Using the formula tn = a r n - 1, n = 1, 2, 3g for the general term we have,
6
a r3 = 54 and a r6 = 1458 & a r3 = 1458 & r3 = 27 & r = 3
ar 54
Now, a r3 = 54
& a^33h = 54
& a = 54 = 2
27
Hence, the required geometric sequence is 2, ^2h^3 h, ^2h^3 h2, ^2h^3 h3 g
i.e., 2, 6, 18, 54, g
4. In a geometric sequence, the first term is 1 and the sixth term is 1 , find the
3 729
G.P.
Now, a r5 = 1 & 1 r5 = 1
729 3 729
4
Here, a = 5, r = = 5 = g = 2
2
5 2 5
n-1
The general term is tn = a r , n = 1, 2, 3, g
Thus, a rn - 1 = 128 = 27
15625 (625) (25)
n - 1 7
& 5` 2 j = 26
5 5
2 n - 1 7
& `5j = `2j
5
& n-1 = 7 & n = 8
6. If the geometric sequences 162, 54, 18,g and 2 , 2 , 2 , g have their nth term
81 27 9
equal, find the value of n.
Solution: Consider the geometric sequence 162, 54, 18, g
Here, a = 162, r = 54 = 18 = g = 1 .
162 54 3
n-1
So tn = 162` 1 j g (1)
3
n-1
Thus, 162` 1 j = 2 ^3 hn - 1
3 81
& 162 = 2 3n - 1
3n - 1 81
2 162 # 81
& ^3 n - 1h =
2
a8 rB
& 1 r+1+1 = 7
4
& 1;r +r+1E = 7
2
g (2)
a r 4
On dividing (1) by (2) we get a2 = 7 # 4
7
& a2 = 4 & a = ! 2
Since the sum of the terms are positive, a = 2
2
Now, 2c r + r + 1 m = 7
r
& 2r 2 + 2 r + 2 = 7 r
& 2r2 - 5r + 2 = 0
& ^2r - 1h^r - 2h = 0
& r = 2 or 1
2
By taking a = 2, r = 2 the three terms of the G.P. are 1, 2, 4
By taking a = 2, r = 1 , the three terms of the G.P. are 4, 2, 1.
2
34 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
www.tnschools.co.in
11. The sum of the first three terms of a G.P. is 13 and sum of their squares is 91.
Determine the G.P.
Solution: Let the first three terms of the G.P be a, ar, ar2 .
Given that a^1 + r + r2h = 13 g (1)
a2 ^1 + r2 + r4h = 91 g (2)
Using (1) and (2) we get,
a2 ^1 + r2 + r4h = 91 = 7
2 169 13
a2 ^1 + r + r2h
^ 2h^ 2h
& 1 + r + r 1 - r2 + r = 7
^1 + r + r2h 13
& 1 - r + r2 = 7
1 + r + r2 13
& 3r2 - 10r + 3 = 0
& ^r - 3h^3r - 1h = 0
& r = 3 or 1
3
When r = 3 , the three terms are 1, 3, 9; when r = 1 , the three terms are 9, 3, 1.
3
12. If `1000 is deposited in a bank which pays annual interest at the rate of 5%
compounded annually, find the maturity amount at the end of 12 years.
Solution: The principal is ` 1000. Interest for the first year is 1000 ` 5 j
100
Amount at the end of the first year is
1000 + 1000` 5 j = 1000`1 + 5 j
100 100
Interest for second year = 1000 `1 + 5 j` 5 j
500 100
So, the amount at the end of the second year
= 1000`1 + 5 j + 1000`1 + 5 j` 5 j
100 100 100
= 1000`1 + 5 j`1 + 5 j
100 100
2
= 1000`1 + 5 j
100
Continuing in this way, we see that the amount at the end of 12th year
12 12
= ` 1000`1 + 5 j = ` 1000 ` 105 j
100 100
Note: Without using above method, one can easily find that total amount using the
formula A = P^1 + ihn Where A is the amount, P is the principal i = r , r is the
100
annual interest rate and n is the number of years.
12 12
A = 1000 `1 + 5 j = ` 1000 ` 105 j
100 100
t2 = `50000 # 85 j # 85
100 100
2
= 50000 # ` 85 j
100
15
Thus, the value of the machine at the end of 15th year, t15 = ` 50000` 85 j .
100
14. If a, b, c, d are in a geometric sequence, then show that
^a - b + ch^ b + c + dh = ab + bc + cd.
Solution: Given a, b, c, d are in geometric sequence. Let r be the common ratio of the
given sequence. Then, b = ar, c = ar2, d = ar3
Now, ^a - b + ch^b + c + d h = ^a - ar + ar2h^ar + ar2 + ar3h
= a2 r^1 - r + r2h ^1 + r + r2h
= a 2 r + a 2 r3 + a 2 r 4
= ab + bc + cd .
Aliter: Given that a, b, c, d are in G.P. So, b2 = ac , ad = bc and c2 = bd
Now, ^a - b + ch ^b + c + d h
= ab + ac + ad - b2 - bc - bd + bc + c2 + cd
= ab + ^ac - b2h + ^ad - bch + ^- bd + c2h + bc + cd
= ab + bc + cd .
Exercise 2.4
1. Find the sum of the first (i) 75 positive integers (ii) 125 natural numbers.
Solution: (i) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + 75 is an Arithmetic series
Here, a = 1, d = 2 - 1 = 1 and n = 75
Now, Sn = n 6 2a + ^ n - 1 h d @
2
& s75 = 75 62 (1) + ^75 - 1h (1) @
2
= 75 62 + 74 @ = 75 676 @ = 675 # 38 @
2 2
Thus, S75 = 2850.
Remarks: Also note that the above problem can be solved by using the formula
Sn = n 6 a + l @ . Here, n = 75, a = 1 .
2
` S75 = 75 61 + 75 @ = 75 ^76h = 2850
2 2
(ii) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + 125 is an Arithemetic series
Here, a = 1, d = 1, n = l = 125
125 61 + 125 @
`` Sn = 2 6 a + l @j
Now, S125 = n
2
= 125 # 126 = 125 # 63
2
Thus, S125 = 7875.
2. Find the sum of the first 30 terms of an A.P. whose nth term is 3 + 2n .
Solution: Given that the nth term of an A.P is 3 + 2n .
Now, tn = 3 + 2n = 5 + (n - 1) (2) of the form a + (n - 1) d
We have Sn = n 62a + (n - 1) d @
2
& S20 = 20 6^- 6h + 19 (- 4) @ = 10^- 82h = – 820.
2
Aliter: 1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + g + 392 - 402
2 2 2 2
= 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + g + 392 + 402
- 2^22 + 42 + 62 + g + 402h
= 12 + 22 + 32 + g + 402 - 2^22h^12 + 22 + g + 202h
^40h^41h^81h ^20h^21h^41h
= - 8
6 6
= ^20h^41h627 - 28 @ =- 820 .
= 39 + ` 39 + 1 j + ` 39 + 2 j + g = 39 + 40 + 41 + 42 + g .
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
7. In the arithmetic sequence 60, 56, 52, 48,g , starting from the first term, how
many terms are needed so that their sum is 368?
Solution: Given arithmetic sequence is 60, 56, 52, 48,g
Here, a = 60, d = 56 - 60 = 52 - 56 = g =- 4
Also, Sn = 368 .
Let us find the number of terms needed.
Now, Sn = n 62a + ^n - 1h d @
2
& 368 = n 62^60h + ^n - 1h^- 4h@
2
& n 6120 - 4n + 4 @ = 368
2
& n 6124 - 4n @ = 368 & n^62 - 2nh = 368
2
& 2n2 - 62n + 368 = 0 & n2 - 31n + 184 = 0
& ^n - 8h^n - 23h = 0 & n = 8 or 23
Hence, 8 terms or 23 terms are needed to get the sum 368.
8. Find the sum of all 3 digit natural numbers, which are divisible by 9.
Solution: The sequence of 3 digit numbers which are divisible by 9 are
108, 117, 126, g, 999 .
This is an A.P., where a = 108, d = 9 and l = 999 .
Also, l = a + (n - 1) d & n = l - a + 1
d
& = 999 - 108 + 1 = 891 + 1 = 99 + 1 = 100
9 9
Now, Sn = n (a + l) & S100 = 100 6999 + 108 @
2 2
= 50^1107h = 55350 .
13. A construction company will be penalised each day for delay in construction of
a bridge. The penalty will be `4000 for the first day and will increase by `1000
for each following day. Based on its budget, the company can afford to pay a
maximum of `1,65,000 towards penalty. Find the maximum number of days by
which the completion of work can be delayed.
Solution: Penalty amounts to be levied for consecutive days form an Arithmetic
series with a = 4000, d = 1000 .
Let n be the maximum number of days for which the work can be delayed.
Then, Sn = 1,65,000 ( given )
& n 62^4000h + ^n - 1h^1000h@ = 1,65,000
2
& n 68000 + 1000n - 1000 @ = 3,30,000
& n2 + 7n - 330 = 0
& ^n + 22h^n - 15h = 0 & n = 15 or - 22
Maximum number of days for which the work can be delayed is 15.
14. A sum of `1000 is deposited every year at 8% simple interest. Calculate the
interest at the end of each year. Do these interest amounts form an A.P.?
If so, find the total interest at the end of 30 years.
Solution: Every year `1000 is deposited at 8% simple interest.
Interest for the first year, t1 = 1000 # 8 = 80
100
Interest for the second year, t2 = 2000 # 8 = 160
100
Thus, the interest amounts 80 , 160 , 240, g at the end of each year form an A.P.
with a = 80 and d = 80 .
The total interest is Sn = n { 2a + (n - 1) d } & S30 = 30 6160 + 29^80h@ = `7200
2 2
2
15. The sum of first n terms of a certain series is given as 3n - 2n .
Show that the series is an arithmetic series.
Solution: Given that Sn = 3n2 - 2n .
So, Sn - 1 = 3^n - 1h2 - 2^n - 1h
Solution - Sequences and Series of Real Numbers 41
= 36 n2 - 2n + 1 @ - 2n + 2 = 3n2 - 8n + 5
Now, the nth term is tn = Sn - Sn - 1
= 3n2 - 2n - 63n2 - 8n + 5 @
= 6n - 5 = 6n - 6 + 1 = 1 + ^n - 1h 6 .
So, tn is of the term a + ^n - 1h d .
Hence, the given series is an Arithmetic series with a = 1, d = 6 .
16. If a clock strikes once at 1 o’clock, twice at 2 o’clock and so on, how many times
will it strike in a day?
Solution: Number of times the clock strikes each hour form an A.P.
Then, for the first 12 hours, the arithmetic series is 1 + 2 + 3 + g + 12 .
Thus, Sn = n 6 a + l @ & S12 = 12 61 + 12 @ = 6^13h = 78 .
2 2
Hence, the clock strikes in a day ( in 24 hours) = 2 # 78 = 156 times.
17. Show that the sum of an arithmetic series whose first term is a , second term b and
^a + ch^ b + c - 2ah
the last term is c , is equal to .
2 ^ b - ah
Solution: Given that t1 = a, t2 = b and the last term tn = l = c
Now, the common difference, d = t2 - t1 = b - a
Thus, tn = a + ^n - 1h d = c & a + ^n - 1h^b - ah = c
& n - 1 = c - a & n = b + c - 2a
b-a b-a
Hence, Sn = n 6 a + l @
2
^b + c - 2ah
= ^ a + ch
2^ b - ah
18. If there are ^2n + 1h terms in an arithmetic series, then prove that the ratio of the
sum of odd terms to the sum of even terms is ^n + 1h : n .
Solution: Given that the arithmetic series has ^2n + 1h terms.
Let T, S denote the sum of odd terms and even terms respectively.
Now, T = t1 + t3 + t5 + g + t2n + 1
Exercise 2.5
Sn = 7 69 + 99 + 999 + g to n terms]
9
= 7 6^10 - 1h + ^100 - 1h + ^1000 - 1h + g to n terms]
9
= 7 6 (10 + 100 + 1000 + g n terms) - (1 + 1 + 1gn terms) ]
9
= 7 610 + 102 + 103 + gn terms - n @
9
= 7 ;10 c 10 n - 1 m - n E
9 10 - 1
^ n h
( Here, sum of n terms of G.P. is a r - 1 )
r-1
= 70 ^10 n - 1h - 7n
81 9
(ii) Given series is 0.4 + 0.94 + 0.994 + g .
= n - 6 ; 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + g to n terms]
10 10 10
46 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
1 81 - 1 n B
= n - 6 > 10 H
` 10 j
= n - 6 8 1 `1 - ` 1 j jB = n - 2 81 - ` 1 j B
n n
1- 1 9 10 3 10
10
^ n h
( Here, sum of n terms of G.P. is a r - 1 )
r-1
9. Suppose that five people are ill during the first week of an epidemic and each sick
person spreads the contagious disease to four other people by the end of the
second week and so on. By the end of 15th week, how many people will be affected
by the epidemic?
Solution: The number of people affected by the epidemic during each week form a
geometric series.
Thus, the total number of people affected by the epidemic in 15 weeks is,
S15 = 5 + ^4 # 5h + ^4 # 20h + ^4 # 80h + g to 15 terms
= 5 + 20 + 80 + g to 15 terms.
It is geometric series with a = 5, r = 4 , n = 15
6 15 @
Thus, Sn = a r - 1 & S15 = 5 4 - 1 = 5 6415 - 1 @ .
^ n h
r-1 4-1 3
10. A gardener wanted to reward a boy for his good deeds by giving some mangoes.
He gave the boy two choices. He could either have 1000 mangoes at once or he
could get 1 mango on the first day, 2 on the second day, 4 on the third day, 8
mangoes on the fourth day and so on for ten days. Which option should the boy
choose to get the maximum number of mangoes?
Solution: If the boy receives mangoes daily for 10 days, then
the total number of mangoes is S10 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + g to 10 terms.
The above series is a geometric series with a = 1, r = 2 and n = 10 .
^ n h (1)6210 - 1 @
Thus, Sn = a r - 1 & S10 = = 210 - 1 = 1023.
r-1 2-1
Hence, the boy should opt for getting mangoes daily for 10 days.
11. A geometric series consists of even number of terms. The sum of all terms is 3
times the sum of odd terms. Find the common ratio.
Solution: Assume that the number of terms in the geometric series is 2n .
Given that S2n = 3 (sum of odd terms)
n
& = 3a )= 1 - r 2 G3 & 3 = 1
^ 2h
& r=2
1-r 1+r
Thus, the common ratio is 2.
12. If S1, S2 and S3 are the sum of first n, 2n and 3n terms of a geometric series
respectively, then prove that S1 ^ S3 - S2h = ^ S2 - S1h2 .
^ nh ^ 2nh ^ 3n h
Solution: Given that S1 = a 1 - r , S2 = a 1 - r and S3 = a 1 - r
1-r 1-r 1-r
nh 3n h
^ ^
Now, S1 ^ S3 - S2h = ' a 1 - r 1 ' a 1 - r a^1 - r2nh 1
-
1-r 1-r 1-r
^1 - r h ^1 - r h
2 2n ^ nh ^ nh 2 2n ^ nh2
= a r 1 - r 2 1 - r = a r 1 -2r g (1)
^1 - r h ^1 - r h
2n n
Also S2 - S1 = a c 1 - r m - a c 1 - r m
1-r 1-r
= a 61 - r2n - 1 + r n @ = a r 61 - r n @
n
1-r 1-r
2
& a2 r2n ^1 - r nh
^ S2 - S1h = = S1 ^ S3 - S2h . (using (1))
2
^1 - r h2
Exercise 2.6
/ k2 - 22 612 + 22 + 32 + g + 192 @ - 10 = / k2 - 4/ k2 - 10
39 39 19
=
1 1 1
n
{ / k2 = n (n + 1) (2n + 1) }
1 6
-4; E - 10
39^39 + 1h ^78 + 1h 19 ^19 + 1h ^38 + 1h
=
6 6
= 20540 - 9880 - 10 = 10650 .
3 3 3
(vi) 16 + 17 + g + 35
= ^13 + 23 + 33 + g + 353h - ^13 + 23 + g + 153h
35 15 n n^ n + 1h 2
= / k3 - / k3 ) / k3 = c m 3
1 1 k=1 2
E - ;
15 ^15 + 1h 2
= ; E = 8 35 # 36 B - 8 15 # 16 B
35 (35 + 1) 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
= ^35 # 18h2 - ^15 # 8h2 = ^630h2 - ^120h2
= (630 + 120)(630 - 120) = 382500.
2. Find the value of k if
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 6084 (ii) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 2025
3 3 3 3
Solution: (i) Given that 1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 6084
k
& / n3 = 6084
1
;
k ^ k + 1h 2
& E = 6084 = 782
2
& k (k + 1) = 156 = 12 # 13 & k = 12 .
3 3 3 3
(ii) Given that 1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 2025
k
& / n3 = 2025
1
;
k ^ k + 1h 2
& E = 2025 = 452 & k^k + 1h = 9 # 10
2
Thus, k = 9
Solution - Sequences and Series of Real Numbers 49
3 3 3 3
3. If 1 + 2 + 3 + g + p = 171 , then find 1 + 2 + 3 + g + p .
Solution: Given that 1 + 2 + 3 + g + p = 171
p
& / n = 171
1
p^ p + 1h
& = 171
2
;
p^ p + 1h 2
& E = 1712
2
Thus, 1 3 + 23 + 33 + g + p3 = 1712 = 29241.
3 3 3 3
4. If 1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 8281 , then find 1 + 2 + 3 + g + k .
3 3 3 3
Solution: Given that 1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 8281
;
k ^ k + 1h 2
& E = 8281 = 912
2
k ^ k + 1h
& = 91
2
& 1 + 2 + 3 + gk = 91
5. Find the total area of 12 squares whose sides are 12 cm, 13cm, g, 23cm. respectively.
Solution: Given that the sides of 12 squares are 12cm, 13cm, 14cm, g, 23cm.
Total area of 12 squares = 122 + 132 + 142 + g + 232
= ^12 + 22 + 32 + g + 232h - ^12 + 22 + 32 + g + 112h
23 11 n
= / k2 - / / k2 { / k2 = n (n + 1) (2n + 1) }
1 1 1 6
23^23 + 1h^46 + 1h 11^11 + 1h^22 + 1h
= -
6 6
= 23 # 24 # 47 - 11 # 12 # 23
6 6
= 4324 - 506 = 3818 cm 2 .
6. Find the total volume of 15 cubes whose edges are 16 cm, 17 cm, 18 cm, g , 30 cm
respectively.
Solution: The edges of 15 cubes are 16 cm, 17 cm, 18 cm, g , 30 cm respectively.
Total volume of 15 cubes = 163 + 173 + 183 + g + 303
= ^13 + 23 + 33 + g + 303h - ^13 + 23 + 33 + g + 153h
30 15 n n^ n + 1h 2
= / k3 - / k3 ) / k3 = c m 3
1 1 k=1 2
= ; E -;
30^30 + 1h 2 15^15 + 1h 2
E
2 2
= ^15 # 31h2 - ^15 # 8h2 = ^465h2 - ^120h2
= 216225 - 14400 = 201825 cm3 .
50 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
Exercise 2.7
Choose the correct answer.
1. Which one of the following is not true?
(A) A sequence is a real valued function defined on N .
(B) Every function represents a sequence.
(C) A sequence may have infinitely many terms.
(D) A sequence may have a finite number of terms.
Solution: A real valued function defined on N is a sequence. ( Ans. (B) )
a
7. If a1, a2, a3, g are in A.P. such that 4 = 3 , then the 13th term of the A.P. is
a7 2
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 12a1 (D) 14a1
2
Solution: 2( a + 3d ) = 3( a + 6d ) & 3a + 18d – 2a – 6d = 0
& a + 12d = 0 ( Ans (B) )
9. If k+2, 4k–6, 3k–2 are the three consecutive terms of an A.P, then the value of k is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
Solution: (k+2) + (3k–2) = 2(4k–6) & 4k = 8k – 12 & k = 3. ( Ans (B) )
10. If a, b, c, l, m. n are in A.P., then 3a+7, 3b+7, 3c+7, 3l+7, 3m+7, 3n+7 form
(A) a G.P. (B) an A.P.
(C) a constant sequence (D) neither A.P. nor G.P
Solution: If an A.P is Multiplied by a constant or Added by a constant,
the resulting sequence is an A.P ( Ans (B) )
11. If the third term of a G.P is 2, then the product of first 5 terms is
2 5
(A) 5 (B) 2 (C) 10 (D) 15
Solution: The terms 5x, 10x + 10 , 15x + 15 are obtained by multiplying the
original sequence by 5. ( Ans (B) )
15. If the product of the first four consecutive terms of a G.P is 256 and if the common ratio
is 4 and the first term is positive, then its 3rd term is
(A) 8 (B) 1
16
(C) 1 (D) 16
32
Solution: Let the G.P be a3 , a , ar, ar3 ; a4 = 256 & a = 4. ar = 16. ( Ans (D) )
r r
2 3 4 5
17. If x ! 0 , then 1 + sec x + sec x + sec x + sec x + sec x is equal to
2 3 4 2 4
(A) (1 + sec x) (sec x + sec x + sec x) (B) (1 + sec x) (1 + sec x + sec x)
3 5 3 4
(C) (1 - sec x) (sec x + sec x + sec x) (D) (1 + sec x) (1 + sec x + sec x)
6 (1 sec2 x) (1 + sec2 x + sec4 x)
Solution: Expression = 1 - sec x = - ( Ans (B) )
1 - sec x 1 - sec x
th
18. If the n term of an A.P. is tn = 3 - 5n , then the sum of the first n terms is
m-n m m+n
19. The common ratio of the G.P. a ,a ,a is
m -m n -n
(A) a (B) a (C) a (D) a ( Ans (C) )
3 3 3
20. If 1 + 2 + 3 +. . . + n = k then 1 + 2 + g + n is equal to
2 3 k ^ k + 1h
(A) k (B) k (C) (D) ^k + 1h3
2
( Ans (A) )
Solution - Algebra 55
When b = 31 , (5) & 3a - 8` 31 j = – 5 & a = 23 .
22 22 11
When a = 23 , we have 1 = 23 & x = 11 .
11 x 11 23
9. 15 + 2 = 17 , 1 + 1 = 36 , x ! 0, y ! 0 .
x y x y 5
Solution: The given equations are
15 + 2 = 17 g (1)
x y
1 + 1 = 36 g (2)
x y 5
Let a = 1 and b = 1 .
x y
(1) & 15a + 2b = 17 g (3)
(2) & a + b = 36 g (4)
5
(3) - (4) # 15 & 13b = – 91 & b = 7
-
56 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
When b = 7, (4) & 5a + 5 (7) = 36 & a = 1
5
When a = 1 , 1 = 1 & x = 5. When b = 7, 1 = 7 & y = 1 .
5 x
5 y 7
Thus, the solution is1
`5, 7 j .
10. 2 + 2 = 1 , 3 + 2 = 0, x ! 0, y ! 0 .
x 3y 6 x y
Solution: The given equations are,
2 + 2 = 1 g (1)
x 3y 6
3 + 2 = 0 g (2)
x y
Let a = 1 and b = 1 . Now, (1) & 2a + 2 b = 1 g (3)
x y 3 6
(2) & 3a + 2b = 0 g (4)
2b = 1 & b =- 1 .
(3) # 3 - (4) # 2 & -
2 4
When b =- 1 , (4) & 3a + 2`- 1 j = 0 & 3a = 1 & a = 1 .
4 4 2 6
Thus, a = 1 & x = 6 and b =- 1 & y =- 4.
6 4
Hence, the solution is (6, – 4).
Exercise 3.2
x y 1
& = =
4 (- 47) - (- 11) (- 24) (- 24) (20) - (- 47) (3) 3 (- 11) - (20) (4)
x = y
& = 1
- 452 - 339 - 113
& x = - 452 = 4, y = - 339 = 3
- 113 - 113
Thus, the solution is (4, 3).
Solution - Algebra 57
(ii) The given system of equation is
0.5x + 0.8y - 0.44 = 0
0.8x + 0.6y - 0.5 = 0
Multiply both sides of the given equations by 100.
We get, 50x + 80y - 44 = 0
80x + 60y - 50 = 0.
x y 1
& 80 - 44 50 80
60 - 50 80 60
x y 1
& = =
80 (- 50) - 60 (- 44) 80 (- 44) - 50 (- 50) 50 (60) - 80 (80)
x = y 1
& =
- 1360 - 1020 - 3400
9x - 10y 2x + 3y
(iii) = – 2, = 13 .
6 6 6
The given system of equations can be written as
9x - 10y + 12 = 0
2x + 3y - 13 = 0
x y 1
& - 10 12 9 - 10
3 - 13 2 3
x y 1
& = =
130 - 36 24 + 117 27 + 20
& x = 94 = 2 ; y = 141 = 3.
47 47
Thus, the solution is (2, 3).
(iv) Three chairs and two tables cost ` 700 and five chairs and three tables cost
` 1100. What is the total cost of 2 chairs and 3 tables?
Solution: Let the cost of a chair be ` x and cost of a table be ` y.
Given that 3x + 2y = 700 & 3x + 2y - 700 = 0 g (1)
and 5x + 3y = 1100 & 5x + 3y - 1100 = 0 g (2)
To solve (1) and (2), let us write the coefficients as follows
x y 1
2 - 700 3 2
3 - 1100 5 3
x y 1
& = =
- 2200 + 2100 - 3500 + 3300 9 - 10
Exercise 3.3
1. Find the zeros of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the basic
relationships between the zeros and the coefficients.
2
(i) x - 2x - 8 .
Solution: Let p (x) = x2 - 2x - 8 = (x - 4) (x + 2)
Clearly, p (4) = 0 and p (- 2) = 0 .
Thus, the zeros of p (x) = x2 - 2x - 8 are 4 and – 2.
Sum of zeros = 4 – 2 = 2 g (1)
Product of zeros = (4) (– 2) = – 8 g (2)
Solution - Algebra 61
The basic relationships:
( 2)
Sum of zeros = - coefficient of x2 = - - = 2 g (3)
coefficient of x 1
Product of zeros = constant term 2 = - 8 =- 8 g (4)
coefficient of x 1
From (1) and (3) and also from (2) and (4), the basic relationships are verified.
2
(ii) 4x - 4x + 1 .
Solution: Let p (x) = 4x2 - 4x + 1 = (2x - 1) (2x - 1)
Clearly, p^ xh = 0 when x = 1 , 1 (twice) .
2 2
Thus, the zeros of p (x) = 4x - 4x + 1 are 1 and 1 .
2
2 2
Sum of zeros = 1 + 1 = 1 g (1)
2 2
Product of zeros = 1 # 1 = 1 g (2)
2 2 4
( 4)
coefficient of x2 = - -
Basic relationships: sum of zeros = - = 1 g (3)
coefficient of x 4
From (1) and (3) and also from (2) and (4), the basic relationships are verified.
2
(iii) 6x - 3 - 7x .
Solution: Let p (x) = 6x2 - 7x - 3 = (2x - 3) (3x + 1)
So, p` 3 j = 0 and p ` - 1 j = 0
2 3
2
Thus, the zeros of p (x) = 6x - 7x - 3 are 3 and - 1 .
2 3
Sum of zeros = 3 1
- = 7 g (1)
2 3 6
Product of zeros = 3 #- 1 =- 1 g (2)
2 3 2
( 7)
coefficient of x2 = - - = 7
Basic relationships: sum of zeros = - g (3)
coefficient of x 6 6
From (1) and (3) and also from (2) and (4), the basic relationships are verified.
2
(iv) 4x + 8x .
Solution: Let p (x) = 4x2 + 8x = 4x (x + 2)
Thus, p (0) = 0 and p (- 2) = 0 .
Hence, the zeros of p (x) = 4x2 + 8x are 0 and – 2.
62 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
Sum of zeros = 0 – 2 = – 2 g (1)
Product of zeros = (0) (– 2) = 0 g (2)
coefficient of x2 = - 8 =- 2
Basic relationships: sum of zeros = - g (3)
coefficient of x 4
From (1) and (3) and also from (2) and (4), the basic relationships are verified.
2
(v) x - 15 .
Solution: Let p (x) = x2 - 15 = (x + 15 ) (x - 15 ) .
Thus, p (- 15 ) = 0 and p ( 15 ) = 0 .
coefficient of x2 = 0 = 0
Basic relationships: sum of zeros = - g (3)
coefficient of x 1
From (1) and (3) and also from (2) and (4), the basic relationships are verified.
2
(vi) 3x - 5x + 2 .
Solution: p (x) = 3x2 - 5x + 2 = (3x - 2) (x - 1)
Let
Clearly, p` 2 j = 0 and p (1) = 0 .
3
Thus, the zeros of p (x) = 3x2 - 5x + 2 are 2 and 1.
3
Sum of zeros = 2 5
+ 1 = . g (1)
3 3
Product of zeros = ` 2 j (1) = 2 g (2)
3 3
( 5)
coefficient of x2 = - -
Basic relationships: sum of zeros = - = 5 g (3)
coefficient of x 3 3
From (1) and (3) and also from (2) and (4), the basic relationships are verified.
2
(vii) 2x - 2 2 x + 1 .
Solution: Let p (x) = 2x2 - 2 2 x + 1 = ( 2 x - 1) ( 2 x - 1)
Solution - Algebra 63
Clearly, p c 1 m = 0 ( twice)
2
Thus, the zeros of p (x) = 2x2 - 2 2 x + 1 are 1 and 1 .
2 2
Sum of zeros = 1 + 1 = 2 = 2 g (1)
2 2 2
Product of zeros = c 1 mc 1 1
m = 2 g (2)
2 2
( 2 2)
coefficient of x2 = - -
Basic relationships: sum of zeros = - = 2 g (3)
coefficient of x 2
From (1) and (3) and also from (2) and (4), the basic relationships are verified.
2
(viii) x + 2x - 143 .
Solution: Let p (x) = x2 + 2x - 143 = (x + 13) (x - 11)
Clearly, p (- 13) = 0 and p (11) = 0 .
coefficient of x2 = - 2 =- 2
Basic relationships: sum of zeros = - g (3)
coefficient of x 1
From (1) and (3) and also from (2) and (4), the basic relationships are verified.
2. Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product
of its zeros respectively.
(i) 3, 1.
Solution: Let a and b be the zeros of a quadratic polynomial p (x) .
Given that a + b = 3 and ab = 1 .
Thus, p (x) = x2 - (a + b) x + ab = x2 - 3x + 1 .
(ii) 2, 4.
Solution: Let a and b be the zeros of a quadratic polynomial p (x) .
Given that a + b = 2 and ab = 4 .
Thus, p (x) = x2 - (a + b) x + ab = x2 - 2x + 4 .
3 –5 5 - 50 " Remainder
3 9
So, (3x3 - 4x2 - 5) = ` x + 1 j`3x2 - 5x + 5 j - 50
3 3 9
= (3x + 1) 1 `3x2 - 5x + 5 j - 50
3 3 9
Thus, the required quotient = 1 3x - 5x + j = x - x + 5 .
2 5 2 5
3` 3 3 9
The remainder = - . 50
9
4 2
(v) (8x - 2x + 6x - 5 ) ' (4x + 1 ).
Solution: Let p (x) = 8x4 - 2x2 + 6x - 5 .
The zero of the divisor (4x + 1) is - 1 .
4
66 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
-1 8 0 –2 6 –5
4
0 –2 1 3 - 51
2 8 32
2 –6 – 16 55 - 41 " Remainder
2
So, 2x4 - 7x3 - 13x2 + 63x - 48 = ` x - 1 j (2x3 - 6x2 - 16x + 55) - 41
2 2
1
= (2x - 1) (2x - 6x - 16x + 55) - 41
3 2
2 2
Thus, the required quotient = 1 (2x - 6x - 16x + 55) = x - 3x - 8x + 55 .
3 2 3 2
2 2
The remainder = - . 41
2
4 3 2
2. If the quotient on dividing x + 10x + 35x + 50x + 29 by x + 4 is
3 2
x - ax + bx + 6 , then find a, b and also the remainder.
Solution: Let p (x) = x4 + 10x3 + 35x2 + 50x + 29 .
The zero of the divisor (x + 4) is – 4.
–4 1 10 35 50 29
0 –4 – 24 – 44 – 24
1 6 11 6 5 " Remainder
So, x4 + 10x3 + 35x2 + 50x + 29 = (x + 4) (x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6) + 5
Thus, the quotient is x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 .
But, x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6 = x3 - ax2 + bx + 6 .
Comparing the respective coefficients, we get a =- 6 and b = 11 .
The remainder is 5.
Solution - Algebra 67
4 2 3 2
3. If the quotient on dividing, 8x - 2x + 6x - 7 by 2x + 1 is 4x + px - qx + 3 ,
then find p , q and also the remainder.
Solution: Let p (x) = 8x4 - 2x2 + 6x - 7 .
The zero of the divisor (2x + 1) is - 1 .
2
-1 8 0 –2 6 –7
2
0 –4 2 0 –3
8 –4 0 6 – 10 " Remainder
Exercise 3.5
1. Factorize each of the following polynomials.
3 2
(i) x - 2x - 5x + 6 .
Solution: Let p (x) = x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 6 .
Sum of the coefficients of p (x) is 1 - 2 - 5 + 6 = 0 .
So, (x - 1) is a factor of p (x) .
1 1 –2 –5 6
0 1 –1 –6
1 –1 –6 0 " Remainder
The other factor is x2 - x - 6 = x2 - 3x + 2x - 6 = (x + 2) (x - 3) .
Thus, x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 6 = (x - 1)(x + 2) (x - 3) .
(ii) 4x3 - 7x + 3 .
Solution: Let p (x) = 4x3 - 7x + 3 .
Sum of the coefficients of p (x) = 4 - 7 + 3 = 0 .
So, (x - 1) is a factor of p (x) .
1 4 0 –7 3
0 4 4 –3
4 4 –3 0 " Remainder
The other factor is 4x2 + 4x - 3 = 4x2 + 6x - 2x - 3 = (2x + 3) (2x - 1) .
Thus, 4x3 - 7x + 3 = (x - 1)(2x + 3) (2x - 1) .
Exercise 3.6
Solution - Algebra 71
2 3 2 2
(ii) x y , x y , x y .
Solution: GCD = x2 y .
4 3 2 5 3
(iii) 25bc d , 35b c , 45c d .
Solution: 25bc4 d3 = 52 # bc4 d3
35b2 c5 = 5 # 7b2 c5
45c3 d = 5 # 3 2 c3 d
GCD = 5c3 .
5 3 4 2 3 2 2
(iv) 35x y z , 49x yz , 14xy z .
Solution: 35x5 y3 z4 = 7 # 5 # x5 y3 z4
49x2 yz3 = 7 # 7 # x2 yz3
14xy2 z2 = 7 # 2 # xy2 z2
GCD = 7xyz2 .
2. Find the GCD of the following
2 2
(i) c - d , c^c - dh .
Solution: c2 - d2 = (c + d) (c - d)
c (c - d) = c (c - d)
GCD = (c - d) .
4 3
(ii) x - 27a x , ^ x - 3ah2 .
Solution: x4 - 27a3 x = x (x3 - 33 a3) = x (x - 3a) (x2 + 3ax + 9a2)
(x - 3a) 2 = (x - 3a) (x - 3a)
GCD = (x - 3a) .
2 2
(iii) m - 3m - 18 , m + 5m + 6 .
Solution: m2 - 3m - 18 = (m - 6) (m + 3)
m2 + 5m + 6 = (m + 2) (m + 3)
GCD = (m + 3) .
2 3 2
(iv) x + 14x + 33 , x + 10x - 11x .
Solution: x2 + 14x + 33 = (x + 11) (x + 3)
x3 + 10x2 - 11x = x (x + 11) (x - 1)
GCD = (x + 11) .
2 2 2 2
(v) x + 3xy + 2y , x + 5xy + 6y .
Solution: x2 + 3xy + 2y2 = (x + y) (x + 2y)
x2 + 5xy + 6y2 = (x + 3y) (x + 2y)
GCD = (x + 2y) .
72 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
2 2
(vi) 2x - x - 1 , 4x + 8x + 3 .
Solution: 2x2 - x - 1 = (2x + 1) (x - 1)
4x2 + 8x + 3 = (2x + 1) (2x + 3)
GCD = (2x + 1) .
2 2 2
(vii) x - x - 2 , x + x - 6 , 3x - 13x + 14 .
Solution: x2 - x - 2 = (x - 2) (x + 1)
x2 + x - 6 = (x - 2) (x + 3)
3x2 - 13x + 14 = (x - 2) (3x - 7)
GCD = (x - 2) .
3 2 4
(viii) x - x + x - 1 , x - 1 .
Solution: x3 - x2 + x - 1 = (x2 + 1) (x - 1)
x4 - 1 = (x2 + 1) (x - 1)(x + 1)
GCD = (x2 + 1) (x - 1) .
4 3 2 6 5 4
(ix) 24^6x - x - 2x h , 20^2x + 3x + x h .
Solution: 24 (6x4 - x3 - 2x2) = 4 # 6 # x2 (2x + 1) (3x - 2) .
20 (2x6 + 3x5 + x4) = 4 # 5 # x4 (2x + 1) (x + 1)
GCD = 4x2 (2x + 1) .
(x) ^a - 1h5 ^a + 3h2 , ^a - 2h2 ^a - 1h3 ^a + 3h4 .
Solution: (a - 1) 5 (a + 3) 2 = (a - 1) 2 ^a - 1h3 (a + 3) 2
(a - 1) 3 (a + 3) 4 (a - 2) 2 = (a - 1) 3 (a + 3) 2 ^a + 3h 2 (a - 2) 2
GCD = (a - 1) 3 (a + 3) 2
3. Find the GCD of the following pairs of polynomials using division algorithm.
3 2 2
(i) x - 9x + 23x - 15 , 4x - 16x + 12 .
Solution: Let f (x) = x3 - 9x2 + 23x - 15 .
and g (x) = 4x2 - 16x + 12 = 4 (x2 - 4x + 3) .
So, the divisor is x2 - 4x + 3.
x-5
x2 - 4x + 3 x3 - 9x2 + 23x - 15
x3 - 4x2 + 3x
- 5x2 + 20x - 15
- 5x2 + 20x - 15
0
Remainder is zero.
Thus, GCD (f (x), g (x)) = x2 - 4x + 3 .
Solution - Algebra 73
3 2 2
(ii) 3x + 18x + 33x + 18 , 3x + 13x + 10 .
Solution: Let f (x) = 3x3 + 18x2 + 33x + 18 .
and g (x) = 3x2 + 13x + 10 .
So, the divisor is g (x) = 3x2 + 13x + 10 .
x+ 5
3
3x2 + 13x + 10 3x3 + 18x2 + 33x + 18
3x3 + 13x2 + 10x
(–) (–) (–)
5x2 + 23x + 18
5x2 + 65x + 50
3 3
4x + 4
3 3
& 4 (x + 1) ! 0. Note that 4 is not a divisor of g (x).
3 3
3x + 10
x + 1 3x2 + 13x + 10
3x2 + 3x
(–) (–)
10x + 10
10x + 10
0
Remainder is zero.
Thus, GCD (f (x), g (x)) = x + 1 .
3 2 3 2
(iii) 2x + 2x + 2x + 2 , 6x + 12x + 6x + 12 .
Solution: Let f (x) = 2 (x3 + x2 + x + 1) .
and g (x) = 6 (x3 + 2x2 + x + 2) .
Note that 2 is a common factor of f (x) and g (x) .
Here, the divisor is x3 + x2 + x + 1 .
1
x3 + x2 + x + 1 x3 + 2x2 + x + 2
x3 + x 2 + x + 1
x2 + 1 ! 0
x+1
x 2 + 1 x3 + x 2 + x + 1
x3 +x
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
0
Remainder is zero.
Thus, GCD (f (x), g (x)) = 2 (x2 + 1) .
3 2 4 3 2
(iv) x - 3x + 4x - 12 , x + x + 4x + 4x .
Solution: Let f (x) = x3 - 3x2 + 4x - 12
and g (x) = x (x3 + x2 + 4x + 4)
Thus, the divisor is x 3 + x 2 + 4x + 4
1
x3 + x2 + 4x + 4 x3 - 3x2 + 4x - 12
x3 + x2 + 4x + 4
- 4x 2 - 16
& - 4 (x2 + 4) ! 0. Note that - 4 is not a factor of f (x).
x+1
x2 + 4 x3 + x2 + 4x + 4
x3 + 4x
(–) (–)
x2 +4
x2 +4
(–) (–)
0
Remainder is zero.
Thus, GCD ( f (x), g (x) ) = x2 + 4 .
Exercise 3.7
Find the LCM of the following.
