LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 10.

2:315-374, 2009
2009-0-010-002-000292-1

1.

1999
2000
1997a, 2003 1998, 2000 1999 2007

*



(NSC 94-2411-H-
017-006, NSC 96-2411-H-017-012)


(Sluicing)
1
(1999)

(1999)

cima-an
(i) cima-an (tu) cima-an
i cuwa
[NP i cuwa (a NP)] i cuwa-ay(i) hacuwa-
(ay)hakuwa-(ay)anu hacuwaanu hakuwapina-(ay) pa-pina-(ay)
i cuwa-ay -ay
i hacuwa-ay i hakuwa-ay pina
hakuwa
() maan

(Subjacency condition)
(Island effect) (1998)

1
1947





2
Starosta 1988 2006, 2007Holmer
2006 2004 2003

316


(1997a)

(1994b)

(1999)

(2007)

(Minimal Binding Requirement, MBR)

(Li 1992, Aoun & Li 1993) (Unselective binding)
1994b, 1997a, 1997bQ(Q-operator)
[Spec, CP] (Wh(x))
[Q]

(Polarity item without quantificational force)

Nishigauchi 1986,
1990Cheng 1991 1994b

(IP)
pro-drop
[pro () ]

317


2.

cimanimacima-an maan
i (saka-)cuwa-(ay)(i) hacuwa-(ay)(i) hakuwa-(ay) (pa)-pina-(ay)
maan

2.1 cimanimacima-anmaan

cimanimacima-an

(1998) (1999)
-i- c-
k-n- c--an
t-
maan
maan
tu ku t- k- -u
maan
cimanimacima-an

3
1 2 3 Acc AF
Asp Cau CN Comp Dat
Det Emp Ex Fac Fut Gen
IF LF Lnk Loc Neg Nom

318


(1) a. mi-sti-ay cima ci Kulas-an?4

AF--Fac .Nom PPN Kulas-Dat
Kulas
b. ma-sti-ay ni Kulas cima?
PF--Fac Gen Kulas .Nom
Kulas

(1)
cima (1a)
cima (1b)
cima

(2)

(2) a. ma-sti-ay nima ci Kulas?

PF--Fac .Gen Nom Kulas
Kulas
b. mi-sti-ay ci Kulas cima-an?
AF--Fac Nom Kulas -Dat
Kulas

(2a) Kulas nima

(2b) cima-an
cima-an
5 -an (2b)

Obl PF Poss PPN Prep P QP

Red S Top
4
-ancitu u
(2006) [ci -an] ci- PPN -an Dat ci-
Nom ci (2) -ci Nom-PPN Nom ci
Nom -an PF (5) mi--an LF (11)
Applicative locativeLA
tu Acc 5 tu Prep
cima-an tu (27e) tu u CN
(22) u U
5
cima-an
tu

319


Kulas Kulas (/)cima-an

i
(3a) (i) cima-an
(3b) cima-an pa-aca
(Goal)
(3c-c) cima-an 6

(3) a. ma-futi kisu (i) cima-an?

AF- .Nom Prep -Dat

b. (i) cima-an kisu ma-futi?
Prep -Dat .Nom AF-

c. cima-an pa-aca kisu tu futing?7
-Dat Cau- .Nom Acc

c. pa-aca cima-an kisu tu futing?
Cau- -Dat .Nom Acc

c. pa-aca kisu cima-an tu futing?
Cau- .Nom -Dat Acc

(2000:75) cima-an (3c-c)

(i) ma-sti ci Kulas tu cima-an?

MA- Nom Kulas Prep -Dat
Kulas
6
(2006:90) cimanan cima-an who.Dat
(Role and Reference Grammar, RRG) cimanan
mi-caliw AV-borrow
i (2006:83, 3.17) (i)
cimanan
7
pa- (Causative) 2000, 2006 1987 1988 Cau
(16) (17) pa-pina pa- Ca
Red

320


(cima) (4a)
cima-an
cima ku
cima-an (2b)
cima-an

cima-an (4c)
(4a) cima-an
ulah ma-
2003:9
(4a) mi-ulah
ma-ulah (4b)

(4) a. ??cima-an mi-ulah kisu?

-Dat AF- .Nom

b. ma-ulah kisu cima-an?
AF- .Nom -Dat

c. ma-futi kisu cima-an?
AF- .Nom -Dat

maan
ku nu tu (5) 8

(5) a. mi-kaen-an ni Kulas ku maan?

MI--PF Gen Kulas Nom
Kulas

8
maan
maan manan what thing maan
(non-D-linked) manan (D-linked)

321


b. k<um>aen-ay ci Kulas tu maan?

<AF>-Fac Nom Kulas Acc
Kulas
c. ma-sti-ay nu maan ci Kulas?
PF--Fac Gen Nom Kulas
Kulas

cimanimacima-an maan
cima-an
(wh-in-situ)
1999

2.2 i (saka-)cuwa-(ay)

cima-an i cuwai
cuwa-ayi saka-cuwai saka-cuwa-ay cima-an
i cuwa cima-an i tu
i (saka-)cuwa-(ay) i i cuwa
i cuwa sakaay

(6) a. ma-lahuk kisu i cuwa-(*ay)?

AF- .Nom Prep -Fac

b. ma-lahuk i cuwa-(*ay) kisu?
AF- Prep -Fac .Nom

c. i cuwa-(ay) ma-lahuk kisu?
Prep -Fac AF- .Nom

d. i saka-cuwa-(ay) mi-letek ci Kulas?
Prep --Fac AF- Nom Kulas
Kulas ()

322


e. mi-letek [i saka-cuwa /*i saka-cuwa-ay] ci Kulas?

AF- Prep - Prep --Fac Nom Kulas
Kulas ()

(6) i cuwa i cuwa-ay

i cuwa -ay -ay
i cuwa-ay
9

i cuwa
(6c-d)saka i saka-cuwa/ i saka-cuwa-ay
(6d-e)i cuwa
(wh-movement)
i (saka-)cuwa-ay
10

9
-ay (2003, 2006) Fac
(factual marker) -ay

-ay (6c-d) (7)
(1986) -ay (aspectual marker) (1995)
(nominalizer) (2007) (2003,
2006) -ay
Fac (6c-d)

10
-ay

(ia) -ay
(ib)
(i) a. -tara (i) Pusung ci Kulas.
AF- Prep Nom Kulas
Kulas
b. i Pusung-ay ku luma ni Kulas.
Prep -Fac Nom Gen Kulas
Kulas

323


(7) a. i cuwa-(ay) (a) ma-lahuk kisu?

