Gate Forum Ec Gate 2016 Set 3

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General Aptitude
Q. No. 1 5 Carry One Mark Each
1. An apple costs Rs. 10. An onion costs Rs. 8.

Select the most suitable sentence with respect to grammar and usage.
(A) The price of an apple is greater than an onion.
(B) The price of an apple is more than onion.
(C) The price of an apple is greater than that of an onion.
(D) Apples are more costlier than onions.
Key: (C)
2. The Buddha said, Holding on to anger is like grasping a hot coal with the intent of throwing it at
someone else; you are the one who gets burnt.
Select the word below which is closest in meaning to the word underlined above.
(A) burning (B) igniting (C) clutching (D) flinging
Key: (C)
3. M has a son Q and a daughter R. He has no other children. E is the mother of P and daughter-in-law of M.
How is P related to M?
(A) P is the son-in-law of M. (B) P is the grandchild of M.
(C) P is the daughter-in law of M. (D) P is the grandfather of M.
Key: (B)
4. The number that least fits this set: (324, 441, 97 and 64) is ________.
(A) 324 (B) 441 (C) 97 (D) 64
Key: (C)
Exp: 324 182 ; 441 212 ; 64 82 but 97 x2 for any positive integer
i.e. 97 is odd man out
5. It takes 10 s and 15 s, respectively, for two trains travelling at different constant speeds to completely pass
a telegraph post. The length of the first train is 120 m and that of the second train is 150 m. The
magnitude of the difference in the speeds of the two trains (in m/s) is ____________.
(A) 2.0 (B) 10.0 (C) 12.0 (D) 22.0
Key: (A)
length
Exp: Speed time length speed time
120 10 s 1 s1 12
150 15 s 2 s 2
10 s1 s 2 2
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Q. No. 6 10 Carry Two Marks Each
6. The velocity V of a vehicle along a straight line is measured in m/s and plotted as shown with respect to
time in seconds. At the end of the 7 seconds, how much will the odometer reading increase by (in m)?
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

Key: (B)
Exp: At the end of 7 seconds, the odometer reading increase by
7
V.dt 1 V V 2 V V V V V V
2 07 23456 1

t 0
2 0 0 2 1 1 2 0 0 1 0
3 meters
7. The overwhelming number of people infected with rabies in India has been flagged by the World Health
Organization as a source of concern. It is estimated that inoculating 70% of pets and stray dogs against
rabies can lead to a significant reduction in the number of people infected with rabies.
Which of the following can be logically inferred from the above sentences?
(A) The number of people in India infected with rabies is high.
(B) The number of people in other parts of the world who are infected with rabies is low.
(C) Rabies can be eradicated in India by vaccinating 70% of stray dogs
(D) Stray dogs are the main sources of rabies worldwide.
Key: (A)
8. A flat is shared by four first year undergraduate students. They agreed to allow the oldest of them to
enjoy some extra space in the flat. Manu is two months older than Sravan, who is three months younger
than Trideep. Pavan is one month older than Sravan. Who should occupy the extra space in the flat?
(A) Manu (B) Sravan (C) Trideep (D) Pavan
Key: (C)

2
9. Find the area bounded by the lines 3x+2y=14, 2x-3y=5 in the first quadrant.
(A) 14.95 (B) 15.25 (C) 15.70 (D) 20.35
Key: (B)
14 y
Exp A , 0
3 B
B 0, 7 3x 2y 14
5C,0

2
5 E 2x 3y 5
D 0, R
3
E 4,1 x
O
C A
Required area is area of
OAB area of CEA
D
1 14 1 13
7 1 15.25 sq.units
2 3 2 6
10. A straight line is fit to a data set (ln x, y). This line intercepts the abscissa at ln x = 0.1 and has a slope of
0.02. What is the value of y at x = 5 from the fit?
(A) 0.030 (B) 0.014 (C) 0.014 (D) 0.030
Key: (A)
Exp: y a bx, where x l n x and a 0.1, b 0.02

b
a 0.02 x a 0.002
0.002 0.02 x
at x 5, y 0.002 0.02 1.609 0.03018
0.030
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Q. No. 1 25 Carry One Mark Each
A x,
1. Consider a 2 2 square matrix