3 2
1. x y , xyz .
Solution: x3 y2 , xyz. Hence, LCM = x3 y2 z .
Solution - Algebra 75
2 3 3
2. 3x yz , 4x y .
Solution: 3x2 yz ; 4x3 y3 .
Thus, LCM = 3 # 4x3 y3 z = 12x3 y3 z .
2 2 2
3. a bc , b ca , c ab .
Solution: a2 bc = a2 bc ; b2 ca = ab2 c ; c2 ab = abc2
Thus, LCM = a2 b2 c2 .
4 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 4
4. 66a b c , 44a b c , 24a b c .
Solution: 66a4 b2 c3 = 11 # 2 # 3 # a4 b2 c3
44a3 b4 c2 = 11 # 2 # 2 # a3 b4 c2
24a2 b3 c4 = 2 # 3 # 2 # 2 # a2 b3 c4
Thus, LCM = 11 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 2 # a4 b4 c4 = 264a4 b4 c4 .
m+1 m+2 m+3
5. a , a , a .
Solution: a m + 1 = a m # a ; a m + 2 = a m # a2
a m + 3 = a m # a3
Thus, LCM = a m # a3 = a m + 3 .
2 2 2
6. x y + xy , x + xy .
Solution: x2 y + xy2 = xy (x + y)
x2 + xy = x (x + y)
Thus, LCM = xy (x + y) .
2
7. 3^a - 1h , 2^a - 1h2 , ^a - 1h .
2
Solution: 3^a - 1h , 2^a - 1h2 , ^a - 1h .
Now, a2 - 1 = (a - 1) (a + 1) .
Thus, LCM = 6 (a - 1) 2 (a + 1) .
2 2 2 2 3 3
8. 2x - 18y , 5x y + 15xy , x + 27y .
Solution: 2x2 - 18y2 = 2 (x + 3y) (x - 3y)
5x2 y + 15xy2 = 5xy (x + 3y)
x3 + 27y3 = (x + 3y) (x2 - 3xy + 9y2)
LCM = 2 # 5 # xy (x + 3y) (x - 3y) (x2 - 3xy + 9y2)
Thus, LCM = 10xy (x + 3y) (x - 3y) (x2 - 3xy + 9y2) .
Exercise 3.8
x2 + 2x + 3
x2 + x + 1 x4 + 3x3 + 6x2 + 5x + 3
x 4 + x3 + x 2
2x3 + 5x2 + 5x
2x 3 + 2x 2 + 2x
3x2 + 3x + 3
3x2 + 3x + 3
0
(x + x + 1) (x + 2x + 3) (x4 + 2x2 + x + 2)
2 2
LCM =
(x2 + x + 1)
Thus, LCM = (x2 + 2x + 3) (x4 + 2x2 + x + 2) .
Solution - Algebra 77
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3 2 3 2
(iii) 2x + 15x + 2x - 35 , x + 8x + 4x - 21 whose GCD is x + 7 .
Solution: Let f (x) = 2x3 + 15x2 + 2x - 35
g (x) x3 + 8x2 + 4x - 21 and GCD. is x + 7
=
f (x) # g (x)
Thus, LCM =
GCD
Now, GCD divides both f (x) and g (x) . Let us divide f (x) by GCD.
2x 2 + x - 5
x + 7 2x3 + 15x2 + 2x - 35
2x3 + 14x2
x2 + 2x
x2 + 7x
- 5x - 35
- 5x - 35
0
(x + 7) (2x + x - 5) (x3 + 8x2 + 4x - 21)
2
LCM =
x+7
Hence, LCM = (2x2 + x - 5) (x3 + 8x2 + 4x - 21) .
3 2 4 3 2
(iv) 2x - 3x - 9x + 5 , 2x - x - 10x - 11x + 8 whose GCD is 2x - 1 .
Solution: Let f (x) = 2x3 - 3x2 - 9x + 5 .
g (x)= 2x4 - x3 - 10x2 - 11x + 8 and GCD = 2x - 1
f (x) # g (x)
Thus, LCM =
GCD
Now, GCD divides both f (x) and g (x) . Let us divide g (x) by GCD.
x3 - 5x - 8
2x - 1 2x4 - x3 - 10x2 - 11x + 8
2x 4 - x 3
2
- 10x - 11x
- 10x2 + 5x
- 16x + 8
- 16x + 8
0
(2x - 1) (x3 - 5x - 8) (2x3 - 3x2 - 9x + 5)
LCM =
(2x - 1)
Thus, LCM = (x3 - 5x - 8)(2x3 - 3x2 - 9x + 5) .
2. Find the other polynomial q^ xh of each of the following, given that LCM and GCD
and one polynomial p^ xh respectively.
(i) ^ x + 1h2 ^ x + 2h2 , ^ x + 1h^ x + 2h , ^ x + 1h2 ^ x + 2h .
Solution: LCM = (x + 1) 2 (x + 2) 2 ; GCD = (x + 1) (x + 2)
and p (x) = (x + 1) 2 (x + 2)
We know that LCM # GCD = p (x) # q (x) .
2 2
& q (x) = LCM # GCD = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) (x + 2)
p (x) (x + 1) 2 (x + 2)
2
Thus, q (x) = (x + 1) (x + 2) .
(ii) ^4x + 5h3 ^3x - 7h3 , ^4x + 5h^3x - 7h2 , ^4x + 5h3 ^3x - 7h2 .
Solution: LCM = (4x + 5) 3 (3x - 7) 3 ; GCD = (4x + 5) (3x - 7) 2
and p (x) = (4x + 5) 3 (3x - 7) 2
We know that LCM # GCD = p (x) # q (x) .
(4x + 5) 3 (3x - 7) 3 (4x + 5) (3x - 7) 2
& q (x) = LCM # GCD =
p (x) (4x + 5) 3 (3x - 7) 2
Thus, q (x) = (3x - 7) 3 (4x + 5) .
4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4
(iii) ^ x - y h^ x + x y + y h , x - y , x - y .
Solution: LCM = (x4 - y4) (x4 + x2 y2 + y4) ; GCD = (x2 - y2)
and p (x) = x4 - y4
We know that LCM # GCD = p (x) # q (x) .
4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2
& q (x) = LCM # GCD = (x - y ) (x + x y + y ) (x - y )
p (x) x4 - y4
4 2 2 4 2 2
Thus, q (x) = (x + x y + y )(x - y ) .
3 2 3 2
(iv) ^ x - 4xh^5x + 1h , ^5x + xh , ^5x - 9x - 2xh .
Solution: LCM = (x3 - 4x) (5x + 1) = x (x + 2) (x - 2) (5x + 1)
GCD = (5x2 + x) = x (5x + 1)
and p (x) = 5x3 - 9x2 - 2x = x (5x + 1) (x - 2)
We know that LCM # GCD = p (x) # q (x) .
x (x + 2) (x - 2) (5x + 1) (x) (5x + 1)
& q (x) = LCM
= # GCD =
p (x) x (5x + 1) (x - 2)
Thus, q (x) = x (x + 2) (5x + 1) .
2 3 2
(v) ^ x - 1h^ x - 2h^ x - 3x + 3h , ^ x - 1h , ^ x - 4x + 6x - 3h .
Solution: LCM = (x - 1)(x - 2) (x2 - 3x + 3) ; GCD = x - 1
and p (x) = x3 - 4x2 + 6x - 3 = (x - 1) (x2 - 3x + 3)
We know that LCM # GCD = p (x) # q (x) .
Solution - Algebra 79
(x 1)(x - 2) (x2 - 3x + 3) (x - 1)
& q (x) = LCM # GCD = -
p (x) (x - 1) (x2 - 3x + 3)
Thus, q (x) = (x - 1) (x - 2) .
2
(vi) 2^ x + 1h^ x - 4h , ^ x + 1h , ^ x + 1h^ x - 2h .
Exercise 3.9
Simplify the following into their lowest forms.
2
(i) 6x2 + 9x .
3x - 12x
Solution: 6x2 + 9x = 3x (2x + 3) = 2x + 3 .
3x2 - 12x 3x (x - 4) x-4
2
(ii) x4 + 1 .
x -1
Solution: x2 + 1 = x2 + 1 = 21 .
4 2 2
3
x -1 (x + 1) (x - 1) x -1
(iii) x -1 .
2
x +x+1
2
Solution: x3 - 1 = (x - 1)(x + x + 1) = (x - 1) .
x2 + x + 1 x2 + x + 1
3
(iv) x 2- 27 .
x -9
2
Solution: x3 - 27 = (x - 3) (x + 3x + 9) = x2 + 3x + 9 .
x2 - 9 (x + 3) (x - 3) x+3
4 2
(v) x 2+ x + 1 .
4 2 2 2 2
(Hint: x + x + 1 = ^ x + 1h - x )
x +x+1
2 2
Solution: x4 + x2 + 1 = (x + x + 1) (x - x + 1) = x2 - x + 1 .
x2 + x + 1 x2 + x + 1
3
(vi) x +8 .
4 2
x + 4x + 16
x3 + 8 x3 + 23 (x + 2) (x2 - 2x + 4)
Solution: = =
x4 + 4x2 + 16 (x2 + 4) 2 - (2x) 2 (x2 + 2x + 4)(x2 - 2x + 4)
= 2 x + 2 .
x + 2x + 4
Exercise 3.10
1. Multiply the following and write your answer in lowest terms.
2
(i) x - 2x # 3x + 6 .
x+2 x-2 2
Solution: x - 2x # 3x + 6 = x (x - 2) # 3 (x + 2) = 3x .
x+2 x-2 x+2 x-2
2 2
(ii) x 2- 81 # x2 + 6x + 8
x -4 x - 5x - 36
2 2
Solution: x - 81 # x + 6x + 8 = (x + 9) (x - 9) # (x + 4) (x + 2)
2
x -4
2
x - 5x - 36 (x + 2) (x - 2) (x - 9) (x + 4)
= x + 9 .
x-2
Solution - Algebra 81
2 2
(iii) x 2- 3x - 10 # x -3 2x + 4
x - x - 20 x +8
2 2
Solution: x - 3 x - 10 # x - 2x + 4 = (x - 5) (x + 2) # x 2 - 2x + 4
2
x - x - 20
3
x +8 (x - 5) (x + 4) (x + 2) (x2 - 2x + 4)
= 1 .
x+4
(iv) x 2 - 16 # x 2 - 4 # x 2 - 4x + 16
x 2 - 3x + 2 x3 + 64 x 2 - 2x - 8
2 2 2
Solution: 2 x - 16 # x3 - 4 # x 2- 4x + 16
x - 3x + 2 x + 64 x - 2x - 8
=
(x + 4) (x - 4)
#
(x + 2) (x - 2)
# x2 - 4x + 16
(x - 2)(x - 1) (x + 4) (x2 - 4x + 16) (x - 4) (x + 2)
= 1 .
x-1
2 2
(v) 3x 2 + 2x - 1 # 2x 2 - 3x - 2
x -x-2 3x + 5x - 2
2 2
(3x - 1) (x + 1) (2x + 1) (x - 2)
Solution: 3x 2 + 2x - 1 # 2x2 - 3x - 2 = #
x -x-2 3x + 5x - 2 (x - 2) (x + 1) (3x - 1) (x + 2)
= 2x + 1 .
x+2
4
(vi) 2x - 1 # x - 8x # x + 3
2 2 2
x + 2x + 4 2x + 5x - 3 x - 2x
4
Solution: 2x - 1 # x - 8x # x + 3
2 2 2
x + 2x + 4 2x + 5x - 3 x - 2x
2
= 2x - 1 # x (x - 2) (x + 2x + 4) # x + 3 = 1.
x 2 + 2x + 4 (2x - 1) (x + 3) x (x - 2)
2. Divide the following and write your answer in lowest terms.
2
(i) x ' x .
x + 1 x2 - 1
2
Solution: x ' x = x # ^ x + 1h (x - 1) = x - 1 .
x + 1 x2 - 1 x+1 x2 x
2
(ii) x2 - 36 ' x + 6
x - 49 x + 7
2
(x 6) (x - 6) (x + 7)
Solution: x2 - 36 # x + 7 = + = x - 6 .
x - 49 x + 6 ( x + 7) ( x - 7) ( x + 6) x-7
2 2
(iii) x -2
4x - 5 ' x - 3x - 10
2
x - 25 x + 7x + 10
Solution:
(x2 - 4x - 5) (x2 + 7x + 10) (x - 5) (x + 1) (x + 5) (x + 2) (x + 1)
# 2 = # = .
2
(x - 25) (x - 3x - 10) ( x + 5) ( x - 5) (x - 5) (x + 2 ) (x - 5)
2 2
(vii) 2x 2 + 5x - 3 ' 2x 2 + x - 1
2x + 9x + 9 2x + x - 3
2 2
2x + 5x - 3 ' 2x + x - 1 = (2x - 1) (x + 3) # (2x + 3) (x - 1)
Solution:
2 2
2x + 9x + 9 2x + x - 3 (2x + 3) (x + 3) (2x - 1) (x + 1)
= x - 1 .
x+1
Exercise 3.11
= 1 + 1 = 2 .
x+1 x+1 x+1
Solution - Algebra 83
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2 2
(iii) x -2 x - 6 + x 2+ 2x - 24 .
x -9 x - x - 12
2 2
Solution: x -2
x - 6 + x + 2x - 24
2
x -9 x - x - 12
(x - 3) (x + 2) (x + 6) (x - 4)
= + = x+2 + x+6
(x + 3) (x - 3) (x - 4) (x + 3) x+3 x+3
= x + 2 + x + 6 = 2x + 8 = 2 (x + 4) .
x+3 x+3 x+3
(iv) 2
x-2 + 2 x+3 .
x - 7x + 10 x - 2x - 15
= 1 + 1 = 2 .
x-5 x-5 x-5
2 2
(v) 2x2 - 5x + 3 - 2x 2 - 7x - 4 .
x - 3x + 2 2x - 3x - 2
2 2
Solution: 2x2 - 5x + 3 - 2x2 - 7x - 4
x - 3x + 2 2x - 3x - 2
(2x - 3) (x - 1) (2x + 1) (x - 4)
= - = 2x - 3 - x - 4
(x - 2)(x - 1) (2x + 1) (x - 2) x-2 x-2
= 2x - 3 - x + 4 = x + 1 .
x-2 x-2
2 2
(vi) x - 4 - x - 11x + 30 .
2 2
x + 6x + 8 x - x - 20
2 2
Solution: x - 4 - x - 11x + 30
2 2
x + 6x + 8 x - x - 20
(x + 2)(x - 2) (x - 6) (x - 5)
= - = x-2 - x-6
(x + 2)(x + 4) (x - 5) (x + 4) x+4 x+4
= x-2-x+6 = 4 .
x+4 x+4
2
(vii) > 2x + 5 + x2 + 1 H - ` 3x - 2 j .
x+1 x -1 x-1
Solution: = 2x + 5 + x2 + 1 G - ` 3x - 2 j
2
x+1 x -1 x-1
= 2x + 5 + x2 + 1 -
(3x - 2)
x+1 (x + 1)(x - 1) x-1
(2x + 5)(x - 1) + x2 + 1 - (3x - 2) (x + 1)
=
(x + 1)(x - 1)
84 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
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= 2x2 - 2x + 5x - 5 + x2 + 1 - 3x2 - 3x + 2x + 2
(x + 1)(x - 1)
2x - 2 2 (x - 1)
= = = 2 .
(x + 1)(x - 1) (x + 1) (x - 1) x+1
(viii) 1 + 1 - 2 2 .
x 2 + 3x + 2 x 2 + 5 x + 6 x + 4x + 3
Solution: 1 + 2 1 - 2 2
2
x + 3x + 2 x + 5x + 6 x + 4x + 3
= 1 + 1 - 2
(x + 1)(x + 2) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 3) (x + 1)
x + 3 + x + 1 - 2 (x + 2)
=
(x + 1)(x + 2) (x + 3)
= 2x + 4 - 2x - 4 = 0 .
(x + 1)(x + 2) (x + 3)
3 3 2
2. Which rational expression should be added to x 2 - 1 to get 3x +2 2x + 4 ?
x +2 x +2
Solution: Let p (x) be the required rational expression.
Solution: 1 - 2Q = 1 -
2Q
P-Q P -Q2 2 P - Q (P + Q) (P - Q)
Solution - Algebra 85
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P + Q - 2Q P-Q
= =
(P + Q) (P - Q) (P + Q)(P - Q)
= 1 = 1 = 1
P+Q x + y x+y
x+y x+y x+y
Thus, 1 - 2Q = 1.
P - Q P2 - Q2
Exercise 3.12
82 (a + b) 4 (x - y) 8 (b - c) 6 2 4
8 (a + b) (x - y) (b - c) .
3
= =
52 (x + y) 4 (a - b) 6 (b + c)10 5 (x + y) 2 (a - b) 3 (b + c) 5
x 2
x + 14 + 2 = (x2) 2 + d 12 n + 2 (x2) d 12 n
4
Solution:
x x x
= 2 1 2 2 1
cx + 2 m = cx + 2 m .
x x
2 2 2
(v) ^6x + 5x - 6h^6x - x - 2h^4x + 8x + 3h .
Solution: ^6x2 + 5x - 6h^6x2 - x - 2h^4x2 + 8x + 3h
= (2x + 3) (3x - 2) (3x - 2) (2x + 1) (2x + 1) (2x + 3)
= (2x + 3) 2 (3x - 2) 2 (2x + 1) 2 = (2x + 3) (3x - 2) (2x + 1) .
2 2 2
(vi) ^2x - 5x + 2h^3x - 5x - 2h^6x - x - 1h .
2 2 2
Solution: ^2x - 5x + 2h^3x - 5x - 2h^6x - x - 1h
= (2x - 1) (x - 2) (3x + 1) (x - 2) (2x - 1) (3x + 1)
= (2x - 1) 2 (x - 2) 2 (3x + 1) 2 = (2x - 1) (x - 2) (3x + 1) .
Exercise 3.13
1. Find the square root of the following polynomials by division method.
4 3 2
(i) x - 4x + 10x - 12x + 9 .
Solution: x2 - 2x + 3
x2 x4 - 4x3 + 10x2 - 12x + 9
x4
2x2 - 2x - 4x3 + 10x2
- 4x3 + 4x2
2x2 - 4x + 3 6x2 - 12x + 9
6x2 - 12x + 9
0
Thus, x4 - 4x3 + 10x2 - 12x + 9 = x2 - 2x + 3 .
Solution - Algebra 87
4 3 2
(ii) 4x + 8x + 8x + 4x + 1 .
Solution: 2x2 + 2x + 1
2x2 4x4 + 8x3 + 8x2 + 4x + 1
4x4
4x2 + 2x 8x3 + 8x2
8x3 + 4x2
4x2 + 4x + 1 4x2 + 4x + 1
4x2 + 4x + 1
0
Thus, 4x4 + 8x3 + 8x2 + 4x + 1 = 2x2 + 2x + 1 .
4 3 2
(iii) 9x - 6x + 7x - 2x + 1 .
Solution: 3x2 - x + 1
3x2 9x4 - 6x3 + 7x2 - 2x + 1
9x4
6x2 - x - 6x3 + 7x2
- 6x3 + x2
6x2 - 2x + 1 6x2 - 2x + 1
6x2 - 2x + 1
0
Thus, 9 x 4 - 6 x 3 + 7 x 2 - 2 x + 1 = 3x 2 - x + 1 .
2 3 4
(iv) 4 + 25x - 12x - 24x + 16x .
Solution: 4x2 - 3x + 2
4x2 16x4 - 24x3 + 25x2 - 12x + 4
16x4
8x2 - 3x - 24x3 + 25x2
- 24x3 + 9x2
8x2 - 6x + 2 16x2 - 12x + 4
16x2 - 12x + 4
0
Thus, 16x4 - 24x3 + 25x2 - 12x + 4 = 4x2 - 3x + 2 .
6 + 2x + 3x2
6 36 + 24x + 40x2 - bx3 + ax4
36
12 + 2x 24x + 40x2
24x + 4x2
12 + 4x + 3x2 36x2 - bx3 + ax4
36x2 + 12x3 + 9x4
0
Since the given polynomial is a perfect square, we must have a = 9 and b =- 12 .
Thus, a = 9 and b =- 12 .
Exercise 3.14
Solution: 3x2 - 5x - 12 = 0
Solution: 5 x2 + 2x - 3 5 = 0
& (x + 5 ) ( 5 x - 3) = 0 & x =- 5 or x = 3
5
Hence, solution set is '- 5 , 3 1 .
5
Solution - Algebra 91
Exercise 3.15
& x2 + 2 (3x) = 7
& x2 + 2 (3x) + 9 = 7 + 9
& (x + 3) 2 = 16
& x + 3 = ! 4 & x = 1 or x =- 7 .
Hence, the solution set is {– 7, 1}.
2
(ii) x + 3x + 1 = 0.
Solution: x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
& x2 + 2` 3 xj + 9 = - 1 + 9
2 4 4
3 2 5
& ` x + 2 j = 4
& x + 3 = ! 5
2 2
& x = - 3 ! 5 & x = - 3 - 5 or x = - 3 + 5 .
2 2 2 2
Hence, the solution set is ' - 3 - 5 , - 3 + 5 1 .
2 2
2
(iii) 2x + 5x - 3 = 0.
Solution: 2x2 + 5x - 3 = 0
& x + 5 = ! 7 & x = -5 ! 7
4 4 4 4
1
& x = or x =- 3 . Hence, the solution set is $- 3, 1 . .
2 2
2 2 2
(iv) 4x + 4bx - a - b = 0.
^ h
Solution: 4x2 + 4bx - (a2 - b2) = 0 (Divide both sides by 4)
2 2
& x2 + bx = a - b
4
2 2 2 2
& x2 + bx + b = a - b + b
4 4 4
& x + b = ! a & x = - b ! a
2 2 2 2
(a b)
Thus, x = a - b or x =- +
2 2
(a b)
Hence, the solution set is ' - + , a - b 1 .
2 2
2
(v) x - ^ 3 + 1h x + 3 = 0.
Solution: x2 - ( 3 + 1) x + 3 = 0
2 2
& x2 - ( 3 + 1) x + c 3 + 1 m = c 3 + 1 m - 3
2 2
; x - c 3 + 1 mE = 3 + 2 3 + 1 - 4 3
2
&
2 4
; x - c 3 + 1 mE = c 3 - 1 m
2 2
&
2 2
& x - c 3 + 1 m = ! c 3 - 1 m
2 2
& x = c 3 + 1 m ! c 3 - 1 m
2 2
Thus, x = 3 or x = 1 . Hence, the solution set is {1, 3 } .
(vi) 5x + 7 = 3x + 2 .
x-1
Solution: 5x + 7 = 3x + 2
x-1
& 5x + 7 = (3x + 2) (x - 1)
& 3x2 - 6x - 9 = 0
2
& x2 - 2x - 3 = 0 ( Note that ` - 2 j = 1 )
2
& x2 - 2x + 1 = 1 + 3
& (x - 1) 2 = 4
& x - 1 = ! 2 & x =1!2
Thus, x = 3 or x =- 1 .
Hence, the solution set is {- 1, 3} .
2. Solve the following quadratic equations using quadratic formula.
2
(i) x - 7x + 12 = 0.
Solution: x2 - 7x + 12 = 0. The equation is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 .
Here, a = 1, b =- 7, c = 12
x = - b ! b2 - 4ac
2a
Solution - Algebra 93
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= 7 ! 49 - 48 = 7 ! 1
2 2
& x = 8 or x = 6 & x = 4 or x = 3.
2 2
Thus, the solution set is "4, 3 , .
2
(ii) 15x - 11x + 2 = 0.
Solution: 15x2 - 11x + 2 = 0. It is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 .
Here, a = 15, b =- 11, c = 2
Thus, x = -b ! b2 - 4ac
2a
Here, a = 2, b =- 5, c = 2
Thus, x = -b ! b2 - 4ac
2a
5 ! 25 - 16 = 5 ! 9 = 5 ! 3
=
4 4 4
& x = 2 or x = 1
2
1
Thus, the Solution set is $ , 2 . .
2
2 2 2
(iv) 3a x - abx - 2b = 0.
Solution: 3a2 x2 - abx - 2b2 = 0. It is of the form Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 .
Now, x = -B ! B2 - 4AC
2A
ab ! a2 b2 - 4 (3a2) (- 2b2)
=
2 (3a2)
= ab ! a2 b2 + 24a2 b2 = ab ! 5ab
6a 2 6a2
Now, x = - B ! B2 - 4AC
2A
(a2 1) ! (a2 + 1) 2 - 4a2
= +
2a
(a2 + 1) ! a 4 + 2a 2 + 1 - 4a 2
=
2a
(a2 + 1) ! a 4 - 2a 2 + 1 (a2 + 1) ! (a2 - 1) 2
= =
2a 2a
(a2 + 1) ! (a2 - 1)
=
2a
2
Thus, x = 2a = a or x = 2 = 1
2a 2a a
1
Hence, the Solution set is $ , a . .
a
2 2 2
(vi) 36x - 12ax + ^a - b h = 0.
2
Solution: 36x2 - 12ax + (a2 - b2) = 0. It is of the form Ax + Bx + C = 0 .
Here, A = 36, B =- 12a, C = (a2 - b2)
Now, x = - B ! B2 - 4AC
2A
12a ! 144a2 - 4 (36)(a2 - b2)
=
2 (36)
2 2 2
= 12a ! 144a - 144a + 144b
72
2
= 12a ! 144b = 12a ! 12b
72 72
12 (a + b) (a + b) 12 (a - b) (a - b)
Thus, x = = or x = =
72 6 72 6
Solution - Algebra 95
(vii) x - 1 + x - 3 = 10 .
x+1 x-4 3
Solution: x - 1 + x - 3 = 10
x+1 x-4 3
(x - 1)(x - 4) + (x - 3) (x + 1)
& = 10
(x + 1)(x - 4) 3
& x2 - 5x + 4 + x2 - 2x - 3 = 10
x2 - 3x - 4 3
& 2x2 - 7x + 1 = 10
x2 - 3x - 4 3
& 6x2 - 21x + 3 = 10x2 - 30x - 40
& 4x2 - 9x - 43 = 0 ( ax2 + bx + c = 0 form )
Here, a = 4, b =- 9, c =- 43
Now, x = - b ! b2 - 4ac
2a
9 ! 81 - 4 (4) (- 43)
= = 9 ! 769
2 (4) 8
Thus, x = 9 + 769 or 9 - 769
8 8
Hence, the Solution set is ' 9 - 769 , 9 + 769 1.
8 8
2 2 2 2 2
(viii) a x + ^a - b h x - b = 0.
Solution: a2 x2 + (a2 - b2) x - b2 = 0. This is of the form Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 .
Here, A = a2, B = a2 - b2, C =- b2
Now, x = - B ! B2 - 4AC
2A
Exercise 3.16
2. The difference of the squares of two positive numbers is 45. The square of the
smaller number is four times the larger number. Find the numbers.
Solution: Let x and y be the two positive numbers. Given that x < y
Given that x2 = 4y g (1)
and y2 - x2 = 45 g (2)
& y2 - 4y - 45 = 0 [ using the equation (1) ]
& (y - 9) (y + 5) = 0
& y - 9 = 0 or y + 5 = 0 & y = 9 or y = – 5
Since the numbers are positive, we take y = 9.
Substituting y = 9 in (1), we get, x2 = 4 # 9, & x=6
Thus, the required numbers are 6 , 9.
3. A farmer wishes to start a 100 sq.m rectangular vegetable garden. Since he has
only 30 m barbed wire, he fences the sides of the rectangular garden letting his
house compound wall act as the fourth side fence. Find the dimension of the
garden.
Solution: Let AB = x metre and BC = y metre be the length and breadth of the
rectangular garden. Let CD be the compound wall.
Given that the length of the fencing barbed wire = 30 m
& y + x + y = 30
& x + 2y = 30
& y = ` 30 - x j g (1)
2
Area of the vegetable garden = 100m2
& xy = 100
& x` 30 - x j = 100 ( using (1) )
2
& 30x - x2 = 200
& x2 - 30x + 200 = 0
Solution - Algebra 97
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Solution - Algebra 99
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& x2 - 8x + 7 = 0 & (x - 7) (x - 1) = 0
& x=7 or x = 1
Since x = 1 is inadmissible, we take x = 7 .
Thus, Son’s age is 7 years ; Father’s age is = 72 = 49 years.
2
8. A chess board contains 64 equal squares and the area of each square is 6.25 cm .
A border around the board is 2 cm wide. Find the length of the side of the chess
board.
Solution: Let the length of side of the chess board = x cm.
Area of the each square = 6.25cm 2
Thus, the area of 64 squares = 64 # 6.25
& (x - 4) 2 = 400
& x-4 = ! 20 & x = 24 or – 16
Since, length of the sides of a board can’t be negative, so x = 24 cm.
9. A takes 6 days less than the time taken by B to finish a piece of work. If both A and
B together can finish it in 4 days, find the time that B would take to finish this
work by himself.
Solution: Let x be the number of days taken by B to finish the work .
Then, A takes (x - 6) days to finish the same work.
& x+x-6 = 1
x (x - 6) 4
& x2 - 14x + 24 = 0
& (x - 12) (x - 2) = 0
& x - 12 = 0 or x - 2 = 0 & x = 12 or x = 2
Since x = 2 is inadmissible, we take x = 12 .
Thus, B needs 12 days to finish the work by himself.
10. Two trains leave a railway station at the same time. The first train travels due
west and the second train due north. The first train travels 5 km/hr faster than
the second train. If after two hours, they are 50 km apart, find the average speed
of each train.
Exercise 3.17
(v) 3 x - 2 x + 1 = 0 .
2
5 3
Solution: 3 x2 - 2 x + 1 = 0
5 3
Comparing the equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 , we get a = 3 , b =- 2 , c = 1
5 3
2 2 2 3 4 12 88
Now, D = b - 4ac = `- j - 4` j (1) = - =- <0
3 5 9 5 45
Thus, the equation has no real roots.
where a, b, c, d are non-zero real numbers, are equal, then prove that a = c .
b d
Solution: (a2 + b2) x2 - 2 (ac + bd) x + c2 + d2 = 0
This is of the form Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 , we get ,
A = a2 + b2, B =- 2 (ac + bd), C = c2 + d2
Now, D = B2 - 4AC = 0 ( the roots are equal )
& [- 2 (ac + bd)] 2 - 4 (a2 + b2) (c2 + d2) = 0
& 4 (ac + bd) 2 - 4 (a2 c2 + a2 d2 + b2 c2 + b2 d2) = 0
& a2 c2 + 2abcd + b2 d2 - a2 c2 - a2 d2 - b2 c2 - b2 d2 = 0
2 2 2 2
& - a d - b c + 2abcd = 0
& a2 d2 - 2abcd + b2 c2 = 0
& (ad - bc) 2 = 0 & ad - bc = 0
& ad = bc
& a = c . ( a, b, c, d are non zero)
b d
6. Show that the roots of the equation
^ x - ah^ x - bh + ^ x - bh^ x - ch + ^ x - ch^ x - ah = 0 are always real and they
cannot be equal unless a = b = c .
Solution: (x - a) (x - b) + (x - b) (x - c) + (x - c) (x - a) = 0
& x2 - ax - bx + ab + x2 - bx - cx + bc + x2 - cx - ax + ca = 0
& 3x2 - 2 (a + b + c) x + ab + bc + ca = 0
This is of the form Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 .
Thus, we get A = 3, B =- 2 (a + b + c), C = ab + bc + ca .
Now, D = B2 - 4AC
= [- 2 (a + b + c)] 2 - 4 (3) (ab + bc + ca)
= 4 (a + b + c) 2 - 12 (ab + bc + ca)
= 4 [(a + b + c) 2 - 3 (ab + bc + ca)]
= 4 [a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca]
= 2 [2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 - 2ab - 2bc - 2ca]
104 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
= 2 [(a - b) 2 + (b - c) 2 + (c - a) 2] > 0
Thus, the roots are always real.
If a = b = c , then D = 0 . Thus, in this case the roots are equal.
2 2 2 2
7. If the equation ^1 + m h x + 2mcx + c - a = 0 has equal roots, then prove that
2 2 2
c = a ^1 + m h .
Solution: (1 + m2) x2 + 2mcx + c2 - a2 = 0
This is of the form Ax2 + Bx + C = 0 , where
A = (1 + m2), B = 2mc, C = c2 - a2
Given that the equations has equal roots
Thus, D = B2 - 4AC = 0
& (2mc) 2 - 4 (1 + m2)^c2 - a2h = 0
& 4m2 c2 - 4 (c2 - a2 + m2 c2 - a2 m2) = 0
& m2 c2 - c2 + a2 - m2 c2 + a2 m2 = 0
& - c2 + a2 + a2 m2 = 0
Thus, c2 = a2 (1 + m2) .
Exercise 3.18
1. Find the sum and the product of the roots of the following equations.
2
(i) x - 6x + 5 = 0 .
Solution: x2 - 6x + 5 = 0. This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 .
Here, a = 1, b =- 6, c = 5 . Let a and b be the roots.
( 6)
Thus, sum of the roots, a + b = - b =- - = 6
a 1
Product of the roots, ab = c = 5 = 5
a 1
Thus, sum and product of the roots are 6 and 5 respectively.
2
(ii) kx + rx + pk = 0 .
Solution: kx2 + rx + pk = 0. This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 .
Here, a = k, b = r, c = pk . Let a and b be the roots.
Now, sum of the roots, a + b = - b =- r
a k
pk
Product of the roots, ab = c = =p
a k
Thus, sum and product of the roots are - r and p.
k
2
(iii) 3x - 5x = 0 .
Solution: 3x2 - 5x = 0. This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 .
Solution - Algebra 105
Here, a = 3, b =- 5, c = 0 . Let a and b be the roots.
( 5)
Thus, sum of the roots, a + b = - b =- - =5
a 3 3
Product of the roots, ab = c 0
= =0
a 3
Thus, sum and product of the roots are 5 and 0.
3
2
(iv) 8x - 25 = 0 .
Solution: 8x2 - 25 = 0. This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 .
Here, a = 8, b = 0, c = 25 . Let a and b be the roots.
Thus, sum of the roots, a + b = - b = 0 = 0 Note: x2 = 25 ,
a 8 8
Product of the roots, ab = c =- 25 Thus. x = 25 , - 25
a 8 8 8
Thus, Sum and product of the roots are 0 and - 25 .
8
2. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are
(i) 3 , 4 (ii) 3 + 7 , 3 - 7 (iii) 4 + 7 , 4 - 7
2 2
Solution: (i) Given roots are 3, 4. Let a , b be the roots.
Sum of the roots, a + b = 3 + 4 = 7
Product of the roots, ab = 3 (4) = 12
The required equation is x2 - (sum of the roots) x + Product of the roots = 0.
Thus, the equation is x2 - 7x + 12 = 0 .
(ii) Given roots are 3 + 7 , 3 - 7 . Let a = 3 + 7 and b = 3 - 7 .
Sum of the roots, a + b = 3 + 7 + 3 - 7 = 6
Product of the roots, ab = (3 + 7 ) (3 - 7 ) = 9 - 7 = 2
The required equation is x2 - (sum of the roots) x + Product of the roots = 0.
Thus, the equation is x2 - 6x + 2 = 0 .
(iii) Let a = 4 + 7 , b = 4 - 7 be the given roots.
2 2
Sum of the roots, a + b = 4 + 7 + 4 - 7 = 8 = 4
2 2 2
Product of the roots, ab = c 4 + 7 mc 4 - 7 m = 16 - 7 = 9
2 2 4 4
The required equation is x - (sum of the roots) x + Product of the roots = 0.
2
p
Now, a+b = -` b j = g (1)
a 5
ab = 1 g (2)
5
Given that, a-b = 1 g (3)
Now, (a + b) 2 - 4ab = (a - b) 2
p2 4
& - = 1 ( using (1), (2) & (3) )
25 5
& p2 - 20 = 25 & p2 = 45
Thus, p = !3 5 .
Exercise 3.19
Chose the correct answer.
Solution: 6x - 2y = 3, kx - y = 2 . Here a1 = 6, b1 =- 2, a2 = k, b2 =- 1 .
a1 b
For unique solution ! 1 & 6 ! -2 & k ! 3 (Ans. (B) )
a2 b2 k -1
Solution: If the system is inconsistent, it does not have solution. (Ans. (C) )
Let a and 1 be the zeros of the polynomial. (a) ( 1 ) = 3k & k = 2. (Ans. (A) )
a a k+4
- (p + 3)
Sum of zeros = - b & = 0 & p + 3 = 0. (Ans. (C) )
a 2
2
6. The remainder when x - 2x + 7 is divided by x+4 is
(A) 28 (B) 29 (C) 30 (D) 31
Solution: By remainder theorem,
f (- 4) = (- 4) 2 - 2 (- 4) + 7 = 16 + 8 + 7 = 31 (Ans. (D) )
3 2
7. The quotient when x - 5x + 7x - 4 is divided by x–1 is
2 2 2 2
(A) x + 4x + 3 (B) x - 4x + 3 (C) x - 4x - 3 (D) x + 4x - 3
Solution: By synthetic division,
1 1 –5 7 –4
0 1 –4 3
Quotient " 1 " Remainder –4 3 –1
(Ans. (B) )
3 4
8. The GCD of ^ x + 1h and x - 1 is
3 3
(A) x - 1 (B) x + 1 (C) x +1 (D) x - 1
Solution: Let f (x) = (x3 + 1) = (x + 1)(x2 - x + 1)
g (x) = x4 - 1 = (x + 1) (x - 1)(x2 + 1) (Ans. (C) )
2 2 4 4
9. The GCD of x - 2xy + y and x - y is
2 2
(A) 1 (B) x+y (C) x–y (D) x - y
Solution: Let f (x) = x2 - 2xy + y2 = (x - y) 2
g (x) = x4 - y4 = (x - y) (x + y) (x2 + y2) (Ans. (C) )
3 3
10. The LCM of x - a and (x – a) 2 is
3 3 3 3
(A) (x - a ) ^ x + ah (B) (x - a ) ^ x - ah2
2 2 2 2
(C) ^ x - ah2 ^ x + ax + a h (D) ^ x + ah2 ^ x + ax + a h
Solution: Let f (x) = x3 - a3 = (x - a) (x2 + ax + a2)
g (x) = (x - a) 2 = (x - a) 2 (Ans. (C) )
Thus, LCM = (x - a) 2 (x 2 + ax + a2)
k k+3 k+5
11. The LCM of a , a ,a , where keN is
k+9 k k+6 k+5
(A) a (B) a (C) a (D) a
Solution: Let f (x) = a k ; g (x) = a k + 3 = a k # a3 .
h (x) = a k + 5 = a k # a5 (Ans. (D) )
Thus, LCM is a k + 5 .
112 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
2
12. The lowest form of the rational expression x 2+ 5x + 6 is
x -x-6
(A) x - 3 (B) x + 3 (C) x + 2 (D) x - 3
x+3 x-3 x-3 x+2
3 3 3 3 (a b) (a2 + ab + b2)
Solution: a + b = a - b = - (Ans. (A) )
a-b b-a a-b a-b a-b
2 2 2
16. The square root of 49 (x - 2xy + y ) is
2 2
(A) 7 x - y (B) 7^ x + yh^ x - yh (C) 7 (x + y) (D) 7 (x - y)
2 4 6 2 4
(C) 11x y z l - m (D) 11x y z (l - m)
3
Matrices 4
Exercise 4.1
1. The rates for the entrance tickets at a water theme park are listed below:
Week Days Week End
rates (`) rates (`)
Adult 400 500
Children 200 250
Senior Citizen 300 400
Write down the matrices for the rates of entrance tickets for adults, children and
senior citizens. Also find the dimensions of the matrices.
Solution: In Matrix form, the rates of entrance tickets for adults, children and senior
citizens is given in the following two ways.
400 500
(i) A = f200 250 p. The dimension (order) of A is 3 # 2
300 400
400 200 300
(ii) B = c m . The dimension (order) of B is 2 # 3
500 250 400
2. There are 6 Higher Secondary Schools, 8 High Schools and 13 Primary Schools
in a town. Represent these data in the form of 3 # 1 and 1 # 3 matrices.
6
Solution: We can represent the given data in the form of 3 # 1 matrix as A = f 8 p
13
We can also represent the given data in the form of 1 # 3 matrix as B = ^6 8 13h
3. Find the order of the following matrices.
J 1 2 N
7 3 -2 6 K O
1 -1 5 -2 3
(i) e o (ii) f 8 p (iii) f 6 - 1 1 p (iv) ^3 4 5h (v) KK O
O
-2 3 4 9 7
9 2 4 5 K O
1 -1 5 L 6 4 P
Solution: (i) The matrix e o has 2 rows and 3 columns.