Prep -Fac Lnk AF- .Nom

b. i saka-cuwa-(ay) (a) mi-letek ci Kulas?
Prep --Fac Lnk AF- Nom Kulas
Kulas ()

(7) a VP-a-VP ([i (saka-)cuwa-

ay (a) VP]) 11
(8)

(8) a. i cuwa (a kilang) ku la-letek-en aku?

Prep Lnk Nom Red--PF .Gen
()
b. i cuwa-ay (a kilang) ku mi-letek-an aku?
Prep -Fac Lnk Nom MI--PF .Gen
()
c. i saka-cuwa-(ay) (a kilang) ku la-letek-en ni Kulas?
Prep --Fac Lnk Nom Red--PF Gen Kulas
Kulas

(
)() a kilang
kilang [NP i (saka)
cuwa-(ay) (a kilang)]12

11
(2003) a i cuwa
a (7) [VP-a-VP] (8) [VP-a-NP]
(6a-b) i cuwa
12
(8a) a Comp i cuwa
(i) i cuwa
i cuwa-(ay) kilang (1995)
i cuwa-(ay) (Coordination) (Apposition) a
inu (1996:17) inu

324


2.3 (i) hacuwa-(ay) (i) hakuwa-(ay)

hacuwa hakuwa
pina
hacuwa 1999 2000
hakuwa 200013
anu hacuwa(i) hacuwa-(ay)anu
hakuwa (i) hakuwa-(ay) anu i 14 -ay
i cuwa-ay -ay 15
hacuwa (9a) (9a-a)
(9b-b) anu hacuwa anu hacuwa

anu hacuwa anu anu

hacuwa (9a) hacuwa
a
hacuwa
(9c-c) (9d-d) (9c) (i) hacuwa-ay
i cuwa-ay (9c) i -ay
(i) hacuwa-ay
a VP-a-VP (9d) -ay ma-
lahuk i hacuwa -ay i
(9d-d) i hacuwa

(i) i cuwa [CP a kilang ku la-letek-en aku]?

Prep Comp Nom Red--PF .Gen
()
13
hacuwa/hakuwa
hacuwa/hakuwa
14
(1999) (2000) na i hakuwa i hacuwa/i hakuwa
anu i -ay *anu-i-hacuwa-(ay)
15
anu i (2007:28-32) i na-cila a nu-
cila na- nu- i
a a nu anu i i
i
i lumai papacem -ay i
-ay

325


16 hacuwa -ay anu i

hacuwa hacuwa i hacuwa-ay
anu hacuwa i hacuwa VP-
a-VP (9b-b) (9d-d)17
(10) anu papacem i nacila-
(ay)

(9) a. hacuwa (a) ma-lahuk kisu?

Lnk AF- .Nom

a. * ma-lahuk hacuwa kisu?
AF- .Nom

a. * ma-lahuk kisu hacuwa?
AF- .Nom

b. anu hacuwa (*a) ma-lahuk kisu?
Fut Lnk AF- .Nom

b. ma-lahuk anu hacuwa kisu?
AF- Fut .Nom

b. ma-lahuk kisu anu hacuwa?
AF- .Nom Fut

c. (i) hacuwa-ay (a) ma-lahuk kisu?
Prep -Fac Lnk AF- .Nom

16
i cuwa i hacuwa i i cuwa i
cuwa i hacuwa i hakuwa i
i hacuwa/hakuwa
17
(9b, d) (9a, c) a 11 a
[VP-a-VP] (9a, c) [Adjunct-a-VP] (9b, d) (anu/i)
hacuwa a

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c. * ma-lahuk kisu i hacuwa-ay?

AF- .Nom Prep -Fac

d. i hacuwa (*a) ma-lahuk-*(ay) kisu?
Prep Lnk AF--Fac .Nom

d. ma-lahuk-*(ay) i hacuwa kisu?
AF--Fac Prep .Nom

d. ma-lahuk-*(ay) kisu i hacuwa?
AF--Fac .Nom Prep

(10) a. anu papacem talumah ci Kulas.
Fut AF- Nom Kulas
Kulas
a. talumah anu papacem ci Kulas.
AF- Fut Nom Kulas
Kulas
a. talumah ci Kulas anu papacem.
AF- Nom Kulas Fut
Kulas
b. talumah-ay i nacila ci Kulas.
AF--Fac Prep Nom Kulas
Kulas
b. talumah-ay ci Kulas i nacila.
AF--Fac Nom Kulas Prep
Kulas
c. i nacila-ay ci Kulas (a) talumah.
Prep -Fac Nom Kulas Lnk AF-
Kulas

(11) hacuwaanu hacuwai hacuwa i hacuwa-ay

327


i cuwa
[NP (i/anu hacuwa-(ay) (a tuki)]
a tuki
rumiad i cuwa-(ay)

(11) a. (u) hacuwa (a tuki) ku ka-lahuk-an isu?18

CN Lnk Nom KA--LF .Gen

b. anu hacuwa (a tuki) ku ka-lahuk-an isu?
Fut Lnk Nom KA--LF .Gen

c. i hacuwa (a tuki) ku ka-lahuk-an isu?
Prep Lnk Nom KA--LF .Gen

d. (i) hacuwa-ay (a tuki) ku ka-tayni-an ni Kulas?
Prep -Fac Lnk Nom KA--LF Gen Kulas
Kulas

hacuwa/hakuwa
hacuwa hakuwa
19
anu i hakuwa i hakuwa
anu hakuwa hakuwa (12a-b)(12c)
hakuwa tu hakuwa
-ay (12d-e) hakuwa
20

18
ka- pi- (Imperative) 1995, 2000, 2006 1988
(1995, 2006) -an sa-
KA- PI-
19
hakuwa hacuwa
20
paysu
(i) mi-ala ci Kulas tu hakuwa a paysu?
AF- Nom Kulas Acc Lnk
Kulas

328


(12) a. * mi-ala ci Kulas tu anu/ i hakuwa?

AF- Nom Kulas Acc Fut Prep
Kulas
b. * i hakuwa-(ay) (a) mi-ala ci Kulas?
Prep -Fac Lnk AF- Nom Kulas
Kulas
c. mi-ala ci Kulas tu hakuwa-(*ay)?
AF- Nom Kulas Acc -Fac
Kulas
d. * ma-lahuk kisu hakuwa-(ay)?
AF- .Nom -Fac
()
e. * hakuwa-(ay) (a) mi-ala ci Kulas?
-Fac Lnk AF- Nom Kulas
Kulas

hakuwa-(ay)
(13a)
21 (13b) i
hakuwa 22 (13c-d) ku
[NP hacuwa-(ay) (a )]

(13) a. * hakuwa-(ay) ku ka-lahuk-an isu?

