1.

1 Introduction

In todays world the vehicle parking is becoming a big problem. As population is

increasing, number of vehicles is also increasing but the area to park vehicle is not
increasing. And this create big problem to vehicles like car and mini vans for parking.
People end up parking cars on roads which further leads to traffic jam. Multi-storied car
parking system will help in parking large number of cars in smaller parking land.

Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and
thus reducing the space used. Such a system is proposed and designed in this project. In
places where more than 100 cars need to be parked, this system proves to be useful in
reducing wastage of space. Here any number of cars can be parked according to the
requirement. These makes the system modernized and thus space-saving one. This idea is
developed using 8051 microcontroller. Car parking issue has some problems with how to
control the number of the car inside it, how to monitor the movement in/out side of the
parking lot, how to check whether there is a place inside for more cars or not and the safety
to park. The aim of this project is to solve these problems by designing a system to control
the parking area using a microcontroller. The microcontroller serves as a programming tool
to run the whole operation, to reduce the cost in terms of requirement such as job
opportunity and to increase security. Moreover, this system is faster, flexible and can meet
market needs.

Human errors are the major source of traffic accidents, therefore building in-car
technologies for checking the parking lot, avoiding accidents and guidance to the parking
facility is turning out to be an integral area for research. The objective of such technologies
is the reduction of the burden on driver, improvement of the traffic capacity, and provision
of reliable and secure car functions [3].

Criteria for the quality multi storey car parks are:

Safety in use

Clear visibility

Parking-space marking to enable drivers to remember the location of their vehicles

Clear views to the outside

Good natural lighting and ventilation.
1.2 Parking Issues in India

India has more than 40 million vehicles. But the traffic on roads and parking space has
been an area of concern in majority of Indian cities. In most of the cases, 40 per cent of the
road space is used for parking rather than for traffic movement on a normal working day.
With affordable cars launching in the market, almost every middle-class family owns a car
which adds to the vehicular population in our country. If this trend is followed, no amount
of space will be enough to accommodate stationary vehicles, which will lead to narrower
lanes for movement of public transport. Indian cities face a severe problem of congestion
due to the runaway growth of personal vehicles. Traffic management in the many cities is
marked by the introduction of a series of one-way traffic systems, which have implications
on pedestrian safety and fuel consumption.

One-way traffic is generally desirable only when complementary roads are available
and the additional traveling distance is not more than 300 meters as per IRC. This ensures
that whenever such systems are introduced, the interests of public transport modes and
pedestrians are duly addressed. Demand for parking in the CBD areas of Indian cities is
twice the supply. Acute shortage of parking supply is seen in commercial areas;
indiscriminate parking impedes the free flow of traffic and causes accidents.

Figure 1-1: Parking problems

1.4.4 Automated Multilevel Parking

It is a building (or part there hereof) which is designed specifically to be for Automobile
Parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place.Is
essentially a Stacked Car Park Multilevel Car Park Term Originated in UK, in US it is
called a Parking Structure.

Figure 1-6: Automatic Multilevel Parking

So these are the different car parking systems that are available in India. And of them the
automatic multilevel car parking system is beneficial as compared to all the car parking
available.
There are different types of Automatic Multilevel Car Parkings available in India.

Independent access parking systems

Dependent access parking systems

Multi-storey car park

Fully Automated car parking

 Independent access parking systems:

This system allows vehicle access without a valet. The Lift-Sliding Parking System
allows drivers to retrieve their own vehicles, after which another car slides over to take its
place while a mechanical car lift brings up another car[6] .

Figure 2-1: Independent access parking systems

Dependent access parking systems:

This system requires a human attendant (usually a valet). The parking system stacks
two, three, or four vehicles in an area usually occupied by a single car. A trained operator
uses the Lift-Sliding Parking System to raise the vehicle on a mechanical car lift, which
creates an additional space for another vehicle to be stored below. This process is repeated
until the system reaches capacity. To retrieve a vehicle, the operator removes the vehicle
below (at grade position) in order to lower the mechanical car lift and return the stacked
vehicle requested. Fully-automatic system and semi-automatic comes under this category.

Figure 2-2: Dependent access parking systems



Multi-storey car park:

A multi-storey car park , also called a parking garage, parking structure, parking ramp,
or parking deck is a structure designed Specifically for automobile parking where there are
a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially a stacked car
park. The Multi-storey car parking system can either be fully automatic or semi-automatic
and are suitable for installation in basement and in open spaces outside commercial
building, residential building, shopping malls, restaurants and hotels etc. The unique feature
of this system is that it maximizes the number of cars parked in a given floor space
substantially.