-2 3 4
Hence, the order of the matrix is 2 # 3.
7
(ii) The given matrix f8 p has 3 rows and 1 column.
9
Hence, the order of the matrix is 3 # 1.
3 -2 6
(iii) The given matrix f6 - 1 1 p has 3 rows and 3 columns.
2 4 5
Hence, the order of the matrix is 3 # 3.
Solution - Matrices 115
(iv) The given matrix ^3 4 5h has 1 row and 3 columns.
Hence, the order of the matrix is 1 # 3.
J 1 2N
K O
K- 2 3O
(v) Since the given matrix K has 4 rows and 2 columns, the order is 4 # 2.
9 7O
K O
L 6 4P
4. A matrix has 8 elements. What are the possible orders it can have?
Solution: The possible orders of the matrices having 8 elements are
1 # 8, 2 # 4, 4 # 2 and 8 # 1.
5. A matrix consists of 30 elements. What are the possible orders it can have?
Solution: The possible orders of the matrices having 30 elements are
1 # 30, 2 # 15, 3 # 10, 5 # 6, 6 # 5, 10 # 3, 15 # 2 and 30 # 1.
6. Construct a 2 # 2 matrix A = 6aij @ whose elements are given by
i-j
(i) aij = ij (ii) aij = 2i - j (iii) aij =
i+j
a a
Solution: In general a 2 # 2 matrix is given by A = e 11 12 o
a21 a22
(i) Now, ai j = ij , where i = 1, 2 and j = 1, 2
a11 = (1) (1) = 1, a12 = (1) (2) = 2, a21 = (2) (1) = 2, a22 = (2) (2) = 4
1 2
Hence, the required matrix A = c m
2 4
(ii) Now, ai j = 2i–j , where i = 1, 2 and j = 1, 2
a11 = 2 (1) - 1 = 1, a12 = 2 (1) - 2 = 0, a21 = 2 (2) - 1 = 3, a22 = 2 (2) - 2 = 2
1 0
Hence, the required matrix A = c m
3 2
i-j
(iii) Now, ai j = , where i = 1, 2 and j = 1, 2
i+j
Exercise 4.2
1. Find the values of x, y and z from the matrix equation
5x + 2 y-4 12 -8
e o=c m
0 4z + 6 0 2
Solution: Since the matrices are equal, the corresponding elements are equal.
Equating the corresponding elements, we get
5x + 2 = 12 & 5x = 10 & x = 2
y - 4 =- 8 & y =- 4
4z + 6 = 2 & 4z =- 4 & z =- 1
Thus, x = 2, y =- 4, z =- 1
2x + y 5
2. Solve for x and y if e o=c m.
x - 3y 13
Solution: Since the matrices are equal, the corresponding elements are equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get
2x + y = 5 & 2x + y - 5 = 0 and x - 3y = 13 & x - 3y - 13 = 0
Solving the equations by the method of cross multiplication, we get
x y 1 x = y = 1
= = &
13
- - 15 5
- + 26 6
- - 1 - 28 21 -7
Thus, x = - 28 = 4, y = 21 =- 3 .
-7 -7
118 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
2 3 1 5
3. If A = e o-e o , then find the additive inverse of A.
-9 5 7 -1
2 3 1 5 2 3 -1 -5
Solution: A = e o-e o=e o+e o
-9 5 7 -1 -9 5 -7 1
2-1 3-5 1 -2
= e o = e o
-9 - 7 5 + 1 - 16 6
The additive inverse of A is –A. Hence, the additive inverse is
1 -2 -1 2
- A = - e o=e o
- 16 6 16 - 6
3 2 8 -1
4. Let A = c m and B = c m . Find the matrix C if C = 2A + B .
5 1 4 3
3 2 8 -1
Solution: Given that A = c m and B = c m.
5 1 4 3
Now, C = 2A + B
3 2 8 -1 6 4 8 -1
= 2 c m+c m=c m+c m
5 1 4 3 10 2 4 3
6+8 4-1 14 3
= e o = c m
10 + 4 2 + 3 14 5
4 -2 8 2
5. If A = e o and B = e o , find 6A - 3B .
5 -9 -1 -3
4 -2 8 2
Solution: Given that A = e o and B = e o
5 -9 -1 -3
4 -2 8 2
Now, 6A - 3B = 6 e o - 3e o
5 -9 -1 -3
24 - 12 - 24 - 6 24 - 24 - 12 - 6 0 - 18
= e o+c m=e o=e o
30 - 54 3 9 30 + 3 - 54 + 9 33 - 45
2 -1 10
6. Find a and b if a c m+ b c m=c m.
3 1 5
2 -1 10
Solution: Given that a c m + b c m = c m
3 1 5
2a -b 10 2a - b 10
& c m+c m = c m & e o=c m
3a b 5 3a + b 5
Comparing the corresponding elements, we have
2a – b = 10 g (1)
3a + b = 5 g (2)
Adding (1) and (2), we get 5a = 15 & a = 3.
Substituting a = 3 in (2), we get 9 + b = 5 & b = – 4
Thus, a = 3, b =- 4 .
Solution - Matrices 119
2 3 2 -2
7. Find X and Y if 2X + 3Y = c m and 3X + 2Y = e o.
4 0 -1 5
2 3
Solution: 2X + 3Y = c m ... (1)
4 0
2 -2
3X + 2Y = e o ... (2)
-1 5
We first eliminate Y. Now,
2 3 4 6
^1 h # 2 & 4X + 6Y = 2 c m=c m ... (3)
4 0 8 0
2 -2 6 -6
^2h # 3 & 9X + 6Y = 3 e o=e o ... (4)
-1 5 - 3 15
Subtracting (3) from (4), we get
6 -6 4 6
5X = e o-c m
- 3 15 8 0
6 -6 4 6 6 -6 -4 -6
= e o-c m=e o+e o
- 3 15 8 0 - 3 15 -8 0
J 2 12 N
2 - 12 K 5 - 5 O
5X = e o & X = K 11 O
- 11 15 K- 3O
L 5 P
Substituting X in (1), we get
2 - 12 -4 24
2 3 2 3 5 5 2 3 5
3Y = c
4 0
m - 2X = c
4 0
m - 2 f 11
3
p = c4 0 m + f 22 56 p
-5 5 -
2 - 4 3 + 24 6 39
= f 5 5 = f 42 5 p
5
4+ 22 0-6
p 6
5 5 -
J 6 39 N J 2 13 N
K 5 5 O = KK 5 5 OO
O
Thus, Y = 1 K 42
3K –6 O K 14 –2 O
L5 P L5 P
2
2x -9
8. Solve for x and y if e x2 o + 3 e o=c m.
y -y 4
x2 2x -9
Solution: Given that e 2 o + 3 e o = c m
y –y 4
x2 6x –9 x2 + 6x -9
& e 2o + e o=c m & e 2 o=c m
y - 3y 4 y - 3y 4
Equating the corresponding elements, we get
x2 + 6x = –9 y2 - 3y = 4
& x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 & y2 - 3y - 4 = 0
11. An electronic company records each type of entertainment device sold at three
of their branch stores so that they can monitor their purchases of supplies. The
sales in two weeks are shown in the following spreadsheets.
T.V. DVD Video games CD Players
Store I 30 15 12 10
Week I Store II 40 20 15 15
Store III 25 18 10 12
Store I 25 12 8 6
Week II Store II 32 10 10 12
Store III 22 15 8 10
Find the sum of the items sold out in two weeks using matrix addition.
Solution: The number of items sold by three stores during week I in matrix form is
TV DVD Video CD
30 15 12 10 Store I
A = f40 20 15 15 p Store II
25 18 10 12 Store III
Similarly, the number of items sold by three stores during week II in matrix form is
TV DVD Video CD
25 12 8 6 Store I
B = f32 10 10 12 p Store II
22 15 8 10 Store III
Thus, the matrix representation of the sum of the items sold by three stores
during week I and II is
30 15 12 10 25 12 8 6
A + B = f40 20 15 15 p + f32 10 10 12 p
25 18 10 12 22 15 8 10
30 + 25 15 + 12 12 + 8 10 + 6
= f40 + 32 20 + 10 15 + 10 15 + 12 p
25 + 22 18 + 15 10 + 8 12 + 10
TV DVD Video CD
55 27 20 16 Store I
= f72 30 25 27 p Store II
47 33 18 22 Store III
Write the matrix that represents the additional cost for non-membership.
Solution: Let the matrix A represents the fee structure for membership for one-day
admission to a swimming pool. Then,
Children Adult
20 30 Before 2pm
A = c m
30 40 After 2pm
Let the matrix B represents the fee structure for non-membership for one-day
admission to a swimming pool. Then,
Children Adult
25 35 Before 2pm
B = c m
40 50 After 2pm
Hence, the matrix that represents the additional cost for non-membership is given by
25 35 20 30 25 - 20 35 - 30
B – A = c m–c m=e o
40 50 30 40 40 - 30 50 - 40
Children Adult
5 5 Before 2pm
= c m
10 10 After 2pm
Exercise 4.3
1. Determine whether the product of the matrices is defined in each case. If so, state
the order of the product.
(i) AB, where A = 6aij @ , B = 8 bij B (ii) PQ, where P = 6 pij @ , Q = 6 qij @
4x3 3x2 4x3 4x3
(iii) MN, where M = 6 mij @ , N = 6 nij @ (iv) RS, where R = 6 rij @ , S = 6 sij @
3x1 1x5 2x2 2x2
Solution: (i) Now, the number of columns in A and the number of rows in B are equal
So, the product AB is defined and the order of AB is 4 × 2.
(ii) Now, the number of columns in P and the number of rows in Q are not equal.
So, the product PQ is not defined.
(iii) Now, the number of columns in M and the number of rows in N are equal.
So, the product MN is defined and the order of MN is 3×5.
(iv) Now, the number of columns in R and the number of rows in S are equal.
So, the product RS is defined and the order of RS is 2 × 2.
Solution - Matrices 123
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2. Find the product of the matrices, if exists,
5 3 -2 4 1
(i) ^ 2 - 1h c m (ii) c m c m
4 5 1 2 7
4 2
2 9 -3 6
(iii) e o f- 6 7 p (iv) e o^ 2 - 7 h
4 -1 0 -3
-2 1
5
Solution: (i) Let A = (2 –1) and B = c m .
4
The order of A is 1 × 2 and the order of B is 2 × 1.
The number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B.
5
Hence, the product AB is defined and AB = (2 –1) c m = ( (2)(5) + (–1)4 ) = ( 6 ).
4
3 -2 4 1
(ii) Let A = c m and B = c m.
5 1 2 7
The order of A is 2 × 2 and the order of B is 2 × 2.
The number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B.
3 -2 4 1
Hence, the product AB is defined and AB = c mc m
5 1 2 7
(3) (4) + (- 2) (2) (3) (1) + (- 2)(7) 12 - 4 3 - 14 8 - 11
= e o =e o=c m
(5) (4) + (1)(2) (5) (1) + (1)(7) 20 + 2 5 + 7 22 12
4 2
2 9 -3
(iii) Let A = e o and B = f- 6 7 p.
4 -1 0
-2 1
The order of A is 2 × 3 and the order B is 3 × 2.
The number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B.
Thus, the product AB is defined and
4 2
2 9 -3 8 - 54 + 6 4 + 63 - 3 - 40 64
AB = e o f- 6 7 p = e o=c m
4 -1 0 16 + 6 - 0 8 - 7 + 0 22 1
-2 1
6
(iv) Let A = e o and B = (2 – 7).
-3
The order of A is 2 × 1 and the order of B is 1 × 2.
The number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B.
Thus, the product AB is defined and
AB = c 6 m^2 - 7h = e 6 # 2 6 # ^- 7h 12 - 42
o=c m
-3 ^- 3h # 2 ^- 3h # ^- 7h -6 21
3. A fruit vendor sells fruits from his shop. Selling prices of Apple, Mango and
Orange are ` 20, ` 10 and ` 5 each respectively. The sales in three days are given
below
Day Apples Mangoes Oranges
1 50 60 30
2 40 70 20
3 60 40 10
Write the matrix indicating the total amount collected on each day and hence
find the total amount collected from selling of all three fruits combined.
124 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
Solution: Let A be the matrix that represents the selling prices of Apple, Mango and
Orange in `.
Prices
20 Apple
Then, A = f10 p Mango
5 Orange
Let B be the matrix that represents the sales in three days.
Apple Mango Orange
50 60 30 Day 1
Thus, B = f40 70 20 p Day 2
60 40 10 Day 3
Thus, the total amount collected on each day is given by the matrix T = BA.
50 60 30 20
Now, T = BA & T = f40 70 20 pf10 p
60 40 10 5
1000 + 600 + 150 1750 Day 1
= f 800 + 700 + 100 p= f1600 p Day 2
1200 + 400 + 50 1650 Day 3
Hence, the total amount collected = ` (1750+1600+1650) = ` 5000
Aliter: The total sales of three fruits can be represented by the matrix
C = ( 50+40+60 60+70+40 30+20+10 )
= ( 150 170 60 )
Thus, the total amount collected from selling of all fruits is given by
T = CA
20
= (150 170 60) f10 p = (3000 + 1700 + 300) = (5000)
5
1 2 x 0 x 0
4. Find the values of x and y if c mc m=c m.
3 3 0 y 9 0
1 2 x 0 x 0 x + 0 0 + 2y x 0 x 2y x 0
Solution: c mc m=c m &e o=c m &c m=c m
3 3 0 y 9 0 3x + 0 0 + 3y 9 0 3x 3y 9 0
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get
3x = 9 & x = 3 and 2y = 0 & y = 0 .
5 3 x -5
5. If A = c m, X =c m and C = e o and if AX = C , then find the values of
7 5 y - 11
x and y.
5 3 x -5
Solution: Given A = c m , X = c m and C = e o
7 5 y - 11
5 3 x -5 5x + 3y -5
Now, AX = C & c mc m = e o & e o=e o
7 5 y - 11 7x + 5y - 11
1 -1 1 -1 1-2 -1-3 -1 -4
= c mc m=e o=c m
2 3 2 3 2+6 -2+9 8 7
-1 -4 1 -1 1 0
A2 – 4A + 5I2 = c m –4 c m + 5c m
8 7 2 3 0 1
-1 -4 -4 4 5 0
= c m+e o+c m
8 7 - 8 - 12 0 5
-1 - 4 + 5 -4+4+0 0 0
= e o=c m=O
8-8+0 7 - 12 + 5 0 0
3 2 3 0
7. If A = c m and B = c m then find AB and BA. Are they equal?
4 0 3 2
Solution: A and B are square matrices of same order 2 × 2.
Hence, the products AB and BA are defined.
3 2 3 0 9+6 0+4 15 4
Now, AB = c mc m=e o=c m g (1)
4 0 3 2 12 + 0 0+0 12 0
3 0 3 2 9+0 6+0 9 6
BA = c mc m=e o=c m g (2)
3 2 4 0 9+8 6+0 17 6
rom (1) and (2), we have AB ! BA.
F
0
-1 2 1
8. If A = c m, B = f p and C = ^2 1h , then verify (AB) C = A (BC) .
1
1 2 3
2
Solution: A is of order 2 × 3 , B is of order 3 × 1 and C is of order 1 × 2.
Hence, AB is of order 2 × 1 and BC is of order 3 × 2.
5 2 2 -1 T T T
9. If A = c m and B = e o verify that (AB) = B A .
7 3 -1 1
5 2 2 -1
Solution: A = c m, B = e o
7 3 -1 1
A and B are square matrices of same order 2 × 2.
Hence, the product AB is defined.
5 2 2 -1 10 - 2 -5+2 8 -3
Now, AB = c me o=e o=e o
7 3 -1 1 14 - 3 -7+3 11 - 4
8 11
Thus, (AB)T = e o g (1)
-3 -4
2 -1 5 7
Now, BT = e o ; AT = c m
-1 1 2 3
2 -1 5 7 10 - 2 14 - 3
Thus, BT AT = e oc m=e o
- 1 1 2 3 -5 + 2 -7+3
8 11
= e o g (2)
-3 -4
BA = c 3 - 2 mc5 2 m = c 15 - 14 6-6
m=c
1 0
m = I ...(2)
-7 5 7 3 - 35 + 35 - 14 + 15 0 1
From (1) and (2), we have AB = BA = I .
Thus, the given matrices are inverses to each other under matrix multiplication.
1 0 x
11. Solve: ^ x 1h e o c m = ^ 0h .
-2 -3 5
1 0 x x+0
Solution: ^ x 1h e o c m = (0) & (x 1) e o = (0)
-2 -3 5 - 2x - 15
x
& (x 1) e o = (0) & ((x)(x) + (1) (–2x–15)) = (0)
- 2x - 15
& (x2 – 2x – 15) = ( 0 )
Thus, x2 - 2x - 15 = 0 & (x + 3) (x - 5) = 0 & x =- 3, 5 .
1 -4 -1 6 2 2 2
12. If A = e o and B = e o , then prove that (A + B) ! A + 2AB + B .
- 2 3 3 - 2
1 -4 -1 6
Solution: Now, A + B = e o+e o
-2 3 3 -2
1-1 -4+6 0 2
= e o=c m
-2 + 3 3-2 1 1
1 + 18 - 6 - 12 19 - 18
= e o=e o
-3 - 6 18 + 4 - 9 22
9 - 16 - 26 28 19 - 18
Now, A2 + 2AB + B2 = e o+e o+e o
- 8 17 22 - 36 - 9 22
9 - 26 + 19 - 16 + 28 - 18 2 -6
= e o= c m ... (2)
- 8 + 22 - 9 17 - 36 + 22 5 3
From (1) and (2) , we get (A + B) 2 ] A2 + 2AB + B2
3 3 8 7 2 -3
13. If A = c m, B = c m and C = c m , find (A + B) C and AC + BC .
7 6 0 9 4 6
Is (A + B) C = AC + BC ?
3+8 3+7 11 10
Solution: A+B = e o=c m
7+0 6+9 7 15
11 10 2 - 3 22 + 40 - 33 + 60
(A + B) C = c mc m=e o
7 15 4 6 14 + 60 - 21 + 90
62 27
= c m g (1)
74 69
3 3 2 -3 6 + 12 - 9 + 18 18 9
AC = c mc m=e o=c m
7 6 4 6 14 + 24 - 21 + 36 38 15
8 7 2 -3 16 + 28 - 24 + 42 44 18
BC = c mc m=e o=c m
0 9 4 6 0 + 36 0 + 54 36 54
18 9 44 18 62 27
AC + BC = c m+c m=c m g (2)
38 15 36 54 74 69
Exercise 4.4
Choose the correct answer.
1. Which one of the following statements is not true?
(A) A scalar matrix is a square matrix (B) A diagonal matrix is a square matrix
(C) A scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix (D) A diagonal matrix is a scalar matrix.
Solution: A scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix.
But a diagonal matrix need not be a scalar matrix. ( Ans. (D) )
2. Matrix A = 6 aij @ is a square matrix if
m#n
(A) m 1 n (B) m 2 n (C) m = 1 (D) m = n
Solution: In a square matrix, number of rows and number of columns are equal.
Thus, A = 6 aij @ is a square matrix if m = n. ( Ans. (D) )
m#n
1 -2 -1 2
Solution: B =- A =- e o=e o . ( Ans. (B) )
-3 4 3 -4
4 -2
12. If A = e o , then A2 is
6 -3
16 4 8 -4 -4 2 4 -2
(A) c m (B) e o (C) e o (D) e o
36 9 12 - 6 -6 3 6 -3
4 -2 4 -2 16 - 12 - 8 + 6 4 -2
Solution: A2 = AA = e
oe o=e o=e o
6 -3 6 -3 24 - 18 - 12 + 9 6 -3
( Ans. (D) )
13. A is of order m # n and B is of order p # q , addition of A and B is possible only if
(A) m = p (B) n = q (C) n = p (D) m = p, n = q
1 2 2 3 2 3 4 5
(A) c m (B) c m (C) c m (D) c m
3 4 3 4 4 5 6 7
a11 a12 2 3
Solution: A = c m=c m ( Ans. (B) )
a21 a22 3 4
-1 0 a b 1 0
17. c mc m=e o , then the values of a, b, c and d respectively are
0 1 c d 0 -1
(A) - 1, 0, 0, - 1 (B) 1, 0, 0, 1 (C) - 1, 0, 1, 0 (D) 1, 0, 0, 0
-a - b 1 0
Solution: c m=e o . Equating the corresponding elements, we get
c d 0 -1
a =- 1, b = 0, c = 0 and d =- 1 . ( Ans. (A) )
7 2 -1 0
18. If A = c m and A + B = e o , then the matrix B =
1 3 2 -4
1 0 6 2 -8 - 2 8 2
(A) c m (B) e o (C) e o (D) e o
0 1 3 -1 1 -7 -1 7
-1 0 7 2 -8 - 2
Solution: B = e o-c m=e 1 o . ( Ans. (C) )
2 -4 1 3 -7
2
19. If ^ 5 x 1 h f - 1 p = ^ 20 h , then the value of x is
3
(A) 7 (B) - 7 (C) 1 (D) 0
7
2
Solution: ^ 5 x 1 h f - 1 p = ^ 20 h
3
(10 - x + 3) = (20) & 13 - x = 20 & x =- 7 ( Ans. (B) )
20. Which one of the following is true for any two square matrices A and B of same
order?
T T T T T T T
(A) (AB) = A B (B) (A B) = A B
T T T
(C) (AB) T = BA (D) (AB) = B A
T T T
Solution: By Reversal law for transpose of matrices, (AB) = B A . ( Ans. (D) )
Midpoint is ` 0 + 0 , 0 + 4 j = (0, 2)
2 2
Thus the midpoint of line segment joining the points is (0, 2) .
2. Find the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are
(i) ^1, 3h,^2, 7h and ^12 , - 16h (ii) ^3, - 5h,^- 7, 4h and ^10, - 2h
Solution: (i) Let (x1, y1) = (1, 3), (x2, y2) = (2, 7) and (x3, y3) = (12, - 16)
y + y2 + y3
Centroid is ` x1 + x2 + x3 , 1 j = ` 1 + 2 + 12 , 3 + 7 - 16 j = (5, - 2) .
3 3 3 3
(ii) Let (x1, y1) = (3, - 5), (x2, y2) = (- 7, 4) and (x3, y3) = (10, - 2)
Centroid is ` 3 - 7 + 10 , - 5 + 4 - 2 j = 8 6 , - 3 B = (2, - 1) .
3 3 3 3
3. The centre of a circle is at (- 6, 4). If one end of a diameter of the circle is at the
origin, then find the other end.
Solution: Let (x, y) be the other end of the diameter.
Centre of the circle is the midpoint of the diameter.
0+y
Thus, c 0 + x , m = (- 6, 4) . Equating x and y co-ordinates, we get
2 2
0 + x =- 6 & x =- 12 and 0 + y = 4 & y = 8.
2 2
Thus, the other end of the diameter is (- 12, 8)
4. If the centroid of a triangle is at (1, 3) and two of its vertices are (- 7, 6) and (8, 5),
then find the third vertex of the triangle.
Solution: Let the third vertex be (x, y) .
Given that Centroid of the triangle is (1, 3)
6+5+y 11 + y
Thus, c - 7 + 8 + x , m = (1, 3) & c1 + x , m = (1, 3)
3 3 3 3
Equating x and y-coordinates, we get
Solution - Coordinate Geometry 133
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1 + x = 1 & x = 2 and 11 + y
= 3 & y =- 2.
3 3
Thus, the third vertex of the triangle is (2, - 2) .
5. Using the section formula, show that the points A(1,0), B(5,3), C(2,7) and
D(- 2, 4) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order.
Solution: We know that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
Thus, Q = ` - 4 + 0 , 0 + 6 j = (- 2, 3) .
2 2
Now, P is the midpoint of AQ.
Thus, P = ` - 4 - 2 , 0 + 3 j = ` - 6 , 3 j = `- 3, 3 j .
2 2 2 2 2
Since R is the midpoint of QB, R is ` - 2 + 0 , 3 + 6 j = `- 1, 9 j .
2 2 2
Hence, the required points are P(- 3, 3 ), Q (- 2, 3), R (- 1, 9 ) .
2 2
Note: The point P divides AB internally in the ratio 1:3 and the point R divides AB
internally in the ratio 3 : 1. Using section formula, one can find the points P and R.
11. Find the ratio in which the x-axis divides the line segment joining the points (6, 4) and
(1, - 7) .
Solution: Let A (6, 4) and B (1, - 7) be the given points.
Let P(x, 0) divide AB internally in the ratio l : m
l (1) + m (6) l (- 7) + m (4)
Using section formula, we have P (x, 0) = P c , m
l+m l+m
Equating the y-coordinates, we get - 7l + 4m = 0 & - 7l =- 4m & l = 4 .
l+m m 7
Thus, the x-axis divides the line segment in the ratio 4 : 7 internally.
Solution - Coordinate Geometry 135
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12. In what ratio is the line joining the points (- 5, 1) and (2 , 3) divided by the y-axis?
Also, find the point of intersection.
Solution: Let A (- 5, 1) and B (2, 3) be the given points.
Let P(0, y) divide AB internally in the ratio l : m.
l (2) + m (- 5) l (3) + m (1)
By section formula, we have P (0, y) = P c , m ... (1)
l+m l+m
Equating the x-coordinates, we get 2l - 5m = 0 & 2l - 5m = 0 & l = 5 .
l+m m 2
Thus, the required ratio is l : m = 5 : 2.
5 (3) + 2 (1)
Also from (1), we have P (0, y) = P c0, m = P (0, 17 ) .
5+2 7
Hence, the required point of intersection is `0, 17 j .
7
13. Find the length of the medians of the triangle whose vertices are (1, - 1) , (0, 4) and
(- 5, 3).
Solution: Let A (1, - 1) , B (0, 4) and C (- 5, 3) be the vertices of the triangle.
Let D, E, F be the midpoints of BC, CA and AB respectively.
Exercise 5.2
(iii) Plot the given points in a rough diagram and take them in order.
Let the vertices be A(– 4, –5), B(–1, –6) and C(4, 5).
-4 -1 4 -4
The area of TABC = 1 ) 3
2 -5 -6 5 -5
= 1 [(24 - 5 - 20) - (5 - 24 - 20)] = 1 (38) = 19 .
2 2
Thus, the area of the triangle is 19 sq.units.
2. Vertices of the triangles taken in order and their areas are given below. In each
of the following find the value of a.
Vertices Area (in sq. units)
(i) (0 , 0) , (4, a), (6, 4) 17
(ii) (a, a), (4, 5), (6,–1) 9
(iii) (a, –3), (3, a), (–1,5) 12
Solution: (i) Let the given vertices be A(0 , 0) , B(4, a), C(6, 4).
Given that the area of TABC is 17 sq.units.
0 4 6 0
Thus, 1 ' 1 = 17
2 0 a 4 0
& 1 (16 - 6a) = 17 & 16 - 6a = 34 & a =- 3.
2
Thus, the value of a is –3.
(ii) Let the vertices be A(a, a), B(4, 5) and C(6,–1).
Given that the area of TABC is 9 sq.units.
a 4 6 a
Thus, 1 ) 3=9
2 a 5 -1 a
& 1 [(5a - 4 + 6a) - (4a + 30 - a)] = 9 & 8a - 34 = 18 & a = 13 .
2 2
Thus, the value of a is 13 .
2
Solution - Coordinate Geometry 137
(iii) Let the vertices be A (a, –3), B (3, a), C (–1 , 5).
Given that the area of TABC is 12 sq.units.
a 3 -1 a
Thus, 1 ) 3 = 12
2 -3 a 5 - 3
& 1 [(a2 + 15 + 3) - (- 9 - a + 5a)] = 12
2
& a2 - 4a + 3 = 0 & (a - 3)(a - 1) = 0 & a = 3 and a = 1
Hence,the values of a are 1, 3.
3. Determine if the following set of points are collinear or not.
(i) (4, 3), (1, 2) and (–2, 1) (ii) (–2, –2), (–6, –2) and (–2, 2)
(iii) `- 3 , 3j ,(6, –2) and (–3, 4)
2
Solution: (i) Let A(4, 3), B(1, 2) and C(–2, 1) be the given points
4 1 -2 4
The area of TABC = 1 ' 1
2 3 2 1 3
= 1 (8 + 1 - 6) - (3 - 4 + 4) = 0
2
Hence, the given three points A,B,C are collinear.
(ii) Let the given points be A(-2, -2), B(-6, -2) and C(-2, 2).
The area of TABC
-2 -6 -2 -2
= 1) 3 = 1 [(4 - 12 + 4) - (12 + 4 - 4)]
2 -2 -2 2 -2 2
Thus, 1 'h a 0 h
1 = 0
2 0 b k 0
& (hb + ak + 0) - (0 + 0 + kh) = 0
& hb + ak = kh
Since h, k ! 0, divide both sides by hk. We get, a + b = 1 .
h k
7. Find the area of the triangle formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of a
triangle whose vertices are ^0, - 1h, ^2, 1h and ^0, 3h . Find the ratio of this area to
the area of the given triangle.
Solution: Let the vertices of the triangle be A^0, - 1h, B^2, 1h and C^0, 3h .
Let D, E, F be the midpoints of the sides BC, CA and AB respectively.
Solution: Midpoint M of AB is M` 1 - 2 , 8 + 4 j = M` - 1 , 6j
2 2 2
Midpoint N of AC is N` 8 + 1 , - 5 + 8 j = N` 9 , 3 j
2 2 2 2
3 3 - 12
-6
Now, the slope of the line MN is m1 = 2
9 = 2
10 =- 9 ... (1)
2 + 12 2
10
13. A triangle has vertices at (6 , 7), (2 , - 9) and (- 4 , 1). Find the slopes of its
medians.
Solution: Let the vertices be A(6 , 7), B(2 , - 9) and C(- 4 , 1).
Let D, E, F be the midpoints of BC, CA, AB respectively.
Then AD, BE and CF are the medians of the T ABC.
The midpoint of BC is D` 2 - 4 , - 9 + 1 j = D (- 1, - 4) .
2 2
The midpoint of CA is E` - 4 + 6 , 1 + 7 j = E (1, 4) .
2 2
The midpoint of AB is F` 6 + 2 , 7 - 9 j = F (4, - 1) .
2 2
144 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
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Slope of AD = - 4 - 7 = - 11 = 11 . Slope of BE = 4 + 9 = 13 =- 13 .
-1 - 6 -7 7 1 - 2 -1
Slope of CF = - 1 - 1 = - 2 = - 1 .
4+4 8 4
Hence, the slopes of the medians are 11 , - 13 and - 1 .
7 4
14. The vertices of a 3 ABC are A(- 5 , 7), B(- 4 , - 5) and C(4 , 5). Find the
slopes of the altitudes of the triangle.
Solution: Let AD, BE and CF be the altitudes of DABC
Slope of AB = - 5 - 7 =- 12
-4 + 5
Since the altitude CF is perpendicular to AB, the slope of CF = 1 .
12
Slope of BC = 5 + 5 = 10 = 5 .
4+4 8 4
Since the altitude AD is perpendicular to BC, the slope of AD =- 4 .
5
Slope of AC = 5 - 7 =- 2 .
4+5 9
Since the altitude BE is perpendicular to CA, the slope of BC = 9 .
2
Hence, the slopes of the altitudes are 1 , - 4 , 9 .
12 5 2
15. Using the concept of slope, show that the vertices (1 , 2), (- 2 , 2), (- 4 , - 3)
and (- 1, - 3) taken in order form a parallelogram.
Solution: Plot the given points in a rough diagram and take the vertices in order.
Let the vertices be A (- 4 , - 3), B (- 1, - 3), C (1 , 2) and D (- 2 , 2).
Slope of AB = - 3 + 3 = 0 ; Slope of CD = 2 - 2 = 0.
-1 + 4 -2 - 1
Since the slopes of AB and CD are equal, AB is parallel to CD. ... (1)
Slope of BC = 2 + 3 = 5 ; Slope of AD = 2 + 3 = 5 .
1+1 2 -2 + 4 2
Since the slopes of BC and AD are equal, BC is parallel to AD. ... (2)
From (1) and (2), we get the opposite sides of the quadrilateral ABCD are
parallel. Hence, ABCD is a parallelogram.
16. Show that the opposite sides of a quadrilateral with vertices AA(- 2 ,- 4),
B(5 , - 1), C(6 , 4) and D(- 1, 1) taken in order are parallel.
Solution: Given the poinst are A(- 2 ,- 4), B(5 , - 1), C(6 , 4) and D(- 1, 1).
Slope of AB = - 1 + 4 = 3 ; Slope of CD = 1 - 4 = - 3 = 3 .
5+2 7 -1 - 6 -7 7
Solution - Coordinate Geometry 145
Thus, the slopes of AB and CD are equal. Hence, AB is parallel to CD ...(1)
Exercise 5.4
1. Write the equations of the straight lines parallel to x-axis which are at a distance
of 5 units from the x-axis.
Solution: Equation of a straight line parallel to x-axis is y = k .
Thus, the equations of the straight lines parallel to x-axis which are at a
distance of 5 units from the x-axis are given by y = 5, y =- 5.
2. Find the equations of the straight lines parallel to the coordinate axes and passing
through the point (-5,-2).
Solution: Equation of the straight line passing through (–5, –2) and parallel to
x-axis is y =- 2 .
Equation of the straight line passing through (–5, –2) and parallel to y-axis is
x =- 5 .
3. Find the equation of a straight line whose (i) slope is -3 and y-intercept is 4,
(ii) angle of inclination is 60c and y-intercept is 3.
Solution: (i) Given that slope m =- 3 and the y-intercept c = 4.
Equation of a straight line in the slope-intercept form is y = mx + c.
Thus, the required equation is y =- 3x + 4 or 3x + y - 4 = 0 .
(ii) Given that the angle of inclination is 60cand y-intercept is 3.
Thus, the slope m = tan 60c = 3 and the y-intercept c = 3.
Equation of the straight line in slope-intercept form is y = mx + c .
Thus, the required equation is y = 3 x + 3 or 3 x - y + 3 = 0.
4. Find the equation of the line intersecting the y- axis at a distance of 3 units above
the origin and tan i = 1 , where i is the angle of inclination.
2
Solution: Given that the slope, m = tan i = 1 ; y-intercept, c = 3 .
2
Equation of the straight line in slope-intercept form is y = mx + c.
Then M` 1 - 2 , - 3 + 5 j = M ( - 1 , 1) .
2 2 2
The median RM is the straight line joining the points R(-3, 4) and M` - 1 , 1j .
2
Thus, the equation of RM is
y-4 x - (- 3) y-4 2 (x + 3)
= -1 & = & 6x + 5y - 2 = 0.
1-4 2 - ^- 3h
- 3 5
10. By using the concept of the equation of the straight line, prove that the given three
points are collinear. (i) (4, 2), (7, 5) and (9, 7) (ii) (1, 4), (3, -2) and (-3, 16).
Solution: (i) Let us find the equation of the straight line joining the points (4, 2), (7, 5).
y-2
The equation is = x - 4 & x - y - 2 = 0. g (1)
5-2 7-4
Put x = 9, y = 7 in (1). We have, 9 - 7 - 2 = 0 .
Thus, the point (9, 7) lies on the line joining the points (4, 2) and (7, 5).
Hence, the three points (4, 2), (7, 5) and (9, 7) are collinear.
(ii) Let us find the equation of the straight line joining the points (1, 4), (3, -2).
The equation of the straight line joining the points (1, 4), (3, -2) is
y-4
= x - 1 & 6x + 2y - 14 = 0. & 3x + y - 7 = 0. g (1)
-2 - 4 3-1
Put x =- 3, y = 16 in (1). We get , 3 (- 3) + 16 - 7 = 0.
Thus, the point (-3, 16) lies on the line joining the points (1, 4), (3, –2).
Hence, the points (1, 4), (3, -2) and (-3, 16) are collinear.
x + y = 1.
a b
& x + y = 1 & 9x - 2y + 3 = 0
- 13 3
2
(iii) Given that x-intercept, a = 2 and y-intercept, b =- 3 .
5 4
x y
The equation of the straight line in intercepts form is + = 1.
a b
x y
& 2 + 3 = 1 & 15x - 8y - 6 = 0.
5 -4
12. Find the x and y-intercepts of the straight line
(i) 5x + 3y - 15 = 0 (ii) 2x - y + 16 = 0 (iii) 3x + 10y + 4 = 0
Solution: (i) Given equation is 5x + 3y - 15 = 0 & 5x + 3y = 15.
y
Dividing both sides by 15, we get x + = 1 g (1)
3 5
y
Comparing (1) with intercepts form of the straight line x + = 1 , we have
a b
x-intercept, a = 3 . y-intercept, b = 5 .
(ii) Given equation is 2x - y + 16 = 0 & 2x - y =- 16
Dividing both sides by –16, we get x + y = 1 g (1)
- 8 16
y
Comparing (1) with intercepts form of the straight line x + = 1 ,we have
a b
x-intercept, a =- 8 . y-intercept, b = 16 .
(iii) Given equation is 3x + 10y + 4 = 0 & 3x + 10y =- 4
10y x + y = 1 g (1)
Dividing both sides by –4, we get 3x + =1 &
-4 -4 ^- 43 h ^- 25 h
y
Comapring (1) with intercepts form of the straight line x + = 1 , we have
a b
x-intercept, a =- 4 . y-intercept, b =- 2 .
3 5
Note: One can get x-intercept by substituting y = 0 and the y-intercept by substituting
x = 0 in the equation of the straight line.
Solution: The diagonals AC and BD of the rhombus ABCD bisect each other at right
angle. The slope of AC = 2 - 6 = 1 . Thus, the slope of BD =- 1 .
-1 - 3
Now, the midpoint of AC = ` 3 - 1 , 6 + 2 j = (1, 4) .
2 2
The equation of the line along BD and passing through (1, 4) with slope –1 is
y - 4 =- 1 (x - 1) & y - 4 =- x + 1 & x + y - 5 = 0 .
Solution - Coordinate Geometry 151
20. Find the equation of the line whose gradient is 3 and which passes through P,
2
where P divides the line segment joining A(-2, 6) and B (3, -4) in the ratio 2 : 3
internally.
Solution: The point P divides AB in the ratio 2:3 internally.
Slope of 3x + 6y + 2 = 0 is m2 =- 1 .
2
Since m1 = m2 , the given two straight lines are parallel.
a2 3 b2 6 3 a2 b2
3. Show that the straight lines 3x - 5y + 7 = 0 and 15x + 9y + 4 = 0 are perpendicular.
Solution: Slope of 3x - 5y + 7 = 0 is m1 = - 3 = 3 .
-5 5
Slope of 15x + 9y + 4 = 0 is m2 = - 15 = - 5 .
9 3
Now, m1 # m2 = ` 3 j` - 5 j =- 1. Thus, the straight lines are perpendicular.
5 3
Note: a1 a2 + b1 b2 = 3 (15) + (- 5) (9) = 0 . Thus, the lines are perpendicular.
y
4. If the straight lines = x - p and ax + 5 = 3y are parallel, then find a .
2
y
Solution: Given straight lines are = x - p and ax + 5 = 3y
2
m1 = 1 - 3 = - 2 .
4-h 4-h
7
Slope of the straight line 7x - 9y - 19 = 0 is m2 = 9 .
Since the straight lines are perpendicular to each other, we have
m1 m2 =- 1 & ` - 2 j` 7 j =- 1 & - 14 =- 1 & h = 22 .
4-h 9 36 - 9h 9
8. Find the equation of the straight line parallel to the line 3x - y + 7 = 0 and passing
through the point (1, - 2).
Solution: Equation of the straight line parallel to 3x - y + 7 = 0 is 3x - y + k = 0.
Since it passes through (1, –2), we have
3 (1) - (- 2) + k = 0 & k =- 5.
Thus, the equation of the required straight line is 3x - y - 5 = 0
Solving (1) and (2), we get the point of intersection as (–1, –1).
Slope of the line 3x - 5y + 11 = 0 is m = - 3 = 3 .
-5 5
Thus, the slope of the required line (perpendicular line) is - 5 .
3
Hence, the equation of the line passing through (–1, –1)
with slope - 5 is
3
y + 1 = - 5 (x + 1) & 5x + 3y + 8 = 0.
3
13. Find the equation of the straight line joining the point of intersection of the
lines 3x - y + 9 = 0 and x + 2y = 4 and the point of intersection of the lines
2x + y - 4 = 0 and x - 2y + 3 = 0 .
Solution: Given equations can be rewritten as
3x - y =- 9 g (1) ; x + 2y = 4 g (2) .
2x + y = 4 g (3) ; x - 2y =- 3 g (4) .
