INSDAG PROJECT REPORT G-6

INTRODUCING A NEW ERA IN INDIAN RAILWAYS

This report explains our ideas on a Modern Railway Shelter. In this report, the concept behind
our proposal has been explained. Analysis of the structure is also included. Design of the
structure is dealt with in a separate booklet.
 [INSDAG PROJECT REPORT 2012] Group 6

INTRODUCTION
Indian Railways is the backbone of our booming economy. With a track length of 114,500 km over a
route of 65,000 km, spread over 7500 stations it plays a pivotal role in the transport of both goods
and people. Yet, the Indian railways of today lacks in modern aesthetic design. Built in the 1900s,
many of the railway stations havent yet been renovated. The railways being an important national
facility, it makes perfect sense to upgrade the existing railways systems to reflect the Indias growing
foothold in the international space.

Up gradation of Indian railways refers to certain structural changes to be implemented upon the
existing infrastructure. While the entire railway network cannot be modified, important and critical
components which define aesthetics can be suitably re-designed. Railway shelter platforms impart
the look to any railway station. Majestic in size, simple in design and efficient functionality go a
long way towards changing the look of traditional railway platforms.

Keeping aesthetics and functionality in mind, our team have come with a simple and elegant design
without compromising basic functions a railway shelter is expected to perform. The design so chosen
is a repetitive sequence of a set of portal frames with unequal column heights placed back to back
(in opposite sense). The illustration provided below explains the design concept clearly.

The design so chosen has a number of benefits to offer which can be enumerated as under:

Modularity The entire design is based on a simple portal frame which can be fabricated
easily on the site. The sections chosen are box-sections.

Ease of laying solar panels- The flat profile on the top of the portal frame allows easy
installation and maintenance of solar panels, if the idea gets implemented

Installation of rain water reception pipes- The chosen design permits the use of rain water
retention pipes without cluttering the design.

Economical fabrication costs- The entire design employs simple structural elements and
connections, thereby bringing costs to a minimum.

With no bulky elements, handling is not an issue. This aspect and modularity aids faster
construction times.

This design and placing of the portal frames allows a larger amount of air and light to pass
through, thereby improving ventilation.

1 | Authors: Karthik S Udupa, Shashank B Naik, Pradeep B K, S A Aditya

 [INSDAG PROJECT REPORT 2012] Group 6

Analysis of the portal frame:

The section so chosen is a hot-rolled box section with dimensions 350 x 200 x 15. This was chosen
keeping in mind the limiting deflection constraints, economy and adequate strength. The box section
as such was chosen was both aesthetics and the greater torsional rigidity it provides.

Six load combinations were considered for the analysis namely:

1. (Dead load + Live load + Wind Load) x 1.2

2. (Dead Load + Live load) x 1.5
3. (Dead Load + Earthquake Load) x 1.5
4. (Dead Load + Live Load + Earthquake Load) x 1.5
5. (Dead Load + Wind Load) x 1.5
6. (Dead Load x 0.9) + (Wind Load x 1.5)

The bending moments, shear and axial forces induced in the members of the portal frame by the
various loading combinations were tabulated. Maximum values among them were chosen and
adopted for design.

Computation of loads:

Dead load- The density of steel is taken 7850 /3 . The cross-sectional area of the box
section is computed to be 27,500 2 .

= 7850 27500 106 102 = 2.16 2.2 /

Live load- The slope of the roof is calculated to be 17.33. Consulting IS 875 (Part 2, Page 14)
for imposed loads, the live load on the structure is 0.603 /2

[For every increase in slope above 10, a decrease of 0.02 /2 is to be added to 0.75
/2 . ]

The roof spans 7.5 in width. The roof load is shared equally by 2 portal frames supporting
it. So each portal frame gets half the rood load. Translating this to a one-dimensional load
7.5
density, the load on the beam is 0.603 = 2.26 /.
2

Wind load Calculations

The basic wind speed is given as 44 m/s, i.e. = 44 m/s

Computation of coefficients:

1 = 1.07 [Risk coefficient, as per IS 875 part III, structure having a mean probable life of
100 years]

2 | Authors: Karthik S Udupa, Shashank B Naik, Pradeep B K, S A Aditya

 [INSDAG PROJECT REPORT 2012] Group 6

2 = 0.80 [Terrain factor 4 for height consideration of 10 m]

3 = 1.0 [Terrain factor, considering the ground to be plain]

4 = 1.30 [Importance factor for cyclonic regions]

Design wind speed = 1 2 3 4 = 44 *1.07*0.80*1*1.30=48.96 m/s

Wind pressure = 0.6 2 = 0.6 48.962 = 1.438 /2

Design wind pressure =

= Directionality factor=1.0

=Area averaging factor=0.8 [Tributary area > 100 2 ]

= Combination factor=0.8 [Pressure from windward and leeward walls in combination

with positive and negative roof pressures]

Design wind pressure = =1.0 0.8 0.8 1.438 = 0.920 /2

Converting this to a force distributed over a linear dimension and taking note of the fact that
the force is divided equally between 2 frames, Force intensity = 3.75 * = 3.45 /

Consulting IS 875 part III, Table 6, H and L values for wind directions pertaining to
= 0 180 are respectively interpolated as (-0.86, -0.5) and (-0.26, -1.0). The first co-
ordinate refers to H and the second to L for a specific . The slope of the mono-pitch roof is
computed as 17 .

For similar computation in walls, Table 4 of the same code is consulted. It to be noted here
that the walls are non-existent.