Where x is unknown. If the eigenvalues of the matrix A are j and j, the x is equal to
(A) j (B) j (C) (D)
Key: (D)
Exp: Product of eigen values = det
j j 2 x
2 2 2 x
x

3
sin z
2. For f z z2 , the residue of the pole at z = 0 is __________.
Key: 1

Exp: f z sin z 12 z z 3 z 5 ..... 1 z z2 ......
2
z z 3! 5! z 3! 5!
1
Re sideu coefficient of z 1
3. The probability of getting a head in a single toss of a biased coin is 0.3. The coin is tossed repeatedly
till a head is obtained. If the tosses are independent, then the probability of getting head for the
first time in the fifth toss is .
Key: 0.07
Exp: Required probability = TTTTH
0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.3
0.07203
4. The integral 1
dx
is equal to _________.
1x
0
Key: 2
1
1 1
1 1 x 2 1
1 1 x 12 1 1
Exp: 1 x 2 dx 1 1 2 0
1
2

0
2 1 x 2
0 2
0
5. Consider the first order initial value problem y '

y 2 x x 3 , y 0 1, 0 x
with exact solution y x x 2 e x . For x = 0.1, the percentage difference between the exact solution
and the solution obtained using a single iteration of the second-order Runge-Kutta method with step-size
h = 0.1is
Key: 5.2
Exp: Given y f x, y y 2x x 2 , y 0 10 x
By 2nd order R K method
1
y1 y 0 2 k 1 k2
where
k1 hf x 0 , y0 0.1f 0,1 0.1
k
h 1
k
2 h.f x 0 , y0
2 2
0.1 0.1
0.1f 0,1

22
0.1f 0.05,0.05
0.01475

4
1
y1 1 2 0.1 0.01475 1.057375
Exact solution, y 0.1 0.12 e 0.1 1.115171
1.115171 1.057375
% difference 100 5.18%
1.115171
6. Consider the signal x t cos 6 t sin 8t , where t is in seconds. The Nyquist sampling rate (in
samples/second) for the signal y(t) = x(2t+5) is
(A) 8 (B) 12 (C) 16 (D) 32
Key: (C)
Exp: Shifting doesnt effects the sampling rate due to scaling by a factor 2 spectral components are doubled.
X(f )
4
3 3 4
Thus maximum frequency of Y(f ) 8.
Nyquist rate 8 2 16Hz
sin t sin t
7. If the signal x t t * twith * denoting the convolution operation, then x(t) is equal to
sin t sin 2t 2 sin t sin t 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)

t 2 t t t
Key: (A)
sin t 1
Exp: t sa t

sa t Frect

2
1 F
sa t rect
2
Convolution in time domain leads to multiplication in frequency domain
1 sin t
rect rect X x t sa t
2 2t

5
8. A discrete-time signal x n n 3 2 n 5 has z-transform X(z). If Y(z) = X(-z) is the z-

transform of another signal y[n], then
(A) y[n] = x[n] (B) y[n] = x[-n] (C) y[n] = -x[n] (D) y[n] = -x[-n]
Key: (C)
Exp: x n n 3 2 n 5
x z z 3 2z5
x z z 3 2 25
y z z 3 2z5
y n n 3 2 n 5
y n x n
9. In the RLC circuit shown in the figure, the input voltage is given by
i t 2 cos 200t 4 sin 500t

The output voltage 0 t is
(A) cos (200t) + 2sin (500t) (B) 2 cos (200t) + 4sin (500t)
(C) sin (200t) + 2cos (500t) (D) 2 sin (200t) + 4cos (500t)
Key (B)
Exp: Vi(t) = 2cos 200t + 4 sin 500t, since there are 2 frequency term output will also have 2 frequency term.
If we take 4sin500t first i.e. W = 500 then on the output section, this parallel LC combination have
ZLC , so it is open circuit and V0 = Vi
j200 j200
So w.r.t. 4sin500t output must be 4sin500t without any change in amplitude and phase, this is satisfied by
only option B.