Solving (1) and (2), the point of intersection is (–2, 3).
Solving (3) and (4), the point of intersection is (1, 2).
The equation of the straight line joining the points (–2, 3) and (1, 2) is
y-3 y-3
= x+2 & = x+2
2-3 1+2 - 1 3
& x + 3y - 7 = 0
Thus, the required equation is x + 3y - 7 = 0 .
14. If the vertices of a 3 ABC are A(2, - 4), B(3, 3) and C(- 1, 5), then find the equation
of the straight line along the altitude from the vertex B.
Solution: Let BD be the altitude from the vertex B.
Midpoint D of BC is D` 8 + 8 , 4 + 10 j = D (8, 7) .
2 2
Exercise 5.6
Choose the correct answer.
1. The midpoint of the line joining ^a, - bh and ^3a, 5bh is
(A) ^- a, 2bh (B) ^2a, 4bh
(C) ^2a, 2bh (D) ^- a, - 3bh
3. If the line segment joining the points A^3, 4h and B^14, - 3h meets the x-axis at P, then
the ratio in which P divides the segment AB is
(A) 4 : 3 (B) 3 : 4 (C) 2 : 3 (D) 4 : 1
Solution: If a line intersects x-axis, then y = 0 .
l (- 3) + m (4)
& = 0 & - 3l + 4m = 0 & 3l = 4m & l = 4 ( Ans. (A) )
l+m m 3
6. Area of the triangle formed by the points (0,0), ^2, 0h and ^0, 2h is
(A) 1 sq. units (B) 2 sq. units (C) 4 sq. units (D) 8 sq. units
0 2 0 0
Solution :Area is 1 ' 1 = 1 (4) = 2
2 0 0 2 0 2
(or) 1 ab = 1 (2) (2) = 2 units. ( Ans. (B) )
2 2
7. Area of the quadrilateral formed by the points ^1, 1h , ^0, 1h , ^0, 0h and ^1, 0h is
(A) 3 sq. units (B) 2 sq. units (C) 4 sq. units (D) 1 sq. units
1 0 0 1 1
Solution: Area is 1 ' 1 = 1 (2) = 1
2 1 1 0 0 1 2
(or) Area of the square a2 = (1) 2 = 1 unit. ( Ans. (D) )
8. The angle of inclination of a straight line parallel to x-axis is equal to
(A) 0c (B) 60c (C) 45c (D) 90c
Solution: The angle of inclination of line parallel to x-axis is 0c. ( Ans. (A) )
9. Slope of the line joining the points ^3, - 2h and ^- 1, ah is - 3 , then the value of a is
2
equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
16. The centre of a circle is (- 6, 4). If one end of the diameter of the circle is at (- 12, 8),
then the other end is at
(A) (- 18, 12) (B) (- 9, 6) (C) (- 3, 2) (D) (0, 0)
Solution: Midpoint of the line joining (- 12, 8) and (x, y) is
8+y
c - 12 + x , m = (- 6, 4) & x = 0, y = 0. ( Ans. (D) )
2 2
17. The equation of the straight line passing through the origin and perpendicular to the
straight line 2x + 3y - 7 = 0 is
(A) 2x + 3y = 0 (B) 3x - 2y = 0
(C) y + 5 = 0 (D) y - 5 = 0
Solution: The required line is 3x - 2y + k = 0. As it passes through the origin,
k = 0 ( Ans. (B) )
Solution - Coordinate Geometry 159
18. The equation of a straight line parallel to y-axis and passing through the point ^- 2, 5h is
(A) x - 2 = 0 (B) x + 2 = 0
(C) y + 5 = 0 (D) y - 5 = 0
Solution: Equation of the line parallel to y-axis is x = k
The line passes through (–2, 5). Thus, x =- 2 & x + 2 = 0. ( Ans. (B) )
19. If the points (2, 5), (4, 6) and ^a, ah are collinear, then the value of a is equal to
(A) - 8 (B) 4 (C) - 4 (D) 8
Geometry 6
Exercise 6.1
1. In a TABC , D and E are points on the sides AB and AC respectively such that
DE < BC .
(i) If AD = 6 cm, DB = 9 cm and AE = 8 cm, then find AC.
(ii) If AD = 8 cm, AB = 12 cm and AE = 12 cm, then find CE.
(iii) If AD = 4x – 3, BD = 3x – 1 , AE = 8x – 7 and EC = 5x – 3, then find the value
of x.
Solution: (i) In TABC, DE < BC . By Thales theorem (BPT), we have
AD = AE & EC = AE # DB & EC = 8 # 9 = 12cm.
DB EC AD 6
` AC = AE + EC = 8 + 12 = 20 cm
(ii) Given that AD = 8 cm, AB = 12 cm and AE = 12 cm
So, BD = AB - AD = 12 - 8 = 4cm
In TABC, DE < BC . By Thales theorem (BPT), we have
AD = AE & EC = AE # DB & EC = 12 # 4 = 6 cm.
DB EC AD 8
` CE = 6cm
(iii) Given AD = 4x – 3, BD = 3x – 1 , AE = 8x – 7 and EC = 5x – 3.
In TABC, DE < BC . By Thales theorem (BPT), we get
AD = AE & 4x - 3 = 8x - 7
DB EC 3x - 1 5x - 3
& (4x - 3)(5x - 3) = (8x - 7) (3x - 1)
& 4x2 - 2x - 2 = 0
2
& 2x - x - 1 = 0
& (x - 1) (2x + 1) = 0
Thus, x =- 1 , x = 1 . Since x ! - 1 (distance), we have x = 1 .
2 2
2. In the figure, AP = 3 cm, AR = 4.5cm, AQ = 6cm, AB = 5 cm, and AC = 10 cm.
Find the length of AD.
Solution: From the given data, we have AB = 5 and AC = 10 = 5 .
AP 3 AQ 6 3
Now, in TABC, AB = AC
AP AQ
Hence, by the converse of Thale’s theorem, PQ || BC
Let RD = x. In 3 ABD, PR < BD . So, AB = AD & 5 = 4.5 + x
AP AR 3 4.5
& 13.5 + 3x = 22.5 or 3x = 9. & x = 3.
Thus, AD = AR + RD = 4.5 + 3 = 7.5cm .
Solution - Geometry 161
Aliter : We have PB = AB - AP = 5 - 3 = 2 cm, QC = AC - AQ = 10 - 6 = 4 cm.
AQ AQ
Now, AP = 3 and = 6 = 3 . So, in TABC, AP =
PB 2 QC 4 2 PB QC
Hence, by the converse of Thale’s theorem, PQ || BC
AH = AK & 10 = 12 [a AH = AQ + QH = 6+ 4 = 10]
HB KC HB 18
& HB = 10 # 18 = 15cm.
12
Hence, PB = HB - HP = 15 - 5 = 10cm
PD = PF g (2)
DA FR
From (1) and (2), we get PE = PF
EQ FR
Hence, by the converse of Thale’s theorem, we have EF < QR .
8. In the figure, DE < AB and DF < AC . Prove that EF < BC .
Solution: In TABP, DE < AB . By Thales theorem, we have
PD = PE g (1)
DA EB
Also, given that in TCAP, DF < AC . By Thales theorem, we have
PD = PF g (2)
DA FC
rom (1) and (2), we get PE =
F PF
EB FC
Hence, by the converse of Thale’s theorem, we have EF < BC .
Solution - Geometry 163
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NP = MN
OP MO
& 12 + OP = MN [ a NP = NO + OP = 12 + OP ]
OP MO
& 12 + OP = 10
OP 6
& 72 + 6 # OP = 10 # OP & 4 # OP = 72
Thus, OP = 18 cm
12. In a quadrilateral ABCD, the bisectors of +B and +D intersect on AC at E.
Prove that AB = AD .
BC DC
Solution: DE is the internal bisector of +D .
In TADC, by ABT, we have AE = AD g (1)
EC DC
BE is the internal bisector of +B .
In TABC, by ABT, we have AE = AB g (2)
EC BC
From (1) and (2), we get AB = AD .
BC DC
13. The internal bisector of +A of TABC meets BC at D and the external bisector
of +A meets BC produced at E. Prove that BD = CD .
BE CE
Solution: In TABC , AD is the internal bisector of +A .
In TABC, by ABT, we have
BD = AB g (1)
DC AC
In TABC, AE is the external bisector of +A .
By ABT, we have BE = AB g (2)
CE AC
From (1) and (2), we get
BD = BE & BD = DC (or) BD = CD
DC CE BE CE BE CE
14. ABCD is a quadrilateral with AB =AD. If AE and AF are internal bisectors of
+BAC and +DAC respectively, then prove that EF < BD .
Solution: In TABC, AE is the internal bisector of +BAC .
So, by ABT, we have
AB = BE g (1)
AC EC
AD = DF or AB = DF g (2) [ AB = AD ]
AC FC AC FC
Exercise 6.2
1. Find the unknown values in each of the following figures. All lengths are given in
centimetres. (All measures are not in scale)
a
(i) (ii) (iii)
& ED = 16 # 81 = 4 # 9 = 36 .
So, BE = ED
13. A roof has a cross section as shown in the diagram, (i) Identify the similar
triangles, (ii) Find the height h of the roof.
Solution: (i) We know that if a perpendicular is drawn from
the vertex of a right angled triangle to its hypotenuse, then the
triangles on each side of the perpendicular are similar to the
whole triangle.
Thus from the given figure, we have the similar triangles
(i) TWZY + TYZX , (ii) TWYX + TYZX and (iii) TWZY + TWYX (or)
(i) DXWY + DYWZ , (ii) TYWZ + TXYZ and (iii) TXWY + TXYZ
Exercise 6.4
1. If a straight line intersects the sides AB and AC of a TABC at D and E respectively and
is parallel to BC, then AE =
AC
(A) AD (B) AD (C) DE (D) AD
DB AB BC EC
Solution: By Thales theorem, AE = AD ( Ans. (B) )
AC AB
2. In TABC , DE is < to BC, meeting AB and AC at D and E. If AD = 3 cm, DB = 2 cm and
AE = 2.7 cm , then AC is equal to
(A) 6.5 cm (B) 4.5 cm (C) 3.5 cm (D) 5.5 cm
Solution: By Thales Theorem
AD = AE & EC = AE # BD = 2.7 # 2 = 1.8cm
BD EC AD 3
Thus, AC = AE + EC = 2.7 + 1.8 = 4.5cm ( Ans. (B) )
19. The areas of two similar triangles are 16 cm2 and 36 cm2 respectively. If the
altitude of the first triangle is 3 cm, then the corresponding altitude of the other
triangle is
(A) 6.5 cm (B) 6 cm (C) 4 cm (D) 4.5 cm
Solution:
Area of the first triangle ^ Altitude of the first triangleh2
=
Area of the second triangle ^Corresponding altitude of the second triangleh2
20. The perimeter of two similar triangles TABC and TDEF are 36 cm and 24 cm
respectively. If DE = 10 cm, then AB is
(A) 12 cm (B) 20 cm (C) 15 cm (D) 18 cm
Trigonometry 7
Exercise 7.1
1. Determine whether each of the following is an identity or not.
2 2 2 2
(i) cos i + sec i = 2 + sin i , (ii) cot i + cos i = sin i .
2
Solution: (i) When i = 45 o , cos2 i + sec2 i = c 1 m + ^ 2 h = 1 + 2 = 2.5
2
2 2
and 2+ sin i =2 + 1
2
2 2
Thus, if i = 45 o , cos i + sec i ! 2 + sin i
2 2
Hence, cos i + sec i = 2 + sin i is not an identity.
2
(ii) When i = 30 o , cot i + cos i = ^ 3 h +
2 3 = 3 + 3 and sin2 i = ` 1 j = 1
2
2
2 2 2 4
Thus, if i = 30 o , cot i + cos i ! sin i .
2
Note: One can use
2
Hence, cot i + cos i = sin i is not an identity.
2
i = 90c also.
2 2 2 2
2. Prove the following identities (i) sec i + cosec i = sec i cosec i
2 2
Solution: We consider sec i + cosec i
2 2
= 1 + 1 = sin i + cos i = 1
cos2 i sin2 i cos2 i sin2 i cos2 i sin2 i
2 2
= sec i. cosec i
Note: In this problem, sum and product of two terms are equal.
(ii) sin i = cosec i + cot i .
1 - cos i
Solution: We consider sin i
1 - cos i
=
2 2
tan i + cot i + 2
=
2 2
tan i + cot i + 2 tan i cot i ^a tan i cot i = 1h
= ^tan i + cot i h2 = tan i + cot i
2
(vi) 1 + cos i - sin i = cot i .
sin i ^1 + cos ih
2
Solution: We consider 1 + cos i - sin i Aliter:
sin i^1 + cos i h (cot i) {sin i (1 + cos i)}
2 2
= 1 - sin i + cos i = cos i + cos i = (cos i) (1 + cos i)
sin i^1 + cos i h sin i^1 + cos i h
= cos i + cos2 i
cos i (cos i + 1)
= = cos i = cot i = cos i + 1 - sin2 i
sin i^1 + cos i h sin i
(vii) sec i ^1 - sin ih^sec i + tan ih = 1 .
Solution: We consider sec i ^1 - sin i h^sec i + tan i h
1 ^1 - sin i h^sec i + tan i h Aliter:
=
cos i [sec i (1 - sin i)] (sec i + tan i)
= c 1 - sin i m^sec i + tan i h = (sec i - tan i) (sec i + tan i)
cos i cos i = sec2 i - tan2 i = 1
= ^sec i - tan i h ^sec i + tan i h
= ^sec i - tan i h = 1
2 2
= cos i + cos i
1 + sin i 1 - sin i
cos i^1 - sin i h + cos i^1 + sin i h
=
^1 + sin i h ^1 - sin i h
= 1 # 1 + 1 = sec i cosec i + 1
cos i sin i
0 0
sin ^90 - ih cos ^90 - ih
(iii) + = cos i + sin i .
1 - tan i 1 - cot i
0 0
sin ^90 - i h cos ^90 - i h
Solution: We consider +
1 - tan i 1 - cot i
= cos i + sin i
0
tan ^90 - ih cosec i + 1
(iv) + = 2 sec i.
cosec i + 1 cot i
0
tan ^90 - i h cosec i + 1
Solution: We consider +
cosec i + 1 cot i
cot i Aliter:
= + cosec i + 1
cosec i + 1 cot i cot2 i + (1 + cosec i) 2
=
cos i + 1 + sin i cot i (1 + cosec i)
=
1 + sin i cos i (cosec2 i - 1) + (1 + 2 cosec i + cosec2 i)
=
cos 2 i + ^1 + sin i h2 cot i (1 + cosec i)
=
cos i^1 + sin i h 2 cosec i (1 + cosec i)
= = 2 sec i
2 2 cot i (1 + cosec i)
= cos i + 1 + sin i + 2 sin i
cos i ^1 + sin i h
2 ^1 + sin i h
= = 2 sec i
cos i ^1 + sin i h
= 2 sin i cos i = 2
sin i cos i
(vii) sin i - cos i + 1 = 1 .
sin i + cos i - 1 sec i - tan i
Solution: We consider sin i - cos i + 1
sin i + cos i - 1
sin i - cos i + 1 Aliter:
= cos i cos i cos i
sin i + cos i - 1 Now (sec i - tan i) (sin i - cos i + 1)
cos i cos i cos i 2
= tan i - 1 + sec i - sin i + sin i - tan i
(Divide each term of both cos i
numerator and denominator by cos i ) 2
= sin i - 1 + c 1 - sin i m
cos i
= tan i - 1 + sec i
tan i + 1 - sec i = sin i - 1 + cos i
Thus sin i - cos i + 1 = 1
= tan i + sec i - 1 sin i - 1 + cos i sec i - tan i
tan i + 1 - sec i
tan i + sec i - (sec2 i - tan2 i)
= ( sec2 i - tan2 i = 1 )
tan i + 1 - sec i
tan i + sec i - (sec i + tan i) (sec i - tan i)
=
tan i + 1 - sec i
Solution - Trigonometry 183
(tan i + sec i) (1 - (sec i - tan i))
=
tan i + 1 - sec i
(tan i + sec i) (1 - sec i + tan i)
=
tan i + 1 - sec i
= tan i + sec i
= 1 (a sec2 i - tan2 i = 1)
sec i - tan i
0
2
= sin i # cos i
cos i cos2 i - sin2 i
= sin i cos i
2 2
cos i - sin i
sin i sin (90c - i)
= (a sin2 i = 1 - cos2 i)
cos2 i - ^1 - cos2 i h
sin i sin (90c - i)
=
2 cos2 i - 1
sin i sin (90c - i)
=
2 sin2 (90c - i) - 1
(ix) 1 - 1 = 1 - 1 .
cosec i - cot i sin i sin i cosec i + cot i
Solution: Now cosec2 i - cot2 i = 1 & (cosec i - cot i) (cosec i + cot i) = 1 ... (1)
We consider 1 - 1
cosec i - cot i sin i
(cosec i - cot i) (cosec i + cot i)
= - 1 by (1)
cosec i - cot i sin i
= (cosec i + cot i) - cosec i
^cosec i - cot i h
= cosec i -
1
= 1 - 1 by (1)
sin i cosec i + cot i
184 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
Aliter-I Aliter-II
1 + 1 1 - 1
cosec i - cot i cosec i + cot i cosec i - cot i sin i
n -1
Solution: Let us eliminate a from the given relations.
Given that tan i = n tan a and sin i = m sin a .
Solution - Trigonometry 185
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Exercise 7.2
1. A ramp for unloading a moving truck, has an angle of elevation of 30°. If the top
of the ramp is 0.9 m above the ground level, then find the length of the ramp.
Solution: Let C be the top of the ramp and AC be the length of the ramp.
Given that +CAB = 30c and BC = 0.9 m.
16. From the top of a tower of height 60 m, the angles of depression of the top and the
bottom of a building are observed to be 30c and 60crespectively. Find the height
of the building.
Solution: Let AE be the building and BD be the tower.
Draw EC || AB such that AE = BC. Let AE = h metres.
Then, BC = h metres.
G iven that BD = 60m, +DEC = 30 o and +DAB = 60 o .
Now, CD = BD - BC = 60 - h
Exercise 7.3
Choose the correct answer.
2 2
1. ^1 - sin i h sec i =
2 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) tan i (D) cos i
2 2
Solution: ^1 - sin i h sec i = cos i sec i = 1 ( Ans (B) )
2 2
2 2
2. ^1 + tan i h sin i =
2 2 2 2
(A) sin i (B) cos i (C) tan i (D) cot i
2
Solution: ^1 + tan i h sin i = sec i sin i = sin 2i = tan i
2 2
( Ans (C) )
2 2 2
cos i
2 2
3. ^1 - cos i h^1 + cot i h =
2 2
(A) sin i (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) tan i
2 2 2 2
Solution: ^1 - cos i h^1 + cot i h = sin i cosec i = 1 ( Ans (C) )
4. sin ^90c - i h cos i + cos ^90c - i h sin i =
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) –1
Solution: sin ^90c - i h cos i + cos ^90c - i h sin i = cos i cos i + sin i sin i = 1
( Ans (A) )
2
5. 1 - sin i =
1 + cos i
(A) cos i (B) tan i (C) cot i (D) cosec i
2
Solution: 1 - sin i = 1 - ^1 + cos i) (1 - cos i h = 1 - (1 - cos i) = cos i
1 + cos i 1 + cos i
( Ans (A) )
4 4
6. cos x - sin x =
2 2 2 2
(A) 2 sin x - 1 (B) 2 cos x - 1 (C) 1 + 2 sin x (D) 1 - 2 cos x.
4 4
Solution: cos x - sin x = (cos x + sin x)(cos x - sin x)
2 2 2 2
(A) 25 m (B) 25 3 m
(C) 25 m (D) 25 2 m
3
Solution: tan 60 o = AC & AC = 25 tan 60 o = 25 3 m ( Ans (B) )
25
12. In the adjoining figure +ABC =
(A) 45c (B) 30c
(C) 60c (D) 50c
Solution: tan +ABC = 100 3 & tan +ABC = 3 & +ABC = 60 o ( Ans (C) )
100
13. A man is 28.5 m away from a tower. His eye level above the ground is 1.5 m. The
angle of elevation of the tower from his eyes is 45c. Then the height of the tower is
(A) 30 m (B) 27.5 m (C) 28.5 m (D) 27 m
Solution: Height of the tower = x + y tan i
= 1.5 + 28.5 # tan 45 o = 1.5 + 28.5 = 30m ( Ans (A) )
14. In the adjoining figure, sin i = 15 . Then BC =
17
(A) 85 m (B) 65 m
(C) 95 m (D) 75 m
( Ans (D) )
2
18. 1 + tan2 i =
1 + cot i
(A) cos2 i (B) tan2 i
(C) sin2 i (D) cot2 i
2 2
Solution: 1 + tan2 i = sec i = sin2 i = tan2 i ( Ans (B) )
1 + cot i cosec2 i cos2 i
19. sin2 i + 1 =
1 + tan2 i
(A) cosec2 i + cot2 i (B) cosec2 i - cot2 i
(C) cot2 i - cosec2 i (D) sin2 i - cos2 i
Solution:
sin2 i + 1 = sin2 i + 12 = sin2 i + cos2 i = 1 = cosec2 i - cot2 i
2
1 + tan i sec i
( Ans (B) )
20. 9 tan i - 9 sec i =
2 2
(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) 9 (D) –9
Solution: 9 tan2 i - 9 sec2 i =- 9 (sec2 i - tan2 i) =- 9 ( Ans (D) )
Mensuration 8
Exercise 8.1
1. A solid right circular cylinder has radius 14 cm and height 8 cm. Find its curved
surface area and total surface area.
Solution: Given that radius r = 14 cm and height h = 8 cm
Curved Surface Area, CSA = 2rrh
= 2 × 22 ×14×8= 704 sq.cm
7
Total Surface Area, TSA = 2rr (h + r)
= 2 × 22 ×14(8+14)
7
Thus, the Total Surface Area = 88 × 22 = 1936 cm2.
2. The total surface area of a solid right circular cylinder is 660 sq.cm. If its diameter
of the base is 14 cm, find the height and curved surface area of the cylinder.
Solution: Let r and h be the radius and height of a right circular cylinder respectively.
Given that TSA = 660 cm2, 2r = 14 or r = 7
Total Surface Area, 2r r(h + r) = 660
& 2× 22 ×7×(h + 7) = 660
7
& h = 660 – 7 = 8 cm
2×22
Thus, the Curved Surface Area 2rrh = 2× 22 ×7×8 = 352 cm2.
7
3. Curved surface area and circumference at the base of a solid right circular cylinder
are 4400 sq.cm and 110 cm respectively. Find its height and diameter.
Solution: Given that Curved SurfaceArea, CSA = 4400 cm2
Circumference of the base of the cylinder, 2rr = 110 cm
& 2× 22 ×r = 110
7
& diameter, 2r = 110×7 = 35 cm
22
Now, Curved Surface Area, 2rrh = 110×h = 4400
Thus, the height of the cylinder h = 4400 = 40 cm.
110
4. A mansion has 12 right cylindrical pillars each having radius 50 cm and height
3.5 m. Find the cost to paint the lateral surface of the pillars at ` 20 per sq.m.
Solution: Let r and h be the radius and height of a right circular pillar respectively.
Given that r = 50 cm = 0.5 m and h = 3.5 m
Curved surface area of the pillar = 2rrh = 2× 22 ×0.5×3.5 = 11 m2
7
Cost of painting per sq.m = ` 20
Hence, the cost of painting for 12 pillars = 12×20×11 = ` 2640.
& 2× 22 × h `h + h j = 1540
7 4 4
& 5h2 = 1540 # 7 # 4 & h2 =140×7× 4 = 28×7×4
4 2 # 22 5
Hence, the height of the cylinder, h = 28×7×4 = 28 cm.
7. The radii of two right circular cylinders are in the ratio of 3 : 2 and their heights
are in the ratio 5 : 3. Find the ratio of their curved surface areas.
Solution: Let r1 , r2 be the radii of the cylinders and let h1 , h2 be their heights.
Given that r1 : r2 = 3 : 2 and h1 : h2 = 5 : 3.
he ratio of the curved surface areas = 2rr1 h1 : 2rr2 h2
T
= 3 × 5 : 2 × 3 = 5 : 2.
8. The outer curved surface area of a hollow cylinder is 540r sq.cm. Its internal
diameter is 16 cm and height is 15 cm. Find the total surface area.
Solution: Let R and r be the outer and inner radii and h be the height of the hollow
cylinder respectively.
Given that height h = 15cm, internal diameter 2r = 16 cm i.e., r = 8cm
200 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
Outer curved surface area = 540r cm2 & 2rRh = 540r
Outer radius R = 540r = 18cm
2 # 15 # r
Thus, Total surface area = 2r (R + r) (R - r + h)
= 2r (18 + 8)^18 - 8 + 15h
= 2 # r # 26 # 25 =1300r
Hence, the total surface area = 1300r cm2.
9. The external diameter of a cylindrical shaped iron pipe is 25 cm and its length is
20 cm. If the thickness of the pipe is 1cm, find the total surface area of the pipe.
Solution: Let R, r and h be the external, internal radii and length
of the pipe respectively. Given that 2R = 25cm & R = 12.5cm
and thickness w = 1 cm.
Internal radius, r = R – w = 12.5 – 1 = 11.5cm
Total surface area = 2r (R + r) (R - r + h)
= 2 # 22 # (12.5 + 11.5) (20 + 12.5 - 11.5)
7
Hence, the total surface area = 3168cm2.
10. The radius and height of a right circular solid cone are 7 cm and 24 cm respectively.
Find its curved surface area and total surface area.
Solution: Given that, radius r = 7 cm and height h = 24 cm.
Slant height, l = h2 + r2 = 72 + 242 = 25cm
Curved surface area = rrl
= 22 # 7 # 25 = 550 cm2
7
Total surface area = rr (l + r)
= 22 # 7 # (25 + 7) = 704 cm2.
7
11. If the vertical angle and the radius of a right circular cone are 60c and 15 cm
respectively, then find its height and slant height.
Solution: In the figure, OAB is the cone.
Draw OC = CB . Given that the vertical angle +AOB = 60c and AC = 15 cm. So
+AOC = +AOB = 60c = 30c
2 2
Consider the right angled DOAC . We have
tan 30° = AC & 1 = 15
OC 3 OC
& OC = 15 3
Hence, the height of the cone is 15 3 cm.
Solution - Mensuration 201
Also, sin 30° = AC & 1 = 15
AO 2 AO
& AO = 30
Hence, the slant height of the cone is 30 cm.
Aliter: TOAB is an equilateral triangle.
Since AB = 2AC = 30 cm, we have the slant height AO = 30 cm.
Height of the cone = 30 # 3 = 15 3 cm.
2 3 a)
( If a is a side of an equilateral triangle, then its height is
2
12. If the circumference of the base of a solid right circular cone is 236 cm and its slant
height is 12 cm , find its curved surface area.
Solution: Given that slant height, l = 12 cm and
Circumference = 236 cm
2rr = 236 & rr = 118 cm
Curved surface area, rrl = 118 # 12 = 1416 cm2.
13. A heap of paddy is in the form of a cone whose diameter is 4.2 m and height is
2.8 m. If the heap is to be covered exactly by a canvas to protect it from rain, then
find the area of the canvas needed.
Solution: Let r and h be the radius and height of a heap of paddy.
Given that height h = 2.8m and diameter 2r = 4.2 m or r = 2.1m
Slant height l = h2 + r2 = 2.82 + 2.12 = 3.5 m
Area of the canvas, rrl = 22 # 2.1 # 3.5 = 23.1 sq.m.
7
ence, the area of the canvas needed to protect the heap of paddy from rain is 23.1m2
H
14. The central angle and radius of a sector of a circular disc are 180c and 21 cm
respectively. If the edges of the sector are joined together to make a hollow cone,
then find the radius of the cone.
Solution: Given that the central angle of the sector i = 180c and the radius of the
sector r = 21 cm. By joining the edges of the sector, a hollow cone is formed.
Let R be the radius of the cone.
Circumference of the base of the cone =
Arc length of the sector
& 4 # 22 # r2 = 98.56
7
98.56 # 7
& r = 4 # 22 = 7.84 = 2.8
Hence, Radius r = 2.8cm.
17. If the curved surface area of a solid hemisphere is 2772 sq.cm, then find its total
surface area.
Solution: Let r be the radius of the solid hemisphere.
Given that curved surface area of the solid hemisphere 2rr2 = 2772cm2
& rr2 = 2772 = 1386
2
2
Total surface area 3rr = 3 × 1386 = 4158 cm2.
18. Radii of two solid hemispheres are in the ratio 3 : 5. Find the ratio of their curved
surface areas and the ratio of their total surface areas.
Solution: Let r1 and r2 be the radii. Given that r1 : r2 = 3:5
Ratio of the curved surface area = 2rr12 : 2rr22 = 32 : 52 = 9 : 25
19. Find the curved surface area and total surface area of a hollow hemisphere whose
outer and inner radii are 4.2 cm and 2.1 cm respectively.
Solution: Let R and r be the outer and inner radii of the hollow hemisphere
iven that R = 4.2cm and r = 2.1cm
respectively. G
Curved surface area, 2r (R2 + r2) = 2 r (4.22 + 2.12)
= 2 r (17.64 + 4.41)
Hence, the curved surface area = 44.1r cm2.
Hence, the total cost of painting for the dome = 49.28 × 5 = ` 246.40.
Exercise 8.2
1. Find the volume of a solid cylinder whose radius is 14 cm and height 30 cm.
Solution: Let r and h be the radius and height of the solid cylinder respectively.
Given that radius r = 14cm and height h = 30cm.
Volume of the cylinder = rr2 h
= 22 # 14 # 14 # 30 = 18480 cm3.
7
2. A patient in a hospital is given soup daily in a cylindrical bowl of diameter 7 cm.
If the bowl is filled with soup to a height of 4 cm, then find the quantity of soup to
be prepared daily in the hospital to serve 250 patients?
Solution: Let r and h be the radius and height of a cylinderical bowl respectively.
Given that diameter 2r = 7cm, Radius r = 7 cm and Height h = 4cm.
2
The quantity of the soup = rr2 h
= 22 # 7 # 7 # 4 = 154 cm3
7 2 2
3 = 154 × 250 = 38500 cm3
Quantity of the soup needed to
serve 250 patients daily
Thus, the quantity of the soup needed = 38500 = 38.5 litres.
1000
3. The sum of the base radius and the height of a solid right circular solid cylinder is
37 cm.If the total surface area of the cylinder is 1628 sq.cm, then find the volume
of the cylinder.
Solution: Let r and h be the radius and height of the right circular cylinder respectively.
Given that the sum of the radius and height (r + h) = 37 cm.
The total surface area of the cylinder = 1628 sq.cm.
204 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
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Solution: Let r1 , r2 be the radii and h1 , h2 be the heights of the two right circular
cylinders respectively. Given that r1 : r2 = 2 : 3 and h1 : h2 = 5 : 3.
r1 h1
& = 2 & r1 = 2 r2 and = 5 & h1 = 5 h2
r2 3 3 h2 3 3
Now, the ratio of the volumes of the cylinders = 2rr1 h1 : 2rr22 h2
2
2
= 2 r ` 2 j r22 # 5 h2 : 2 rr22 h2
3 3
Thus, the ratio of the volumes of the cylinders is 20 : 1 = 20 : 27
27
6. The radius and height of a cylinder are in the ratio 5 : 7. If its volume is
4400 cu.cm, find the radius of the cylinder.
Solution: Let r and h be the radius and height of the right circular cylinder respectively.
Given that r:h=5:7 & h= 7r
5
Volume of the cylinder, rr h = 4400
2
& 22 # r2 # 7 r = 4400
7 5
& r3 = 4400 # 7 # 5 = 1000
22 # 7
Thus, the radius of the cylinder, r = 10 cm.
Solution - Mensuration 205
7. A rectangular sheet of metal foil with dimension 66 cm # 12 cm is rolled to form a
cylinder of height 12 cm. Find the volume of the cylinder.
Solution: Let r and h be the radius and height of the right circular cylinder respectively.
Given that the dimension of the sheet is 66cm # 12cm . So, l = 66cm, b = 12cm
( After the rectangular sheet rolled into a hollow
cylinder , the length of the rectangular sheet is equal
to the base circumference of the hollow cylinder.)
Thus, base circumference, 2rr = l
& 2 # 22 # r = 66
7
& r = 66 # 7 = 21
2 # 22 2
Height of the cylinder = length of the rectangular sheet & h = b = 12 cm.
2
Thus ,the volume of the cylinder = rr2 h = 22 # ` 21 j # 12 = 4158 cm3
7 2
8. A lead pencil is in the shape of right circular cylinder. The pencil is 28 cm long and
its radius is 3 mm. If the lead is of radius 1 mm, then find the volume
of the wood used in the pencil.
Solution: Let R and h be the radius and height of the pencil which is in
the form of a right circular cylinder.
Let r be the radius of the lead.
Given that R = 3 mm , h = 28 cm = 280 mm and r = 1 mm.
Now, the volume of wood = rh^ R2 - r2h = 22 # 280 # ^32 - 12h
7
= 22 # 40 # 8 = 7040
Thus, the volume of the wood = 7040 mm3 = 7.04 cm3.
9. Radius and slant height of a right circular cone are 20 cm and 29
cm respectively. Find its volume.
olution: Let r, h and l be the radius, height and slant height of the
S
right circular cone respectively.
Given that r = 20 cm and l = 29 cm.
Now, h= l2 - r2 = 292 - 202 = 21 cm
11. A vessel is in the form of a frustum of a cone. Its radius at one end and the height
are 8 cm and 14 cm respectively. If its volume is 5676 cm3, then find the radius at
3
the other end.
Solution: Let R, r be the radii and h be the height of the vessel which is in the form of
a frustum. Given that R = 8 cm, h = 14cm and volume = 5676 cm3
3
Now, 1
Volume = rh (R + r + Rr) =
2 2 5676
3 3
& 1 # 22 # 14 # (8 + r + 8 # r) =
2 2 5676
3 7 3
& 64 + r2 + 8r = 5676 # 3 # 7 = 129
3 # 22 # 14
& r2 + 8r + 64 = 129 & r2 + 8r - 65 = 0
& h3 = 100.48 # 3 # 9 = 8 # 27
3.14 # 4
& h = 3
8 # 27 = 2 × 3 = 6cm
15. The volume of a cone with circular base is 216 r cu.cm. If the base radius is 9 cm,
then find the height of the cone.
Solution: Let r and h be the radius and height of the cone respectively.
Given that r = 9 cm
Now, Volume of the cone, 1 rr2 h = 216r
3
& 1 # r # 92 # h = 216r
3
Thus, the height of the cone, h = 216r # 3 = 8 cm
r#9#9
16. Find the mass of 200 steel spherical ball bearings, each of which has radius 0.7 cm,
given that the density of steel is 7.95 g/cm . (Mass = Volume × Density)
3
Solution: Let r be the radius of a spherical ball bearing. Given that r = 0.7cm
Volume of a ball bearing = 4 rr3
3
= 4 # 22 # 0.7 # 0.7 # 0.7
3 7
Thus, the volume of 200 ball bearings = 88 # .049 # 200 = 287.46 cm3
0
3
Density of 1cm3 = 7.95 g
Thus, Mass of 200 ball bearings = 287.46 × 7.95 = 2285.316 g
= 2285.316 = 2.29 kg.
1000
17. The outer and the inner radii of a hollow sphere are 12 cm and 10 cm. Find its
volume.
Solution:
Let R and r be the outer and inner radii of the hollow sphere.
Given that R = 12 cm and r = 10 cm
19. Find the volume of the largest right circular cone that can be cut out of a cube
whose edge is 14 cm.
Solution: Given that edge (side) of the cube = 14 cm.
= r # 1.8 (2 # 1.8 + 3)
= r # 1.8 # 6.6 = 11.88 r cm2.
2. A solid is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted on a hemisphere. If the diameter
and the total height of the solid are 21 cm, 25.5 cm respectively, then find its
volume.
Solution: Hemispherical portion: Diameter 2r = 21cm & r = 21 cm
2
Conical portion: Radius r = 21 cm, height h = 15cm
2
The volume of the solid = e Volume of the o + e Volume of the o
hemisphere cylinder
= 2 rr3 + rr2 h = rr2 ( 2 r + h)
3 3
= 22 # 21 # 21 ` 2 # 21 + 15j
7 2 2 3 2
= 33 # 21 # 22 = 7623 cm3.
2
3. A capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemispheres stuck to each of its
ends. If the length of the entire capsule is 14 mm and the diameter of the capsule
is 5 mm, find its surface area.
Solution: Let r1 and r2 be the radii of the solid sphere and wire
respectively. Let h be length (height) of the wire.
= 6 # 6 # 15 = 6 # 6 # 15 = 10
1 # 3 # 3 (12 + 2 # 3) 3 # 18
3
Thus, the number of the cones needed is 10.
15. A container with a rectangular base of length 4.4 m and breadth 2 m is used to
collect rain water. The height of the water level in the container is 4 cm and the
water is transferred into a cylindrical vessel with radius 40 cm. What will be the
height of the water level in the cylinder?
Solution:
Cylindrical vessel: Let radius, r = 40 cm,
and height of the water level, h = 4cm
Rectangular Let length, l = 4.4 m = 440 cm,
breadth, b = 2 m = 200 cm and height h1= 4cm.
After the rain water transferred into the cylindrical vessel,
17. A cylindrical shaped well of depth 20 m and diameter 14 m is dug. The dug out
soil is evenly spread to form a cuboid-platform with base dimension 20m # 14m.
Find the height of the platform.
Solution: Let r and h be the radius and height of the well.
Let l1, b and h1 be the length, breadth and height of the platform
respectively.
Cylinderical well : 2r = 14m & r = 7m, h = 20m
Platform: Length, l = 20 m, breadth, b = 14m
Volume of the cuboid platform = Volume of the cylindrical well
& lbh1 = rr2 h
& 20 × 14 × h1 = 22 # 7 # 7 # 20
7
& h1 = 22 # 7 # 7 # 20 = 11
7 20 # 14
Thus, the height of the platform is 11 m.
216 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
Exercise 8.4
Choose the correct answer.
1. The curved surface area of a right circular cylinder of radius 1 cm and height 1 cm is
equal to
(A) r cm2 (B) 2r cm2 (C) 3r cm3 (D) 2 cm2
Solution: CSA = 2rrh = 2 # r # 1 # 1 = 2r cm2 ( Ans. (B) )
2. The total surface area of a solid right circular cylinder whose radius is half of its
height h is equal to
(A) 3 rh sq. units (B) 2 rh2 sq. units
2 3
(C) 3 rh sq.units (D) 2 rh sq.units
2
2 3
Solution: radius r = h
2
TSA = 2rr (h + r) = 2r h `h + h j = rh` 3h j = 3 rh2 sq.units. ( Ans. (C) )
2 2 2 2
3. Base area of a right circular cylinder is 80 cm2 . If its height is 5 cm, then the volume
is equal to
(A) 400 cm3 (B) 16 cm3 (C) 200 cm3 (D) 400 cm3
3
Solution: Base area = rr = 80 cm , Volume v = rr h = 80 # 5 = 400 cm3. ( Ans. (A) )
2 2 2
4. If the total surface area a solid right circular cylinder is 200 r cm and its radius is 5 cm,
2
19. If the total surface area of a solid hemisphere is 12r cm2 then its curved surface area
is equal to
(A) 6r cm2 (B) 24r cm2
(C) 36r cm2 (D) 8r cm2
Solution: TSA, 3rr2 = 12r cm2 .
Do you know?
Pythagorean triplets
We know that ( a, b, c ) is a Pythagorean triplet if a2 + b2 = c2
Practical Geometry 9
Exercise 9.1
1. Draw a circle of radius 4.2 cm, and take any point on the circle. Draw the tangent
at that point using the centre.
Solution: Radius = 4.2 cm
Construction:
(i) With O as the centre draw a circle of radius 4.2 cm.
(ii) Take a point P on the circle and join OP.
(iii) Draw an arc of a circle with centre at P cutting OP at L.
!!
(iv) Mark M and N on the arc such that LM = MN = PL
(v) Draw the bisector PT of the angle +MPN .
(vi) Produce TP to T l to get the required tangent T l PT .
Solution - Practical Geometry 221
2. Draw a circle of radius 4.8 cm. Take a point on the circle. Draw the tangent at that
point using the tangent-chord theorem.
Solution: The radius of the circle = 4.8 cm.
Construction:
(i) With O as the centre, draw a circle of radius 4.8 cm.
(ii) Take a point P on the circle.
(iii) Through P, draw any chord PQ.