Figure 2-3: Multi-storey car park

Fully Automated car parking:

Automated Car Parking System is a fully computer controlled mechanism [5] which
becomes user friendly as it ensures maximum utilization of space allowing the machines to
park the car in the allocated space. Fully automated parking systems use auto car lifts. They
are designed for high density parking. These parking systems allow for virtually unlimited
stacking capacity and provide fully integrated storage and retrieval functionality. The
system allows the driver to drive up to a Park and Drive Station. After the driver exits the
vehicle, a robotic shuttle transports the vehicle onto the Vehicle Transfer Center, which
then transfers the car to a designated parking stall. Whether the retrieval of vehicles is faster
in an automatic car park or a self park car park depends on the layout and number of exits.

Figure 2-4: Fully Automated car parking

In order to accommodate the large volume of vehicles, small cities and towns must develop
their infrastructure. One solution may be a multi-level car parking system to maximize car
parking capacity by utilizing vertical space, rather than expand horizontally. With land in
metros and a grade cities becoming scarce and dearer, and plots getting smaller,
conventional parking is proving infeasible[6].

The term multi-level car park is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and many
Commonwealth of Nations countries. In the western United States, the term parking
structure is used especially when it is necessary to distinguish such a structure from the
garage in a house. In some places in North America, parking garage refers only to an
indoor, often
underground, structure outdoor multi-level parking facilities are referred to by a number
of regional terms:
Parking garage-is used in the Western United States, Eastern Canada and by civil
engineers;

Parking deck-is used in the Southeast

Parking ramp- is used in the upper Midwest, especially Minnesota and Wisconsin,
and has been observed as far east as Buffalo, New York

Parked- is used in Canada and South Africa

Parking building- is used in New Zealand.
Architects and civil engineers in the USA are likely to call it a parking structure, since their
work is all about structures, and that term is the vernacular in some of the western United
States. When attached to a high-rise of another use, it is sometimes called a parking
podium. United States building codes use the term open parking structure to refer to a
structure designed for car storage (not repair) that has enough openings in the walls that it
does not need mechanical ventilation or fire sprinklers, as opposed to a parking garage
that requires mechanical ventilation or sprinklers but does not require openings in the walls.
The openings provide fresh air flow to disperse either car exhaust or fumes from a fire
should one break out within the structure In todays time and age, vehicles are a
predominant mode of transportation. With rising number of vehicles and dwindling parking
spaces, vehicles parked along the road and even on sidewalks have become fairly common
phenomena. With these parked vehicles encroaching on road space and pedestrian space,
traffic congestion and accidents are inevitable. A well organized parking system which
makes maximum use of available space offers a solution to this situation. There are two
types of parking systems:

Traditional parking systems

Multistoried parking systems.

In Traditional parking systems, vehicles are parked in perpendicular or parallel fashion.
With no safety against the theft or protection against atmospheric conditions, it is not a
space efficient system either.

Figure 2-5: Traditional Parking System

 Figure 2-6: Multistoried Parking System

Multistoried parking systems are preferred since they multiply parking capacity of a given
area. Various floors are present for parking the vehicles with ramps and staircases provided
for moving between floors. These types of systems are expensive to build and require
manpower for co-ordination. To make system automated and less expensive, stacking
systems are used. In these systems, lift is available for moving the vehicle from one floor to
another. As shown in fig 2-6, the system has three six floors divided into three columns
with middle column kept free for maneuvering cars. The actual parking of the car is
controlled manually by operator. This type of manual intervention may cause some
faults.[10]

RFID Technique
RFID is a radio frequency identification system. This is an ADC technology. RFID
technology has inherited the advantages of the previous magnetic card, bar code,
contactless IC card. An RFID system consists of three components: an antenna and
transceiver (often combined into one reader) and a transponder (the tag). The
antenna uses radio frequency waves to transmit a signal that activates the
transponder. When activated, the tag transmits data back to the antenna. RFID can
read the tag using RF, meaning that the RFID tag can be read from a distance, right
through your clothes, wallet, backpack or purse. Besides the RFID tag consist of
unique ID for each tag. RFID system draws our attention for this purpose due to
 several useful features of it such as non-line-of-sight operation, high speed

detection, good transmission range and performance in dense sensor environment.[8]