6
10. The I-V characteristics of three types of diodes at the room temperature, made of semiconductors X, Y
and Z, are shown in the figure. Assume that the diodes are uniformly doped and identical in all respects
except their materials. If EgX, EgY and EgZ are the band gaps of X, Y and Z, respectively, then
I
X Y Z
(A) EgX > EgY > EgZ (B) EgX = EgY = EgZ
(C) EgX < EgY < EgZ (D) no relationship among these band gaps exists
Key: (C)
11. The figure shows the band diagram of a Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS). The surface region of this
MOS is in
(A) inversion (B) accumulation (C) depletion (D) flat band

Key: (A)
Exp: The semiconductor used in the MOSFET is n-type. At the surface the intrinsic level is above EF as it is
found at the distance of below EF, So, the surface is in inversion region.
12. The figure shows the I-V characteristics of a solar cell illuminated uniformly with solar light of power
100 mW/cm2. The solar cell has an area of 3 cm2 and a fill factor of 0.7. The maximum efficiency (in %)
of the device is ________ .
Key: 21

7
Exp: Efficiency FF.Voc Isc 0.7 0.5 180 100% = 21%.

P
in (100 3)
13. The diodes D1 and D2 in the figure are ideal and the capacitors are identical. The product RC is very
large compared to the time period of the ac voltage. Assuming that the diodes do not breakdown in the
reverse bias, the output voltage V0 (in volt) at the steady state is
Key: 0
Exp: Vo 0volts

10V

Vo 0V

10V

14. Consider the circuit shown in the figure. Assuming VBE1 = VEB2 = 0.7 volt, the value of the dc voltage
VC2 (in volt) is
Key: 0.5

8
Exp: VE 2 2.5 VBE1 1.8V

VB 2 VE2 0.7 1.1V
0.1
I B2 10k 10 5 A
I C2 50 10 5 A
VC2 5 10 4 10 3 0.5V
15. In the astable multivibrator circuit shown in the figure, the frequency of oscillation (in kHz) at the
output pin 3 is .
Key: 5.64
1.44 1.44
Exp: f R A 2R B C [2200 24700] 0.022 106 5.64 kHz
16. In an 8085 microprocessor, the contents of the accumulator and the carry flag are A7 (in hex) and 0,
respectively. If the instruction RLC is executed, then the contents of the accumulator (in hex) and the
carry flag, respectively, will be
(A) 4E and 0 (B) 4E and 1 (C) 4F and 0 (D) 4F and 1
Key: (D)
Exp: Accumulator
CY
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

9
RLCRotate left accumulator content without carry
CY Accumulator
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 4FH
17. The logic functionality realized by the circuit shown below is
(A) OR (B) XOR (C) NAND (D) AND

Key: (D)
Exp: All the transistor are n-mos we know when input to gate is 0 n mos behave as open circuit. Input to
Gate is 1 n mos is short circuit.
we can redraw the circuit as A
B T1
B T2
to get the functionality get find its truth table

A B T1 T2 Y
0 0 OFF ON 0
0 1 ON OFF A 0
1 0 OFF ON 0
1 1 ON OFF A 1
So, Y satisfy AND gate table.
18. The minimum number of 2-input NAND gates required to implement a 2-input XOR gate is
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7
Key: (A)

10
Exp:
A
Y AB AB A B
B
19. The block diagram of a feedback control system is shown in the figure. The overall closed-loop gain G of
the system is
G1 G2 G1G2
(A) G 1 G H (B) G 1 G G GH
1 1 1 2 1 1
G1 G2 G1G2
(C) G 1 G G H (D) G 1 G G G G H
1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
Key: (B)
Exp:
G
1
G2 G1
1 G 1 H1
H
1
GG
1 2
x 1 G 1 H1 G 1G2
Y
20. For the unity feedback control system shown in the figure, the open-loop transfer function G(s) is given as
2
G s s s 1

11
The steady state error ess due to a unit step input is

(A) 0 (B) 0.5 (C) 1.0 (D)
Key: (A)
1
Exp: For unit step input ess .
1 kp
k p lim G(s) lim 2

s0 s 0 s(s 1)
So, e 1 0
ss 1
21. For a superheterodyne receiver, the intermediate frequency is 15 MHz and the local oscillator frequency
is 3.5 GHz. If the frequency of the received signal is greater than the local oscillator frequency, then
the image frequency (in MHz) is .
Key: 3485
Exp: fimage = ?
fS = fL0 (fSi - fL0 )
fSi = Image freq
fL0 = Signal freq
fS - fL0 fSi + fL0
fSi 2fL0 fS
fS fL0 f1F
f Si 2f L0 f1F fL0 f L0 f1F 3500 15 =3485 mHz
22. An analog baseband signal, band limited to 100 Hz, is sampled at the Nyquist rate. The samples are
quantized into four message symbols that occur independently with probabilities p1 = p4 = 0.125 and p2 =
p3. The information rate (bits/sec) of the message source is
Key: 213.9
Exp: Information rate = rH