3 | Authors: Karthik S Udupa, Shashank B Naik, Pradeep B K, S A Aditya

 [INSDAG PROJECT REPORT 2012] Group 6

i) 10 m wall
= 16.4
= 7.5
Considering = 90, i.e. the wind strikes the wall normally, for the opposite 10 m
walls are found to be (0.7, -0.1). The important point to be understood here is that the
second co-ordinate is computed for the 10m wall, though in reality it is for a 5 m wall.

ii) 5 m wall
The same value of (0.7, -0.1) is obtained. [h/w ratios fall in the same range of 0.5-1.5]

2 loading combinations are possible depending on the sway towards the left or towards
the right. They are depicted as under, with the external coefficients displayed.

Loading Combination 1

4 | Authors: Karthik S Udupa, Shashank B Naik, Pradeep B K, S A Aditya

 [INSDAG PROJECT REPORT 2012] Group 6

Loading Combination 2
The permeability of the structure is assumed to lie in the 5-20 % range. So the coefficient
of internal pressure, = 0.5.

Since there are 2 loading combinations and two values of the internal pressure
coefficient, a total of 4 loading cases are possible. They are displayed below.

Loading combination 1:
A B C D
0.5 -0.1-0.5=-0.6 -0.5-0.5=-1.0 -1.36 +0.2
-0.5 +0.4 0 -0.36 +1.2

Loading combination 2:
A B C D
0.5 0.7-0.5=0.2 -1.5 -0.76 -0.6
-0.5 1.2 -0.5 +0.24 +0.4

5 | Authors: Karthik S Udupa, Shashank B Naik, Pradeep B K, S A Aditya

 [INSDAG PROJECT REPORT 2012] Group 6

Steel works ( Load due to purlins and cleat)

The load intensity due to steel works is estimated as 0.2 /2. Once again as this load is
shared by two portal frames separated by 7.5 , each portal frame is subjected to a load of
7.5
= 0.2 = 0.75 /
2
This is further approximated to a simpler value of 1 /

Roofing load (Load due to cladding) -1.6 thick galvanised

The load intensity due to cladding is estimated as 0.16 /2 . As before, the load gets
divided between the 2 portal frames.
7.5
= 0.16 = 0.6 /
2

Electrical lines load

The load exerted by electrical lines is taken as 0.2 /2 . Since this is divided by the 2
portal frames, the load on a single portal frame is
7.5
= 0.2 = 0.75 /
2

The computed un-factored loads are tabulated below:

Dead Load 2.2 /

Live Load 2.26 /
Steel Works Load 1.0 /
Roof Load 0.6 /
Electrical Lines Load 0.75 /

The analysis of the 2-D portal frame has been done using the software SAP 2000.
Two loading combinations were considered as mentioned earlier.
Illustrations depicting forces and bending moments at joints, ends and critical sections for
both the loading conditions are depicted below.

Earthquake Load
The city of Mumbai is located in a region of seismic zone factor of 0.16.

The soil is of Type II (This is assumed because data in this regard has not been provided)

Importance factor-1.0

Load direction- Same as Loading Combination 2

Response Reduction Factor-5 [According to Table 7 of IS 1893-2002, under Steel Moment

Resisting Frame]

6 | Authors: Karthik S Udupa, Shashank B Naik, Pradeep B K, S A Aditya

 [INSDAG PROJECT REPORT 2012] Group 6

An approximate time period is calculated using the empirical relation provided in the code
under Clause 7.6.1
= 0.085 0.75
h in the above equation stands for height of the structure under consideration, so h is
taken as 10 . With this value, the time period ( ) is found to be 0.48.

The above mentioned parameters are requested by the SAP 2000 Program for applying
earthquake loads onto the structure. Hence only such parameters have been identified in
this report.

Now since all the required loads have been obtained, various combinations among those are
input into SAP 2000 Program for analysis. The member forces and bending moments are
listed for each combination. The highest value for each member is chosen for design of that
member. The combinations possible are shown below.

Load Combination Dead load Live Load Wind Load Combinations Earthquake load
No. Wind 1 Wind 2 Wind 3 Wind 4
1 1.5 1.5 - - - - -
2 1.2 1.2 1.2 - - - -
3 1.2 1.2 - 1.2 - - -
4 1.2 1.2 - - 1.2 - -
5 1.2 1.2 - - - 1.2 -
6 1.5 - 1.5 - - - -
7 1.5 - - 1.5 - - -
8 1.5 - - - 1.5 - -
9 1.5 - - - - 1.5 -
10 0.9 - 1.5 - - - -
11 0.9 - 1.5 - - -
12 0.9 - - - 1.5 - -
13 0.9 - - - - 1.5 -
14 1.5 1.5 - - - - 1.5
15 1.5 - - - - 1.5

Design
The design aspects of this structure have been dealt with in the Design Booklet.

Sustainability
The proposed railway shelter design has all the makings of a sustainable structure. It allows plenty of
light of air to pass through. Provisions can be made for installing solar panels atop the portal frames.
With portal frames occupying 2 different orientations through the length of the platform, solar
panels can very efficiently catch the suns rays. [During specific periods of the day, the sun occupies
different periods of the sky. By adopting 2 configurations, sunlight capture is maximised]. Rain water
can also be harvested.

7 | Authors: Karthik S Udupa, Shashank B Naik, Pradeep B K, S A Aditya

 [INSDAG PROJECT REPORT 2012] Group 6

Since the new design uses steel as well, the old steel can be salvaged to form the new members. This
amounts to a tremendous savings in terms of cost.

As rightly quoted in the beginning this design if implemented will introduce a new era if Indian
Railways.

8 | Authors: Karthik S Udupa, Shashank B Naik, Pradeep B K, S A Aditya