-Fac Nom KA--LF .Gen

b. * i hakuwa-(ay) ku mi-ala-an ni Kulas?
Prep -Fac Nom MI--PF Gen Kulas
Kulas

21
(i)
(i) hakuwa-ay ku aca nu ka-lahuk-an isu?
-Fac Nom Gen KA--LF .Gen

22
(13b) (13b) Kulas
i hakuwa-(ay) i
hakuwa-(ay) i

329


c. hakuwa (a kilang) ku la-letek-en ni Kulas?

Lnk Nom Red--PF Gen Kulas
Kulas
d. hakuwa-ay (a paysu) ku mi-ala-an ni Kulas?
-Fac Lnk Nom MI--PF Gen Kulas
Kulas

hakuwa hacuwa hakuwa hacuwa

(14a) (14a-a)i hakuwa-ay
(14b-c) anu hakuwa (14d-d) hakuwa
(15) hacuwa

(14) a. (u) hakuwa ma-lahuk kisu?

CN AF- .Nom

a. * ma-lahuk hakuwa kisu?
AF- .Nom

a. * ma-lahuk kisu hakuwa?
AF- .Nom

b. * ma-lahuk kisu i hakuwa-(ay)?
AF- .Nom Prep -Fac
()
c. i hakuwa-(ay) (a) -tayni ci Kulas?
Prep -Fac Lnk AF- Nom Kulas
Kulas
d. anu hakuwa -tayni ci Kulas?
Fut AF- Nom Kulas
Kulas
d. -tayni anu hakuwa ci Kulas?
AF- Fut Nom Kulas
Kulas

330


d. -tayni ci Kulas anu hakuwa?

AF- Nom Kulas Fut
Kulas
(15) a. hakuwa (a tuki) ku ka-tayni-an ni Kulas?
Lnk Nom KA--LF Gen Kulas
Kulas
b. i hakuwa-(ay) (a tuki) ku ka-tayni-an ni Kulas?
Prep -Fac Lnk Nom KA--LF Gen Kulas
Kulas

hacuwa hakuwa
anu hacuwaanu hakuwa i hacuwa

cimanimamaan cima-an
i cuwa hacuwa/hakuwa

2.4 (pa)-pina-(ay)

pina hacuwa/hakuwa pina

Ca pa- -ay
pina hakuwa tu
-ay (16a)
-ay (16b)

(16) a. mi-ala kisu *(tu) pina-(*ay) (a futing)?

AF- .Nom Acc -Fac Lnk

b. pa-pina-ay (a) -tara kamu?
Red--Fac Lnk AF- .Nom

-ay

331


(17) a. pa-pina (a tamdaw) ku -tara?

Red- Lnk Nom AF-

b. pa-pina-ay (a tamdaw) ku -tara-ay?
Red--Fac Lnk Nom AF--Fac

c. pina (a kulung) ku a-ala-en?
Lnk Nom Red--PF
()
d. pina-ay (a kulung) ku mi-ala-an?
-Fac Lnk Nom MI--PF
()

hakuwa pina hakuwa/pinaku

hakuwa/pina (18b) liteng
hakuwa-ay (18a) mihca-an
pina-ay

(18) a. pina-ay tu ku mihca-an ni Kulas?

-Fac Asp Nom -LF Gen Kulas
Kulas
b. hakuwa-ay ku liteng ni Kulas?
-Fac Nom Gen Kulas
Kulas

2.5 maan

(1999:675) (2000:122) anu/naw

(19a)anu/naw naw
(19b) nao anu
maan
(20a-b) (20a)
(20b) a maan

332


(20c-d) maan
23 maan
sa-maan (20d)
maan

(19) a. anu/naw t<um>angic kisu?

<AF> .Nom

b. nao hatini?


(20) a. mi-maan hatira kisu?
AF- .Nom

b. ma-maan mi-usi tu tilid?
Red- AF- Acc

c. maan (a) mi-ala kisu tu ra impic?
Lnk AF- .Nom Acc Det

d. maan (a) ma-ala isu ku ra impic?
Lnk PF- .Gen Nom Det

e. sa-maan-en pa-sifana ku wawa?24
SA--PF Cau- Nom

25

23
[maan a VP] [mana VP]
24
sa- 2007 SA-
25
(20c-d) ()
(Null internal head) (2003) (20c-d) causal
how (20a-b) maan (20c-d)

333


2.6

(1999)

cima-an
(i) cima-an (tu) cima-an i cuwa
[NP i cuwa (a NP)]
i cuwa-ay(i) hacuwa-(ay)hakuwa-(ay)anu
hacuwaanu hakuwapina-(ay) pa-pina-(ay) i cuwa-ay
-ay i
hacuwa-ay i hakuwa-ay pina hakuwa
() maan

3.

(1998)

(Li 1992,
Aoun & Li 1993) 1994b, 1997a, 1997b

Q [Spec, CP] (Wh(x))[
]
[Q] (1999)

a na
[]maan
causal how ho
mainenu
maan (20c-d)
maan /
(20a-b) maan

334


3.1 (1999)

(1999)

(CNPC)

(1982a, 1982b) LF
whwh
Aoun & Li (1993)Cheng (1991)Li (1992)
(1994b, 1997a, 1997b)
(Wh(x))
LF
OP

(21a) nima
26 nima
(21b)
masamaan maan

(21c)

26
Aki

335


(Multiple questions) 1999:140

27

(21) a. mi-halaten ci Aki [NP(CNPC) tuya suwal [CP OPi [tuya

AF- Nom Aki .Acc .Acc
pi-takaw nimai tu rarusidan aku.]]]
PI- .Gen Acc .Gen
Aki believes that claim about exactly who stole my stuff.
Aki
b. sa-kafanaan kura kayin [CP OPi[IP(wh-island) masamaan ma-cikay
AF- .Nom AF-
i lalan ku maan.]]
Prep Nom
That lady wonders what runs fast on the road and how.

c. mi-halaten ci Panay [CP OPi [cleft-WH cima]i [(wh-island) ku
AF- Nom Panay .Nom Nom
mi-lamlam-ay cimaan-an]]?
AF--Fac -Dat
Whom does Panay think about the situation it is this who that mingles
ith?
Panay

3.2

27

336


cimanimacima-an maan

(22)

(22) (22a, e, g, h)
(22b) (22c, d, f)
maan
(antecedent government)
maan
maan

(1997a, 2003)

(22) 28
a. [cima ku -tara tukus] nga u ngaay-ay?
Nom AF- U -Fac
Who is the person x such that it is more appropriate [for x to go to the
mountain]?

b. [mi-aca cingra tu maan] nga u ngaay-ay?
AF- .Nom Acc U -Fac
What is the thing x such that it is more appropriate [for him to buy x]?