12
H bits symbol
r symbols sec
If we assume each sample is mapped to symbol

Then r = 200 MHz
P1 P4 2P2 1
1 3
2P 1
2 4 4
3
P2 P3 8
2 6 8
H log 2 8 log 2 1.069
8 8 3
I.R 213.9 Mbps
23. A binary baseband digital communication system employs the signal
1 , 0tT
T S
p t S

0, otherwise
for transmission of bits. The graphical representation of the matched filter output y(t) for this signal will
be
(A) (B)
(C) (D)

13
Key: (C)
Exp: P(t) h(t) y(t)
h(t) = P(tS -t)
1
TS
t
T
0 S
0
2TS
24. If a right-handed circularly polarized wave is incident normally on a plane perfect conductor, then the
reflected wave will be
(A) right-handed circularly polarized (B) left-handed circularly polarized
(C) elliptically polarized with a tilt angle of 450 (D) horizontally polarized
Key: (B)
Exp: If incident wave is right handed polarized then the reflected wave is left handed polarized.
25. Faradays law of electromagnetic induction is mathematically described by which one of the following
equations?
B D
(A) .B 0 (B) .D V (C) E (D) H E
t t
Key: (C)
Q. No. 26 55 carry Two Marks Each
26. The particular solution of the initial value problem given below is
d 2 y 12 dy 36y 0 with y 0 3 and dy 36

dx 2 dx dx x 0
(A) 3 18x e6 x(B) 3 25x e6 x(C) 3 20x e6 x (D) 3 12x e6 x

Key: (A)
Exp: D2 12D 36 0

14
D 6, 6
C.F C1 C 2 x e6 x
y C1 C 2 x
e6 x y 0 3
3 C1
dy
dx C 2 e 6 x C1 C 2 x e 6 x 6
dy
36
dx x 0
36 C 2 3 0 .16
C 2 18
y 3 18x e6 x
27. If the vectors e1 = (1, 0, 2), e2 = (0, 1, 0) and e3 = (2, 0, 1) form an orthogonal basis of the three-
dimensional real space R3, then the vector u 4, 3, 3 R3 can be expressed as
(A) u 2 e 3e 11 e (B) u 2 e 3e 11 e
5 1 2 5 3 5 1 2 5 3
(C) u 2 e 3e 11 e (D) u 2 e 3e 11 e
5 1 2 5 3 5 1 2 5 3
Key: (D)
Exp: From option (D),
2 11
u 3 e1 3e 2 5 e3
2 11
5 1, 0, 2 3 0,1, 0 52, 0,1
4,3, 3
28. A triangle in the xy-plane is bounded by the straight lines 2x = 3y, y = 0 and x = 3. The volume above the
triangle and under the plane x + y + z = 6 is
Key: 10 y
Exp: Volume = z dx dy
2x 3y
R
R xb
O
x
A
x limits : 0 to 3
2
3x y limits: 0 to

15
32
y x0 6 x y dy dx
3
x 0
2
3 y2 3 x
6 x y .dx
x 0 z y 0
3 2x 1 4 2
6 x x dx
3 2 9
2 2
3 4x x 2 x 2 dx

39
2 8 x 3 3 8 3
2x 2 9 3 10 cubic units
9 3 0 27
1 e z
29. The values of the integral 2 j c z 2 dz along a closed contour c in anti-clockwise direction for
(i) The point z0 = 2 inside the contour c, and
(ii) The point z0 = 2 outside the contour c,
Respectively, are
(A) (i) 2.72, (ii) 0 (B) (i) 7.39, (ii) 0 (C) (i) 0, (ii) 2.72 (D) (i) 0, (ii) 7.39
Key: (B)
1 e2 1
Exp: (i) 2 j z 2 2 j 2 jf 2
e 2 7.39
(ii) 0
2
30. A signal 2 cos t cos t is the input to an LTI system with the transfer function
3
H s e s e s .
If Ck denotes the kth coefficient in the exponential Fourier series of the output signal, then C3 is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Key: (B)
2
Exp: output 2 cos 3 t 2 cos t 0 3

nd rd
2 harmonic 3 harmonic

j
3t j 3t
rd
In E.F.S 3 harmonic 2cos t e 3 e 3

j
3t
The coefficient of e 3 is 1 So C 3 1.