(iv) Mark a point R distinct from P and Q on the circle so that P, Q and R are in
counter clockwise direction.
(v) Join PR and QR.
!
(vi) At R, draw an arc AB which intersects RQ and RP at A and B respectively.
(vii) With P as centre and RA (= RB) as radius draw an arc which intersect PQ at
C.
(viii) With C as centre and AB as radius draw an arc which intersects the previous
arc at D.
(ix) Produce PD to T l and T to get the required tangent line T l PT.
Construction:
(i) With O as the centre draw a circle of radius 5 cm.
(ii) Mark a point P at a distance of 13 cm from O and join OP.
Solution - Practical Geometry 223
(iii) Draw the perpendicular bisector of OP. Let it meet OP at M.
(iv) With M as centre and MO as radius, draw another circle.
(v) Let the two circles intersect at A and B.
(vi) Join PA and PB . They are the required tangents.
Length of the tangent, PA = 12 cm.
Verification: In the right angled TOPA ,
2 2
PA = OP - OA = 132 - 52 = 169 - 25 = 144 ` PA = 12 cm .
4. Draw the two tangents from a point which is 10 cm away from the centre of a circle
of radius 6 cm. Also, measure the lengths of the tangents.
Exercise 9.2
2. Construct a DPQR such that PQ = 6 cm, +R = 60c and the altitude from R to PQ is
4 cm .
Given: PQ = 6 cm, R = 60c and the altitude from R to PQ is 4 cm.
Construction:
(i) Draw a line segment PQ = 6 cm.
(ii) Draw PX such that +QPX = 60°.
(iii) Draw PY = PX .
(iv) Draw the perpendicular bisector of PQ intersecting PY at O and PQ at M.
Construction:
(i) Draw a line segment PQ = 4 cm.
(ii) Draw PX such that +QPX = 25c.
(iii) Draw PY = PX .
(iv) Draw the perpendicular bisector of PQ intersecting PY at O and PQ at M.
(v) With O as centre and OP as radius, draw the circle .
(vi) The major arc PKQ contains the vertical angle 25c.
(vii) On the perpendicular bisector MO, mark a point H such that MH = 4.5 cm.
(viii) Draw RHRl parallel to PQ meeting the circle at Rand at Rl .
(ix) Complete the TPQR , which is one of the required triangles.
228 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
4. Construct a DABC such that BC = 5 cm. +A = 45c and the median from A to BC
is 4cm .
Given: BC = 5 cm, +A = 45c, The median from A to BC = 4 cm.
Construction:
Construction:
(i) Draw a line segment BC = 5 cm.
(ii) Through B draw BX such that +CBX = 40c.
(iii) Draw BY= BX.
(iv) Draw the perpendicular bisector of BC intersecting BY at O and BC at M.
(v) With O as centre and OB as radius, draw the circle.
(vi) The major arc BKC of the circle, contains the vertical angle 40c.
(vii) With M as centre, draw an arc of radius 6 cm meeting the circle at A and Al .
(viii) 3 ABC or TAl BC is the required triangle.
(ix) Produce CB to CZ.
(x) Draw AE = CZ .
(xi) Length of the altitude AE is 3.8 cm.
230 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
Exercise 9.3
Construction:
(i) Draw a rough diagram and mark the measurements.
Draw a line segment PQ = 6.5 cm.
(ii) With P and Q as centres, draw arcs with radii 7 cm and 5.5 cm respectively,
to intersect at R. Join PR and QR.
(iii) Draw the perpendicular bisectors of PQ and QR to intersect at O.
(iv) With O as the centre and OP (= OQ = OR) as radius draw the circumcircle of
DPQR .
(v) With P as the centre and radius 4.5 cm. draw an arc intersecting the circumcircle
at S.
(vi) Join PS and RS.
Now, PQRS is the required cyclic quadrilateral.
Solution - Practical Geometry 231
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Construction:
(i) Draw a rough diagram and mark the measurements.
Draw a line segment AB = 6 cm
(ii) With A as centre and radius 4.8 cm, draw an arc.
(iii) With B as centre and radius 8 cm, draw another arc meeting the previous
arc as in the figure at D.
(iv) Join AD and BD.
(v) Draw the perpendicular bisectors of AB and AD intersecting each other at O.
(vi) With O as the centre OA(=OB=OC) as radius, draw the circumcircle of
DABD .
(vii) With D as centre and 5.5 cm radius , draw an arc intersecting the circle at C.
(viii) Join CD and BC.
(ix) Now,ABCD is the required cyclic quadrilateral.
Construction:
(i) Draw a rough diagram and mark the measurements.
Draw a line segment PQ = 5.5 cm.
(ii) Through P draw PX such that +QPX = 45c.
(iii) With Q as centre and radius 4.5 cm, draw an arc intersecting PX at R and join
QR.
(iv) Draw the perpendicular bisectors of PQ and QR intersecting each other at O.
(v) With O as centre and OP (= OQ= OR) as radius, draw the circumcircle of
DPQR .
(vi) With P as centre and radius 3 cm, draw an arc intersecting the circle at S.
(vii) Join PS and RS.
(viii) Now, PQRS is the required cyclic quadrilateral.
Construction:
(i) Draw a rough diagram and mark the measurements.
Draw a line segment AB = 7 cm.
(ii) Through A draw AX such that +A = 80c.
(iii) With A as centre and radius 4.5 cm, draw an arc intersecting AX at D and join
AD.
(iv) Draw the perpendicular bisectors of AD and BD intersecting each other at O.
(v) With O as centre and OA (= OB = OD) as radius, draw the circumcircle of
DABD .
(vi) With B as centre and radius 5 cm, draw an arc intersecting the circle at C.
(vii) Join CD and BC.
(viii) Now, ABCD is the required cyclic quadrilateral.
Construction:
(i) Draw a rough diagram and mark the measurements.
Draw a line segment KL = 5.5 cm
(ii) With K as centre and radius 5 cm, draw an arc.
(iii) With L as centre and radius 4.2 cm, draw another arc meeting the previous
arc as in the figure at M.
(iv) Join KM and LM.
(v) Draw the perpendicular bisectors of KM and LM intersecting each other at O.
(vi) With O as the centre OK(=OL=OM) as radius, draw the circumcircle of
DKLM .
(vii) With L as centre and 5.3 cm radius , draw an arc intersecting the circle at N.
(viii) Join KN and MN.
(ix) Now, KLMN is the required cyclic quadrilateral.
Construction:
(i) Draw a rough diagram and mark the measurements.
Draw a line segment EF = 7 cm.
(ii) With E as centre and radius 4.8 cm, draw an arc.
(iii) With F as centre and radius 6.5 cm, draw another arc meeting the previous
arc as in the figure at H.
(iv) Join EH and FH.
(v) Draw the perpendicular bisectors of EF and EH intersecting each other at O.
(vi) With O as the centre OE(=OF=OH) as radius, draw the circumcircle of
DEFH .
(vii) With E as centre and 6.6 cm radius , draw an arc intersecting the circle at G.
(viii) Join HG and FG.
(ix) Now, EFGH is the required cyclic quadrilateral.
236 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
7. Construct a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, given AB = 6 cm, +ABC = 70c,
BC = 5 cm and +ACD = 30c
Given: In the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, AB = 6 cm, BC = 5 cm, +ABC = 70c and
+ACD = 30c.
Construction:
(i) Draw a rough diagram and mark the measurements.
Draw a line segment AB = 6 cm.
(ii) From B, draw BX such that +ABX = 70c.
(iii) With B as centre and radius 5 cm, draw an arc intersecting BX at C.
(iv) Join AC.
(v) Draw the perpendicular bisectors of AB and BC intersecting each other at O.
(vi) With O as centre and OA (= OB = OC) as radius, draw a circumcircle.
(vii) From C, draw CY such that +ACD = 30c which intersects the circle at D.
(viii) Join AD.
Now, ABCD is the required cyclic quadrilateral.
Construction:
(i) Draw a rough diagram and mark the measurements.
Draw a line segment PQ = 5 cm.
(ii) From P, draw PX such that +QPX = 35c
(iii) With Q as centre and radius 4 cm, draw an arc intersecting PX at R.
(iv) Join QR.
(v) Draw the perpendicular bisectors of PQ and QR intersecting each other at O.
(vi) With O as centre and OP (= OQ = OR) as radius, draw a circumcircle.
(vii) From R, draw RY such that +PRY = 70cwhich intersects the circle at S.
(viii) Join PS.
Now, PQRS is the required cyclic quadrilateral.
Construction:
(i) Draw a rough diagram and mark the measurements.
(vi) From C, draw CZ such that +ACZ = 30c which intersects the circle at D.
10. Construct a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, where AB = 6.5 cm, +ABC = 110c,
BC = 5.5 cm and AB || CD.
Given: In the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, AB = 6.5 cm, BC = 5.5 cm and +ABC = 110c.
and AB || CD.
Construction:
(i) Draw a rough diagram and mark the measurements.
Draw a line segment AB = 6.5 cm.
(ii) From B, draw BX such that +ABX = 110c.
(iii) With B as centre and radius 5.5 cm, draw an arc intersecting BX at C.
(iv) Draw perpendicular bisectors of AB and BC intersecting each other at O.
(v) With O as centre, and OA (= OB = OC) as radius, draw a circumcircle of
DABC .
(vi) Draw CY such that CY < AB intersecting the circle at D.
Join AD.
(vii) Now, ABCD is the required cyclic quadrilateral.
240 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
Graphs 10
Exercise 10.1
Points: (- 3, 27), (- 2, 12), (- 1, 3), (0, 0), (1, 3), (2, 12), (3, 27)
Points: (- 3, - 36), (- 2, - 16), (- 1, - 4), (0, 0), (1, - 4), (2, - 16), (3, - 36)
(iii) y = ^ x + 2h^ x + 4h = x 2 + 6x + 8
Let y = x2 + 6x + 8
Solution:
x –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
x2 25 16 9 4 1 0 1 4
6x – 30 – 24 – 18 – 12 –6 0 6 12
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
y 3 0 –1 0 3 8 15 24
Points: (- 5, 3), (- 4, 0), (- 3, - 1), (- 2, 0), (- 1, 3), (0, 8), (1, 15), (2, 24)
242 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
2
(iv) y = 2x - x + 3 .
Solution:
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
2x2 18 8 2 0 2 8 18
-x 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
y 24 13 6 3 4 9 18
Points: (- 3, 24), (- 2, 13), (- 1, 6), (0, 3), (1, 4), (2, 9), (3, 18)
.
The points of intersection of the line and the parabola are (- 1, 1) and (5, 25) .
The x-coordinates of the points are – 1 and 5. Thus,Solution set is {– 1, 5}
2 2
4. Draw the graph of y = x + 2x - 3 and hence find the roots of x - x - 6 = 0 .
Solution: y = x2 + 2x - 3
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
2x –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6
–3 –3 –3 –3 –3 –3 –3 –3
y 0 –3 –4 –3 0 5 12
Solution - Graph 247
Points: (- 3, 0), (- 2, - 3), (- 1, - 4), (0, - 3), (1, 0), (2, 5), (3, 12)
Solve: y = x2 + 2x - 3
0 = x2 - x - 6
y = 3x + 3
Let us draw the graph of the straight line y = 3x + 3 .
Now, form the table for the line y = 3x + 3 .
x –2 –1 0 1 2
y = 3x + 3 –3 0 3 6 9
Points: (- 2, - 3), (- 1, 0), (0, 3), (1, 6), (2, 9)
The points of intersection of the line and the parabola are (- 2, - 3) and (3, 12) .
The x-coordinates of the points are – 2 and 3. Thus, Solution set is {– 2, 3}.
2 2
5. Draw the graph of y = 2x + x - 6 and hence solve 2x + x - 10 = 0 .
Solution: y = 2x2 + x - 6
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
2x2 18 8 2 0 2 8 18
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–6 –6 –6 –6 –6 –6 –6 –6
y 9 0 –5 –6 –3 4 15
248 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
Points: (- 3, 9), (- 2, 0), (- 1, - 5), (0, - 6), (1, - 3), (2, 4), (3, 15)
Solve: y = 2x2 + x - 6
0 = 2x2 + x - 10
y = 4
y = 4 is a straight line parallel to x-axis.
The straight line and parabola intersect at points (–2.5, 4) and (2, 4).
So, the x-coordinates of the points are – 2.5 and 2. Thus, Solution set is {– 2.5, 2}.
2 2
6. Draw the graph of y = x - x - 8 and hence find the roots of x - 2x - 15 = 0 .
Solution:
x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x2 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 25
-x 4 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5
–8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8
y 12 4 –2 –6 –8 –8 –6 –2 4 12
Points: (- 4, 12), (- 3, 4), (- 2, - 2), (- 1, - 6), (0, - 8)
(1, - 8), (2, - 6), (3, - 2), (4, 4), (5, 12)
The straight line and parabola intersects at points (– 3, 4) and (5, 12).
The x-coordinates of the points are – 3 and 5.
Thus, Solution set is {– 3, 5}.
Exercise 10.2
1. A bus travels at a speed of 40 km / hr. Write the distance-time formula and draw
the graph of it. Hence, find the distance travelled in 3 hours.
Solution:
x 1 2 3 4
y 40 80 120 160
From the table, we found that as x increases, y also increases.
Note:
In this problem, the graph is a
straight line passing through the origin.
y
Thus, y \ x & y = kx & = k .
x
Draw the graph and hence (i) Find the cost of seven note books. (ii) How many
note books can be bought for ` 165.
Solution:
x 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 30 60 90 120 150 180
From the table, we found that as x increases, y also increases.
Draw the graph for the above table and hence find
(i) the value of y if x = 4 , (ii) the value of x if y = 12.
Solution:
x 1 3 5 7 8
y 2 6 10 14 16
From the table, we found that as x increases, y also increases.
y = 20
x
x 1 2 4 5 10 20
y 20 10 5 4 2 1
From the table, we observe that as x increases, y decreases.
This type of variation is called indirect variation.
From the graph, when x = 5, y = 4 , when y = 10, x = 2 .
6.
11 Statistics
Exercise 11.1
1. Find the range and coefficient of range of the following data.
(i) 59, 46, 30, 23, 27, 40, 52,35, 29
Solution: (i) The largest value L = 59. The smallest value S = 23
Thus, Range = L - S = 59 - 23 = 36
Coefficient of range = L - S = 59 - 23 = 36 = 18
L+S 59 + 23 82 41
= 0.4390 = 0.44
(ii) 41.2, 33.7, 29.1, 34.5, 25.7, 24.8, 56.5, 12.5
Solution: From the given data
The largest value L = 56.5
The smallest value S = 12.5
Now, Range = L - S = 56.5 - 12.5 = 44
Coefficient of range = L - S = 56.5 - 12.5 = 44
L+S 56.5 + 12.5 69
= 0.6376 = 0.64
2. The smallest value of a collection of data is 12 and the range is 59. Find the
largest value of the collection of data.
Solution: The smallest value, S = 12, Range, R = 59.
We have R = L- S
` L = S + R = 12 + 59 = 71
Thus, the largest value, L = 71
3. The largest of 50 measurements is 3.84 k
g. If the range is 0.46 kg, find the smallest
measurement.
Solution: The Largest value, L = 3.84 kg, Range R= 0.46 kg.
So, Smallest value, S = L - R = 3.84 – 0.46 = 3.38
Thus, the smallest value, S = 3.38 kg.
4. The standard deviation of 20 observations is 5 . If each observation is multiplied
by 2, find the standard deviation and variance of the resulting observations.
Solution: Given that SD of 20 observations is 5 .
If each observation is multiplied by 2, then SD of new data is 2 5 .
Variance = (SD)2 = (2 5 )2
= 4 # 5 = 20 .
258 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
5. Calculate the standard deviation of the first 13 natural numbers.
Solution:
2
The SD of the first n natural numbers v = n -1
12
2 2
Thus, SD of the first 13 natural numbers v = n -1 = 13 - 1
12 12
= 168 = 14 = 3.74
12
6. Calculate the standard deviation of the following data.
(i) 10, 20, 15, 8, 3, 4 (ii) 38, 40, 34 ,31, 28, 26, 34.
Solution: (i) First we arrange the given data in ascending order 3,4,8,10,15,20
Arithmetic mean, xr = Rx = 3 + 4 + 8 + 10 + 15 + 20 = 60 = 10
n 6 6
d = x - xr = x - 10
x d = x - 10 d2
3 49 v = Rd2
-7 n
4 -6 36
8 4 = 214
-2 6
10 0 0
15 25 b 5.97
5
20 10 100
2
Rd = 214
x d = x - xr = x - 33 d2
26 -7 49
v = Rd2
28 -5 25 n
31 -2 4
= 154
34 1 1 7
34 1 1
= 22
38 5 25
40 7 49 b 4.69
2
Rd = 154
x 3 8 13 18 23
f 7 10 15 10 8
Solution: Let us find the Standard Deviation by using assumed mean method
Let us take A = 13 as the assumed mean d = x - A = x - 13
x f d = x – 13 d2 fd fd
2
3 7 - 10 100 - 70 700
8 10 -5 25 - 50 250
13 15 0 0 0 0
18 10 5 25 50 250
23 8 10 100 80 800
Rf =50 Rfd =10 2
Rfd =2000
Standard deviation, v =
/ fd2 - e / fd o2
/f /f
= 2000 - 10 2
50 ` 50 j
= 1
40 - 25 = 999 = 31.61
25 5
Thus, v - 6.321
8. The number of books bought at a book fair by 200 students from a school are
given in the following table.
No. of books 0 1 2 3 4
No. of students 35 64 68 18 15
Calculate the standard deviation.
Solution: Let us calculate the Standard Deviation by using assumed mean method.
Let us take A = 2 as the assumed mean d = x - A = x - 2
x f d=x–2 d2 fd fd
2
0 35 -2 4 - 70 140
1 64 -1 1 - 64 64
2 68 0 0 0 0
3 18 1 1 18 18
4 15 2 4 30 60
Rf =200 Rfd = – 86 2
Rfd = 282
2
Rfd Rfd 2
Standard deviation v = -c m
Rf Rf
260 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
= 282 - - 86 2 = 282 - 7396
200 ` 200 j 200 (200) 2
2 4 -8 64 – 32 256
4 4 -6 36 – 24 144
6 5 -4 16 – 20 80
8 15 -2 4 – 30 60
10 8 0 0 0 0
12 5 2 4 10 20
14 4 4 16 16 64
16 5 6 36 30 180
Rf =50 Rfd =- 50 2
Rfd = 804
2
2 Rfd Rfd 2
v = -c m
Rf Rf
= 804 - - 50 2
50 ` 50 j
= 804 - 1 = 754 = 15.08
50 50
Thus, Variance = 15.08
10. The time (in seconds) taken by a group of people to walk across a pedestrian
crossing is given in the table below.
Time (in sec.) 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
No. of people 4 8 15 12 11
Calculate the variance and standard deviation of the data.
Solution: Let A = 17.5 , the mid-value of the interval 15 - 20
Here, c = 5
Now, d = x - A = x - 17.5
c 5
Variance, v = =
Rfd 2 G
2
2 Rfd
-c m # c2
Rf Rf
= ; 80 - ` 18 j E # 5 = c 80 - 3242 m # 25
2 2
50 50 50 50
= 4000 -2 324 # 25 = 4000 - 324 # 25 = 3676
50 50 # 50 100
2
v = 36.76
Thus, Standard Deviation, v = 36.76 - 6.063
11. A group of 45 house owners contributed money towards green environment of
their street. The amount of money collected is shown in the table below.
Amount
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
(`)
No. of house
2 7 12 19 5
owners
Calculate the variance and standard deviation.
Solution: Let us take the assumed mean A = 50 and c = 20.
d = x - A = x - 50
c 20
Class mid d=
interval value f x–A x - 50 d2 fd fd
2
x 20
0-20 10 2 – 40 -2 4 -4 8
20-40 30 7 – 20 -1 1 -7 7
40-60 50 12 0 0 0 0 0
60-80 70 19 20 1 1 19 19
80-100 90 5 40 2 4 10 20
Rf = 45 Rfd = 18 2
Rfd = 54
Variance, v = =
Rfd 2 G 2
2
2 Rfd
-c m #c
Rf Rf
x 5
20-24 22 15 – 10 -2 4 - 30 60
25-29 27 25 –5 -1 1 - 25 25
30-34 32 28 0 0 0 0 0
35-39 37 12 5 1 1 12 12
40-44 42 12 10 2 4 24 48
45-49 47 8 15 3 9 24 72
Rf = 100 /fd =5 2
Rfd = 217
= =
Rfd 2 G 2
2
m # c = ; 217 - ` 5 j E # 5
2 Rfd 2 2
Variance, v -c
Rf Rf 100 100
2
= ^2.17 - (0.05 h # 25 = ^2.17 - (0.0025h # 25
= 2.1675 # 25
2
Thus, v = 54.1875 - 54.19
13. Mean of 100 items is 48 and their standard deviation is 10. Find the sum of all the
items and the sum of the squares of all the items.
Solution: The Mean of 100 items, x = 48
;a xr = E
The sum of 100 items / x = 48 × 100 = 4800 . Rx
n
Given that Standard Deviation, v = 10
22
Now, Variance, v = Rx - c Rx m = 100
2
n n
2 2
& Rx - 4800 2 = 100 ( Rx - 2304 = 100
100 ` 100 j 100
2
& Rx = 100 + 2304 = 2404
100
2
Thus, Rx = 2404 × 100 = 2,40,400
Solution - Statistics 263
14. The mean and standard deviation of 20 items are found to be 10 and 2 respectively.
At the time of checking it was found that an item 12 was wrongly entered as 8.
Calculate the correct mean and standard deviation.
Solution: Let us find the correct mean.
/x
Mean of 20 items, xr = = 10
n
/x
& = 10
20
& / x = 10 × 20 = 200
Now, corrected Rx = 200 + 4 = 204
x d = x - 24 d
2
20 -4 16
18 -6 36
32 8 64
24 0 0
26 2 4
Rx = 120 2
Rd = 120
Arithmetic mean, x = Rx = 120 = 24
n 5
2
Standard deviation, v = Rd C.V. = v # 100
n x
v = 120 = 4.9 # 100 = 490
5 24 24
v = 24 = 4.9 = 20.416 b 20.42
17. If the coefficient of variation of a collection of data is 57 and its S.D is 6.84, then
find the mean.
Solution: G
iven that the coefficient of variation = 57, v = 6.84
v # 100 = 57 & 6.84 # 100 = 57
x x
x = 684 = 12
57
18. A group of 100 candidates have their average height 163.8 cm with coefficient of
variation 3.2. What is the standard deviation of their heights?
Solution: T
he average height of 100 candidates = 163.8, i.e. x = 163.8
Coefficient of variation = 3.2
& v # 100 = 3.2
xr
& v # 100 = 3.2
163.8
= 3.2 # 163.8 = 5.2416 b 5.24
v
100
19. Given Rx = 99 , n = 9 and R (x - 10) 2 = 79. Find Rx 2 and R (x - x ) 2 .
Solution: Given that Rx = 99 and n = 9.
Thus, x = Rx = 99 = 11 .
n 9
2
Let us find Rx .
2
Now, R (x - 10) = 79
R (x2 - 20x + 100) = 79
20. The marks scored by two students A, B in a class are given below.
A 58 51 60 65 66
B 56 87 88 46 43
Who is more consistent?
Solution:
Student - A Student - B
/x /x
x = = 300 = 60 x = = 320 = 64
n 5 n 5
x d = x - 60 d
2
x d = x - 64 d
2
51 -9 81 43 - 21 441
58 -2 4 46 - 18 324
60 0 0 56 -8 64
65 5 25 87 23 529
66 6 36 88 24 576
Rx = 300 2
Rd = 146 Rx = 320 2
Rd = 1934
C.V = v # 100 = 5.4 # 100 = 9 g (1) C.V = v # 100 = 19.67 # 100 = 30.73 g (2)
x 60 x 64
From (1) and (2), we see that the coefficient of variation for A is less than the
coefficient of variation for B.
Thus, Student A is more consistant.
Exercise 11.2
Choose the correct answer.
1. The range of the first 10 prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 , 29 is
(A) 28 (B) 26 (C) 29 (D) 27
Solution: R = L - S = 29 - 2 = 27 ( Ans. (D) )
2. The least value in a collection of data is 14.1. If the range of the collection is 28.4,
then the greatest value of the collection is
(A) 42.5 (B) 43.5 (C) 42.4 (D) 42.1
Solution: S = 14.1, R = 28.4, R = L – S & L = R + S
&L = 28.4 + 14.1 = 42.5 ( Ans. (A) )
3. The greatest value of a collection of data is 72 and the least value is 28. Then the
coefficient of range is
(A) 44 (B) 0.72 (C) 0.44 (D) 0.28
Solution: L = 72, S = 28
Co-efficient range = L - S = 72 - 28 = 44 = 0.44 ( Ans. (C) )
L + S 72 + 28 100
4. For a collection of 11 items, Rx = 132 , then the arithmetic mean is
(A) 11 (B) 12 (C) 14 (D) 13
Solution: n = 11 Rx = 132
Let F1, O, T and F2 be the events of selecting a fifty paise, one-rupee, two-rupees and
five-rupees coins respectively.
Thus, n (F1) = 100 ; n (O) = 50; n (T) = 20; n (F2) = 10 .
(i) Probability that the drawn coin is a fifty-paise coin,
n (F1)
P (F1) = = 100 = 5 .
n (S) 180 9
(ii) The probability that the drawn coin is a five-rupees coin,
n (F2)
P (F2) = = 10 = 1 .
n (S) 180 18
Probability that the drawn coin is not a five-rupees coin,
P (F 2) = 1 - P (F2) = 1 - 1 = 17 .
18 18
Exercise 12.2
(The problems in this exercise can also be solved directly using the definition of
classical probability and without using the addition theorem.)
1. If A and B are mutually exclusive events such that P (A) = 3 and P (B) = 1 , then
5 5
find P (A , B) .
Solution: If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then P (A + B) = 0
Now, P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B) = 3 + 1 - 0 = 4 .
5 5 5
2. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = , P (B) = and P (A , B) = 1 , then
1 2
4 5 2
find P (A + B) .
Solution: We know that P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B) .
Thus, P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A , B)
= 1 +2-1 = 3 .
4 5 2 20
3. If P (A) = 1 , P (B) = 7 , P (A , B) = 1, then find (i) P (A + B) (ii) P (Al , Bl ) .
2 10
Solution: (i) P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A , B)
= 1 + 7 - 1 = 5 + 7 - 10 = 2 = 1 .
2 10 10 10 5
(ii) P (Al , Bl ) = P (A + B)l ( (A + B)l = Al , Bl )
= 1 - P (A + B) ( P (Al ) = 1 - P (A) )
= 1- 1 = 4.
5 5
4. If a die is rolled twice, find the probability of getting an even number in the first
time or a total of 8.
Solution: Let S be the sample space consisting of all possible outcomes.
S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), . . , (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), . ., (2, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), . . , (6, 6)} ; n (S) = 36
= 100 + 50 - 25 = 5 .
200 200 200 8
7. Two dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the probability that the sum of the
numbers on the faces is neither divisible by 3 nor by 4.
Solution: Sample space, S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), g, (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), g, (6, 6)}; n (S) = 36.
Let A be the event that the sum is divisible by 3.
Let B be the event that the sum is divisible by 4.
A = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 5), (5, 1), (2, 4), (4, 2), (3, 3), (3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 6)}
B = {(1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 2), (2, 6), (6, 2), (3, 5), (5, 3), (4, 4), (6, 6)} .
Thus, n (A) = 12 ; n (B) = 9 ; A + B = (6, 6) ; n^ A + Bh = 1 .
= 20 + 22 - 15 = 9 .
30 30 30 10
9. In a class, 40% of the students participated in Mathematics-quiz, 30% in Science-
quiz and 10% in both the quiz programmes. If a student is selected at random
from the class, find the probability that the student participated in Mathematics
or Science or both quiz programmes.
Solution: Let S be the sample space.
Let M and S1 be the events that the selected student participated in mathematics and
science quiz programmes respectively.
Given that n (S) = 100 , n (S1) = 30 , n^ M h = 40 and n (M + S1) = 10
Thus, P (M) = 40 ; P (S1) = 30 and P (M + S1) = 10 .
100 100 100
Now, the required probability, P (M , S1) = P (M) + P (S1) - P (M + S1)
= 40 + 30 - 10 = 60 = 3 .
100 100 100 100 5
10. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the
probability that it will be a spade or a king.
Solution: Given that n (S) = 52 .
Let A be the event of getting a spade. So, n (A) = 13 .
n (A)
Thus, P (A) = = 13
n (S) 52
Let B be the event of getting a king. So, n (B) = 4 .
n (B)
Thus, P (B) = = 4
n (S) 52
n (A + B)
Number of spade king, n (A + B) = 1. So, P (A + B) = = 1
n (S) 52
Required probability, P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)
= 13 + 4 - 1 = 4 .
52 52 52 13
11. A box contains 10 white, 6 red and 10 black balls. A ball is drawn at random.
Find the probability that the ball drawn is white or red.
Solution: Let S be the sample space,
Let W, R and B denote that the drawn ball is white, red and black respectively.
Given that n (S) = 26 ; n (W) = 10 ; n (R) = 6 ; n (B) = 10 .
n (W)
Thus, P (W) = = 10
n (S) 26
n (R)
P (R) = = 6
n (S) 26
n (B)
P (B) = = 10 .
n (S) 26
Here, W + R is an impossible event. Thus, P (W + R) = 0 .
= 10 + 6 = 8 .
26 26 13
12. A two digit number is formed with the digits 2, 5, 9 (repetition is allowed). Find
the probability that the number is divisible by 2 or 5.
Solution: Let S be the sample space.
Let A and B be the events that the number is divisible by 2 and by 5 respectively.
Given that S = {22, 25, 29, 55, 52, 59, 99, 92, 95} ; n (S) = 9
= 3 + 3 -0 = 2.
9 9 3
= 2 + 3 = 5
13 13 13
= 2 + 2 = 4 .
13 13 13
14. The probability that a new car will get an award for its design is 0.25, the
probability that it will get an award for efficient use of fuel is 0.35 and the
probability that it will get both the awards is 0.15. Find the probability that (i) it
will get atleast one of the two awards, (ii) it will get only one of the awards.
Solution: Let A be the event of getting award for design.
Let B be the event of getting award for efficient use of fuel.
Given P (A) = 0.25 , P (B) = 0.35 and P (A + B) = 0.15
(i) Probability of getting atleast one award,
P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B) = 0.25 + 0.35 - 0.15 = 0.45
(ii) Probability of getting only one of the awards,
P (A + B ) + P (A + B) = [P (A) - P (A + B)] + [P (B) - P (A + B)]
= (0.25 - 0.15) + (0.35 - 0.15) = 0.10 + 0.20 = 0.3
15. The probability that A, B and C can solve a problem are 4 , 2 and 3 respectively.
5 3 7
The probability of the problem being solved by A and B is 8 , B and C is 2 ,
15 7
A and C is 12 . The probability of the problem being solved by all the three is
35
8 . Find the probability that the problem can be solved by atleast one of them.
35
Solution: Gi ven, P (A) = 4 , P (B) = 2 , P (C) = 3 , P (A + B) = 8 ,
5 3 7 15
P (B + C) = 2 , P (A + C) = 12 and P (A + B + C) = 8 .
7 35 35
Now, P (A , B , C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) - P (A + B)
- P (B + C) - P (A + C) + P (A + B + C).
101
= 4 + 2 + 3 - 8 - 2 - 12 + 8 = 105 .
5 3 7 15 7 35 35
(A) 5 (B) 4
12 12
(C) 3 (D) 3
12 4
Solution: P (R ) = 1 - P (R) = 1 - 3 = 3 . ( Ans. (D) )
12 4
12. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability of getting a doublet is
(A) 1 (B) 1
36 3
(C) 1 (D) 2
6 3
Solution: n (S) = 36 . Let A be the event of getting a double. n (A) = 6
A = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)} ; n (A) = 6. P (A) = 6 = 1 . ( Ans. (C) )
36 6
13. A fair die is thrown once. The probability of getting a prime or composite number is
(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) 5 (D) 1
6 6
Solution: S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Since 1 is neither a prime nor a composite number,
required probability = 5 . ( Ans. (C) )
6
14. Probability of getting 3 heads or 3 tails in tossing a coin 3 times is
(A) 1 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 1
8 4 8 2
Solution: S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}; n (S) = 8.
16. The probability that a leap year will have 53 Fridays or 53 Saturdays is
17. The probability that a non-leap year will have 53 Sundays and 53 Mondays is
18. The probability of selecting a queen of hearts when a card is drawn from a pack of 52
playing cards is
Exercise 1.1
1. If A 1 B, then show that A , B = B (use Venn diagram).
Exercise 1.2
1. Represent the following using Venn diagrams (each subdivision carries two mark)
(i) U = {5, 6, 7, 8, ......13}, A = {5, 8, 10, 11}, and B = {5, 6, 7, 9, 10}
(ii) U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}, M = {b, d, f, g}, and N = {a, b, d, e, g}
3. Draw Venn diagram of three sets A, B and C illustrating the following:
(each subdivisions carries two mark)
(i) A + B + C (ii) A and B are disjoint but both are subsets of C
(iii) A + ^ B \ C h (iv) ^ B , C h \ A (v) A , ^ B + C h
(vi) C + ^ B \ Ah (vii) C + ^ B , Ah
5. Let U = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28} , A = {8, 16, 24}
and B = {4, 16, 20, 28} . Find ^ A , Bh ' and ^ A + Bhl . (each subdivision carries two mark)
exercise 1.3
1. If A and B are two sets and U is the universal set such that n^U h = 700 ,
n^ Ah = 200, n^ Bh = 300 and n^ A + Bh = 100, find n^ Al + Blh .
n (B + C) = 6 , n^ A + C h = 5 and n^ A + B + C h = 2 , find n^ A , B , C h .
Let R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 10), (4, 9)} 3 A # B be a relation. Show that R
is a function and find its domain, co-domain and the range of R .
(i) f = { (2, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 4) }
2
Example 1.21 Let A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, B = N and f : A " B be defined by f (x) = x .
Find the range of f . Identify the type of function.
Exercise 1.4
1. State whether each of the following arrow diagrams define a function or not. Justify
your answer. (each subdivision carries two marks)
2. For the given function F = { (1, 3), (2, 5), (4, 7), (5, 9), (3, 1) }, write the domain and
range.
3. Let A = { 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 }; B = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 } and fi : A " B , i = 1,2,3.
State the type of function for the following (give reason):
(each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) f1 = { (10, 1), (11, 2), (12, 3), (13, 5), (14, 3) }
(ii) f2 = { (10, 1), (11, 1), (12, 1), (13, 1), (14, 1) }
(iii) f3 = { (10, 0), (11, 1), (12, 2), (13, 3), (14, 5) }
Classification of Questions - Sets and Functions 285
4. If X = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, Y = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 } determine which of the following relations
from X to Y are functions? Give reason for your answer. If it is a function, state its
type. (each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) R1 = { ^ x, yh | y = x + 2 , x ! X , y ! Y }
(ii) R2 = { (1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 5) }
(iii) R3 = { (1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7), (5, 7) }
(iv) R4 = { (1, 3), (2, 5), (4, 7), (5, 9), (3, 1) }
5. If R = {(a, - 2), (- 5, b), (8, c), (d, - 1)} represents the identity function, find the
values of a, b, c and d .
6. A = { –2, –1, 1, 2 } and f = $` x, 1 j : x ! A . . Write down the range of f . Is f a
x
function from A to A ?
8. Write the pre-images of 2 and 3 in the function
f = { (12, 2), (13, 3), (15, 3), (14, 2), (17, 17) }.
9. The following table represents a function from A = { 5, 6, 8, 10 } to
B = { 19, 15, 9, 11 } where f^ xh = 2x - 1 . Find the values of a and b .
x 5 6 8 10
f(x) a 11 b 19
11. State whether the following graphs represent a function. Give reason for your answer.
(each subdivision carries two marks)
12. Represent the function f = { (–1, 2), (– 3, 1), (–5, 6), (– 4, 3) } as (i) a table, (ii) an
arrow diagram.
Exercise 1.1
7. For A = {x ; x is a prime factor of 42} , B = {x ; 5 1 x # 12, x ! N} and
C = {1, 4, 5, 6} , verify A , ^ B , C h = ^ A , Bh , C .
8. Given P = {a, b, c, d, e}, Q = {a, e, i, o, u} and R = {a, c, e, g} . Verify the associative
property of set intersection.
9. For A = {5,10,15, 20}; B = {6,10,12, 18, 24} and C = {7,10,12,14, 21, 28}, verify
whether A \ ^ B \ C h = ^ A \ Bh \ C . Justify your answer.
10. Let A = {- 5, - 3, - 2, - 1}, B = {- 2, - 1, 0}, and C = {- 6, - 4, - 2} . Find
A \ ^ B \ C h and (A \ B) \ C . What can we conclude about set difference operation?
11. For A = {- 3, - 1, 0, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {- 1, - 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and C = {- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7},
show that (each subdivision carries five marks)
(i) A , ^ B + C h = ^ A , Bh + ^ A , C h (ii) A + ^ B , C h = ^ A + Bh , ^ A + C h
Find the value of (i) f (5) , (ii) f^3 h , (iii) f^1 h , (iv) f^2h - f^4h ,
4 f (- 3) + 2 f (4)
Find (iii) .
f (- 6) - 3 f (1)
Proof by picture
n # (n + 1)
Let us illustrate the result : 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n = with the following diagram
2
Hence, 1 + 2 + 3 + g + 9 = 9 # 10
2
290 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
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Exercise 2.1
1. Write the first three terms of the following sequences whose nth terms are given by
(each subdivision carries two marks)
n^ n - 2h n+2 ^- 1hn n^n + 2h
(i) an = (ii) cn = ^- 1hn 3 (iii) zn =
3 4
2. Find the indicated terms in each of the sequences whose nth terms are given by
(each subdivision carries two marks)
an = n + 2 ; a7 , a9
n+3
(i) (ii) an = ^- 1hn 2 ^n + 1h ; a5 , a8
2n + 3
n 2
(iii) an = 2n - 3n + 1; a5 , a7. (iv) an = (- 1) (1 - n + n ); a5 , a8
2
bn = )
2
n, if n ! N and n is even
n (n + 2), if n ! N and n is odd.
5. Find the first five terms of the sequence given by
a1 = 2, a2 = 3 + a1 and an = 2an - 1 + 5 for n 2 2 .
6. Find the first six terms of the sequence given by
a1 = a2 = a3 = 1 and an = an - 1 + an - 2 for n 2 3 .
Example 2.3 Which of the following sequences are in an A.P.? (each subdivision carries
two marks) (i) 2 , 4 , 6 , g . (ii) 3m - 1, 3m - 3, 3m - 5, g .
3 5 7
Example 2.4 Find the first term and common difference of the A.P. (each subdivision
carries two marks) (i) 5, 2, - 1, - 4, g . (ii) 1 , 5 , 7 , 3 , g, 17
2 6 6 2 6
Exercise 2.2
1. The first term of an A.P. is 6 and the common difference is 5. Find the A.P. and its
general term.
2. Find the common difference and 15th term of the A.P. 125, 120, 115, 110, g .
3. Which term of the arithmetic sequence 24, 23 1 , 22 1 , 21 3 , g . is 3?
4 2 4
4. Find the 12th term of the A.P. 2 , 3 2 , 5 2 , g .
5. Find the 17th term of the A.P. 4, 9, 14, g .
6. How many terms are there in the following Arithmetic Progressions? (each subdivision
carries two marks) (i) - 1, - 5 , - 2 , g, 10 . (ii) 7, 13, 19, g , 205.
6 3 3
10. How many two digit numbers are divisible by 13?
12. A man has saved `640 during the first month, `720 in the second month and `800 in
the third month. If he continues his savings in this sequence, what will be his savings
in the 25th month?
16. A person has deposited `25,000 in an investment which yields 14% simple interest
annually. Do these amounts (principal + interest) form an A.P.? If so, determine the
amount of investment after 20 years.
2 2
17. If a, b, c are in A.P. then prove that (a - c) = 4 (b - ac) .
18. If a, b, c are in A.P. then prove that 1 , 1 , 1 are also in A.P.
bc ca ab
Example 2.9 Which of the following sequences are geometric sequences?
(each subdivision carries two marks)
(a) (i) 5, 10, 15, 20, g . (ii) 0.15, 0.015, 0.0015, g .
(b) (i) 5, 10, 15, 20, g . (iii) 7, 21 , 3 7 , 3 21 , g .
(c) (ii) 0.15, 0.015, 0.0015, g . (iii) 7, 21 , 3 7 , 3 21 , g .