28

(22a) (i)
(i) nga u ngaay-ay [cima ku -tara tukus].
U -Fac Nom AF-
What is the person x such that it is more appropriate [for x to go to the mountain]?

337


c. [anu hacuwa -tayni cingra] nga u sa-ngaay-ay?

Fut AF- .Nom U SA--Fac
When is the time x such that it is more appropriate [for him to come at x]?

d. [i cuwa pa-luma cingra] nga u sa-ngaay-ay?
Prep Cau- .Nom U SA--Fac
Where is the place x such that it is best [for him to live in x]?

e. [pina a tingting ku mi-dateng-an nira] nga u sa-ngaay-ay?
Lnk Nom MI--PF .Gen U SA--Fac
What is the number of jin of vegetable x such that it is more appropriate
[for him to collect x]?
29
f. [maan a -tara tukus cingra] nga u ngaay-ay?
Lnk AF- .Nom U -Fac
What is the reason x such that it is more appropriate [for him to go to
the mountain for x]?
*
g. [[u maan ku saka-tayra ira] -tara tukus] nga u ngaay-ay?
CN Nom IF- .Gen AF- U -Fac
What is the purpose x such that it is more appropriate [for him to go to
the mountain for x]?

h. [sa-maan han ira -tara tukus] nga u ngaay-ay?
SA- HAN .Gen AF- U -Fac
What is the means x such that it is more appropriate [for him to go to
the mountain by x]?
*

(23)

29

0.6

338


(23)
a. u [pa-fli nima a terung] ku mi-layap-an ni Kulas?
CN Cau- .Gen Lnk Nom MI--PF Gen Kulas
Who is the person x such that Kulas received the present that x gave?
Kulas
b. u [-ciriku-ay tu maan a kapah] ku ka-ulah-an
CN AF--Fac Acc Lnk Nom KA--PF
ni Kulas?
Gen Kulas
What is the clothes x such that Kulas likes the young men who wear x?
Kulas
c. u [nu hacuwa a mi-paluma-an ni Panay a pawli] ku
CN Gen Lnk MI--PF Gen Panay Lnk Nom
ka-ulah-an ni Kulas?
KA--PF Gen Kulas
When is the time x such that Kulas likes the bananas that Panay planted
in x?
Kulas Panay
d. u [mi-paluma-an ni Panay i cuwa a pawli] ku
CN MI--PF Gen Panay prep Lnk Nom
ka-ulah-an ni Kulas?
KA--PF Gen Kulas
Where is the place x such that Kulas likes the bananas Panay planted in x?
Kulas Panay
e. [u maan a sa-pi-palumaaw a harateng ni Panay tu
CN Lnk SA-PI- Lnk Gen Panay Acc
ku pawli] ka-ulah-an ni Kulas?
Nom KA--PF Gen Kulas
What is the reason x such that Kulas likes the bananas Panay planted
for x?
*Kulas Panay

339


f. [u maan a lalok ni Panay a mi-paluma tu pawli]

CN Lnk Gen Panay Lnk AF- Acc
ku ka-ulah-an ni Kulas?
Nom KA--PF Gen Kulas
What is the purpose x such that Kulas likes the bananas Panay planted
for x?
Kulas Panay
g. [u pina a tingting a mi-runic-an tu dating] ku
CN Lnk Lnk MI--PF Acc Nom
ka-ulah-an ni Kulas?
KA--PF Gen Kulas
What is the number of jin of vegetables x such that Kulas likes the
salted vegetables that were made from x?
Kulas
h. [u mi-sa-maan-an a mi-runic a dateng-an] ku
CN MI-SA--PF Lnk AF- Lnk -Loc Nom
ka-ulah-an ni Kulas?
KA--PF Gen Kulas
What is the manner x such that Kulas likes the vegetables that were
salted in x?
Kulas

30

30
(24) (25) tu (direct quote) (1995,
2000, 2006) saan
sanay (2005) sanay/si

(25a) mi-licay-ay (25b-g) sa-kafanaan nanaytu
(24) pa-ka-sulin-ay
mi-licay-ays<um>uwal pa-suwal tu
sanay
tu

340


(24)
a. pa-ka-sulin-ay ci Kulas tu [[u cima ku mi-lepel-ay
Cau-KA--Fac Nom Kulas Acc CN Nom AF--Fac
tu fafuy] sanay a suwal]?
Acc Lnk
Who is the person x such that Kulas believes [the story [that x caught
the pig]]?
Kulas
b. pa-ka-sulin-ay ci Kulas tu [[u maan ku ma-lepel-ay
Cau-KA--Fac Nom Kulas Acc CN Nom PF--Fac
ni Panay] sanay a suwal]?
Gen Panay Lnk
What is the thing x such that Kulas believes [the story [that Panay
caught x]]?
Kulas Panay
c. pa-ka-sulin-ay ci Kulas tu [[i hacuwa-ay ma-lepel
Cau-KA--Fac Nom Kulas Acc Prep -Fac PF-
ni Panay ku fafuy] sanay a suwal]?
Gen Panay Nom Lnk
When is the time x such that Kulas believes [the story [that Panay caught
the pig in x]]?
Kulas Panay
d. pa-ka-sulin-ay ci Kulas tu [[i cuwa-ay a ma-lepel
Cau-KA--Fac Nom Kulas Acc Prep -Fac Lnk PF-
ni Kulas ku fafuy ] sanay a suwal]?
Gen Kulas Nom Lnk
Where is the place x such that Kulas believes [the story [that Panay
caught the pig in x]]?
Kulas Panay