16
31. The ROC (region of convergence) of the z-transform of a discrete-time signal is represented by the
shaded region in the z-plane. If the signal x n 2.0 n , n , then the ROC of its z-
transform is represented by
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Key: (D)
Exp: x n 2 n , n
x n 2 n u n 2 n u n 1
2 n u n ; ROC : z 2
2 n u n 1 ; ROC : z 0.5
Thus combined ROC does not exist for x[n]

17
32. Assume that the circuit in the figure has reached the steady state before time t = 0 when the 3 resistor
+
suddenly burns out, resulting in an open circuit. The current i(t) (in ampere) at t = 0 is ______.
Key: 1
Exp: At t 0, the circuit is on steady state i.e. the capacitor is open circuited so the circuit will be
V3F V2 V3 V3 4V
V2F V3 6V
at t = 0+ when is open circuited, the capacitors will have an ideal voltage source of values 4V and
6V so the circuit will be
2A
3F
2
1
2

12V
3
2F
4
So the current through 2 resistor at t = 0+ should be 2 2 1A
4V 2
1
1 4V 2
2 2
12

12
6V
Burn out 6V
at t 0

18
33. In the figure shown, the current i (in ampere) is ______.
Key: -1
Exp: Nodal equation at V 1A
5 8V i1

V 8 V V 8 V a
1 1 1 10
1 1
4V 16 v
0V
V 4V b

By using KCL at node a. 8V
8 4 i
1 1 i1 0 i1 5A 1
KCL at b
4
i i 0 4 5 i 0
1 1
z11 z12
34. The z-parameter matrix
for the two-port network shown in
z z
21 22
2 2 2 2 9 3 9 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 6 6
2 2 2 9 9
Key: (A)

19
3
Exp: Since the given network is symmetric

and reciprocal Z11 Z22
Z Z output
12 21 input
Z V1 3 6 2
11
I1 I 2 0 36
6
Z V2
21 I I
1 I 2 0 1

We know V2 V1 Z21 2
V1 3 V2
Z11 Z12 2 2
So
Z Z
21 22 2 2 IL 0
35. A continuous-time speech signal xa(t) is sampled at a rate of 8 kHz and the samples are subsequently
grouped in blocks, each of size N. The DFT of each block is to be computed in real time using the radix-
2 decimation-in-frequency FFT algorithm. If the processor performs all operations sequentially, and takes
20 s for computing each complex multiplication (including multiplications by 1 and 1) and the time
required for addition/subtraction is negligible, then the maximum value of N is _____
Key: 4096
36. The direct form structure of an FIR (finite impulse response) filter is shown in the
figure. The filter can be used to approximate a
(A) low-pass filter(B) high-pass filter (C) band-pass filter(D) band-stop filter
Key: (C)
Exp: y n 5x n 5x n 2
H e j 5 1 e2 j
At 0, H e j 0
At ; H e j 0
Thus the filter is band pass filter


20
37. The injected excess electron concentration profile in the base region of an npn BJT, biased in the active
region, is linear, as shown in the figure. If the area of the emitter-base junction is 0.001 cm2,
n 800 cm 2 Vsin the base region and depletion layer widths are negligible, then the
collectorcurrent Ic (in mA) at room temperature is __________.
(Given: thermal voltage VT = 26 mV at room temperature, electronic charge q 1.6 1019 C )
Key: 6.65
dn dn 19 3 1014 0
Exp: I c qAD n qAn Vt 1.6 10 0.001 800 26 10 4
dx dx 0.5 10
I c 6.65mA
38. Figures I and II show two MOS capacitors of unit area. The capacitor in Figure I has insulator materials
X (of thickness t1 = 1 nm and dielectric constant 1 4 ) and Y (of thickness t2 = 3 nm and dielectric
constant 2 20 ). The capacitor in Figure II has only insulator material X of thickness tEq. If the
capacitors are of equal capacitance, then the value of tEq (in nm) is ___________.
Key: 1.6