Exercise 2.4
1. Find the sum of the first (each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) 75 positive integers (ii) 125 natural numbers.
2. Find the sum of the first 30 terms of an A.P. whose nth term is 3 + 2n .
3. Find the sum of each arithmetic series (each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) 38 + 35 + 32 + g + 2 . (ii) 6 + 5 1 + 4 1 + g 25 terms.
4 2
4. Find the Sn for the following arithmetic series described.
(each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) a = 5, n = 30, l = 121 (ii) a = 50, n = 25, d =- 4
7. In the arithmetic sequence 60, 56, 52, 48,g , starting from the first term, how many
terms are needed so that their sum is 368?
13. A construction company will be penalised each day for delay in construction of
a bridge. The penalty will be `4000 for the first day and will increase by `1000 for
each following day. Based on its budget, the company can afford to pay a maximum
of `1,65,000 towards penalty. Find the maximum number of days by which the
completion of work can be delayed.
14. A sum of `1000 is deposited every year at 8% simple interest. Calculate the interest
at the end of each year. Do these interest amounts form an A.P.? If so, find the total
interest at the end of 30 years.
Classification of Questions - Sequences and Series of Real Numbers 293
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2
15. The sum of first n terms of a certain series is given as 3n - 2n. Show that the series
is an arithmetic series.
16. If a clock strikes once at 1 o’clock, twice at 2 o’clock and so on, how many times will
it strike in a day?
Example 2.22 Find the sum of the first 25 terms of the geometric series
16 - 48 + 144 - 432 + g .
Example 2.23 Find Sn for each of the geometric series described below:
(each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) a = 2, t6 = 486, n = 6 (ii) a = 2400, r = – 3, n = 5
Example 2.28 An organisation plans to plant saplings in 25 streets in a town in such a
way that one sapling for the first street, two for the second, four for the
third, eight for the fourth street and so on. How many saplings are needed
to complete the work?
Exercise 2.5
1. Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the geometric series 5 + 5 + 5 + g .
2 6 18
2. Find the sum of the first 27 terms of the geometric series 1 + 1 + 1 + g .
9 27 81
3. Find Sn for each of the geometric series described below. (each subdivision carries two
marks) (i) a = 3, t8 = 384, n = 8 . (ii) a = 5, r = 3 , n = 12 .
5. How many consecutive terms starting from the first term of the series
(each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) 3 + 9 + 27 + g would sum to 1092 ? (ii) 2 + 6 + 18 + g would sum to 728 ?
6. The second term of a geometric series is 3 and the common ratio is 4 . Find the sum
5
of first 23 consecutive terms in the given geometric series.
Example 2.29 Find the sum of the following series (each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) 26 + 27 + 28 + g + 60 (iii) 31 + 33 + g + 53.
2 2 2 2
Example 2.30 Find the sum of the following series (i) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + 25
3 3 3 3
Example 2.31 Find the sum of the series. (i) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + 20
3 3 3 3
Example 2.33 (ii) If 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n = 36100, then find 1 + 2 + 3 + g + n.
Exercise 2.6
1. Find the sum of the following series. (each question carries two marks)
(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + 45 (iii) 2 + 4 + 6 + g + 100 (iv) 7 + 14 +21 g + 490
2. Find the value of k if (each question carries two marks)
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 6084 , (ii) 1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 2025
3 3 3 3
3. If 1 + 2 + 3 + g + p = 171 , then find 1 + 2 + 3 + g + p .
Exercise 2.2
7. If 9th term of an A.P. is zero, prove that its 29th term is double (twice) the 19th term.
8. The 10th and 18th terms of an A.P. are 41 and 73 respectively. Find the 27th term.
9. Find n so that the nth terms of the following two A.P.’s are the same.
1, 7, 13, 19,g and 100, 95, 90, g .
11. A TV manufacturer has produced 1000 TVs in the seventh year and 1450 TVs in the
tenth year. Assuming that the production increases uniformly by a fixed number every
year, find the number of TVs produced in the first year and in the 15th year.
13. The sum of three consecutive terms in an A.P. is 6 and their product is –120. Find the
three numbers.
14. Find the three consecutive terms in an A. P. whose sum is 18 and the sum of their
squares is 140.
15. If m times the mth term of an A.P. is equal to n times its nth term, then show that the
(m + n) th term of the A.P. is zero.
2 2 2
19. If a , b , c are in A.P. then show that 1 , 1 , 1 are also in A.P.
b+c c+a a+b
20. If a = b = c , x ! 0, y ! 0, z ! 0 and b = ac , then show that 1 , 1 , 1 are in A.P.
x y z 2
x y z
Example 2.11 The 4th term of a geometric sequence is 2 and the seventh term is 16 . Find
3 81
the geometric sequence.
Example 2.12 The number of bacteria in a certain culture doubles every hour. If there
were 30 bacteria present in the culture initially, how many bacteria will be
present at the end of 14th hour?
Example 2.13 An amount `500 is deposited in a bank which pays annual interest at the
rate of 10% compounded annually. What will be the value of this deposit at
the end of 10th year?
Example 2.14 The sum of first three terms of a geometric sequence is 13 and their product
12
is - 1. Find the common ratio and the terms.
Example 2.15 If a, b, c, d are in geometric sequence, then prove that
^b - ch2 + ^c - ah2 + ^d - bh2 = ^a - d h2
Exercise 2.3
6. If the geometric sequences 162, 54, 18,g . and 2 , 2 , 2 , g have their nth term
81 27 9
equal, find the value of n.
8. The sum of three terms of a geometric sequence is 39 and their product is 1. Find the
10
common ratio and the terms.
Example 2.17 Find the sum of the first 2n terms of the following series.
2 2 2 2
1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + ... .
Example 2.18 In an arithmetic series, the sum of first 14 terms is - 203 and the sum of the
next 11 terms is –572. Find the arithmetic series.
Example 2.19 How many terms of the arithmetic series 24 + 21 + 18 + 15 + g , be taken
continuously so that their sum is – 351.
Example 2.20 Find the sum of all 3 digit natural numbers, which are divisible by 8.
Example 2.21 The measures of the interior angles taken in order of a polygon form an
arithmetic sequence. The least measurement in the sequence is 85c. The
greatest measurement is 215c. Find the number of sides in the given polygon.
Exercise 2.4
2 2 2 2
5. Find the sum of the first 40 terms of the series 1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + g .
6. In an arithmetic series, the sum of first 11 terms is 44 and that of the next 11 terms is
55. Find the arithmetic series.
8. Find the sum of all 3 digit natural numbers, which are divisible by 9.
9. Find the sum of first 20 terms of the arithmetic series in which 3rd term is 7 and 7th term
is 2 more than three times its 3rd term.
10. Find the sum of all natural numbers between 300 and 500 which are divisible by 11.
11. Solve: 1 + 6 + 11 + 16 + g + x = 148 .
12. Find the sum of all numbers between 100 and 200 which are not divisible by 5.
17. Show that the sum of an arithmetic series whose first term is a , second term b and the
^a + ch^b + c - 2ah
last term is c is equal to .
2^ b - ah
18. If there are ^2n + 1h terms in an arithmetic series, then prove that the ratio of the sum
of odd terms to the sum of even terms is ^n + 1h : n .
2 2
19. The ratio of the sums of first m and first n terms of an arithmetic series is m : n
show that the ratio of the mth and nth terms is ^2m - 1h : ^2n - 1h
20. A gardener plans to construct a trapezoidal shaped structure in his garden. The longer
side of trapezoid needs to start with a row of 97 bricks. Each row must be decreased
by 2 bricks on each end and the construction should stop at 25th row. How many
bricks does he need to buy?
Example 2.24 In the geometric series 2 + 4 + 8 + g , starting from the first term how
many consecutive terms are needed to yield the sum 1022?
Example 2.25 The first term of a geometric series is 375 and the fourth term is 192. Find
the common ratio and the sum of the first 14 terms.
Example 2.26 A geometric series consists of four terms and has a positive common ratio.
The sum of the first two terms is 8 and the sum of the last two terms is 72.
Find the series.
Example 2.27 Find the sum to n terms of the series 6 + 66 + 666 +g
Exercise 2.5
4. Find the sum of the following finite series (each subdivision carries five marks)
(i) 1 + 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + g + ^0.1h9 (ii) 1 + 11 + 111 + g to 20 terms.
7. A geometric series consists of four terms and has a positive common ratio. The sum
of the first two terms is 9 and sum of the last two terms is 36. Find the series.
8. Find the sum of first n terms of the series (each subdivision carries five marks)
(i) 7 + 77 + 777 + g . (ii) 0.4 + 0.94 + 0.994 + g .
9. Suppose that five people are ill during the first week of an epidemic and each sick
person spreads the contagious disease to four other people by the end of the second
week and so on. By the end of 15th week, how many people will be affected by the
epidemic?
10. A gardener wanted to reward a boy for his good deeds by giving some mangoes. He
gave the boy two choices. He could either have 1000 mangoes at once or he could
get 1 mango on the first day, 2 on the second day, 4 on the third day, 8 mangoes on
the fourth day and so on for ten days. Which option should the boy choose to get the
maximum number of mangoes?
11. A geometric series consists of even number of terms. The sum of all terms is 3 times
the sum of odd terms. Find the common ratio.
12. If S1, S2 and S3 are the sum of first n, 2n and 3n terms of a geometric series respectively,
then prove that S1 ^ S3 - S2h = ^ S2 - S1h2 .
Exercise 2.6
1. Find the sum of the following series. (each question carries five marks)
2 2 2 2
(ii) 16 + 17 + 18 + g + 25
2 2 2 2
(v) 5 + 7 + 9 + g + 39
3 3 3
(vi) 16 + 17 + g + 35
3 3 3 3
4. If 1 + 2 + 3 + g + k = 8281 , then find 1 + 2 + 3 + g + k .
5. Find the total area of 12 squares whose sides are 12cm, 13cm, g, 23cm. respectively.
6. Find the total volume of 15 cubes whose edges are 16 cm, 17 cm, 18 cm, g , 30 cm
respectively.
Exercise 3.1
Solve each of the following system of equations by elimination method.
1. x + 2y = 7 , x - 2y = 1 2. 3x + y = 8 , 5x + y = 10
y
3. x + = 4 , x + 2y = 5 4. 11x - 7y = xy , 9x - 4y = 6xy
2 3
Exercise 3.2
1. Solve the following systems of equations using cross multiplication method.
(each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) 3x + 4y = 24 , 20x - 11y = 47 (ii) 0.5x + 0.8y = 0.44 , 0.8x + 0.6y = 0.5
5y y
(iii) 3x - =- 2, x + = 13
2 3 3 2 6
2
Example 3.11 Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial x + 9x + 20 , and verify the basic
relationships between the zeros and the coefficients.
Example 3.12 Find a quadratic polynomial if the sum and product of zeros of it are –4 and
3 respectively.
Example 3.13 Find a quadratic polynomial with zeros at x = 1 and x =- 1 .
4
Exercise 3.3
1. Find the zeros of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the basic relationships
between the zeros and the coefficients. (each subdivision carries two marks)
2 2 2 2
(i) x - 2x - 8 (ii) 4x - 4x + 1 (iii) 6x - 3 - 7x (iv) 4x + 8x
2 2 2 2
(v) x - 15 (vi) 3x - 5x + 2 (vii) 2x - 2 2 x + 1 (viii) x + 2x - 143
Exercise 3.4
1. Find the quotient and remainder using synthetic division.
(each subdivision carries two marks)
3 2 3 2
(i) ( x + x - 3x + 5 ) ' ( x - 1 ), (ii) (3x - 2x + 7x - 5 ) ' ( x + 3 )
3 2 3 2
(iii) (3x + 4x - 10x + 6 ) ' ( 3x - 2 ), (iv) (3x - 4x - 5 ) ' ( 3x + 1 )
4 2 4 3 2
(v) (8x - 2x + 6x - 5 ) ' ( 4x + 1 ), (vi) (2x - 7x - 13x + 63x - 48 ) ' ( 2x - 1 )
Example 3.16 (each subdivision carries two marks)
3 2
(i) Prove that x - 1 is a factor of x - 6x + 11x - 6 .
3 2
(ii) Prove that x + 1 is a factor of x + 6x + 11x + 6 .
4 3 5 2 7 2
Example 3.19 Find the GCD of the following : (ii) 15x y z , 12x y z
Exercise 3.6
2. Find the GCD of the following (each subdivision carries two marks)
2 2 4 3
(i) c - d , c ^c - d h (ii) x - 27a x , ^ x - 3ah2
2 2 2 3 2
(iii) m - 3m - 18 , m + 5m + 6 (iv) x + 14x + 33 , x + 10x - 11x
2 2 2 2 2 2
(v) x + 3xy + 2y , x + 5xy + 6y (vi) 2x - x - 1 , 4x + 8x + 3
Exercise 3.7
Find the LCM of the following. (each subdivision carries two marks)
4 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 4 2 2 2
4. 66a b c , 44a b c , 24a b c 6. x y + xy , x + xy
2
7. 3^a - 1h , 2^a - 1h2 , ^a - 1h 9. ^ x + 4h2 ^ x - 3h3 , ^ x - 1h^ x + 4h^ x - 3h2
2. Find the other polynomial q^ xh of each of the following, given that LCM and GCD and
one polynomial p^ xh respectively. (each subdivision carries two marks)
Exercise 3.9
Simplify the following into their lowest forms. (each subdivision carries two marks)
2 2 3
(i) 6x2 + 9x (ii) x +1
4
(iii) 2x - 1
3x - 12x x -1 x +x+1
3 4 2
(iv) x 2- 27 (v) x 2+ x + 1 (Hint: x + x + 1 = ^ x + 1h - x )
4 2 2 2 2
x -9 x +x+1
3 2 4
(vi) 4 x +2 8 (vii) 2x2 + x - 3 (viii) 2 2x - 162
x + 4x + 16 2x + 5x + 3 ^ x + 9h^2x - 6h
2 2
^ x - 3h^ x - 5x + 4h ^ x - 8h^ x + 5x - 50h 2
4x + 9x + 5
(ix) 2
(x) 2
(xi) 2
^ x - 4h^ x - 2x - 3h ^ x + 10h^ x - 13x + 40h 8x + 6x - 5
2
^ x - 1h^ x - 2h^ x - 9x + 14h
(xii) 2
^ x - 7h^ x - 3x + 2h
3 3 2 2
Example 3.26 Multiply (ii) a +b by a - b
2
a + 2ab + b
2 a-b
Example 3.27 Divide (each subdivision carries two marks)
3 2
x +x+1
(i) 4x2 - 4 by x - 1 (ii) x - 1 by
x -1 x+1 x+3 3x + 9
Exercise 3.10
1. Multiply the following and write your answer in lowest terms.
(each subdivision carries two marks)
2 2 2 2 2
(i) x - 2x # 3x + 6 , (ii) x 2- 81 # x2 + 6x + 8 , (iii) x 2- 3x - 10 # x -3 2x + 4
x+2 x-2 x -4 x - 5x - 36 x - x - 20 x +8
(i) x + 2 + x - 1 (ii) x + 1 2 + 1
x+3 x-2 ^ x - 1h x+1
3 3 2
Example 3.29 What rational expression should be added to x2 - 1 to get 2x -2
x +3 ?
x +2 x +2
Exercise 3.11
1. Simplify the following as a quotient of two polynomials in the simplest form.
(each subdivision carries two marks)
3
(i) x + 8 (ii) 2 x + 2 + 2 x-3
x -2 2 2 - x 2 x + 3x + 2 x - 2x - 3
(iii) x - 2
x - 6 + x + 2x - 24 (iv)
2 2
x-2 + 2 x+3
x -9 x - x - 12 x - 7x + 10 x - 2x - 15
2 2
(v) 2x2 - 5x + 3 - 2x2 - 7x - 4
x - 3x + 2 2x - 3x - 2
3 3 2
2. Which rational expression should be added to x2 - 1 to get 3x +2 2x + 4 ?
x +2 x +2
3 2
3. Which rational expression should be subtracted from 4x - 7x + 5 to get
2
2x - 1
2x - 5x + 1 ?
2
Example 3.31 Find the square root of (iii) (2x + 3y) - 24xy
Find the square root of (ii) x + 16 - 2
6
Example 3.32
x
Exercise 3.12
1. Find the square root of the following (each subdivision carries two marks)
(iii) ^ x + 11h2 - 44x (iv) ^ x - yh2 + 4xy
8 6 4 8 64^a + bh4 ^ x - yh8 ^b - ch6
(v) 121x y ' 81x y (vi)
25^ x + yh4 ^a - bh6 ^b + ch10
2. Find the square root of the following: (each subdivisions carries two marks)
2 2 2 2
(i) 16x - 24x + 9 (iii) 4x + 9y + 25z - 12xy + 30yz - 20zx
(iv) x + 14 + 2
4
Exercise 3.14
Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization method.
Exercise 3.15
2. Solve the following quadratic equations using quadratic formula.
(each subdivision carries two marks)
Example 3.42 The sum of a number and its reciprocal is 5 1 . Find the number.
5
Example 3.45 Determine the nature of roots of the following quadratic equations
(each subdivision carries two marks)
2 2
(i) x - 11x - 10 = 0 , (ii) 4x - 28x + 49 = 0 , (iii) 2x2 + 5x + 5 = 0
Exercise 3.17
1. Determine the nature of the roots of the equation. (each subdivision carries two marks)
2 2 2
(i) x - 8x + 12 = 0 , (ii), 2x - 3x + 4 = 0 , (iii) 9x + 12x + 4 = 0 ,
Exercise 3.18
1. Find the sum and the product of the roots of the following equations.
2 2
(i) x - 6x + 5 = 0 , (ii) kx + rx + pk = 0 ,
2 2
(iii) 3x - 5x = 0 , (iv) 8x - 25 = 0 . (each subdivision carries two marks)
2. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are
Example 3.4 Using elimination method, solve 101x + 99y = 499, 99x + 101y = 501.
Example 3.5 Solve 3^2x + yh = 7xy ; 3^ x + 3yh = 11xy using elimination method .
Exercise 3.1
Solve each of the following system of equations by elimination method.
(each question carries Five marks)
5. 3 + 5 = 20 , 2 + 5 = 15 , x ! 0, y ! 0
x y xy x y xy
6. 8x - 3y = 5xy , 6x - 5y =- 2xy
7. 13x + 11y = 70 , 11x + 13y = 74
8. 65x - 33y = 97 , 33x - 65y = 1
9. 15 + 2 = 17 , 1 + 1 = 36 , x ! 0, y ! 0
x y x y 5
10. 2 + 2 = 1 , 3 + 2 = 0, x ! 0, y ! 0
x 3y 6 x y
Example 3.9 A fraction is such that if the numerator is multiplied by 3 and the denominator
is reduced by 3, we get 18 , but if the numerator is increased by 8 and the
11
denominator is doubled, we get 2 . Find the fraction.
5
Example 3.10 Eight men and twelve boys can finish a piece of work in 10 days while six
men and eight boys can finish the same work in 14 days. Find the number of
days taken by one man alone to complete the work and also one boy alone to
complete the work.
Exercise 3.2
1. Solve the following systems of equations using cross multiplication method.
(iv) 5 - 4 =- 2, 2 + 3 = 13
x y x y
2. Formulate the following problems as a pair of equations, and hence find their
solutions: (each subdivision carries five marks)
(i) One number is greater than thrice the other number by 2. If 4 times the smaller
number exceeds the greater by 5, find the numbers.
(ii) The ratio of income of two persons is 9 : 7 and the ratio of their expenditure is 4 : 3. If
each of them manages to save ` 2000 per month, find their monthly income.
(iii) A two digit number is seven times the sum of its digits. The number formed by
reversing the digits is 18 less than the given number. Find the given number.
(iv) Three chairs and two tables cost ` 700 and five chairs and three tables cost ` 1100.
What is the total cost of 2 chairs and 3 tables?
(v) In a rectangle, if the length is increased and the breadth is reduced each by 2 cm
2
then the area is reduced by 28 cm . If the length is reduced by 1 cm and the breadth
2
increased by 2 cm , then the area increases by 33 cm . Find the area of the rectangle.
(vi) A train travelled a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train had been
6 km/hr faster, it would have taken 4 hours less than the scheduled time. If the train
were slower by 6 km/hr, then it would have taken 6 hours more than the scheduled
time. Find the distance covered by the train.
4 3 2
Example 3.15 If the quotient on dividing 2x + x - 14x - 19x + 6 by 2x + 1 is
3 2
x + ax - bx - 6 . Find the values of a and b, also the remainder.
Exercise 3.4
4 3 2 3 2
2. If the quotient on dividing x + 10x + 35x + 50x + 29 by x + 4 is x - ax + bx + 6 ,
then find a, b and also the remainder.
4 2 3 2
3. If the quotient on dividing, 8x - 2x + 6x - 7 by 2x + 1 is 4x + px - qx + 3 ,
then find p , q and also the remainder.
Classification of Questions - Algebra 305
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3 2
Example 3.17 Factorize 2x - 3x - 3x + 2 into linear factors.
Example 3.18 Factorize x3 - 3x2 - 10x + 24
Exercise 3.5
1. Factorize each of the following polynomials. (each subdivision carries five marks)
3 2
(i) x - 2x - 5x + 6 (ii) 4x3 - 7x + 3
3 2 3 2
(iii) x - 23x + 142x - 120 (iv) 4x - 5x + 7x - 6
3 3 2
(v) x - 7x + 6 (vi) x + 13x + 32x + 20
3 2 3
(vii) 2x - 9x + 7x + 6 (viii) x - 5x + 4
3 2
(ix) x - 10x - x + 10 (x) 2x3 + 11x2 - 7x - 6
3 2 3 2
(xi) x + x + x - 14 (xii) x - 5x - 2x + 24
2 2 2
Examples 3.19 Find the GCD of (iii) 6^2x - 3x - 2h , 8^4x + 4x + 1h , 12^2x + 7x + 3h
4 3 3 2
Example 3.20 Find the GCD of the polynomials x + 3x - x - 3 and x + x - 5x + 3 .
Example 3.21 Find the GCD of the following polynomials
4 3 2 4 3 2
3x + 6x - 12x - 24x and 4x + 14x + 8x - 8x .
Exercise 3.6
2. Find the GCD of the following (each subdivision carries five marks)
2 2 2
(vii) x - x - 2 , x + x - 6 , 3x - 13x + 14
3 2 4
(viii) x - x + x - 1 , x - 1
4 3 2 6 5 4
(ix) 24^6x - x - 2x h , 20^2x + 3x + x h
3. Find the GCD of the following pairs of polynomials using division algorithm.
(each subdivision carries five marks)
3 2 2
(i) x - 9x + 23x - 15 , 4x - 16x + 12
3 2 2
(ii) 3x + 18x + 33x + 18 , 3x + 13x + 10
3 2 3 2
(iii) 2x + 2x + 2x + 2 , 6x + 12x + 6x + 12
3 2 4 3 2
(iv) x - 3x + 4x - 12 , x + x + 4x + 4x
3 3 3 3 4 2 2 4
Example 3.22 Find the LCM of the following. (iv) x + y , x - y , x + x y + y
Exercise 3.7
Find the LCM of the following. (each subdivision carries five marks)
2 2 2 2 3 3
8. 2x - 18y , 5x y + 15xy , x + 27y
2 2 2 2 4 3
10. 10^9x + 6xy + y h , 12^3x - 5xy - 2y h , 14^6x + 2x h .
Exercise 3.8
1. Find the LCM of each pair of the following polynomials. (each subdivision carries five marks)
4 3 2 4 2 2
(ii) x + 3x + 6x + 5x + 3 , x + 2x + x + 2 whose GCD is x + x + 1 .
3 2 3 2
(iii) 2x + 15x + 2x - 35 , x + 8x + 4x - 21 whose GCD is x + 7 .
3 2 4 3 2
(iv) 2x - 3x - 9x + 5 , 2x - x - 10x - 11x + 8 whose GCD is 2x - 1 .
2. Find the other polynomial q^ xh of each of the following, given that LCM and GCD and
one polynomial p^ xh respectively. (each subdivision carries five marks)
(iii) ^ x4 - y4h^ x4 + x2 y2 + y4h , x2 - y2 , x4 - y4 .
3 2 3 2
(iv) ^ x - 4xh^5x + 1h , ^5x + xh , ^5x - 9x - 2xh .
2 3 2
(v) ^ x - 1h^ x - 2h^ x - 3x + 3h , ^ x - 1h , ^ x - 4x + 6x - 3h .
2
(vi) 2^ x + 1h^ x - 4h , ^ x + 1h , ^ x + 1h^ x - 2h .
3 2
Example 3.26 (iii) Multiply x - 8 by x + 6x + 8
2 2
x -4 x + 2x + 4
2 2
Example 3.27 (iii) Divide x - 1 by x - 4x - 5
2 2
x - 25 x + 4x - 5
Exercise 3.10
1. Multiply the following and write your answer in lowest terms.
(each subdivision carries five marks)
(iv) x2 - 16 # x2 - 4 # x2 - 4x + 16
x - 3x + 2 x3 + 64
2
x 2 - 2x - 8
2 2
(v) 3x + 2x - 1 # 2x - 3x - 2
2 2
x -x-2 3x + 5x - 2
4
(vi) 2x - 1 # x - 8x # x + 3
2 2 2
x + 2x + 4 2x + 5x - 3 x - 2x
2. Divide the following and write your answer in lowest terms.
(each subdivision carries five marks)
2 2 2 2
(iii) x - 4x - 5 ' x - 3x - 10 (iv) x 2+ 11x + 28 ' x2 + 7x + 12
2 2
x - 25 x + 7x + 10 x - 4x - 77 x - 2x - 15
2 2
(vii) 2x2 + 5x - 3 ' 2x2 + x - 1
2x + 9x + 9 2x + x - 3
2 2
Example 3.28 Simplify (iii) x -2
x - 6 + x + 2x - 24
2
x -9 x - x - 12
Exercise 3.11
1. Simplify the following as a quotient of two polynomials in the simplest form.
(each subdivision carries five marks)
2 2
(vi) x - 4 - x - 11x + 30
2 2
x + 6x + 8 x - x - 20
(vii) = 2x + 5 + x2 + 1 G - ` 3x - 2 j
2
x+1 x -1 x-1
(viii) 1 + 2 1 - 2 2 .
x2 + 3x + 2 x + 5x + 6 x + 4x + 3
4. If P = x , Q = y , then find 1 - 2Q .
x+y x+y P - Q P2 - Q2
2 2 2
Example 3.32 Find the square root of (iii) ^6x - x - 2h^3x - 5x + 2h^2x - x - 1h
Exercise 3.12
2. Find the square root of the following: (each subdivision carries five marks)
2 2 2
(ii) ^ x - 25h^ x + 8x + 15h^ x - 2x - 15h
2 2 2
(v) ^6x + 5x - 6h^6x - x - 2h^4x + 8x + 3h
2 2 2
(vi) ^2x - 5x + 2h^3x - 5x - 2h^6x - x - 1h
4 3 2
Example 3.33 Find the square root of x - 10x + 37x - 60x + 36 .
4 3 2
Example 3.34 Find the square root of x - 6x + 19x - 30x + 25
2 3 4
Example 3.35 If m - nx + 28x + 12x + 9x is a perfect square,
then find the values of m and n.
Exercise 3.14
Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization method.
(each subdivision carries fivc marks)
(iv)
2
3^ x - 6h = x^ x + 7h - 3 x + x + 1 = 34
(vii)
x+1 x 15
2
Example 3.39 Solve the quadratic equation 5x - 6x - 2 = 0 by completing the square.
2 2 2
Example 3.40 Solve the equation a x - 3abx + 2b = 0 by completing the square
Exercise 3.15
1 Solve the following quadratic equations by completing the square .
(each subdivision carries fivc marks)
2 2
(i) x + 6x - 7 = 0 (ii) x + 3x + 1 = 0
2 2 2 2
(iii) 2x + 5x - 3 = 0 (iv) 4x + 4bx - ^a - b h = 0
(vi) 5x + 7 = 3x + 2
2
(v) x - ^ 3 + 1h x + 3 = 0
x-1
(vii) x - 1 + x - 3 = 10 (viii) a x + ^a - b h x - b = 0
2 2 2 2 2
x+1 x-4 3
Example 3.43 The base of a triangle is 4cm longer than its altitude. If the area of the triangle is
48 sq. cm, then find its base and altitude.
Example 3.44 A car left 30 minutes later than the scheduled time. In order to reach its
destination 150km away in time, it has to increase its speed by 25km/hr from
its usual speed. Find its usual speed.
Exercise 3.16
Exercise 3.18
2 2 2
5. If a , b are the roots of 2x - 3x - 5 = 0, form a equation whose roots are a and b .
2
6. If a , b are the roots of x - 3x + 2 = 0, form a quadratic equation whose roots are - a
and - b .
2
7. If a and b are the roots of x - 3x - 1 = 0, then form a quadratic equation whose roots
are 12 and 12 .
a b 2
8. If a and b are the roots of the equation 3x - 6x + 1 = 0, form an equation whose
roots are (each subdivision carries five marks)
(i) 1 , 1
2 2
(ii) a b, b a (iii) 2a + b, 2b + a
a b
9. Find a quadratic equation whose roots are the reciprocal of the roots of the equation
2
4x - 3x - 1 = 0.
2
10. If one root of the equation 3x + kx - 81 = 0 is the square of the other, find k.
2
11. If one root of the equation 2x - ax + 64 = 0 is twice the other, then find the value of a
2
12. If a and b are the roots of 5x - px + 1 = 0 and a - b = 1, then find p.
4. MATRICES
Two Mark Questions
Example 4.1 The table shows a five-day forecast
indicating high (H) and low (L)
temperatures in Fahrenheit. Organise
the temperatures in a matrix where
the first and second rows represent
the High and Low temperatures
respectively and identify which day will be the warmest?
Example 4.2 The amount of fat, carbohydrate and protein in grams present in each food
item respectively are as follows:
Example 4.4 Construct a 2 # 3 matrix A = 6 aij @ whose elements are given by aij = 2i - 3j
8 5 2 T T T
Example 4.5 If A = e o , then find A and (A )
1 -3 4
Exercise 4.1
1. The rates for the entrance tickets at a water theme park are listed below:
Week Days Week End
rates(`) rates(`)
Adult 400 500
Children 200 250
Senior Citizen 300 400
Write down the matrices for the rates of entrance tickets for adults, children and senior
citizens. Also find the dimensions of the matrices.
2 3
9. If A = f 4 1 p, then find the transpose of A.
5 0
1 2 3
T T
10. If A = f 2 4 - 5 p, then verify that (A ) = A .
3 -5 6
x 5 4 3 5 z
Example 4.6 Find the values of x, y and z if c m=c m
5 9 1 5 y 1
y 6 - 2x
Example 4.7 Solve : c m = e o
3x 31 + 4y
5 6 -2 3 3 -1 4 7
Example 4.10 If A = c m and B = c m , then find A + B.
1 0 4 2 2 8 2 3
Example 4.11 Matrix A shows the weight of four boys and four girls in kg at the beginning
of a diet programme to lose weight. Matrix B shows the corresponding
weights after the diet programme.
35 40 28 45 Boys 32 35 27 41 Boys
A=c m , B=c m
42 38 41 30 Girls 40 30 34 27 Girls
Find the weight loss of the Boys and Girls.
4 -2 8 2
5. If A = e o and B = e o find 6A - 3B .
5 -9 -1 -3
2 -1 10
6. Find a and b if a c m+ b c m=c m.
3 1 5
3 2 1 -2 0 0
9. If A = c m, B = c m and O = c m then
5 1 2 3 0 0
(each subdivision carries two marks)
verify: (i) A + B = B + A (ii) A + (- A) = O = (- A) + A .
3 2 x 8
Example 4.13 Solve c m c m=c m
4 5 y 13
1 3
Example 4.17 If A = e o , then verify AI = IA = A , where I is the unit matrix of
9 -6
order 2.
3 5 2 -5
Example 4.18 Prove that c m and e o are multiplicative inverses to each
1 2 -1 3
other.
Exercise 4.3
2. Find the product of the matrices, if exists, (each subdivision carries two marks)
5
(i) ^ 2 - 1h c m
4
3 -2 4 1
(ii) c m c m
5 1 2 7
4 2
2 9 -3
(iii) e o f- 6 7 p
4 -1 0
-2 1
6
(iv) e o^ 2 - 7 h
-3
314 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
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3. A fruit vendor sells fruits from his shop. Selling prices of Apple, Mango and Orange
are ` 20, ` 10 and ` 5 each respectively. The sales in three days are given below
Day Apples Mangoes Oranges
1 50 60 30
2 40 70 20
3 60 40 10
Write the matrix indicating the total amount collected on each day and hence find the
total amount collected from selling of all three fruits combined.
1 2 x 0 x 0
4. Find the values of x and y if c mc m=c m.
3 3 0 y 9 0
5 3 x -5
5. If A = c m , X = c m and C = e o and if AX = C , then find the values of x
7 5 y - 11
and y.
5 2 3 -2
10. Prove that A = c m and B = e o are inverses to each other under matrix
7 3 -7 5
multiplication.
Exercise 4.2
2 3 2 -2
7. Find X and Y if 2X + 3Y = c m and 3X + 2Y = e o.
4 0 -1 5
2
2x -9
8. Solve for x and y if e x2 o + 3 e o=c m.
y -y 4
4 1 2 2 0 4 1 2 -3
10. If A = f 1 - 2 3 p, B = f 6 2 8 p and C = f 5 0 2 p, then
0 3 2 2 4 6 1 -1 1
verify that A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C .
11. An electronic company records each type of entertainment device sold at three of
their branch stores so that they can monitor their purchases of supplies. The sales in
two weeks are shown in the following spreadsheets.
T.V. DVD Videogames CD Players
Store I 30 15 12 10
Week I Store II 40 20 15 15
Store III 25 18 10 12
Store I 25 12 8 6
Week II Store II 32 10 10 12
Store III 22 15 8 10
Find the sum of the items sold out in two weeks using matrix addition.
Classification of Questions - Matrices 315
12. The fees structure for one-day admission to a swimming pool is as follows:
Daily Admission Fees in `
Member Children Adult
Before 2.00 p.m. 20 30
After 2.00 p.m. 30 40
Non-Member
Before 2.00 p.m. 25 35
After 2.00 p.m. 40 50
Write the matrix that represents the additional cost for non-membership.
a b 1 0 2
Example 4.14 If A = c m and I2 = c m , then show that A - (a + d) A = (bc - ad) I2
c d 0 1
.
8 -7
9 -3 2
Example 4.15 If A = f- 2 4 p and B = e o , then find AB and BA if they exist.
6 -1 -5
0 3
3 2 -2 5 1 1
Example 4.16 If A = e o, B = c m and C = e o
-1 4 6 7 -5 3
verify that A (B + C) = AB + AC
-2
T T T
Example 4.19 If A = f 4 p and B = ^ 1 3 - 6 h , then verify that (AB) = B A .
5
Exercise 4.3
1 -1 2
6. If A = c m then show that A - 4A + 5I2 = O .
2 3
3 2 3 0
7. If A = c m and B = c m then find AB and BA. Are they equal?
4 0 3 2
0
-1 2 1
8. If A = c m, B = f 1 p and C = ^2 1h verify (AB) C = A (BC) .
1 2 3
2
5 2 2 -1 T T T
9. If A = c m and B = e o verify that (AB) = B A .
7 3 -1 1
1 0 x
11. Solve ^ x 1h e o c m = ^ 0 h.
2
- - 3 5
1 -4 -1 6 2 2 2
12. If A = e o and B = e o , then prove that (A + B) ! A + 2AB + B .
-2 3 3 -2
3 3 8 7 2 -3
13. If A = c m, B = c m and C = c m , find (A + B) C and AC + BC .
7 6 0 9 4 6
Is (A + B) C = AC + BC ?
Example 5.2 Find the point which divides the line segment joining the points (3 , 5) and
(8 , 10) internally in the ratio 2 : 3.
Example 5.5 Find the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are A(4, - 6), B(3,- 2) and
C(5, 2).
Example 5.6 If ^7, 3h,^6, 1h, ^8, 2h and ^ p, 4h are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in
order, then find the value of p.
Exercise 5.1
2. Find the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) ^1, 3h,^2, 7h and ^12 , - 16h (ii) ^3, - 5h,^- 7, 4h and ^10, - 2h
3. The centre of a circle is at (- 6, 4). If one end of a diameter of the circle is at the
origin, then find the other end.
4. If the centroid of a triangle is at (1, 3) and two of its vertices are (- 7, 6) and (8, 5) then
find the third vertex of the triangle .
6. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining (3, 4) and
(–6, 2) in the ratio 3 : 2 externally.
7. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining (- 3, 5) and
(4, - 9) in the ratio 1 : 6 internally.
Example 5.8 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 2), (- 3 , 4), and (- 5 ,- 6).
Example 5.9 If the area of the TABC is 68 sq.units and the vertices are A(6 ,7),
B(- 4 , 1) and C(a , –9) taken in order, then find the value of a.
Example 5.10 Show that the points A(2 , 3), B(4 , 0) and C(6, - 3) are collinear.
Example 5.11 If P^ x , yh is any point on the line segment joining the points ^a , 0h and ^0, bh
y
then, prove that x + = 1 , where a, b ! 0 .
a b
Exercise 5.2
1. Find the area of the triangle formed by the points (each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) (0, 0), (3, 0) and (0, 2) (ii) (5, 2), (3, -5) and (-5, -1)
(iii) (-4, -5), (4, 5) and (-1, -6)
Example 5.24 If the x-intercept and y-intercept of a straight line are 2 and 3 respectively,
3 4
then find the equation of the straight line.
Exercise 5.4
2. Find the equations of the straight lines parallel to the coordinate axes and passing
through the point (-5,-2).
3. Find the equation of a straight line whose (each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) slope is -3 and y-intercept is 4.
(ii) angle of inclination is 600 and y-intercept is 3.
4. Find the equation of the line intersecting the y- axis at a distance of 3 units above the
origin and tan i = 1 , where i is the angle of inclination.
2
5. Find the slope and y-intercept of the line whose equation is (each subdivision carries
two marks)
(i) y = x + 1 (ii) 5x = 3y (iii) 4x - 2y + 1 = 0 (iv) 10x + 15y + 6 = 0
6. Find the equation of the straight line whose (each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) slope is -4 and passing through (1, 2)
8. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the points (each subdivision
carries two marks)
(i) (-2, 5) and (3, 6) (ii) (0, -6) and (-8, 2)
11. Find the equation of the straight line whose x and y-intercepts on the axes are given by
(each subdivision carries two marks)
Example 5.28 Find the equation of the straight line parallel to the line x - 8y + 13 = 0
and passing through the point (2, 5).
Example 5.3 In what ratio does the point P(- 2 , 3) divide the line segment joining the
points A(- 3, 5) and B ( 4, - 9) internally?
Example 5.4 Find the points of trisection of the line segment joining ^4, - 1h and ^- 2, - 3h
Example 5.7 If C is the midpoint of the line segment joining A(4 , 0) and B(0 , 6) and if O
is the origin, then show that C is equidistant from all the vertices of 3 OAB.
Exercise 5.1
5. Using the section formula, show that the points A(1,0), B(5,3), C(2,7) and
D(- 2, 4) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order.
8. Let A (- 6,- 5) and B (- 6, 4) be two points such that a point P on the line AB satisfies
AP = 2 AB. Find the point P.
9
9. Find the points of trisection of the line segment joining the points A(2, - 2) and
B(- 7, 4).
10. Find the points which divide the line segment joining A(- 4 ,0) and B (0,6) into four
equal parts.
11. Find the ratio in which the x-axis divides the line segment joining the points (6, 4) and (1,- 7).
12. In what ratio is the line joining the points (- 5, 1) and (2 , 3) divided by the y-axis?
Also, find the point of intersection .
13. Find the length of the medians of the triangle whose vertices are (1, - 1) , (0, 4) and
(- 5, 3).
Example 5.12 Find the area of the quadrilateral formed by the points
(- 4, - 2), (- 3, - 5), (3, - 2) and (2 , 3).
(i) ^6, 9h, ^7, 4h, ^4, 2h and ^3, 7h (ii) ^- 3, 4h, ^- 5, - 6h, ^4, - 1h and ^1, 2h
7. Find the area of the triangle formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of a triangle
whose vertices are ^0, - 1h, ^2, 1h and ^0, 3h . Find the ratio of this area to the area of
the given triangle.
Example 5.16 Using the concept of slope, show that the points A(5, - 2), B(4, - 1) and
C(1, 2) are collinear.