341


e. pa-ka-sulin-ay ci Kulas tu [[maan a ma-lepel ni

Cau-KA--Fac Nom Kulas Acc Lnk PF- Gen
Panay ku fafuy] sanay a suwal]?
Panay Nom Lnk
What is the reason x such that Kulas believes [the story [that Panay
caught the pig for x]]?
*Kulas Panay
f. pa-ka-sulin-ay ci Kulas tu [[u pa-ka-maan-ay ku
Cau-KA--Fac Nom Kulas Acc CN Cau-KA--Fac Nom
sa-ka-pa-ka-pi-lepel ni Panay tu fafuy] sanay a suwal]?
SA-KA-Cau-KA-PI- Gen Panay Acc Lnk
What is the purpose x such that Kulas believes [the story [that Panay
caught the pig for x]]?
Kulas Panay
g. pa-ka-sulin-ay ci Kulas tu [[hakuwa-ay ku ma-lepel-ay
Cau-KA--Fac Nom Kulas Acc -Fac Nom PF--Fac
ni Panay a fafuy] sanay a suwal]?
Gen Panay Lnk Lnk
What is the number of pig x such that Kulas believes [the story [that
Panay caught x]]?
Kulas Panay
h. pa-ka-sulin-ay ci Kulas tu [[sa-maan han ni Panay
Cau-KA--Fac Nom Kulas Acc SA- HAN Gen Panay
a ma-lepel ku fafuy] sanay a suwal]?
Lnk PF-catch Nom Lnk
What is the means x such that Kulas believes [the story [that Panay
caught the pig by x]]?
*Kulas Panay

(25)

342


(25)
a. mi-licay-ay ci Kulas ci Panay-an tu [[u cima ku
AF--Fac Nom Kulas PPN Panay-Dat Acc CN Nom
mi-aca-ay tu maan] sanay]?
AF--Fac Acc
What is the thing x such that Kulas asks Panay [who bought x]?
Kulas Panay
b. sa-kafanaan nanay ci Kulas tu [[u cima ku mi-aca-ay
SA- Nom Kulas Acc CN Nom AF--Fac
tu maan] sanay]?
Acc
What is the thing x such that Kulas wonders [who bought x]?
Kulas
c. sa-kafanaan nanay ci Kulas tu [[maan a mi-aca tu
SA- Nom Kulas Acc Lnk AF- Asp
cima tu tilid] sanay]?
.Nom Acc
Who is the person x such that Kulas wonders [why x bought books]?
Kulas
d. sa-kafanaan nanay ci Kulas tu [[sa-maan han nu cima
SA- Nom Kulas Acc SA- Han Gen
ku pi-usi tu tilid] sanay]?
Nom PI- Acc
Who is the person x such that Kulas wonders [how x read books]?
Kulas
e. sa-kafanaan nanay ci Kulas tu [[i cuwa-ay ci
SA- Nom Kulas Acc prep -Fac Nom
Panay a mi-aca tu maan] sanay]?
Panay Lnk AF- Acc
What is the thing x such that Kulas wonders [where Panay bought x]?
Kulas Panay

343


f. sa-kafanaan nanay ci Kulas tu [[i hacuwa-ay ci

SA- Nom Kulas Acc prep -Fac Nom
Panay a mi-aca tu maan] sanay]?
Panay Lnk AF- Acc
What is the thing x such that Kulas wonders [when Panay bought x]?
Kulas Panay
g. sa-kafanaan nanay ci Kulas tu [[cima ku cifalucu-ay
SA- Nom Kulas Acc Nom -Fac
tu maan a mi-aca sanay tu tilid] sanay]?
prep Lnk AF- Acc
What is the purpose x such that Kulas wonders [who bought books for
x]?
Kulas

(1994a) //

[N]/ [R] [+N]

[N]
[R]

[+N] [+R]

[+N] [+R]
()

[+N] (i)-cima-
ani-hacuwai-hakuwaanu-hacuwa anu-hakuwa [+N] [+R]
31

31
i-cuwa cuwa NP Neg

344


maan
[+N] maan 32

3.3

CED
anu naw

32
(i)


maan
(i) a. * [-tayni-ay cima] maan sa ma-keter ci Kulas?
AF--Fac .Nom SA AF- Nom Kulas
What is the person x such that Kulas got angry [because x came]?
Kulas
b. * [mi-aca-ay tu kisu tu maan] maan sa ma-keter ci Kulas?
AF--Fac Asp .Nom Acc SA AF- Nom Kulas
What is the thing x such that Kulas got angry [because you bought x]?
Kulas
c. * [pa-ka-keter-an isu i hacuwa] maan sa ma-keter ci Kulas?
PA-KA--LF .Gen prep SA AF- Nom Kulas
When is the time x such that Kulas got angry [because you irritated him in x]?
Kulas
d. * [ma-lahuk-ay kisu i cuwa ] maan sa ma-keter ci Kulas.
AF--Fac .Nom prep SA AF- Nom Kulas
Where is the place x such that Kulas got angry [because you ate lunch at x]?
Kulas
e. * [ma-lapui-ay kamu tu sapi-maan-aw ] maan sa ma-keter ci Kulas?
AF--Fac .Nom prep SAPI--AW SA AF- Nom Kulas
What is the purpose x such that Kulas got angry [because you quarreled with him for x]?
Kulas
f. * [k<um>aen-ay kisu tu pina a tingting] maan sa ma-keter ci Kulas?
<AF>-Fac .Nom Acc Lnk SA AF- Nom Kulas
What is the number of jin x such that Kulas got angry [because you ate x]?
Kulas
g. * [sa-maan han isu ku pui cingra-an ] maan sa ku keter ni Kulas?
SA- HAN .Gen Nom -Loc SA Nom Gen Kulas
What is the manner x such that Kulas was angry [because you quarreled with him in x]?
Kulas

345


(1996) (Seediq) [NP[NP/ka]]

ka (1997)
(Seediq) (Kavalan) (subject-
sensitivity) (Keenan
1976, Guilfoyle et al. 1992, Kroeger 1993) (1998, 2000)
(pseudo-cleft)
(equational sentence) zou
(26)33

(26) a. (zou) [NP sia] e- [NP m-i-ta eobak-o ta moo]?

Emp Nom AF-Fac-3S -AF Obl Moo
Moo 2000:3
b. e- [NP m-i-ta eobak-o ta moo ] *(zou) [NP sia]?
Nom AF-Fac-3S -AF Obl Moo Emp
Moo 2000:5

(1999)

(1999)

34

(27) a. (u) cima ku mi-sti-ay ci Kulas-an?

CN Nom AF--Fac PPN Kulas-Dat
Kulas

33
Fac Rea(26) (i)
(i) a. [()] []
b. [] []
[] (26b) []
(ia-b) []
[] []

34

346


b. (u) cima ku ma-sti-ay ni Kulas?