21
E1 . E2
t1 t 2 EE 4 20
Exp: CI 1 2 2.5
E1 E2 E t Et (4 2) (20 1)
t 1 2 2 1
1 t2
CII E1 4 2.5 t Eq 1.6nm
t t
Eq Eq
39. The I-V characteristics of the zener diodes D1 and D2 are shown in Figure I. These diodes are used in the
circuit given in Figure II. If the supply voltage is varied from 0 to 100 V, then breakdown occurs in
(A) D1 only (B) D2 only (C) both D1and D2 (D) none of D1 and D2
Key: (D)
Exp: When two diodes are connected in series, the effective breakdown voltages becomes equal to the sum of
their individual breakdown voltage.
Vb Vb1 Vb2 80 70 150V
Since the applied voltage has a maximum of 100V (100<Vb), No diodes will be in breakdown region.
40. For the circuit shown in the figure, R1 R 2 R 3 1, L 1H and C 1F. If the input Vin

cos 10 6 t , then the overall voltage gain Vout Vin of the circuit is ______.
Key: -1

22
R
A 1

1
1
1 2
6
Exp:

10
1 6
jL
10
A2
R3 1 1 1

1 1 1 2
R2 XC 1 6
10 10 6
V
The overall voltage gain A out
AA
v
V 1 2
in
V
out 1
2 1
V
in 2
41. In the circuit shown in the figure, the channel length modulation of all transistors is non-zero
0 . Also, all transistors operate in saturation and have negligible body effect. The ac small
signal voltage gain V0 Vin of the circuit is
g 1
(A) g m1 r01 || r02 || r03 (B) m1 r01 || || r03
g
m3
1 1
(C) g m1 r01 || || r
02 || r03 (D) g m1 r01 ||
|| r
03 || r02
m2 m3
Key: (A)
Exp: Drawing a small signal model
S3 D2
g V
m2 g2
V r
g3
03 ro 2
G3
g V
m g3
V0
Vin ro1
V g V
g1
m1 g
1


23
V0
g V
m1 in
V r
in o1 r r
V o2 o3
g1
Vo
AV= = - gm1 (ro1 r02 r03 )
V
in
42. In the circuit shown in the figure, transistor M1 is in saturation and has transconductance gm = 0.01
siemens. Ignoring internal parasitic capacitances and assuming the channel length modulation to be
zero, the small signal input pole frequency (in kHz) is .
Key: 57.9
Exp: Cin 50PF 1 g mR 550PF
g m 0.015
R 1k
R 1k
1 g m R 11
R in 5k
f
2R C
1 57.9 kHz
in
in in

24
43. Following is the K-map of a Boolean function of five variables P, Q, R, S and X. The minimum sum-of-
product (SOP) expression for the function is
(A) P QSX P QSX Q R SX QRSX

(B) QSX QS X
(C) QSX QS X
(D) QS QS
Key: (C)
Exp:
QJ
RS RS 10
PQ 00 01 11 10 PQ 00 01 11
1 1
00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0
01 1 0 0 1 01 0 0 0 0
11 1 0 0 1 11 0 0 0 0 QS
10 0 0 0 0 10 0 1 1 0
X0 X1
F QS X QSX
44. For the circuit shown in the figure, the delays of NOR gates, multiplexers and inverters are 2 ns, 1.5 ns
and 1 ns, respectively. If all the inputs P, Q, R, S and T are applied at the same time instant, the
maximum propagation delay (in ns) of the circuit is .

25
Key: (6)
Exp: Case (i) When T = 0
Ttotal = delay of NOR + delay of 1st MUX + delay of 2nd MUX= 2+1.5+1.5 =
5ns Case (ii) When T = 1
Ttotal = delay of 1st NOT-gate + delay of 1st MUX + delay of 2nd NOR-gate + delay of 2nd
MUX = 1+1.5+2+1.5 = 6 ns
So, the maximum delay = 6 ns.
45. For the circuit shown in the figure, the delay of the bubbled NAND gate is 2 ns and that of the counter is
assumed to be zero.
If the clock (Clk) frequency is 1 GHz, then the counter behaves as a
(A) mod-5 counter (B) mod-6 counter (C) mod-7 counter (D) mod-8 counter
Key: (D)
Exp: The time period of clock is 1nsec and that of nand gate is 2n sec.
The time period of clock 1n sec and that of nand gate is 2n.sec.
If the nand gate would have 0 delay then the counter must be MOD 6 because on 6th CP it will be
rejected.
But as the delay is 2nsec, the effect of 6th CP will be observed on reset in after 2nsec, but in this
additional 2n.sec, 2 more clock cycle would passed in total 8 cycles are needed to rest the counter so
MOD8 counter.
46. The first two rows in the Routh table for the characteristic equation of a certain closed-loop control
system are given as
The range of K for which the system is stable is