Example 5.17 Using the concept of slope, show that the points (- 2 , - 1), (4 , 0), (3 , 3) and
(- 3 , 2) taken in order form a parallelogram.
Example 5.18 The vertices of a 3ABC are A(1 , 2), B(-4 , 5) and C(0 , 1). Find the slopes of
the altitudes of the triangle.
Exercise 5.3
8. Using the concept of slope, show that each of the following set of points are collinear.
(i) (2 , 3), (3 , - 1) and (4 , - 5)
(ii) (4 , 1), (- 2 , - 3) and (- 5 , - 5) (iii) (4 , 4), (- 2 , 6) and (1 , 5)
9. If the points (a, 1), (1, 2) and (0, b+1) are collinear, then show that 1 + 1 = 1.
a b
10. The line joining the points A(- 2 , 3) and B(a , 5) is parallel to the line joining
the points C(0 , 5) and D(- 2 , 1). Find the value of a.
11. The line joining the points A(0, 5) and B(4, 2) is perpendicular to the line
joining the points C(- 1, - 2) and D(5, b). Find the value of b.
12. The vertices of 3 ABC are A(1, 8), B(- 2, 4), C(8, - 5). If M and N are the midpoints
of AB and AC respectively, find the slope of MN and hence verify that MN is
parallel to BC.
13. A triangle has vertices at (6 , 7), (2 , - 9) and (- 4 , 1). Find the slopes of its
medians.
14. The vertices of a 3 ABC are A(- 5 , 7), B(- 4 , - 5) and C(4 , 5). Find the slopes
of the altitudes of the triangle.
15. Using the concept of slope, show that the vertices (1 , 2), (- 2 , 2), (- 4 , - 3) and
(- 1, - 3) taken in order form a parallelogram.
16. Show that the opposite sides of a quadrilateral with vertices A(- 2 ,- 4),
B(5 , - 1), C(6 , 4) and D(- 1, 1) taken in order are parallel.
Exercise 5.4
9. Find the equation of the median from the vertex R in a 3 PQR with vertices at P(1, -3),
Q(-2, 5) and R(-3, 4).
10. By using the concept of the equation of the straight line, prove that the given three
points are collinear. (each subdivision carries five marks)
(i) (4, 2), (7, 5) and (9, 7) (ii) (1, 4), (3, -2) and (-3, 16)
13. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (3, 4) and has intercepts
which are in the ratio 3 : 2.
14. Find the equation of the straight lines passing through the point (2, 2) and the sum of
the intercepts is 9.
15. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (5, -3) and whose
intercepts on the axes are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
16. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (9, -1) and having its
x-intercept thrice as its y-intercept.
17. A straight line cuts the coordinate axes at A and B. If the midpoint of AB is (3, 2), then
find the equation of AB.
18. Find the equation of the line passing through (22, -6) and having intercept on x-axis
exceeds the intercept on y-axis by 5.
19. If A(3, 6) and C(-1, 2) are two vertices of a rhombus ABCD, then find the equation of
straight line that lies along the diagonal BD.
20. Find the equation of the line whose gradient is 3 and which passes through P, where P
2
divides the line segment joining A(-2, 6) and B (3, -4) in the ratio 2 : 3 internally.
Example 5.29 The vertices of 3 ABC are A(2, 1), B(6, –1) and C(4, 11). Find the equation
of the straight line along the altitude from the vertex A.
Exercise 5.5
6. Find the values of p for which the straight lines 8px + ^2 - 3ph y + 1 = 0 and
px + 8y - 7 = 0 are perpendicular to each other.
7. If the straight line passing through the points ^h, 3h and (4, 1) intersects the line
7x - 9y - 19 = 0 at right angle, then find the value of h .
Proof by picture
Let us illustrate the result : 1 + 12 + 13 + g = 1 with the following diagram
3 3 3 2
6. GEOMETRY
Two Mark Questions
Exercise 6.1
1. In a DABC , D and E are points on the sides AB and AC respectively such that DE < BC .
(each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) If AD = 6 cm, DB = 9 cm and AE = 8 cm, then find AC.
(ii) If AD = 8 cm, AB = 12 cm and AE = 12 cm, then find CE.
3. E and F are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively, of a 3 PQR . For each of the
following cases, verify EF < QR . (each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) PE = 3.9 cm, EQ = 3 cm, PF = 3.6 cm and FR = 2.4 cm.
(ii) PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8 cm and RF = 9 cm.
9. In a 3 ABC , AD is the internal bisector of +A , meeting BC at D. (each subdivision
carries two marks)
(i) If BD = 2 cm, AB = 5 cm, DC = 3 cm find AC.
(ii) If AB = 5.6 cm, AC = 6 cm and DC = 3 cm find BC.
(iii) If AB = x, AC = x–2, BD = x+2 and DC = x–1 find the value of x.
10. Check whether AD is the bisector of +A of 3 ABC in each of the following.
(each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) AB = 4 cm, AC = 6 cm, BD = 1.6 cm, and CD = 2.4 cm.
(ii) AB = 6 cm, AC = 8 cm, BD = 1.5 cm and CD = 3 cm.
11. In a 3 MNO , MP is the external bisector of +M meeting NO produced at P. If MN =
10 cm, MO = 6 cm, NO = 12 cm, then find OP.
Example 6.8 In TPQR , AB ;; QR. If AB is 3 cm, PB is 2cm and PR is 6 cm, then find
the length of QR.
Theorem 6.5 State Pythagoras theorem (Baudhayan theorem)
Example 6.13 Find the value of x in each of the following diagrams. (each subdivision
carries two marks)
(i) (ii)
Exercise 6.3
1. In the figure TP is a tangent to a circle. A and B are two points on the A B
circle. If + BTP = 72c and + ATB = 43c find + ABT.
43c
72c
T P
2. AB and CD are two chords of a circle which intersect each other
internally at P. (each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) If CP = 4 cm, AP = 8 cm, PB = 2 cm, then find PD.
(ii) If AP = 12 cm, AB = 15 cm, CP = PD, then find CD
3. AB and CD are two chords of a circle which intersect each other externally at P
(each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) If AB = 4 cm BP = 5 cm and PD = 3 cm, then find CD.
(ii) If BP = 3 cm, CP = 6 cm and CD = 2 cm, then find AB
Exercise 6.1
1. In a DABC , D and E are points on the sides AB and AC respectively such that DE < BC .
(iii) If AD = 4x–3, BD = 3x–1 , AE = 8x–7 and EC = 5x–3, then find the value of x.
A
2. In the figure, AP = 3 cm, AR = 4.5cm, AQ = 6cm,
AB = 5 cm and AC = 10 cm.
Find the length of AD. P R
Q
B
D C
Q R
A
8. In the figure DE < AB and DF < AC . Prove that EF < BC .
D
E P
F
B C
Example 6.9 A man of height 1.8 m is standing near a Pyramid. If the shadow of the
man is of length 2.7 m and the shadow of the Pyramid is 210 m long at that
instant, find the height of the Pyramid.
Example 6.10 A man sees the top of a tower in a mirror which is at a distance of 87.6 m
from the tower. The mirror is on the ground, facing upward. The man is 0.4
m away from the mirror, and the distance of his eye level from the ground
is 1.5 m. How tall is the tower? (The foot of man, the mirror and the foot of
the tower lie along a straight line).
Example 6.11 The image of a tree on the film of a camera is of length 35 mm, the distance
from the lens to the film is 42 mm and the distance from the lens to the tree
is 6 m. How tall is the portion of the tree being photographed?
2. The image of a man of height 1.8 m, is of length 1.5 cm on the film of a camera. If the
film is 3 cm from the lens of the camera, how far is the man from the camera?
3. A girl of height 120 cm is walking away from the base of a lamp-post at a speed
of 0.6 m/sec. If the lamp is 3.6 m above the ground level, then find the length of her
shadow after 4 seconds.
5. P and Q are points on sides AB and AC respectively, of DABC . If AP = 3 cm, PB = 6
cm, AQ = 5 cm and QC = 10 cm, show that BC = 3 PQ.
6. In DABC , AB = AC and BC = 6 cm. D is a point on the side AC such that AD = 5 cm
and CD = 4 cm. Show that DBCD + DACB and hence find BD.
7. The points D and E are on the sides AB and AC of DABC respectively, such that
DE || BC. If AB = 3 AD and the area of DABC is 72 cm2, then find the area of the
quadrilateral DBCE.
8. The lengths of three sides of a triangle ABC are 6 cm, 4 cm and 9 cm. 3 PQR + 3 ABC
. One of the lengths of sides of 3 PQR is 35cm. What is the greatest perimeter
possible for 3 PQR?
12. A student wants to determine the height of a flagpole. He placed a small mirror on the
ground so that he can see the reflection of the top of the flagpole. The distance of the
mirror from him is 0.5 m and the distance of the flagpole from the mirror is 3 m. If his
eyes are 1.5 m above the ground level, then find the height of the flagpole.(The foot of
student, mirror and the foot of flagpole lie along a straight line).
13. A roof has a cross section as shown in the diagram,
(i) Identify the similar triangles
(ii) Find the height h of the roof.
Example 6.15 ABCD is a quadrilateral such that all of its sides touch a circle. If AB = 6 cm,
BC = 6.5 cm and CD = 7 cm , then find the length of AD.
Exercise 6.3
4. A circle touches the side BC of T ABC at P, AB and AC produced at Q and R respectively,
prove that AQ = AR = 1 ( perimeter of T ABC)
2
5. If all sides of a parallelogram touch a circle, show that the parallelogram is a rhombus.
6. A lotus is 20 cm above the water surface in a pond and its stem is partly below the
water surface. As the wind blew, the stem is pushed aside so that the lotus touched the
water 40 cm away from the original position of the stem. How much of the stem was
below the water surface originally?
7. A point O in the interior of a rectangle ABCD is joined to each of the vertices A, B, C
2 2 2 2
and D. Prove that OA + OC = OB + OD .
Exercise 7.1
1. Determine whether each of the following is an identity or not.
(each subdivision carries two marks)
2 2 2 2
(i) cos i + sec i = 2 +sin i (ii) cot i + cos i = sin i
2. Prove the following identities (each subdivision carries two marks)
(i)
2 2 2 2
sec i + cosec i = sec i cosec i (ii) sin i = cosec i + cot i
1 - cos i
(iii) 1 - sin i = sec i - tan i (iv) cos i = 1 + sin i
1 + sin i sec i - tan i
2
(v)
2 2
sec i + cosec i = tan i + cot i (vi) 1 + cos i - sin i = cot i
sin i ^1 + cos i h
Exercise 7.2
1. A ramp for unloading a moving truck, has an angle of elevation of 30c. If the top of
the ramp is 0.9 m above the ground level, then find the length of the ramp.
2. A girl of height 150 cm stands in front of a lamp-post and casts a shadow of length
150 3 cm on the ground. Find the angle of elevation of the top of the lamp-post .
3. Suppose two insects A and B can hear each other up to a range of 2 .. The insect A is on
the ground 1 m away from a wall and sees her friend B on the wall, about to be eaten
by a spider. If A sounds a warning to B and if the angle of elevation of B from A is
30c, will the spider have a meal or not ? (Assume that B escapes if she hears A calling
)
5. A pendulum of length 40 cm subtends 60c at the vertex in one full oscillation. What
will be the shortest distance between the initial position and the final position of the
bob?
Example 7.13 If tan2 a = cos2 b - sin2 b, then prove that cos2 a - sin2 a = tan2 b .
Exercise 7.1
3. Prove the following identities. (each subdivision carries five marks)
sin ^90c - i h cos i
(i) + = 2sec i
1 + sin i 1 - cos ^90c - i h
n -1
6. If sin i, cos i and tan i are in G.P., then prove that cot6 i - cot2 i = 1.
Example 7.18 A vertical tree is broken by the wind. The top of the tree touches the ground
and makes an angle 30c with it. If the top of the tree touches the ground 30
m away from its foot, then find the actual height of the tree.
Example 7.19 A jet fighter at a height of 3000 m from the ground, passes
directly over another jet fighter at an instance when their
angles of elevation from the same observation point are 60c
and 45c respectively. Find the distance of the first jet fighter from the second
jet at that instant. ( 3 = 1.732 )
Example 7.20 The angle of elevation of the top of a hill from the foot of a tower is 60c
and the angle of elevation of the top of the tower from the foot of the hill is 30c .
If the tower is 50 m high, then find the height of the hill.
Example 7.21 A vertical wall and a tower are on the ground. As seen from the top of the
tower , the angles of depression of the top and bottom of the wall are 45c
and 60c respectively . Find the height of the wall if the height of the tower
is 90 m. ( 3 = 1.732 )
Example 7.25 A man on the deck of a ship, 14 m above the water level, observes that the
angle of elevation of the top of a cliff is 60cand the angle of depression of the
base of the cliff is 30c Find the height of the cliff.
Example 7.26 The angle of elevation of an aeroplane from a point A on the ground is 60c.
After a flight of 15 seconds horizontally, the angle of elevation changes
to 30c. If the aeroplane is flying at a speed of 200 m/s, then find the constant
height at which the aeroplane is flying.
Exercise 7.2
6. Two crows A and B are sitting at a height of 15 m and 10 m in two different trees
vertically opposite to each other . They view a vadai (an eatable) on the ground at an
angle of depression 45c and 60crespectively. They start at the same time and fly at the
same speed along the shortest path to pick up the vadai. Which bird will succeed in it?
7. A lamp-post stands at the centre of a circular park. Let P and Q be two points on the
boundary such that PQ subtends an angle 90c at the foot of the lamp-post and the
angle of elevation of the top of the lamp post from P is 30c. If PQ = 30 m, then find
the height of the lamp post.
8. A person in an helicopter flying at a height of 700 m, observes two objects lying
opposite to each other on either bank of a river. The angles of depression of the
objects are 30c and 45c. Find the width of the river. ( 3 = 1.732 )
9. A person X standing on a horizontal plane, observes a bird flying at a distance of
100 m from him at an angle of elevation of 30c. Another person Y standing on
the roof of a 20 m high building, observes the bird at the same time at an angle
of elevation of 45c. If X and Y are on the opposite sides of the bird, then find the
distance of the bird from Y.
Example 8.1 A solid right circular cylinder has radius 7 cm and height 20 cm. Find its
(i) curved surface area and (ii) total surface area. ( Take r = 22 )
7
(each subdivision carrries two marks)
Example 8.6 Radius and slant height of a solid right circular cone are 35 cm and 37 cm
respectively. Find the curved surface area and total surface area of the cone.
( Take r = 22 )
7
Example 8.9 A hollow sphere in which a circus motorcyclist performs his stunts, has an
inner diameter of 7 m. Find the area available to the motorcyclist for riding.
(Take r = 22 )
7
Example 8.10 Total surface area of a solid hemisphere is 675r sq.cm. Find the curved
surface area of the solid hemisphere.
Example 8.11 The thickness of a hemispherical bowl is 0.25 cm. The inner radius of the
bowl is 5 cm. Find the outer curved surface area of the bowl.( Take r = 22 )
7
Exercise 8.1
1. A solid right circular cylinder has radius of 14 cm and height of 8cm . Find its curved
surface area and total surface area.
7. The radii of two right circular cylinders are in the ratio of 3 : 2 and their heights are
in the ratio 5 : 3. Find the ratio of their curved surface areas.
12. If the circumference of the base of a solid right circular cone is 236 cm and its slant
height is 12 cm, find its curved surface area.
16. If the curved surface area of solid a sphere is 98.56 cm2, then find the radius of the sphere..
17. If the curved surface area of a solid hemisphere is 2772 sq.cm, then find its total surface area.
18. Radii of two solid hemispheres are in the ratio 3 :5. Find the ratio of their curved surface
areas and the ratio of their total surface areas.
Example 8.15 The volume of a solid right circular cone is 4928 cu. cm. If its height is 24
cm, then find the radius of the cone. ( Take r = 22 )
7
Example 8.16 The radii of two circular ends of a frustum shaped bucket are 15 cm
and 8 cm. If its depth is 63 cm, find the capacity of the bucket in litres.
( Take r = 22 )
7
Example 8.17 Find the volume of a sphere-shaped metallic shot-put having diameter of
8.4 cm. ( Take r = 22 )
7
Example 8.19 If the volume of a solid sphere is 7241 1 cu.cm, then find its radius.
7
(Take r = 22 )
7
Example 8.20 Volume of a hollow sphere is 11352 cm . If the outer radius is 8 cm, find
3
7
the inner radius of the sphere. ( Take r = 22 )
7
Exercise 8.2
1. Find the volume of a solid cylinder whose radius is 14 cm and height 30 cm.
2. A patient in a hospital is given soup daily in a cylindrical bowl of diameter 7 cm. If
the bowl is filled with soup to a height of 4 cm, then find the quantity of soup to be
prepared daily in the hospital to serve 250 patients?
4. Volume of a solid cylinder is 62.37 cu.cm. Find the radius if its height is 4.5 cm.
5. The radii of two right circular cylinders are in the ratio 2 : 3. Find the ratio of their
volumes if their heights are in the ratio 5 : 3.
8. A lead pencil is in the shape of right circular cylinder. The pencil is 28 cm long and
its radius is 3 mm. If the lead is of radius 1 mm, then find the volume of the wood used
in the pencil.
10. The circumference of the base of a 12 cm high wooden solid cone is 44 cm. Find the
volume.
13. A right angled 3ABC with sides 5 cm, 12 cm and 13 cm is revolved about the fixed
side of 12 cm. Find the volume of the solid generated.
15. The volume of a cone with circular base is 216r cu.cm. If the base radius is 9 cm,
then find the height of the cone.
17. The outer and the inner radii of a hollow sphere are 12 cm and 10 cm. Find its volume.
19. Find the volume of the largest right circular cone that can be cut out of a cube whose
edge is 14 cm.
20. The radius of a spherical balloon increases from 7 cm to 14 cm as air is being pumped
into it. Find the ratio of volumes of the balloon in the two cases.
20. The inner curved surface area of a hemispherical dome of a building needs to be
painted. If the circumference of the base is 17.6 m, find the cost of painting it at
the rate of `5 per sq. m.
Example 8.12 If the curved surface area of a right circular cylinder is 704 sq.cm, and height
is 8 cm, find the volume of the cylinder in litres. ( Take r = 22 )
7
Example 8.13 A hollow cylindrical iron pipe is of length 28 cm. Its outer and inner diameters
are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the volume of the pipe and weight of the
pipe if 1 cu.cm of iron weighs 7 gm.( Take r = 22 )
7
Example 8.14 Base area and volume of a solid right circular cylinder are 13.86 sq.cm,
and 69.3 cu.cm respectively. Find its height and curved surface area.
( Take r = 22 )
7
Exercise 8.2
3. The sum of the base radius and the height of a solid right circular solid cylinder is 37 cm.
If the total surface area of the cylinder is 1628 sq.cm, then find the volume of the
cylinder.
6. The radius and height of a cylinder are in the ratio 5 : 7. If its volume is 4400 cu.cm,
find the radius of the cylinder.
7. A rectangular sheet of metal foil with dimension 66 cm # 12 cm is rolled to form a
cylinder of height 12 cm. Find the volume of the cylinder.
9. Radius and slant height of a cone are 20 cm and 29 cm respectively. Find its volume.
11. A vessel is in the form of a frustum of a cone. Its radius at one end and the height are 8 cm and
14 cm respectively. If its volume is 5676 cm , then find the radius at the other end.
3
3
12. The perimeter of the ends of a frustum of a cone are 44 cm and 8.4r cm. If the depth
is 14 cm., then find its volume.
14. The radius and height of a right circular cone are in the ratio 2 : 3. Find the slant
height if its volume is 100.48 cu.cm. ( Take r = 3.14)
16. Find the mass of 200 steel spherical ball bearings, each of which has radius 0.7 cm,
given that the density of steel is 7.95 g/cm . (Mass = Volume # Density)
3
18. The volume of a solid hemisphere is 1152r cu.cm. Find its curved surface area.
Example 8.21 A solid wooden toy is in the form of a cone surmounted on a hemisphere. If
the radii of the hemisphere and the base of the cone are 3.5 cm each and the
total height of the toy is 17.5 cm, then find the volume of wood used in the
toy. ( Take r = 22 )
7
7
Example 8.24 A hollow sphere of external and internal diameters of 8 cm and 4 cm
respectively is melted and made into another solid in the shape of a right
circular cone of base diameter of 8 cm. Find the height of the cone.
Example 8.25 Spherical shaped marbles of diameter 1.4 cm each, are dropped into a
cylindrical beaker of diameter 7 cm containing some water. Find the number
of marbles that should be dropped into the beaker so that the water level
rises by 5.6 cm.
Example 8.26 Water is flowing at the rate of 15 km / hr through a cylindrical pipe
of diameter 14 cm into a rectangular tank which is 50 m long and 44 m
wide. In how many hours will the water level in the tank raise by 21 cm?
( Take r = 22 )
7
Example 8.27 A cuboid shaped slab of iron whose dimensions are 55 cm # 40 cm # 15 cm is
melted and recast into a pipe. The outer diameter and thickness of the pipe
are 8 cm and 1 cm respectively. Find the length of the pipe.(Take r = 22 )
7
Exercise 8.3
1. A play-top is in the form of a hemisphere surmounted on a cone. The diameter of the
hemisphere is 3.6 cm. The total height of the play-top is 4.2 cm. Find its total surface area.
2. A solid is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted on a hemisphere. If the diameter and
the total height of the solid are 21 cm, 25.5 cm respectively, then find its volume.
3. A capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemispheres stuck to each of its ends.
If the length of the entire capsule is 14 mm and the diameter of the capsule is 5 mm,
find its surface area.
4. A tent is in the shape of a right circular cylinder surmounted by a cone. The
total height and the diameter of the base are 13.5 m and 28 m. If the height of the
cylindrical portion is 3 m, find the total surface area of the tent.
5. Using clay, a student made a right circular cone of height 48 cm and base radius 12 cm.
Another student reshapes it in the form of a sphere. Find the radius of the sphere.
6. The radius of a solid sphere is 24 cm. It is melted and drawn into a long wire of
uniform cross section. Find the length of the wire if its radius is 1.2 mm.
9. Through a cylindrical pipe of internal radius 7 cm, water flows out at the rate of 5 cm/sec.
Calculate the volume of water (in litres) discharged through the pipe in half an hour.
11. A spherical solid material of radius 18 cm is melted and recast into three small solid
spherical spheres of different sizes. If the radii of two spheres are 2cm and 12 cm, find
the radius of the third sphere.
12. A hollow cylindrical pipe is of length 40 cm. Its internal and external radii are 4 cm
and 12 cm respectively. It is melted and cast into a solid cylinder of length 20 cm.
Find the radius of the new solid.
13. An iron right circular cone of diameter 8 cm and height 12 cm is melted and recast into
spherical lead shots each of radius 4 mm. How many lead shots can be made?.
14. A right circular cylinder having diameter 12 cm and height 15 cm is full of ice cream.
The ice cream is to be filled in cones of height 12 cm and diameter 6 cm, having a
hemispherical shape on top. Find the number of such cones which can be filled with
the ice cream available.
15. A container with a rectangular base of length 4.4 m and breadth 2 m is used to collect
rain water. The height of the water level in the container is 4 cm and the water is
transferred into a cylindrical vessel with radius 40 cm. What will be the height of the
water level in the cylinder?
16. A cylindrical bucket of height 32 cm and radius 18 cm is filled with sand. The bucket
is emptied on the ground and a conical heap of sand is formed. If the height of the
conical heap is 24 cm, find the radius and slant height of the heap.
17. A cylindrical shaped well of depth 20 m and diameter 14 m is dug. The dug out soil
is evenly spread to form a cuboid-platform with base dimension 20 m # 14 m. Find
the height of the platform.
11. STATISTICS
Two Mark Questions
Example 11.1 Find the range and the coefficient of range of 43, 24, 38, 56, 22, 39, 45.
Example 11.2 The weight (in kg) of 13 students in a class are 42.5, 47.5, 48.6, 50.5, 49,
46.2, 49.8, 45.8, 43.2, 48, 44.7, 46.9, 42.4. Find the range and coefficient of
range.
Example 11.3 The largest value in a collection of data is 7.44. If the range is 2.26, then
find the smallest value in the collection.
Example 11.11 Find the standard deviation of the first 10 natural numbers.
Example 11.19 The mean of 30 items is 18 and their standard deviation is 3. Find the sum
of all the items and also the sum of the squares of all the items.
Exercise 11.1
1. Find the range and coefficient of range of the following data.
(each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) 59, 46, 30, 23, 27, 40, 52,35, 29
(ii) 41.2, 33.7, 29.1, 34.5, 25.7, 24.8, 56.5, 12.5
2. The smallest value of a collection of data is 12 and the range is 59. Find the largest
value of the collection of data.
3. The largest of 50 measurements is 3.84 kg. If the range is 0.46 kg, find the smallest
measurement.
4. The standard deviation of 20 observations is 5 . If each observation is multiplied
by 2, find the standard deviation and variance of the resulting observations.
5. Calculate the standard deviation of the first 13 natural numbers.
13. Mean of 100 items is 48 and their standard deviation is 10. Find the sum of all the items
and the sum of the squares of all the items.
15. If n = 10, x = 12 and / x2 = 1530, then calculate the coefficient of variation .
17. If the coefficient of variation of a collection of data is 57 and its S.D is 6.84, then find
the mean.
18. A group of 100 candidates have their average height 163.8 cm with coefficient of
variation 3.2. What is the standard deviation of their heights?
Example 11.4 The number of books read by 8 students during a month are
2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 6, 12, 10. Calculate the standard deviation of the data.
Example 11.6 Find the standard deviation of the numbers 62, 58, 53, 50, 63, 52, 55.
Example 11.7 The marks obtained by 10 students in a test in Mathematics are : 80, 70, 40,
50, 90, 60, 100, 60, 30, 80. Find the standard deviation.
Example 11.8 Find the standard deviation of the data 3, 5, 6, 7. Then add 4 to each item
and find the standard deviation of the new data.
Example 11.9 Find the standard deviation of 40, 42 and 48. If each value is multiplied by
3, find the standard deviation of the new data.
xample 11.10 Prove that the standard deviation of the first n natural numbers is
2
v= n -1 .
12
Example 11.12 The following table shows the marks obtained by 48 students in a Quiz
competition in Mathematics. Calculate the standard deviation.
Data x 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frequency f 3 6 9 13 8 5 4
x 70 74 78 82 86 90
f 1 3 5 7 8 12
Example 11.14 Find the variance of the following distribution.
Class interval 3.5-4.5 4.5-5.5 5.5-6.5 6.5-7.5 7.5-8.5
Frequency 9 14 22 11 17
Example 11.15 The following table gives the number of goals scored by 71 leading players
in International Football matches. Find the standard deviation of the data.
Class Interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
Frequency 8 12 17 14 9 7 4
Example 11.16 Length of 40 bits of wire, correct to the nearest centimetre are given below.
Calculate the variance.
Length cm 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70
No. of bits 2 3 8 12 9 5 1
Example 11.20 The mean and the standard deviation of a group of 20 items was found to be 40
and 15 respectively. While checking it was found that an item 43 was
wrongly written as 53. Calculate the correct mean and standard deviation.
Exercise 11.1
6. Calculate the standard deviation of the following data. (each subdivision carries five
marks)
(i) 10, 20, 15, 8, 3, 4 (ii) 38, 40, 34 ,31, 28, 26, 34
8. The number of books bought at a book fair by 200 students from a school are given in
the following table.
No. of books 0 1 2 3 4
No of students 35 64 68 18 15
10. The time (in seconds) taken by a group of people to walk across a pedestrian
crossing is given in the table below.
Time (in sec.) 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
No. of people 4 8 15 12 11
Calculate the variance and standard deviation of the data.
A 58 51 60 65 66
B 56 87 88 46 43
Who is more consistent?
Proof by picture
Let us illustrate the result : 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + g + (2n - 1) = n2
with the following diagram
12. PROBABILITY
Two Mark Questions
Example 12.3 An integer is chosen from the first twenty natural numbers. What is the
probability that it is a prime number?
Example 12.4 There are 7 defective items in a sample of 35 items. Find the probability
that an item chosen at random is non-defective.
Example 12.7 There are 20 boys and 15 girls in a class of 35 students . A student is chosen
at random. Find the probability that the chosen student is a (i) boy (ii) girl.
Example 12.8 The probability that it will rain on a particular day is 0.76. What is the
probability that it will not rain on that day?
Example 12.9 A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing
a blue ball from the bag is thrice that of drawing a red ball, then find the
number of blue balls in the bag.
Example 12.10 Find the probability that (each subdivision carries two marks)
(i) a leap year selected at random will have 53 Fridays
(ii) a leap year selected at random will have only 52 Fridays
(iii) a non-leap year selected at random will have 53 Fridays.
Exercise 12. 1
1. A ticket is drawn from a bag containing 100 tickets. The tickets are numbered from
one to hundred. What is the probability of getting a ticket with a number divisible by
10?
2. A die is thrown twice. Find the probability of getting a total of 9.
3. Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the two digit number formed
with the two numbers turning up is divisible by 3.
4. Three rotten eggs are mixed with 12 good ones. One egg is chosen at random. What
is the probability of choosing a rotten egg?
5. Two coins are tossed together. What is the probability of getting at most one head.
6. One card is drawn randomly from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards. Find the
probability that the drawn card is (each subdivision carries two marks)
7 to 10. A ball is drawn at random. Find the probability of getting (each subdivision
carries two marks)
9. A number is selected at random from integers 1 to 100. Find the probability that it is
(each subdivision carries two marks)
11. A box contains 4 Green, 5 Blue and 3 Red balls. A ball is drawn at random. Find the
probability that the selected ball is (i) Red in colour (ii) not Green in colour.
12. 20 cards are numbered from 1 to 20. One card is drawn at random. What is the probability
that the number on the card is
(i) a multiple of 4 (ii) not a multiple of 6.
13. A two digit number is formed with the digits 3, 5 and 7. Find the probability that the
number so formed is greater than 57 (repetition of digits is not allowed).
14. Three dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting the same number
on all the three dice.
17. A bag consists of 100 shirts of which 88 are good, 8 have minor defects and 4 have
major defects. A trader A will accept only the shirt which are good, but the trader B
will not accept the shirts which have major defects. One shirt is drawn at random.
What is the probability that it is acceptable by (i) A (ii) B ?
19. Piggy bank contains 100 fifty-paise coins, 50 one-rupee coins, 20 two-rupees coins
and 10 five- rupees coins. One coin is drawn at random. Find the probability that the
drawn coin (i) will be a fifty-paise coin (ii) will not be a five-rupees coin.
Example 12.15 A letter is chosen at random from the letters of the word “ENTERTAINMENT”.
Find the probability that the chosen letter is a vowel or T. (repetition of
letters is allowed)
Exercise 12.2
1. If A and B are mutually exclusive events such that P (A) = 3 and P (B) = 1 , then find
5 5
P (A , B) .
2. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = 1 , P (B) = 2 and P (A , B) = 1 ,then find
4 5 2
P (A + B) .
11. A box contains 10 white, 6 red and 10 black balls. A ball is drawn at random. Find the
probability that the ball drawn is white or red.
Example 12.2 In tossing a fair coin twice, find the probability of getting
(i) two heads (ii) atleast one head (iii) exactly one tail
Example 12.5 Two unbiased dice are rolled once. Find the probability of getting
(i) a sum 8 (ii) a doublet (iii) a sum greater than 8.
Example 12.6 From a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards, one card is drawn at random.
Find the probability of getting
(i) a king (ii) a black king
(iii) a spade card (iv) a diamond 10.
Exercise 12. 1
7. Three coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting
(i) at least one head (ii) exactly two tails (iii) at least two heads.
15. Two dice are rolled and the product of the outcomes (numbers) are found. What is the
probability that the product so found is a prime number?
16. A jar contains 54 marbles each of which is in one of the colours blue, green and white.
The probability of drawing a blue marble is 1 and the probability of drawing a green
3
marble is 4 . How many white marbles does the jar contain?
9
18. A bag contains 12 balls out of which x balls are white. (i) If one ball is drawn at
random, what is the probability that it will be a white ball. (ii) If 6 more white balls
are put in the bag and if the probability of drawing a white ball will be twice that of
in (i), then find x.
Example 12.12 Three coins are tossed simultaneously. Using addition theorem on
probability, find the probability that either exactly two tails or at least one
head turn up.
Classification of Questions - Probability 347
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Example 12.13 A die is thrown twice. Find the probability that at least one of the two throws
comes up with the number 5 (use addition theorem).
Example 12.14 The probability that a girl will be selected for admission in a medical
college is 0.16. The probability that she will be selected for admission in
an engineering college is 0.24 and the probability that she will be selected
in both, is 0.11
(i) Find the probability that she will be selected in at least one of the two colleges.
(ii) Find the probability that she will be selected either in a medical college only
or in an engineering college only.
Example 12.16 Let A, B, C be any three mutually exclusive and exhaustive events such that
P (B) = 3 P (A) and P (C) = 1 P (B) . Find P(A).
2 2
Example 12.17 A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a
King or a Heart or a Red card.
Example 12.18 A bag contains 10 white, 5 black, 3 green and 2 red balls. One ball is drawn
at random. Find the probability that the ball drawn is white or black or
green.
Exercise 12.2
5. One number is chosen randomly from the integers 1 to 50. Find the probability that it
is divisible by 4 or 6.
6. A bag contains 50 bolts and 150 nuts. Half of the bolts and half of the nuts are rusted.
If an item is chosen at random, find the probability that it is rusted or that it is a bolt.
7. Two dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers
on the faces is neither divisible by 3 nor by 4.
8. A basket contains 20 apples and 10 oranges out of which 5 apples and 3 oranges are
rotten. If a person takes out one fruit at random, find the probability that the fruit is
either an apple or a good fruit.
10. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability
that it will be a spade or a king.
14. The probability that a new car will get an award for its design is 0.25, the probability
that it will get an award for efficient use of fuel is 0.35 and the probability that it will
get both the awards is 0.15. Find the probability that
(i) it will get atleast one of the two awards (ii) it will get only one of the awards.
15. The probability that A, B and C can solve a problem are 4 , 2 and 3 respectively.
5 3 7
The probability of the problem being solved by A and B is 8 , B and C is 2 ,
15 7
A and C is 12 . The probability of the problem being solved by all the three is 8 .
35 35
Find the probability that the problem can be solved by atleast one of them.
Approximations of r
A simple continued fraction for the irrational number r is given by
2. SEQUENCES AND
SERIES OF REAL NUMBERS
Objective Type Questions
(C) both A.P. and G.P. (D) neither A.P. nor G.P.
12. The nth term of the sequence 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , g is
2 4 6 8
(A) 1 + 1 (B) 1 - 1 (C) 1 - 1 (D) n - 1
2n 2n n+2 n+2
13. If the sequence a1, a2, a3, g, an, g is in A.P. and also in G.P., then the
common difference and common ratio are respectively
(C) both A.P. and G.P. (D) neither A.P. nor G.P.
3 - (a + a2 + a3)
(A) (B) 3 + 2a + 2a2
1-a
3 - (1 + a + a 2 )
(C) 3 + a + a2 (D)
1-a
2
a
18. If + = c b - 2 , a, c ! 0 , then a, b, c are in
c a ca
(A) A.P (B) G.P
(C) both A.P and G.P (D) neither A.P nor G.P
19. Three numbers are in G.P. If we double the middle number, we get an A.P..Then the
common ratio of the G.P. is
4. A man saves ` 320 in the month of January, ` 360 in the month of February, ` 400
in the month of March. If he continues his savings in this sequence, what will be his
savings in the month of November in the same year? ( Ans: ` 720 )
5. Find the value of (a + 2b - c) (2b + c - a) (c + a - 2b) if a, b, c are in A.P. (Ans: 0 )
6. Find a G.P. whose first term is 2 and fifth term is 4 times the third term. (r > 0) .
( Ans: 2, 4, 8, 16, g )
7. If the first term and seventh term of a G.P. are 24 and 192 respectively (r > 0) . Find the
11th term. ( Ans: 768 )
8. The third term of a G.P. is 1 . Find the product of its first five terms. ( Ans: 1 )
3 243
9. If a, b, c are in G.P., prove that a2 + b2, ab + bc, b2 + c2 are also in G.P.
10. The first term of a G.P. is 1. The sum of the third term and fifth term is 90. Find the
common ratio. ( Ans: r = ! 3 )
11. - 2 , m, - 7 (m + 2) are in G.P. Find the value of m. ( Ans: m = 2, - 1 )
7 2
12. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the series: 12 - 22 + 32 - 42 + g .
( Ans: – 55 )
13. If a, b, c are in A.P. and if x, y, z are in G.P., then prove that x b - c yc - a z a - b = 1 .
14. If the sum of first n terms of a sequence is 1 [n2 + n] , find the 50th term. ( Ans: 50 )
2
15. If the sum of first n terms of a sequence is 1 [n2 (n + 1) 2] , find the 5th term.
4
( Ans: 125 )
15. If the m th term of an A.P. is 1 and the n th term is 1 , then prove that the sum of first
n m
mn terms is 1 (mn + 1) .
2
16. If the sum of first seven terms of an A.P. is 105 and the first term is 6, then show that the
ratio of the sum of first n terms and the sum of first n - 3 terms is (n + 3) : n - 3 .
17. Find the sum of first 50 terms of the sequence 5, 5.5, 5.55, g . Ans: 5 ;4490 + 149 E
81 10
18. If the sum of 4 consecutive terms in a G.P. is 60 and if t1, 18, t4 are in A.P. ,
then find the numbers. ( Ans: 4, 8, 16, 32 or 32, 16, 8, 4 )
19. Find the sum of the series 2 + 4 (3) 2 + 6 (5) 2 + 8 (7) 2 + g + 22 (21) 2 .
( Ans: 52107 )
20. There are four numbers such that the first three of them form an arithmetic sequence
and the last three form a geometric sequence. The sum of the first and third term is 2
and that of second and fourth is 26. Find the numbers.
( Ans: - 3, 1, 5, 25 or 7, 1, - 5, 25 )
3. ALGEBRA
4. If the roots of 3x2 - 5kx + 75 = 0 are positive and equal, then the roots are
(A) 3, 3 (B) 6, 6 (C) 5 5 , 5 5 (D) 5 3 , 5 3
5. If a + b = 14 and a - b = 2 3 , then ab =
(A) 42 (B) 44 (C) 46 (D) 48
354 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
www.tnschools.co.in
condition a - b = 6 is
(A) 4 (B) – 4 (C) 8 (D) – 8
2 2
10. If a and a are roots of the equation x - bx + 8 = 0 , then the value of b is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
11. The value of a for which the system ax - 6y = 12, 2x - 6y = 15 has no solutions is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2
12. If the system of equations 2x - 6y = m and x - 2y = 5 has no solution, then m !
3
(A) 5 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) 15
13. Which one of the following is a root of the equation 2x - 5x - 3x2 + 13x + 9 = 0 ?
4 3
19. If x2 is G.C.D. of the polynomials p (x) and q (x) , then the L.C.M. of p (x) and q (x) is
p (x) q (x) p (x) q (x)
(A) x2 p (x) q (x) (B) 2
(C) 4
(D) x4 p (x) q (x)
x x
2 3 3 2
20. When a = 2, b = 3 , the value of a b + a b is
ab + b2
(A) 12 (B) 18 (C) 24 (D) 36
15. The points P (- 5, a), Q (b, 7) and R (1, - 3) are collinear such that PQ = QR .
Find the values of a and b . ( Ans: a = 17, b = – 2 )
16. If the points A (- 1, 3), B (2, p) and C (5, - 1) are collinear, find the value of p.
( Ans: p = 1 )
17. Find the equation of the straight line whose angle of inclination is 60° and y intercept
is 1 . ( Ans: 3x - 3 y + 1 = 0 )
3
1. Prove that the points A (- 4, - 1), B (- 2, - 4), C (4, 0) and D (2, 3) are the vertices
of a rectangle. (Using the concept of slope)
2. Prove that (0, 5), (- 2, - 2), (5, 0) and (7, 7) are the vertices of a rhombus.
(Using the concept of slope)
3. If M is the midpoint of the line segment joining A (2a, 0) and B (0, 2b) and if O is the
origin, then show that M is equidistant from the points O, A and B .