CN Nom PF--Fac Gen Kulas
Kulas
c. nima (a) wawa ku mi-skung-ay ci Calaw-an?
.Poss Lnk Nom AF--Fac PPN Calaw-Dat
Calaw
d. (i) cima-an ku ka-futi-an isu?
Prep -Dat Nom KA--LF .Gen

e. (tu) cima-an ku pi-sti-an isu?
Prep -Dat Nom PI--LF .Gen

f. (u) maan ku mi-kaen-an ni Kulas?
CN Nom MI--PF Gen Kulas
Kulas

(27c) nima nima a wawa

(27d-e) cima-an
i tu
(27) ku

(VS) u35
i tu (27a, c)
(27b, f)
1999

1998, 2000 1999

(headless relative) 1997a, 2003

35
u (1999) (2003:19-20)
/
(28c)

347


(28a)

ku (u)
cima u

Egyptian ArabicBahasa Indonesian

Palaun (Wahba 1984, Saddy 1992, Georgopoulos 1991)
(Cheng 1991)

(28b) (28c)
cima(28b) cima (28c)
cima

(28) a. * ku mi-sti-ay (u) cima ci Kulas-an?

Nom AF--Fac CN .Nom PPN Kulas-Dat
Kulas
b. mi-sti-ay cima ci Kulas-an?
AF--Fac .Nom PPN Kulas-Dat
Kulas
c. (u) cima ku mi-sti-ay ci Kulas-an?
CN Nom AF--Fac PPN Kulas-Dat
Kulas

(26)
(29a-b)
(27a, f) (29b)
(30) u
u (30)
(echo question) u (27a, f)
(28a)

348


(29) a. u wawa ku mi-lamlam-ay tu matuasay.

CN Nom AF--Fac Acc
1999:112
b. u mi-lamlam-ay tu matuasay ku wawa.
CN AF--Fac Acc Nom
1999:112
(30) a ??u mi-sti-ay ci Kulas-an cima?
CN AF--Fac PPN Kulas-Dat .Nom
Kulas
b. ??u mi-kaen-an ni Kulas ku maan?
CN MI--PF Gen Kulas Nom
Kulas

(31)

3
3
3
3 3
3 3
3 3

(31) 1996
1996

1998, 2000
1999 1997
(2004)
(A-position)
Q

349


[+Q]

36

(32)

(32) a. * ci Kulas ku mi-sti-ay cima-an?

PPN Kulas Nom AF--Fac -Dat
Kulas
b. *ci Kulas ku mi-nengneng-ay tu maan?
PPN Kulas Nom AF--Fac Acc
Kulas
c. *ci Kulas ku ma-sti-ay nu maan?
PPN Kulas Nom PF--Fac Gen
Kulas

(1996)
(1999:140)

37

36
(2004)
uninterpretable [uT] Squliq Atayal
interpretable [iT]
[+EPP] [+EPP]
[+EPP]


37

350


3.4

ku
(32a-c) ku
(33a)
(33b)

(33) a. ? cima ku mi-stiay cima-an?

.Nom Nom AF--Fac -Dat

b. mi-sti cima cima-an?38
AF- .Nom -Dat

(32a-c)

ku
(1998, 2000)

(OP) ku (Strong binding)

(Predication) (34) OP
(FP)

(34) [FP [Nominal predicate]i ku [OPi [Subject .(grammatical subject) xi]].

(i)u kaku ku mi-sti-ay cima-an?

CN .Nom Nom AF--Fac -Dat

38
(1992)

351


OPi
(Superiority condition) 39

(CP) (Spec)

(Li 1992, Aoun & Li 1993)

(A-binder) (Aoun & Li 1993)(32a-c)

(32a) cima-an [+Q]

[Q] OPi cima-an [+Q]
[+Q] (Vacuous quantification, May 1977) [Q]
(35)

(35) *[+Q][FP [ci Kulas]i ku [OPi [Subject V-ay cima-an(x) xi]]

(33a) [Q] cima-an

cima

(36) [+Q][FP [ cima(x) ]i ku [OPi [Subject V-ay cima-an(x) xi]]

(35) (36) (35) (36)

39
Chomsky (1973) (Superiority condition) what
(ia)Aoun, Hornstein & Sportiche (1981) ECP
who (ib)
(i) a. * What did who buy?
b. * [[Whoi whatj]j did ti buy tj]
Pesetsky (1982) ECP (ii)
(ii) ?*What did you tell who to read?
Chomsky (1993, 1995) (Economy principle) who
what

352


40 (35) [+Q] [Q]

(36)cima [+Q] cima-an
[Q]

(37) (tu) cima-an cima ku mi-sti-ay?

Prep -Dat .Nom Nom AF--Fac

cima-an cima

(37) cima-an tu
[Q] (36) cima-an [Q]
(33a) (37) (33a) (37)
(33b) (33b)
MBR 41

(38) [+Q] cima(x1).cima-an(x2)

(25)
(25a) (39b) cima maan
[+Q] maan [+Q2]
[+Q1] maan [+Q1] [+Q2] [+Q1]
(Li 1992:142) [Q]

40
(35) (36)
Cheng (1991)
(Clause typing hypothesis) Cheng (1991) (Typed)
(Wh-movement) (Question particle)
(Declarative cleft)
(wh-cleft Interrogative)
(35) (36)
41
(37) (2007)
cima-an tu [+Q] Cheng (1991)


cima-an

353


(39) a. mi-licay-ay ci Kulas ci Panay-an tu [[u cima ku

AF--Fac Nom Kulas PPN Panay-Dat Acc CN Nom
mi-aca-ay tu maan] sanay]?
AF--Fac Acc
What is the thing x such that Kulas asks Panay [who bought x]?
Kulas Panay
b. [+Q1][+Q2].cima(x)..maan(x)..

(39a)
(39a) maan
[Q] cima [+Q2] [+Q1]
maan (39b)cima [+Q2]
maan [+Q1] [Q] (39c)

(39) c. [+Q1][+Q2] cima(x) [[Q]i maan(x)]

(25c, e, f)

(25c) (39d)
[Wh-a-VP] maan
ECP
maan [+Q2]
cima [+Q1] (39e) cima [+Q2] maan
ECP

(39) d. sa-kafanaan nanay ci Kulas tu [[maan a mi-aca tu

SA- Nom Kulas Acc Lnk AF- Asp
cima tu tilid] sanay]?
.Nom Acc
Who is the person x such that Kulas wonders [why x bought books]?
Kulas

354


e. [+Q1][+Q2].[maan(x) a VP] cima(x)

4.

(1997a, 2003) Cole & Hermon (1998)

(1994b)

(49) (50)
(Universal grammar)
Chen & Sung (2005)
(Non-quantificational
force)
(Cheng 1991)
Bruening (2007)
Passamaquoddy

Cole & Hermon (1998)

Passamaquoddy

trigger (Cheng 1991)

355


4.1

(40)
(41a)(Free choice)
mapulung/mamin (41b)

(40) a. aka pi-ala tu maa-maan.