(A) 2.0 < K < 0.5 (B) 0 < K < 0.5 (C) 0 K (D) 0.5 K

26
Key: (D)
Exp: S3 1 2k 3
2
S 2k 4
From the table we can find characteristic equation
s3 2ks2 2k 3s 4 0
For stability 2k 2k 3 4
4k 2 6k 4 0
1
k k20
1
So the conditions are k 2 and k 2 combiningly k > 2
47. A second-order linear time-invariant system is described by the following state equations
d
x t 2x t 3u t
dt 1 1
where x1(t) and x2(t) are the two state variables and u(t) denotes the input. If the output c(t) = x1(t), then
the system is
(A) controllable but not observable

(B) observable but not controllable
(C) both controllable and observable
(D) neither controllable nor observable
Key: (A)
Exp: The set of equation of the system are
dx t
dt1 2x1 t 3u t x i t 2x1 t 0x 2 t 3u t
dx t
2 x 2 t u t x 2 t 0 x 1 t x 2 t u t dt
c t x 1 t 0x 2 t
we can frame the state space of the system as

x1

2 0 x 1 3
4

0 1 x 1
x2 2
x
1

y1 0
x2

27
2 0
A matrix is

0 1
3
B matrix is
1

C matrix is 1 0
for controllability determinant of B AB 0
3 63630
so controllable

1 1
C
for observability determinant of 0
Ca

1 0
0
so not observable

2 0
final controllable but not observable
48. The forward-path transfer function and the feedback-path transfer function of a single loop negative
feedback control system are given as
K s 2
G s and H s 1,
s 2s 2
2
Respectively, If the variable parameter K is real positive, then the location of the breakaway point on the
root locus diagram of the system is .
Key: -3.414
Exp: To find break point, from characteristic equation we need to arrange k as function of s, then the root of
dk
ds 0 gives break point.
Characteristic equation is given by
s 2 2s 2 k 2k 0
k s 2 s2 2s 2
s 2 2s 2
k
s2

s 2 d s 2 2s 2 s 2 2s d s 2
dk ds ds
2
ds s 2
dk s 2 2s 2 s 2 2s 2

ds 2
s 2
dk
ds 0

28
2s 2 2s 4s 4 s 2 2s 2 0
s 2 4s 2 0
s 0.58 and 3.414
To find the valid break point we need to find that lies on root locus
3.414 lies on root locus
So break point 3.414.
49. A wide sense stationary random process X(t) passes through the LTI system shown in the figure. If the
autocorrelation function of X(t) is R X , then the autocorrelation function R Y of the output Y(t) is
equal to
(A) 2R X R X T0 R X T0 (B) 2R X R X T0 R X T0
(C) 2R X 2R X 2T0 (D) 2R X 2R X 2T0
Key: (B)
Exp: R YY () = E[Y(t)Y(t - )]
E[{X(t)-X(t - T0 )}{X(t-)-X(t - T0 )}]
= RX () - RX (--T0 )-RX (-T+T0 )+RX (-)
RYY () = 2RX () - RX ( + T0 )-RX (-T0 )
50. A voice-grade AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) telephone channel has a bandwidth of 4.0 kHz

and two-sided noise power spectral density 2 2.5 105 Watt per Hz. If information at the rate

29
of 52 kbps is to be transmitted over this channel with arbitrarily small bit error rate, then the minimum
bit-energy Eb (in mJ/bit) necessary is .
Key: 31.5
Exp: Information rate
R C Channel capacity
For Error free transmission
S
C = B log2 1
N
B = 4KHz
S = Eb / Tb Eb Rb