4. The line joining the points (5, - 4) and (- 3, 2) is trisected. Find the coordinates of
the points of trisection. ( Ans: ` 7 , - 2j and `- 1 , 0j )
3 3
5. Find the coordinates of the points which divide the line segment joining the points
(- 2, 0) and (0, 8) into four equal parts. ( Ans: `- 3 , 2j, (- 1, 4) and `- 1 , 6j )
2 2
5
6. If P (a, - 2) and Q` , bj trisect the line segment joining the points (3, - 4) and
3
(1, 2) , find the values of a and b . ( Ans: a = 7 , b = 0 )
3
7. Find the ratio in which the point (m, 6) divides the line segment joining the points
A (- 2, 2) and B (3, 7) . Also find the value of m . ( Ans: 4 : 1, m = 2 )
8. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining (2, - 3) and (5, 6) is divided by
x -axis. Also, find the coordinates of the point of division. ( Ans: 1 : 2, (3, 0) )
9. In what ratio is the segment joining the points (- 2, - 3) and (3, 7) divided by the
y-axis?. Also, find the point of division. ( Ans: 2 : 3, (0, 1) )
10. The vertices of a triangle are A (- 1, 3), B (1, - 1) and C (5, 1) . Find the length of
medians through the vertices (- 1, 3) and (5, 1) . ( Ans: 5, 5 )
11. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are (- 1, - 6), (- 3, - 9), (5, - 8) and
(3, 9) . ( Ans: 60 sq. units)
12. If the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices, taken in order, are (1, 2), (- 3, 4),
^- 5, - 6h, (4, k) is 43 sq. units, find k . (Ans. – 1)
13. The vertices of a triangle are (- 2, 5), (4, - 1) and (6, 3) . Find the slopes of the
medians. ( Ans: - 4 , - 5 , 1 )
7 2 5
14. The line 4x + 3y - 12 = 0 intersect the x, y -axes at A and B respectively. Find the
area of TAOB . ( Ans: 6 sq. units )
15. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the straight line segment joining the
points A (- 2, 4) and B (6, - 8) . ( Ans: 2x - 3y - 10 = 0 )
16. The vertices of a TABC are A (1, 7), B (0, - 2) and C (3, 3) . Find the slope and
equation of the median through A. ( Ans: – 13, 13x + y - 20 = 0 )
17. Find the equation of the straight line joining the point (4, 5) and the point of intersection
of the straight lines 5x - 3y = 8 and 2x - 3y = 5 . ( Ans: 2x - y - 3 = 0 )
18. Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the intersection of the lines
x + y - 2 = 0 , 2x + y - 3 = 0 and bisects the line joining the points (4, 2) and
(- 6, 4) . ( Ans: x + y - 2 = 0 )
19. Find the equation of the straight line joining the point of intersection of the lines
x - y - 2 = 0 and 3x + 4y + 15 = 0 and the point of intersection of the lines
x - 3y + 3 = 0 and 2x + y - 8 = 0 . ( Ans: (– 1, – 3), (3, 2), 5x - 4y - 7 = 0 )
20. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point of intersection of the
lines x + y - 5 = 0 and 3x - y + 1 = 0 and parallel to the line joining the points
(3, 1) and (2, 3). ( Ans: 2x + y - 6 = 0 )
21. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point of intersection of the
lines 5x - 8y + 23 = 0 and 7x + 6y - 71 = 0 and is perpendicular to the line joining
the points (5, 1) and (- 2, 2) . ( Ans: (5, 6), 7x - y - 29 = 0 )
(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 6
14. In the figure, LM < NQ and LN < PQ . Which one of the following is true?
(A) T LMN + T NQP
(B) T QNP + T MNL
(C) T LNM + T QNP
(D) T LMN + T QNP
15. The distance between the tops of two vertical poles of height 6 m and 11 m standing
on the same plane at a distance of 12 m is
(A) 7 m (B) 13 m (C) 9 m (D) 10 m
7. TRIGONOMETRY
8. sin i + cos i =
cosec i sec i
(A) sin2 i - cos2 i (B) cosec2 i - cot2 i
(C) sec2 i + cosec2 i (D) 0
2 2
9. If 1 + tan (90c - i) = cosec 45c, then i =
(A) 30c (B) 90c (C) 60c (D) 45c
10. If x = 5 sec i, y = 5 cot (90c - i) , then y2 - x2 =
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 25 (D) – 25
3
11. sin i + sin i cos i =
cos i
(A) sin i (B) cos i
(C) tan i (D) cot i
12. In the adjoint figure, the value of x is
(A) 5 cm (B) 20 cm
(C) 10 cm (D) 40 cm
10 cm
15. 1 + sin i =
cos i
4 4
16. sec2 i - tan2 i =
sec i + tan i
17. 1 =
tan i + cot i
(A) sin i + cos i (B) sin i cos i (C) sin i - cos i (D) cosec i + cot i
8. MENSURATION
11. The base radius and the slant height of a solid right circular cone are 5 cm and 13 cm
respectively. Find the volume of the cone. ( Ans. 314 2 cm3 )
7
12. Radius and height of a right circular cone are 8 cm and 12 cm respectively. How many
times the volume of a sphere of radius 4 cm is equal to the volume of the right circular
cone?. ( Ans. 3 times )
13. The largest sphere (sphere with maximum volume) is carved out of a cube of sides
14 cm. Find the volume of the sphere. ( Ans. 1437 1 cm3 )
3
14. A barrel (drum) is to be painted inside and outside of its curved surface. The radius
of its base and the height of the drum are 1.4 m and 3 m respectively. Find the cost of
painting at the rate of `10 per square metre. ( Ans. `528 )
15. Volume of a solid sphere is 179 2 cm3. Find its curved surface area. ( Ans. 154cm2 )
3
368 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
Five Mark Questions
1. Find the number of coins each of diameter 1.5 cm and thickness 0.2 cm to be melted to
make a right circular solid cylinder of height 10 cm and diameter 4.5 cm.
( Ans. 450 coins )
2. The length, breadth and height of a solid metallic rectangular parallelopiped are
44cm, 21cm and 12 cm respectively. It is melted and a solid cone is made out of it.
If the height of the cone is 24cm, then find the diameter of its base.(Ans. d = 42 cm )
3. A hemispherical bowl of radius 9 cm contains full of a liquid. This liquid is to be filled
into cylindrical shaped small bottles of diameter 3 cm and height 4 cm. How many
bottles are needed to empty out the bowl? ( Ans. 54 bottles )
4. The diameter of a small iron sphere is 6 cm. 8 such small iron spheres are dropped
into a cylindrical vessel of diameter 24 cm containing some water. Find the rise in the
level of water when the spheres are completely immersed in the water. ( Ans. 2 cm )
5. How many metres of cloth of 4m wide will be required to make 5 identical conical tents
each of radius 14m and slant height 50 m . ( Ans. 2750 m )
6. Water is flowing at the rate of 20 km/hr through a cylindrical pipe of radius 20 cm into
a hemispherical tank of diameter 10 m . Find the time required to fill the tank.
( Ans. 6 min 15 sec. )
7. A cricket stump is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a cone. The diameter and
the total height of the stump are 10 cm and 80 cm respectively. If the height of the
conical part is 12 cm, then find its total surface area. ( Ans. 2341 3 cm2 )
7
8. A spherical wooden solid of diameter 12 cm is cut off from a solid cylinderical wood of
diameter 14 cm and height of 10 cm. Find the volume of the wood wasted.
( Ans. 634 6 cm3 )
7
9. The total surface area of a right circular solid cone is 704 cm2. If its radius is 7 cm,
then find the volume of the cone. ( Ans. 1232 cm3 )
10. The curved surface area and total surface area of a solid circular cylinder are
880 sq.cm and 1188 sq.cm respectively. Find its volume. ( Ans. 3080 cm3 )
11. The total surface area of a solid hemispherical ball is 942 cm2 . It is melted and made
into small solid identical spherical balls of diameter 2 cm each. How many balls can
be made? ( r = 3.14 ) ( Ans. 500 spheres)
12. The surface area of a given sphere is 154 cm2 . Find the volume of a sphere whose
diameter is twice that of given sphere. ( Ans. 1437 1 cm3 )
3
2
13. The total surface area of a right circular solid cylinder is 96r cm . If its height is 4 cm
more than its radius, find the volume of the cylinder. ( Ans. 402 2 cm3 )
7
Creative Questions - Mensuration 369
www.tnschools.co.in
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A D C B B C D B D B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B B B B B D A D A C
3. Algebra
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B D C B C D A A D C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B D B A C A B B B A
5. Coordinate Geometry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C D C A C B D A C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B A C A D C D A A C
21 22 23 24 25
C B C D D
6. Geometry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D A C B B B C A D C
11 12 13 14 15
C A C C B
7. Trigonometry
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A B C D B B C B D C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C B C C A A B B C D
GENERAL GUIDELINES
(i) Model Question Papers are based on the Blue-Print given in the
Text Book.
(ii) 2 mark, 5 mark and 10 mark Questions are taken according to the
classification of questions given in the SCORE Book.
(iii) Creative Questions in all the categories are framed based on the
syllabus and content of the Text Book. (Please refer to the Sample
Questions in the SCORE Book)
(iv) Diagrams are given along with the questions wherever required.
Section – B
Note: (i) Answer 10 questions.
(ii) Answer any 9 questions from the first 14 questions. Question no. 30 is compulsory.
(iii) Each question carries 2 marks. 10 × 2 = 20
18. Find the sum of the first 25 terms of the geometric series 16 - 48 + 144 - 432 + g
3 3 2
19. What rational expression should be added to x2 - 1 to get 2x -2
x +3 ?
x +2 x +2
23. If ^7, 3h,^6, 1h, ^8, 2h and ^ p, 4h are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order, then
find the value of p.
24. In 3 ABC , the internal bisector AD of +A meets the side BC at D. If BD = 2.5 cm,
AB = 5 cm and AC = 4.2 cm, then find DC.
25. A girl of height 150 cm stands in front of a lamp-post and casts a shadow of length 150 3
cm on the ground. Find the angle of elevation of the top of the lamp-post .
26. Prove: 1 - sin i = sec i - tan i
1 + sin i
27. The radii of two right circular cylinders are in the ratio 2 : 3. Find the ratio of their
volumes if their heights are in the ratio 5 : 3.
28. The smallest value of a collection of data is 12 and the range is 59. Find the largest
value of the collection of data.
29. A ticket is drawn from a bag containing 100 tickets. The tickets are numbered from one
to hundred. What is the probability of getting a ticket with a number divisible by 10?
30. (a) Find the x and y intercepts of the straight line 10 + 9 =- 8 .
y x xy
(OR)
(b) If the total surface area of a solid right circular cylinder is thrice its curved surface
area, then find the height in terms of its radius.
Section – C
Note: (i) Answer 9 questions.
(ii) Answer any 8 questions from the first 14 questions. Question no. 45 is compulsory.
(iii) Each question carries 5 marks 9 × 5 = 45
31. Using venn diagram, verify A \ ^ B , C h = ^ A \ Bh + ^ A \ C h
32. Let A= { 0, 1, 2, 3 } and B = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 } be two sets. Let f : A " B be a function
given by f (x) = 2x + 1 . Represent this function as (i) a set of ordered pairs (ii) a
table (iii) an arrow diagram and (iv) a graph.
33. Find the sum of first n terms of the series. 7 + 77 + 777 + g .
3 2
34. Factorize the following polynomial. x - 2x - 5x + 6
4 3 2
35. Find the square root of the polynomial 9x - 6x + 7x - 2x + 1 by division method.
-2
T T T
36. If A = f 4 p and B = ^ 1 3 - 6 h , then verify that (AB) = B A .
5
374 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
37. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are (6,9), (7,4), (4,2) and (3,7)
38. The vertices of a 3ABC are A(1 , 2), B(-4 , 5) and C(0 , 1). Find the slopes of the altitudes
of the triangle.
39. If all sides of a parallelogram touch a circle, show that the parallelogram is a rhombus.
40. A vertical tree is broken by the wind. The top of the tree touches the ground and makes an
angle 30° with it. If the top of the tree touches the ground 30 m away from its foot, then
find the actual height of the tree.
41. A spherical solid material of radius 18 cm is melted and recast into three small solid
spherical spheres of different sizes. If the radii of two spheres are 2cm and 12 cm, find the
radius of the third sphere.
42. A solid wooden toy is in the form of a cone surmounted on a hemisphere. If the radii of
the hemisphere and the base of the cone are 3.5 cm each and the total height of the toy is
17.5 cm, then find the volume of wood used in the toy. ( Take r = 22 )
7
43. For a collection of data, if Rx = 35, n = 5, R^ x - 9h2 = 82 , then find /x2 and / (x - x ) 2
44. The probability that A, B and C can solve a problem are 4 , 2 and 3 respectively.
5 3 7
The probability of the problem being solved by A and B is 8 , B and C is 2 ,
15 7
A and C is 12 . The probability of the problem being solved by all the three is 8 . Find
35 35
the probability that the problem can be solved by atleast one of them.
45. (a) Find the sum of all natural numbers between 400 and 600 which are divisible by 11.
(OR)
4 3 2 3
2 (1 + x + x ) + x
(b) Prove that 1 - x + 1 - x =
1-x 1+x 1+x
Section – D
Note: (i) This section contains 2 questions, each with two alternatives.
(ii) Answer both the questions choosing either of the alternatives.
(iii) Each question carries 10 marks 2 ×10 = 20
46. (a). Draw a circle of radius 3.2 cm. At a point P on it, draw a tangent to the circle using
the tangent-chord theorem.
(OR)
(b) Construct a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, where AB = 6.5 cm, +ABC = 110c,
BC = 5.5 cm and AB || CD.
2 2
47. (a) Draw the graph of y = 2x + x - 6 and hence solve 2x + x - 10 = 0 .
(OR)
(b) The cost of the milk per litre is `15. Draw the graph for the relation between the
quantity and cost . Hence find (i) the proportionality constant. (ii) the cost of 3 litres
of milk.
General instructions:
(i) This question paper consists of four sections. Read the note carefully under each section before answering them.
(ii) The rough work should be shown at the bottom of the pages of the answer book.
(iii) Calculator and other electronic devices are not permitted.
Section – A
Note: (i) Answer all the 15 questions.
(ii) Each question contains four options. Choose the most suitable answer from the four alternatives.
(iii) Each question carries 1 mark 15 × 1 = 15
13. If the surface area of a sphere is 100r cm2, then its radius is equal to
(A) 25 cm (B) 100 cm (C) 5 cm (D) 10 cm .
14. The variance of 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 is
(A) 10 (B) 10 (C) 5 (D) 0
15. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = 0.25, P (B) = 0.05 and P (A + B) = 0.14,
then P (A , B) =
(A) 0.61 (B) 0.16 (C) 0.14 (D) 0.6
Section – B
Note: (i) Answer 10 questions
(ii) Answer any 9 questions from the first 14 questions. Question no. 30 is compulsory.
(iii) Each question carries two marks 10 × 2 = 20
26. Find the angular elevation (angle of elevation from the ground level) of the Sun when the
length of the shadow of a 30 m long pole is 10 3 m.
27. If the circumference of the base of a solid right circular cone is 236 cm and its slant
height is 12 cm, find its curved surface area.
28. If the coefficient of variation of a collection of data is 57 and its S.D is 6.84, then find the
mean.
29. Three coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting at least two heads.
3 2
30. (a) Simplify. 4x 2- 12x - x
2x - 18
(OR)
(b) The surface area of a sphere is 616 sq.cm. Find its diameter.
Section – C
Note: (i) Answer 9 questions
(ii) Answer any 8 questions from the first 14 questions. Question no. 45 is compulsory.
(iii) Each question carries five marks 9 × 5 = 45
31. A radio station surveyed 190 students to determine the types of music they liked. The
survey revealed that 114 liked rock music, 50 liked folk music, and 41 liked classical
music, 14 liked rock music and folk music, 15 liked rock music and classical music, 11
liked classical music and folk music. 5 liked all the three types of music.
Find (i) how many did not like any of the 3 types?
(ii) how many liked any two types only?
(iii) how many liked folk music but not rock music?
1 -1 2
37. If A = c m then show that A - 4A + 5I2 = O .
2 3
38. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the straight line segment joining the
points (3, 4) and (- 1, 2).
39. ABCD is a quadrilateral with AB parallel to CD. A line drawn parallel to AB meets AD at
BQ
P and BC at Q. Prove that AP = .
PD QC
40. From the top and foot of a 40 m high tower, the angles of elevation of the top of a lighthouse
are found to be 30cand 60c respectively. Find the height of the lighthouse. Also find the
distance of the top of the lighthouse from the foot of the tower.
41. If the total surface area of a solid right circular cylinder is 880 sq.cm and its radius is
10 cm, find its curved surface area. ( Take r = 22 )
7
42. A tent is in the shape of a right circular cylinder surmounted by a cone. The total height
and the diameter of the base are 13.5 m and 28 m. If the height of the cylindrical portion
is 3 m, find the total surface area of the tent.
43. Find the standard deviation of the numbers 62, 58, 53, 50, 63, 52, 55.
44. A die is thrown twice. Find the probability that at least one of the two throws comes up
with the number 5 (use addition theorem).
45. (a) The sum of first 10 terms of an A.P. is 25 and the common difference is twice the first
term. Find the 10th term.
(OR)
(b) Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are (–1, 6), (–3, –9), (5, –8) and (3, 9)
Section – D
Note: (i) This section contains two questions, each with two alternatives.
(ii) Answer both the questions choosing either of the alternatives.
(iii) Each question carries ten marks 2 ×10 = 20
46. (a) Construct a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD where AB = 6 cm, AD = 4.8 cm, BD = 8 cm
and CD = 5.5 cm.
(OR)
(b) Construct a DPQR in which the base PQ = 6 cm, +R = 60c and the altitude from R
to PQ is 4 cm.
2 2
47. (a) Draw the graph of y = 2x and hence solve 2x + x - 6 = 0 .
(OR)
(b) Draw the Graph of xy = 20, x, y > 0. Use the graph to find y when x = 5 , and
to find x when y = 10 .
Model Question Papers 379
Model Question Paper - 3
Time: 2.30 Hrs.] [Maximum marks: 100
General instructions:
(i) This question paper consists of four sections. Read the note carefully under each section before answering them.
(ii) The rough work should be shown at the bottom of the pages of the answer book.
(iii) Calculator and other electronic devices are not permitted.
Section – A
Note: (i) Answer all the 15 questions.
(ii) Each question contains four options. Choose the most suitable answer from the four alternatives.
(iii) Each question carries 1 mark 15 × 1 = 15
1 2 2 3 2 3 4 5
(A) c m (B) c m (C) c m (D) c m
3 4 3 4 4 5 6 7
7. If the points (2, 5), (4, 6) and ^a, ah are collinear, then the value of a is equal to
13. The surface areas of two spheres are in the ratio of 9 : 25. Then their volumes are in the
ratio
Section – B
Note: (i) Answer 10 questions
(ii) Answer any 9 questions from the first 14 questions. Question no. 30 is compulsory.
(iii) Each question carries two marks 10 × 2 = 20
16. Let U = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28} , A= {8, 16, 24} and B= {4, 16, 20, 28} .
Find ^ A , Bhl.
17. Verify whether the relation f = { (1, 2), (4, 5), (9, 4), (16, 5) } is a function from
A = { 1, 4, 9, 16 } to B = { – 1, 2, – 3, – 4, 5, 6 }. In case of a function, write down
its range.
3 2
18. Find the quotient and remainder using synthetic division when. ( x + x - 3x + 5 ) is
divided by ( x - 1 ).
2
19. If the sum and product of the roots of the quadratic equation ax - 5x + c = 0 are both
equal to 10, then find the values of a and c.
1 2 3
T T
20. If A = f 2 4 - 5 p, then verify that (A ) = A .
3 -5 6
3 5 2 -5
21. Prove that c m and e o are multiplicative inverses to each other.
1 2 -1 3
22. Find the equation of the straight line perpendicular to the straight line x - 2y + 3 = 0
and passing through the point (1, - 2).
23. AB and CD are two chords of a circle which intersect each other externally at P.
If AB = 4 cm, BP = 5 cm and PD = 3 cm, then find CD.
2
24. Prove the following identity 1 + cos i - sin i = cot i .
sin i ^1 + cos i h
25. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower as seen by an observer is 30c. The observer is
at a distance of 30 3 m from the tower. If the eye level of the observer is 1.5 m above
the ground level, then find the height of the tower.
26. A solid right circular cylinder has raidus 7 cm and height 20cm. Find total surface
area. (Take r = 22 )
7
27. The outer and the inner radii of a hollow sphere are 12 cm and 10 cm. Find its volume.
28. Find the standard deviation of the first 10 natural numbers.
29. If A and B are two events such that P (A) = 1 , P (B) = 2 and P (A , B) = 1 ,then find
4 5 2
P (A + B) .
30. (a) Find the sum of 1 + 5 + 52 + g upto 8 terms (OR)
(b) Find the equation of the straight line whose x and y intercepts are - 2 and 3 .
7 5
Section – C
Note: (i) Answer 9 questions
(ii) Answer any 8 questions from the first 14 questions. Question no. 45 is compulsory.
(iii) Each question carries five marks 9 × 5 = 45
33. If the product of three consecutive terms in G.P. is 216 and sum of their products in pairs
is 156, find them.
34. Find the total area of 14 squares whose sides are 11 cm, 12 cm, g, 24 cm, respectively.
3 2
35. The LCM and GCD of two polynomials are ^ x - 4xh^5x + 1h and ^5x + xh respectively.
3 2
If one of the polynomial p^ xh = ^5x - 9x - 2xh , then find the other polynomial q^ xh .
Section – D
Note: (i) This section contains 2 questions, each with two alternatives.
(ii) Answer both the questions choosing either of the alternatives.
(iii) Each question carries 10 marks 2 × 10 = 20
46. (a) Draw the two tangents from a point which is 10 cm away from the centre of a circle of
radius 6 cm. Also, measure the lengths of the tangents.
(OR)
(b) Construct a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS given PQ = 5 cm, QR = 4 cm, +QPR = 35c
and +PRS = 70c.
47. (a) A cyclist travels from a place A to a place B along the same route at a uniform speed
on different days. The following table gives the speed of his travel and the corresponding
time he took to cover the distance.
Speed in km/hr x 2 4 6 10 12
Time in hrs y 60 30 20 12 10
Section – A
Note: (i) Answer all the 15 questions.
(ii) Each question contains four options. Choose the most suitable answer from the four alternatives.
(iii) Each question carries 1 mark 15 × 1 = 15
5. a + b - a - b =
a-b b-a
2b 2b 2 (a + b)
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
a-b b-a a-b
1 2 x 2
6. If c m c m = c m , then the values of x and y respectively, are
2 1 y 4
(A) 2 , 0 (B) 0 , 2 (C) 0 , - 2 (D) 1 , 1
7. Slope of the straight line which is perpendicular to the straight line joining the points
^- 2, 6h and ^4, 8h is equal to
8. Angle of inclination of the line joining the two points (2, 3 ) and (5, 2 3 ) is
(A) 30c (B) 45c (C) 60c (D) 90c
Section – B
Note: (i) Answer 10 questions
(ii) Answer any 9 questions from the first 14 questions. Question no. 30 is compulsory.
(iii) Each question carries 2 marks 10 × 2 = 20
16. Draw the Venn diagram ^ B , C h \ A .
Section – C
Note: (i) Answer 9 questions
(ii) Answer any 8 questions from the first 14 questions. Question no. 45 is compulsory.
(iii) Each question carries 5 marks 9 × 5 = 45
31. Use Venn diagrams to verify ^ A + Bhl = Al , Bl.
32. Let A = { 6, 9, 15, 18, 21 }; B = { 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 } and f : A " B be defined by
f^ xh = x - 3 . Represent f by
3
(i) an arrow diagram (ii) a set of ordered pairs
(iii) a table (iv) a graph .
33. Find the sum of first 20 terms of the arithmetic series in which 3rd term is 7 and 7th term
is 2 more than three times its 3rd term.
34. The first term of a geometric series is 375 and the fourth term is 192. Find the common
ratio and the sum of the first 14 terms.
3 2
35. Factorize 2x - 3x - 3x + 2 into linear factors.
36. Simplify = 2x + 5 + x2 + 1 G - ` 3x - 2 j in the simplest form.
2
x+1 x -1 x-1
7
43. Find the standard deviation of the following distribution.
x 70 74 78 82 86 90
f 1 3 5 7 8 12
44. Two dice are rolled simultaneously. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers on
the faces is neither divisible by 3 nor by 4.
45. (a) If 25x4 - 30x3 - 11x2 + ax - b is a perfect square, then find a and b
(OR)
(b) Find the equation of a straight line which is passing through the point of intersection
of the straight lines 2x + 3y - 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y = 4 , and the midpoint of the straight
line joining the two points ` 3 , - 7 j and ` - 7 , - 3 j
8 10 8 10
Section – D
Note: (i) This section contains 2 questions, each with two alternatives.
(ii) Answer both the questions choosing either of the alternatives.
(iii) Each question carries10 marks. 2 ×10 = 20
46. (a) Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. From an external point 7 cm away from its centre,
construct the pair of tangents to the circle and measure their lengths.
(OR)
(b) Construct a DABC in which the base BC = 5 cm, +BAC = 40c and the median from
A to BC is 6 cm. Also, measure the length of the altitude from A.
47. (a) Solve the equation graphically. ^2x + 1h^ x - 3h = 0 .
(OR)
(b) A bus travels at a speed of 40 km / hr. Write the distance-time formula and draw the
graph of it. Hence, find the distance travelled in 3 hours.
388 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
www.tnschools.co.in
Section – A
Note: (i) Answer all the 15 questions.
(ii) Each question contains four options. Choose the most suitable answer from the four alternatives.
(iii) Each question carries 1 mark 15 × 1 = 15
1. If f (x) = x2 + 5 , then f (- 4) =
(A) 26 (B) 21 (C) 20 (D) –20
th
2. If the n term of an A.P. is tn = 3 - 5n , then the sum of the first n terms is
(A) (–2, 1) (B) (2, –1) (C) (–2, –1) (D) (–1, –2)
Section – B
Note: (i) Answer 10 questions
(ii) Answer any 9 questions from the first 14 questions. Question no. 30 is compulsory.
(iii) Each question carries 2 marks 10 × 2 = 20
16. For the given sets A = {- 10, 0, 1, 9, 2, 4, 5} and B = {- 1, - 2, 5, 6, 2, 3, 4} , verify
that the set intersection is commutative
17. A function f : 6- 3, 7h " R is defined as follows
4x 2 - 1 ; - 3 # x 1 2
f^ xh = *3x - 2 ; 2 # x # 4 . Find f^1 h - f^- 3h
2x - 3 ; 41x17
2 2
18. If a, b, c are in A.P. then prove that (a - c) = 4 (b - ac) .
19. Solve the system of equations by elimination method. x + 2y = 7 , x - 2y = 1
3 -2 4 1
20. Find the product of the matrices, if exists, c m c m
5 1 2 7
21. Matrix A shows the weight of four boys and four girls in kg at the beginning of a diet
programme to lose weight. Matrix B shows the corresponding weights after the diet
35 40 28 45 Boys 32 35 27 41 Boys
programme. A = c m , B=c m Find the
42 38 41 30 Girls 40 30 34 27 Girls
weight loss of the Boys and Girls.
22. Find the point which divides the line segment joining the points (3 , 5) and (8 , 10)
internally in the ratio 2 : 3.
390 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
23. In TPQR , AB ;; QR. If AB is 3 cm, PB is 2cm and PR is 6 cm, then find the length
of QR.
24. A ramp for unloading a moving truck, has an angle of elevation of 30c. If the top of the
ramp is 0.9 m above the ground level, then find the length of the ramp.
25. Prove the following identity sin i = cosec i + cot i .
1 - cos i
26. The radii of two right circular cylinders are in the ratio of 3 : 2 and their heights are
in the ratio 5 : 3. Find the ratio of their curved surface areas.
27. The radius of a spherical balloon increases from 7 cm to 14 cm as air is being pumped into
it. Find the ratio of volumes of the balloon in the two cases.
28. Find the range and the coefficient of range of 43, 24, 38, 56, 22, 39, 45.
29. An integer is chosen from the first twenty natural numbers. What is the probability that it
is a prime number?
30. (a) Find the square root of ^ x + 1h6 + 1 + 2 . (OR)
^ x + 1h6
(b) Find the equation of the straight line whose angle of inclination is 60° and y-intercept
is 1 .
3
Section – C
Note: (i) Answer 9 questions
(ii) Answer any 8 questions from the first 14 questions. Question no. 45 is compulsory.
(iii) Each question carries five marks 9 × 5 = 45
31. An advertising agency finds that, of its 170 clients, 115 use Television, 110 use Radio and
130 use Magazines. Also, 85 use Television and Magazines, 75 use Television and Radio,
95 use Radio and Magazines, 70 use all the three. Draw Venn diagram to represent these
data. Find
(i) how many use only Radio?
(ii) how many use only Television?
(iii) how many use Television and magazine but not radio?
1+x, 1#x12
32. A function f : [1, 6) $ R is defined as follows f^ xh = *2x - 1 , 2 # x 1 4
3x2 - 10 , 4#x16
Here, [1 , 6) = { xeR : 1# x 1 6} ) Find the value of
(i) f (5) (ii) f^3 h (iii) f^1 h (iv) f^2h - f^4h (v) 2 f^5h - 3 f^1 h
2 2
33. The ratio of the sums of first m and first n terms of an arithmetic series is m : n show
that the ratio of the mth and nth terms is ^2m - 1h : ^2n - 1h
34. Solve 3^2x + yh = 7xy ; 3^ x + 3yh = 11xy using elimination method
35. Find the square root of the following: ^6x2 + 5x - 6h^6x2 - x - 2h^4x2 + 8x + 3h
36. A car left 30 minutes later than the scheduled time. In order to reach its destination
150 km away in time, it has to increase its speed by 25 km/hr from its usual speed. Find
its usual speed.
Model Question Papers 391
www.tnschools.co.in
2 3 2 -2
37. Find X and Y if 2X + 3Y = c m and 3X + 2Y = e o.
4 0 -1 5
38. Find the area of the quadrilateral formed by the points (- 4, - 2), (- 3, - 5), (3, - 2)
and (2 , 3).
39. Find the equations of the straight lines each passing through the point (6, - 2) and whose
sum of the intercepts is 5.
40. State and prove Angle Bisector Theorem.
41. A girl standing on a lighthouse built on a cliff near the seashore, observes two boats due
East of the lighthouse. The angles of depression of the two boats are 30° and 60°. The
distance between the boats is 300 m. Find the distance of the top of the lighthouse from
the sea level.
42. A cylindrical shaped well of depth 20 m and diameter 14 m is dug. The dug out soil is
evenly spread to form a cuboid-platform with base dimension 20 m × 14 m. Find the
height of the platform.
43. The time (in seconds) taken by a group of people to walk across a pedestrian crossing is
given in the table below.
Time (in sec) 5 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 25 25 - 30
No. of people 4 8 15 12 11
Calculate the variance and standard deviation of the data.
44. The probability that a new car will get an award for its design is 0.25, the probability that
it will get an award for efficient use of fuel is 0.35 and the probability that it will get both
the awards is 0.15. Find the probability that
(i) it will get atleast one of the two awards (ii) it will get only one of the awards.
45. (a) Find the sum upto n terms of the series 0.7 + 0.97 + 0.997 + g . (OR)
(b) A solid metalic cylinder of diameter 4cm and height 45cm. is melted and recast into
identical spherical shots of radius 3cm each. Find the number of spherical shots.
Section – D
Note: (i) This section contains two questions, each with two alternatives.
(ii) Answer both the questions choosing either of the alternatives.
(iii) Each question carries ten marks 2 ×10 = 20
46. (a) Construct a DABC in which BC = 5.5 cm., +A = 60c and the median AM from
the vertex A is 4.5 cm.
(OR)
(b) Construct a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, given AB = 6cm, +ABC = 70c,
BC = 5 cm and +ACD = 30c.
2 2
47. (a) Draw the graph of y = x + 2x - 3 and hence find the roots of x - x - 6 = 0 .
(OR)
(b) The following table gives the cost and number of notebooks bought.
No. of note books x 2 4 6 8 10 12
Cost `y 30 60 90 120 150 180
Draw the graph and hence (i) Find the cost of seven note books.
(ii) How many note books can be bought for ` 165.
392 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
scheme of evaluation - mathematics
General guidelines
(i) The answers given in the Scheme of Evaluation are based on the
Text Book and SCORE Book.
(ii) Full Credit (marks) should be awarded to a student if his / her approach
in giving solution to a problem is correct and leading to required
answer. This approach may be Text Book oriented / SCORE Book
oriented / Mathematically correct.
(iv) Stage marks are meant for only when a student gives partial answer/
commits mistakes/furnishes irrelevant information in the course of
his/her answer to a particular question.
(vii) Full credit must be given for an equivalent answer wherever possible.
( Ans. (A) )
a4
3. If a1, a2, a3, g are in A.P. such that = 3 , then the 13th term of the A.P. is
a7 2
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 12a1 (D) 14a1
2
Solution: 2( a + 3d ) = 3( a + 6d ) & 3a + 18d – 2a – 6d = 0
& a + 12d = 0 & t = 0 ( Ans (B) )
13
1 1
6. If A # c m = ^ 1 2 h , then the order of A is
0 2
(A) 2 # 1 (B) 2 # 2 (C) 1 # 2 (D) 3 # 2
1 1 1 1
Solution: A # c m = ^ 1 2 h , Am # n c m = (1 2) 1 # 2
0 2 0 2 2#2
& n = 2 and m = 1. So, A is of order 1 # 2 (Ans. (C) )
7. The slope of the straight line 7y - 2x = 11 is equal to
2
(A) - 7 (B) 7 (C) 2 (D) - 7
2 2 7
Solution: Slope m = - a =-` - 2 j = 2 . (Ans. (C) )
b 7 7
8. The perimeter of a triangle formed by the points (0, 0), (1, 0), (0,1) is
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 + 2 (D) 2 - 2
Solution: AB = 1, BC = 2 , AC = 1
11. A man is 28.5 m away from a tower. His eye level above the ground is 1.5 m. The angle
of elevation of the tower from his eyes is 45c. Then the height of the tower is
(A) 30 m (B) 27.5 m (C) 28.5 m (D) 27 m
Solution: Height of the tower = x + y tan i
= ^a + b h2 - 4ab = 3 2 1 17
a-b ` 2 j - 4`- 2 j = 2 ... 1 mark
2 3 1 5
20. If A = e o-e o , then find the additive inverse of A.
- 9 5 7 -1
2 3 1 5 2 3 -1 -5
Solution: A = e o-e o=e o+e o
-9 5 7 -1 -9 5 -7 1
1 -2
= e o ... 1 mark
- 16 6
The additive inverse of A is –A. Hence, the additive inverse is
1 -2 -1 2
- A = - e o=e o ... 1 mark
- 16 6 16 - 6
4 2
2 9 -3
21. Find the product of the matrices, if exists, e o f- 6 7 p.
4 -1 0
-2 1
4 2
2 9 -3
Solution: Let A = e o and B = f- 6 7 p.
4 -1 0
-2 1
The Order of A is 2 # 3 and the order B is 3 # 2. Thus, the product AB is defined ... 1 mark
= 2 × 22 ×14 (8 + 14)
7
Thus, the total surface area = 88 × 22 = 1936 sq.cm. ... 1 mark
27. The circumference of the base of a 12 cm high wooden solid cone is 44 cm.
6^ x + 3h^ x - 3h
= ... 1 mark
^ x + 4h^ x + 3h
6^ x - 3h
= ... 1 mark
x+4
(b) 2y = 4x + 3 & 4x – 2y + 3 = 0.
Slope m = - coefficient of x =
-^4h
=2
1 coefficient of y -2
For x + 2y - 10 = 0 , slope m2 = - 1 ... 1 mark
2
Section – C
Note: (i) Answer 9 questions.
(ii) Answer any 8 questions from the first 14 questions. Question no. 45 is compulsory.
(iii) Each question carries 5 marks 9 × 5 = 45
31. Use Venn diagrams to verify De Morgan’s law for set difference
A \ ^ B + C h = ^ A \ Bh , ^ A \ C h .
38. Find the area of the quadrilateral formed by the points (- 4, - 2), (- 3, - 5), (3, - 2) and
(2 , 3).
Solution: Let us plot the points roughly and take the vertices in counter clock-wise
direction.
Let the vertices be A(- 4, - 2), B(- 3, - 5), C(3, - 2) and D(2, 3).
1 )- 4 -3 3 2 -4
3 ....(2 marks)
2 -2 -5 -2 3 -2
Area of the quadrilateral ABCD
3 7 - 10 100 - 70 700
8 10 -5 25 - 50 250
13 15 0 0 0 0
18 10 5 25 50 250
23 8 10 100 80 800
Rf =50 Rfd =10 2
Rfd =2000 .... (2 marks)
Standard deviation v =
/ fd2 - e / fd o2
/f /f
= 2000 - 10 2 .... (2 marks)
50 ` 50 j
= 40 - 1
= 999 = 31.61
25 25 5
` v - 6.321 .... (1 mark)
44. The probability that a new car will get an award for its design is 0.25, the probability that
it will get an award for efficient use of fuel is 0.35 and the probability that it will get both
the awards is 0.15. Find the probability that
(i) it will get atleast one of the two awards (ii) it will get only one of the awards.
406 10th Std. Mathematics - SCORE book
Solution: Let A be the event of getting award for design and B be the event of getting
award for efficient use of fuel.
P (A) = 0.25 , P (B) = 0.35 and P (A + B) = 0.15 .... (1 mark)
(i) Probability of getting at least one award,
P (A , B) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A + B)
= 0.25 + 0.35 - 0.15
= 0.45 .... (2 marks)
(ii) Probability of getting only one of the awards,
P (A + B ) + P (A + B) = [P (A) - P (A + B)] + [P (B) - P (A + B)]
= (0.25 - 0.15) + (0.35 - 0.15)
= 0.10 + 0.20
= 0.3 .... (2 marks)
45. (a) The sum of three consecutive terms in an A.P is – 6 and their product is 90. Find the
three numbers. (OR)
(b) A cylindrical jar of diameter 14cm and depth 20cm is half-full of water. 300 lead shots
of same size are dropped into the jar and the level of water raises by 2.8 cm. Find the
diameter of each lead shots.
Solution: (a) Let a – d, a, a + d be the three consecutive terms of the A.P. (1 mark)
Then, a – b + a + a + d = – 6 & a = – 2 .... (1 mark)
(a – d) a (a + d) = 90
(- 2)[(- 2) 2 - d2] = 90 & d2 = 49 & d = ! 7 .... (2 marks)
When a =- 2, d = 7 , the three numbers are
- 2 - 7, - 2, - 2 + 7 & - 9, - 2, 5
When a =- 2, d =- 7 , the three numbers are
- 2 - (- 7), - 2, - 2 - 7 & 5, - 2, - 9
Thus, the required three numbers are - 9, - 2, 5 or 5, - 2, - 9 . .... (1 mark)
(OR)
(b) Cylindrical jar Diameter 2r = 14 & r = 7 cm, h = 2.8 cm (water level raised)
Let r be the radius of the leadshot.
1
Volume of the water level raised
in the cylindrical jar = 300 (volume of the lead shot) .... (1 mark)
rr2 h = 300 # 4 rr13
3
7 # 7 # 2.8 = 300 # 4 r13
3
Evaluation - Deptl. Model Question Paper 407
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Section – D
Note: (i) This section contains 2 questions, each with two alternatives.
(ii) Answer both the questions choosing either of the alternatives.
(iii) Each question carries 10 marks 2 ×10 = 20
46. (a) Draw the two tangents from a point which is 10 cm away from the centre of a circle of
radius 6 cm. Also, measure the lengths of the tangents.
x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x2 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 25
-x 4 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5
–8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8
y 12 4 –2 –6 –8 –8 –6 –2 4 12
(1, - 8), (2, - 6), (3, - 2), (4, 4), (5, 12)
Solve: y = x2 - x - 8
0 = x2 - 2x - 15
y = x+7
Let us draw the graph of the straight line y = x + 7 .
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y = x+7 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Points: (- 3, 4), (- 2, 5), (- 1, 6), (0, 7), (1, 8), (2, 9), (3, 10), (4, 11), (5, 12)
(OR)
Evaluation - Deptl. Model Question Paper 411
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(b) A cyclist travels from a place A to a place B along the same route at a uniform speed
on different days. The following table gives the speed of his travel and the corresponding
time he took to cover the distance.
Speed in km/ hr x 2 4 6 10 12
Time in hrs y 60 30 20 12 10
Draw the speed-time graph and use it to find
(i) the number of hours he will take if he travels at a speed of 5 km / hr
(ii) the speed with which he should travel if he has to cover the distance in 40 hrs
Solution: From the table, we observe that as x increases, y decreases.
This type of variation is called indirect variation.
Here, xy = 120. Thus, y = 120 .
x
Plot the points (2 , 60), (4 , 30), (6 , 20), (10 , 12) and (12 , 10).