Neg PI- Acc Red-

b. cuwa ka-ulah kaku tu cima-cima.
Neg KA- .Nom Acc Red-

c. A: -tara cuwa kisu?
AF- .Nom

B: cuwa ka-tara cuwa-cuwa kaku.
Neg KA- Red- .Nom

d. cuwa ka-pa-pina ku mi-tahidang-an niyam.
Neg KA-Red- Nom MI--PF .Gen

(41) a. ma-fanaa-ay ku cima-cima sanu Amis i tini.
AF--Fac Nom Red- Prep

b. -tayni ku cima-cima mapulung/mamin.
AF- Nom Red-

ku ku

356


cima-cima sanu

C-

4.2

anu

anu()
i cuwa-cuwa i anu
cuwa (42a) anu
(42b)() anu u
(43a-b) i-cuwa-cuwa i
(43c)

(42) a. anu -tara cuwa-cuwa i, ma-hcad tu.

AF- Red- Top AF- Asp

b. anu sa-maa-maan-en namu i, cuwa ku ma-ma-lahci.
SA-Red--PF .Gen Top Neg Nom Red-AF-

(43) a. anu (u) cima-cima tu ku ma-ma-ngalay i,
CN Red- Asp Nom Red-AF- Top
paayaw-en aku.
-PF .Gen
()
b. anu (u) maa-maan ku ma-ma-kaen isu i,
CN Red- Nom Red-PF- .Gen Top
paayaw-en kisu.
-PF .Nom
()

357


c. anu i cuwa-cuwa ku patay isu i, paayaw-en kisu.

Prep Red- Nom .Gen Top -PF .Nom
()

4.3

(44) anu
(45)42

(44) a. ma-araw ira ku maa-maan i, ala-en ira.

PF- .Gen Nom Red- Top -PF .Gen

b. cima-cima ku cuwa ka-talaw tu kawas i, u nira
Red- Nom Neg KA- Acc Top CN .Gen
ku mi-lafin.
Nom AF-

(45) a. anu ma-sti ira ku cima-cima i, awa cingra.
PF- .Gen Nom Red- Top Neg .Nom

b. anu ira ku ma-neneng-ay isu tu maa-maan, akaca
Ex Nom PF--Fac .Gen Acc Red-
kafana-en kaku.
-PF .Nom

4.4

madeng hatu

42
(2006) anu

358


(46) a. madeng -tayni ku cima-cima ita.

AF- Nom Red- .Gen

b. hatu ira-ay ku maan-maan i tira.
Ex-Fac Nom Red- Prep

c. hatu ira-ay ku pa-pina-pina a tamdaw i tira.
Ex-Fac Nom Red-Red- Lnk Prep

4.5

(1999) (47)

(47) a. u maan ku mi-kaen-an isu, u maan ku

CN Nom PF--PF .Gen CN Nom
ka-kaen-en aku.
Red--PF .Gen

b. anuhahuwa kisu -tayni, anuhakuwa kita -tayra.
.Nom AF- .Nom AF-go

(48)

(1999) (1996)
Cheng &
Huang 1996Lin 1996

359


(48) a. anu i cuwa-cuwa ku patay isu i,

Prep Red- Nom AF- .Gen Top
i tira ku maku.
Prep Nom .Poss

b. anu (u) cima-cima tu ku ma-ma-ngalay i, pa-fli han
CN Red- Asp Nom Red-AF- Top Cau- HAN
aku cingra.
.Gen .Nom

c. anu hakuwa-kuwa ku han isu i,
-Red Nom HAN .Gen Top,
pa-fli-en aku kisu.
Cau--PF .Gen .Nom

(1997a, 2003)

anu (47) (48)

anu (48)

4.6

(49)-(50)

43

43
(57a, b, f)

(57a, b, f)

360


(49)
/

3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3
3 3
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3

(50)

3 3
3 3
3
3 3 3
3 3 3

5.

Cheng (1991) (Clause typing)

(Question particle)
(yes-no particle)
(wh-particle)

Existential closure 44

44
Li (1992) [QOP] [+QOP]

361


Nishigauchi 1986,
1990Cheng 1991 1994b)
Bruening (2007) Cheng (1991) (Clause typing)

(Chomsky 1991)

Bruening Ultan (1978) Dryer (2004)

SOV

Ultan (1978) Dryer (2004)

(2005)
haw hani
45

haw hani
(51) haw haw
haw (52) haw

(51) a. u wina isu ci Kulas (haw)?

CN .Gen Nom Kulas QP
Kulas

45
Willson (2005) Marshallese /

362


b. mi-lisu kisu ci Kulas-an (haw)?

AF- .Nom PPN Kulas-Dat QP
Kulas
(52) a. -kumaen-ay tu maa-maan ci Kulas haw?
AF-eat-Fac Acc Red- Nom Kulas QP
Kulas
b. -tara cuwa-cuwa kisu haw?
AF-go Red- .Nom QP

hani

(53) a. (u) cima cingra (hani)?

CN .Nom QP

b. (u) maan ku a-ala-en isu (hani)?
CN Nom Red--PF .Gen QP

c. i cuwa-ay ku tutu (hani)?
Prep -Fac Nom QP

d. anu hacuwa -tayni ci Kulas (hani)?
Fut AF-come Nom Kulas QP
Kulas

[+Q] QP [Spec, CP] Q
wh(x) Cheng (1991) Q- (Q-morpheme)
C QP Bruening & Tran (2006)
QP (license) (Binder) [+Q]
[+Q] QP (Spec-head agreement)
QP (licenser)[+Q] Cheng

363


(1991) (51)-(53)

46

6.

(IP) pro-drop
[pro () ]

Ross (1969) (deletion)

Postal 1970Merchant 2001
(copying) Wasow 1972Chung, Ladusaw & McCloskey 1995
(54)
([Spec, CP]) ([Spec, FocP])

46
Engdahl (1983) (Parastic gap, pg)
(i)


(i) a. * [(i) ayaw ma-litemuh ni Kulas pgi i], [mi-kufi-an tu cimai?]
Prep PF- Gen Kulas Top PF--PF Asp .Nom
* Kulas
b. *[cimai ku mi-kufi-an tu ni Kulas], [ayaw ma-litemuh pgi ira].
Nom PF-fire-PF Asp Gen Kulas PF- .Gen
Kulas []

364


(54) a. Jack bought something, but I dont know [what [he bought]].
b. Someone called, but I cant tell you [who [called]].