S
R B log 1
b 2
N
E R
R B log
b 2
1+ b
B
b

Eb 31.5mJ/bit
Ebmin 31.5mJ/bit
5 5
51. The bit error probability of a memoryless binary symmetric channel is 10 . If 10 bits are sent over
this channel, then the probability that not more than one bit will be in error is _________.
Key: 1
Exp: Pebit 105
n 10 5 bits
x no. of bits error
P x 1 P x 0 P x 1
10 10
5 10 5 1 10 5 105 0 5 10 5 1 1 105 10 5 1
0 1

10 5 1 105 105 5 1 5
5 10 1
5 10 1 10
10 1
1 very close

30
52. Consider an air-filled rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 2.286 cm and b = 1.016 cm. At 10
GHz operating frequency, the value of the propagation constant (per meter) of the corresponding
propagating mode is _________.
Key: 157
53. Consider an air-filled rectangular waveguide with dimensions a = 2.286 cm and b = 1.016 cm. The
increasing order of the cut-off frequencies for different modes is
(A) TE01 < TE10 < TE11 < TE20 (B) TE20 < TE11 < TE10 < TE01
(C) TE10 < TE20 < TE01 < TE11 (D) TE10 < TE11 < TE20 < TE01
Key: (C)
C m 2 n 2
Exp: fc
2 a b
for TE01
f C 1 98.4 C
2
c 2 1.016 10 2
for TE10
f C 1 43.74C
2
c 2 2.286 10 2
For TE11
f c 107.7 C
2
For TE20
f C 2 87.49 C
2
c 2 2.286 10 2
TE10 < TE20 < TE01 < TE11
54. A radar operating at 5 GHz uses a common antenna for transmission and reception. The antenna has a
gain of 150 and is aligned for maximum directional radiation and reception to a target 1 km away having
2
radar cross-section of 3 m . If it transmits 100 kW, then the received power in W is
__________.
Key: 0.012
55. Consider the charge profile shown in the figure. The resultant potential distribution is best described by

31
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Key: (D)
q q
Exp: Electrical 0 N d x no N d xpo
x2
Potential (x) 0 x
2w 0
P(x)
V(x)
P1
b
a b
a
P1
P1

32

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1. An apple costs Rs. 10. An onion costs Rs. 8.

Q. No. 6 10 Carry Two Marks Each

(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

Exp: y a bx, where x l n x and a 0.1, b 0.02

Electronics and Communication Engineering

5. Consider the first order initial value problem y '

Thus maximum frequency of Y(f ) 8.

Nyquist rate 8 2 16Hz

8. A discrete-time signal x n n 3 2 n 5 has z-transform X(z). If Y(z) = X(-z) is the z-

i t 2 cos 200t 4 sin 500t

(A) inversion (B) accumulation (C) depletion (D) flat band

Exp: Efficiency FF.Voc Isc 0.7 0.5 180 100% = 21%.

Exp: VE 2 2.5 VBE1 1.8V

RLCRotate left accumulator content without carry

17. The logic functionality realized by the circuit shown below is

(A) OR (B) XOR (C) NAND (D) AND

to get the functionality get find its truth table

The steady state error ess due to a unit step input is

k p lim G(s) lim 2

fS = fL0 (fSi - fL0 )

fSi = Image freq

fL0 = Signal freq

fS - fL0 fSi + fL0

f Si 2f L0 f1F fL0 f L0 f1F 3500 15 =3485 mHz

If we assume each sample is mapped to symbol

23. A binary baseband digital communication system employs the signal

Exp: P(t) h(t) y(t)

h(t) = P(tS -t)

d 2 y 12 dy 36y 0 with y 0 3 and dy 36

(A) 3 18x e6 x(B) 3 25x e6 x(C) 3 20x e6 x (D) 3 12x e6 x

33. In the figure shown, the current i (in ampere) is ______.

figure. The filter can be used to approximate a

Thus the filter is band pass filter

(Given: thermal voltage VT = 26 mV at room temperature, electronic charge q 1.6 1019 C )

signal voltage gain V0 Vin of the circuit is

Exp: Cin 50PF 1 g mR 550PF

(A) P QSX P QSX Q R SX QRSX

The range of K for which the system is stable is

(A) controllable but not observable

3.414 lies on root locus

So break point 3.414.

(C) 2R X 2R X 2T0 (D) 2R X 2R X 2T0

RYY () = 2RX () - RX ( + T0 )-RX (-T0 )

For Error free transmission

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