Figure 2-7: RFID system communication diagram

For the design of this system as discussed earlier an RFID tag and reader is used. According
to this, RFID Tags are installed in the cars. A door mount antenna is used to track the tag. A
reader is attached to this antenna, which reads the information coded in the tag. To get
started with RFID-based automatic vehicle parking system, the vehicle owner has to first
register the vehicle with the parking owner and get the RFID tag. When the car has to be
parked, the RFID tag is placed near the RFID reader which is installed near the entry gate
of the parking lot. As soon as the RFID tag is read by the reader, the system automatically
verifies the information data then car is allowed to go inside the parking area. At the same
time, the parking counter increments by one. Similarly, at the time of exit a button at the
ground floor will be manually pressed and parking counter will be decremented at the LCD
screen. In this project necessary precautions have been taken programmatically in case of a
parking lot. If the parking space is not available than further that vehicle which is about to
check-in will not be allowed to let in, thus there wont be any time loss to look for parking
space.[9]

3.1.3 TOWER SYSTEMS

 Figure 3-3: Tower Systems

Elevator (Tower) type car parking system is used where minimum space is available.Floor
space of 7 mtr X 7 mtr can be used for multi level car parking and the no. of cars is
depending upon the height of Tower. Max. height of 70 mtrs used where 70 cars can be
parked.

4.1 8051 Microcontroller:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller

with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry
standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory
to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. The
AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM,
32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector
two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock
circuitry. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial
port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM
con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt
or hardware reset.[15]

Figure 4-1: Microcontroller 89S52

 1. Internal ROM and RAM
2. I/O ports with programmable pins
3. Timers and counters
4. Serial data communication[16]

xx
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

7.3 RFID CARD READER:

 RFID is a radio frequency identification system. In our project RFID card will be
scanned by the RFID reader and then only the entry will be provided in the car parking
system. Vehicles with invalid tag will not be allowed to enter the car parking system so it
provides more security to the system.

7.4 ELEVATOR:

The elevator in our project plays a very important role because it is used to park the
cars automatically. No problems like accidents would occur as the human error is not at all
involved.

7.5 16X2 LCD DISPLAY:

It is an intelligent LCD module, as it has inbuilt controller which convert the

alphabet and digit into its ASCII code and then display, this LCD will display the total
number of cars ,empty space and no vacant space. If the parking is full then it displays a
message that the parking is full so that the user does not have to waste the time in finding
the empty slots for parking.

7.6 POWER SUPPLY:

Power supply of 5V is required for the microcontroller working and DC motor mainly
requires 12V power supply respectively which can be obtained by using 7805 and 7812
respectively together in the same power supply
12.1 CONCLUSION:

The Proposed designed in this paper has been successfully completed and tested

with integration of the features of every hardware component for its development. The main

purpose of our project is to build up a automatic car parking system demo. To face the

challenge of automation in practical, we need a vast knowledge. In this project, we worked

with Microcontroller based control system. We also tried to differentiate among different

types of automation and control systems. In here we also tried to give proper security of the

vehicle. To increase the knowledge about automation, this project will obviously be very

helpful. Nonetheless, this project can further be modified or developed any time to offer

more flexibilities and facilities. It reduces traffic and pollution problem to great extent. We

can park more cars in small space. We also reduce time and cost required for conventional

parking system with high degree of security. So we conclude by saying

12.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

The basic idea behind a solar parking lot is simply to incorporate solar panels into a
carport, which is basically an open-sided shed with a roof. Solar carports can be small
enough to fit a single car at a residence, or scaled up for commercial and institutional
purposes. The main benefit, of course, is to generate renewable energy that can be used to
lower utility costs on site, for example at a mall or office complex. Depending on the scale,
the installation could also yield excess energy in the form of electricity for sale. A solar
carport can also help reduce the heat island effect of parking lots and contribute to a
cooler community, and by providing protection from the elements it can help enhance
vehicle lifespan.
 Solar typically meets up to 35 per cent of a spaces total power requirements and
can typically save up to 15 per cent in energy costs. These sustainable car parks also have
short pay back periods (five to eight years) and offer multiple benefits by providing both
shade and electricity.

REFERENCES

1. Meenakshi Sanadhya, Fahad UL Hassan, Unaib Bhat, Yasir Koul , Microcontroller

Based Multilevel Car Parking System, Indian Streams Research Journal
vol.1,Issue.X/Nov13
2. A.Albagul, K.Alsharef, M.saad, Y.Abujeeta , Design & Fabrication of Automatic
Multilevel Car Parking System, Department of control Engineering, Baniwalid LIBYA
3. R.J. Oyentaryo, M. Pasquier, "Self-trained automated parking system", Control,
Automation, Robotics andVision Conference, 8th ICARCV, pp. 1005- 1010, 6-9 Dec.
2004.
4. P. Joshi, M. R. Khan and L. Motiwalla, Global Review of Parking Management
Systems and Strategies, (2012).
5. Automotion Parking system (press release) AutoMotion Introduces First Fully
Automated Parking Garage in N.Y.C.Monday December 18, 2:30 pm ET.