(2004)
pro-drop
[pro () ]

() [[
]][[e]][//[]](55a-b)()
[ []][() []][[]](55c)()
[[]][[]](55d)
(55e-f)

zou (56) sia

zou sia
zou 1998

(55) a. [pro () [e]]

b. [pro () ]
c. [pro () ()]
d. [pro () ]
e. [pro *()]
f. [pro *()]
(56) a. (zou) [NP sia] e- [NP m-i-ta eobak-o ta moo ]?
Emp Nom AF-Fac-3S -AF Obl Moo
Moo 2000:3
b. e- [NP m-i-ta eobak-o ta moo ] *(zou) [NP sia]?
Nom AF-Fac-3S -AF Obl Moo Emp
Moo? 2000:5

365


(57a-b)47 (57c) sa-maan-ay

[VS]
(57d) i cuwa-ay(57e) anu hacuwa
(57f) hatu cima

i
pro-drop 48

(57a, c, d) (58a-c)49

(57) a. ma-araw-ay ni Kulas ku cima a tamdaw, ka anu u cima

PF--Fac Gen Kulas Nom Lnk Fut CN
[ku ma-araw-ay ni Kulas] i, cuwa ka-fana kaku.
Nom PF--Fac Gen Kulas Top Neg KA- .Nom
Kulas

47
Paul & Potsdam (2005) Potsdam (2007) Malagasy

48
pro-drop

Neeleman & Szendri (2007) (agglutination)
Radical pro-drop (KP) (DP) (NP) Radical
pro-drop Kokota
m-akuPoss-k-akuNom-t-akun-anAcc-
Radical pro-drop
49
(58)
(58a) CP(58b) DP(58c) IP

(57b) (57c) DP
Paul & Potsdam (2005) Potsdam (2007) 47

366


b. mi-aca-ay ci Kulas u maan a a-aca-en ira, ka

AF--Fac Nom Kulas Acc Lnk Red--PF .Gen
anu u maan [ku mi-aca-an ni Kulas] i, cuwa
Fut CN Nom PF--PF Gen Kulas Top Neg
ka-fana kaku.
KA- .Nom
Kulas
c. ma-harek-ay tu mi-siking ci Kulas, ka anu sa-maan-ay
AF--Fac Asp AF- Nom Kulas Fut SA--Fac
[ku siking ira] i, cuwa ka-fana kaku.
Nom .Gen Top Neg KA- .Nom
Kulas
d. mi-aca-ay ci Kulas tu luma, ka anu i cuwa-ay
AF--Fac Nom Kulas Acc Fut Prep -Fac
[mi-aca ci Kulas tu luma] i, cuwa ka-fana kaku.
AF- Nom Kulas Acc Top Neg KA- .Nom
Kulas
e. pa-aliwac tu kita, ka aun hacuwa tu [a pa-aliwas
Cau- Asp .Nom Fut Asp Lnk Cau-
kita] i, cuwa ka-fana kaku.
.Nom Top Neg KA- .Nom

f. ma-lahuk-ay hatu cima ci Kulas, ka hatu cima
AF--Fac Nom Kulas
[a ma-lahuk cingra] i, cuwa ka-fanan kaku.
Lnk AF- .Nom Top Neg KA- .Nom
Kulas
(58) a. [anu u cima [CP ku maaraw-ay ni Kulas]]i i, cuwa ka-fana kaku ti.
b. [anu sa-maan-ay [DP ku siking ira]]i i, cuwa ka-fana kaku ti.
c. [anu i cuwa-ay [IP mi-aca ci Kulas tu luma ]i i, cuwa ka-fana kaku ti.

367


(59)


Pro-drop ()

7.

368


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wide scope quantification. Journal of Linguistic Research 1.3:69-95.
Aoun, Joseph, and Y.-H. Audrey Li. 1993. Wh-elements in situ: syntax or LF?
Linguistic Inquiry 24.2:199-238.
Bruening, Benjamin. 2007. Wh-in-situ does not correlate with wh-indefinites or
question particles. Linguistic Inquiry 38.1:139-166.
Bruening, Benjamin, and Thuan Tran. 2006. Wh-questions in Vietnamese. Journal of
East Asian Linguistics 15.4:319-341.
Chang, Melody Ya-yin (). 1998. Wh-constructions and the Problem of Wh-
movement in Tsou. Hsinchu: National Tsing Hua University MA thesis.
Chang, Melody Ya-yin. 2000. On Tsou wh-questions: movement or in situ? Language
and Linguistics 1.2:1-18.
Chang, Melody Ya-yin. 2004. Subjecthood in Tsou Grammar. Hsinchu: National Tsing
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Chang, Henry Y. 2006. The guest playing host: adverbial modifiers as matrix verbs in
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Chang, Henry Y. 2007. On the structure of Formosan adverbial verb. Paper presented at
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Chang, Henry Y. (), Chih-Chen Jane Tang (), and Dah-an Ho ().
1998. A study of noun-class markers in Kavalan. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese
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Chen, Cheng-fu (). 1999. Wh-words as Interrogatives and Indefinites in Rukai.
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[Received 7 May 2008; revised 24 October 2008; accepted 17 December 2008]

Graduate Institute of Taiwanese Cultures and Languages

National Kaohsiung Normal University
116, Heping 1st Road
Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan
tingchiwei@nknucc.nknu.edu.tw

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Wh-interrogatives in Amis

Ting-Chi Wei
National Kaohsiung Normal University

On the basis of past studies on Austronesian interrogatives, this paper

attempts to investigate interrogatives in Amis from the perspective of Universal
Grammar, with a focus on clarifying the wh-in-situ/wh-movement parameter in
this language. Ensuring that strict grammatical categorization fails to describe the
Amis interrogatives correctly, we propose that the investigation of Amis interroga-
tives should start from an analysis of their grammatical functions by taking into
account morphological, syntactic, and semantic factors. The wh-in-situ parameter
of Amis wh-words is obtained after scrutizing various correlative phenomena, such
as the island effect, the wh-cleft, the interaction between the subject-sensitivity
principle and the multiple wh-words, indefinite use and question particles. Even-
tually, given the wh-in-situ parameter, we further propose that Amis sluicing
comes from two crucial factors: the initial wh-in-situ predicative wh-word and the
deletion of the constituents behind the wh-remnants, both of which typologically
differentiate the sluicing of Amis from those of English and Mandarin.

Key words: wh-in-situ, wh-movement, island effect, indefinites, question particle,

sluicing

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