MAPUA UNIVERSITY

American Society of Mechanical Engineers Mapa Student Section

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Air-conditioning Engineers Mapa Student
Branch

EXIT REVIEW
1Q 2017 2018

MATH 22-1
Exit Review | ASME x ASHRAE
1Q 2017 - 2018

I. CONCEPTS
Derivatives of Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions.
All derivatives of circular trigonometric functions can be found using those of sin(x) and
cos(x). The quotient rule is then implemented to differentiate the resulting expression. Finding
the derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions involves using implicit differentiation and
the derivatives of regular trigonometric functions. The same is true for hyperbolic functions. For
formulas, see III. FORMULA SHEET, LIST OF CONSTANTS.
Anti-Derivative/ Integration
In calculus, an antiderivative, primitive function, primitive integral or indefinite integral
of a function f is a differentiable function F whose derivative is equal to the original function f.
This can be stated symbolically as F = f. The process of solving for antiderivatives is called
antidifferentiation (or indefinite integration) and its opposite operation is called differentiation,
which is the process of finding a derivative.
Antiderivatives are related to definite integrals through the fundamental theorem of
calculus: the definite integral of a function over an interval is equal to the difference between the
values of an antiderivative evaluated at the endpoints of the interval
Finding antiderivatives of elementary functions is often considerably harder than finding their
derivatives. For some elementary functions, it is impossible to find an antiderivative in terms of
other elementary functions. See the articles on elementary functions and nonelementary integral
for further information.
There are various methods available:
the linearity of integration allows us to break complicated integrals into simpler ones
integration by substitution, often combined with trigonometric identities or the natural
logarithm
the inverse chain rule method, a special case of integration by substitution
integration by parts to integrate products of functions
the method of partial fractions in integration allows us to integrate all rational functions
(fractions of two polynomials)
trigonometric transformation
Integration Techniques (important concepts)
Trigonometric Transformation
Case 1 : Consider t he integrand

sin u du or cos n u du where n is any positive odd integer

n

use the identity : sin n u cos n u 1

Exit Review | ASME x ASHRAE
1Q 2017 - 2018

Case 2 : Consider t he integrand

sin u du or cos n u du where n is any positive even integer

n

1
use the identity : sin n u 1 cos 2u
2
1
cos n u 1 cos 2u
2

Case 3 : If the intergrand contains the product of sine and cosine

sin u cos m u du where at least

n
functions of the form
one of the m or n is a positive odd integer, employ the
same technique as that of Case 1. If both integers are even, use case 2

Case 4 : If the intergrand has any of the following form :

sin au cos bu du; cos au cos bu du; sin au sin bu du

Use the following transform ations :

sin cos sin sin

1
2
cos sin sin sin
1
2
sin sin cos cos
1
2
cos cos cos cos
1
2
where au and bu

Integration by parts steps:

Choose u and v (apply LIATHE)

Differentiate u: u'
Integrate v: v dx
Put u, u' and v dx into: uv dx u' (v dx) dx
Simplify and solve
Exit Review | ASME x ASHRAE
1Q 2017 - 2018

Trigonometric Substitution

A change of variable in which a trigonometric function is substituted for the variable of

integration is called a trigonometric substitution. In many cases, this type of substitution
is used, like algebraic substitution to rationalize certain irrational integrands. However, It
can also be used in some cases to simplify the integrand even if no radicals are present.

If the integrand contains the combination :

let u= a sin

+ let u= a tan

let u=a sec

In all cases, a is a constant. It is easy to show that each of the above substitutions will
reduced the corresponding combination to a perfect square. Thus,

becomes

+ becomes

becomes

If the integrand involves only the square root of any of the combinations, it is
automatically rationalized by the substitution prescribed.

Reciprocal Substitution

Another substitution which is quite useful is = , = which is called reciprocal

substitution. This method unlike the previous substitution will not convert an irrational
integrand to a rational one. However, when it is indicated, this substitution will transform the
integral so that generally the integration formulas can be applied.
Half Angle Substitution
An integral which is a rational functions of the trigonometric function of an angle u can be
1
transformed by means of the substitution = 2 , which is equivalent to the relations:
2 1 2 2
= 1+ 2 , = 1+ 2, = 1+ 2
Exit Review | ASME x ASHRAE
1Q 2017 - 2018

Algebraic Substitution
If the substitution involves only algebraic terms, it is called an algebraic substitution.
Generally, the purpose of algebraic substitution is to rationalize irrational integrands. Thus, this
type of substitution usually involves replacement of radical expression by a new variable.

II. SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Provide at least 10 problems for the participants. Choose carefully the type and solving
approach for each problem to maximize the learning of the participants.
Exit Review | ASME x ASHRAE
1Q 2017 - 2018

III. FORMULA SHEET, LIST OF CONSTANTS