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Civil Structures II. Z. Zembaty and M. De Stefano. Cham, Springer International
Publishing: 159-169.
It is well known that the axial load can largely vary during a seismic event,
playing an important role in the seismic performance of RC columns. In existing
buildings this problem can be even more significant than in new ones, since the
material can easily present poor mechanical properties. The paper is aimed at
investigating the role of the axial load variation on the seismic capacity of RC
columns, evaluated in terms of limit chord rotation and shear force, according to
Eurocode 8. The research is performed with reference to a case-study, which is a
doubly symmetric 4-storey RC framed building. The axial load variation affects both
the seismic response and the capacity of the columns of the case-study, and,
therefore, their seismic performance. Special attention has been paid to the role
of the effective concrete strength of columns on the sensitivity of the seismic
performance to the axial load variation.

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This paper presents the results from Finite Element (FE) simulation on six
Reinforced Concrete (RC) beam-column jointsand experimental study. The joints
investigate dhave additional, vertically distributed reinforcement along the beams
and lateral cyclic loading is applied, with constant axial force. Experimental
results provide insight into the joint behaviour under conventional and
unconventional displacement histories in terms of hysteresis loop, crack pattern
and joint shear stress. The FE numerical models are validated by comparing the
numerical results with experimental results obtained from six tested specimens and
two specimens from previous studies. Parametric studies are performed to
investigate the complex behaviour of the joints under the influence of axial loads
as well as the numbers of vertically distributed reinforcement layers.

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concrete column behaviour under biaxial cyclic loading." Earthquake Engineering &
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under Biaxial Cyclic Loading and Variable Axial Loads." Journal of Structural
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Yuk-Lung Wong, T. P. and M. J. N. Priestley (1993). "Response of Circular

Reinforced Concrete Columns to Multi-Directional Seismic Attack." Structural
Journal 90(2).
Sixteen circular reinforced concrete column models with aspect ratio of 2 and
different spiral reinforcement contents were tested to investigate the sensitivity
of the strength and stiffness of shear-resisting mechanisms to various displacement
patterns and axial compression load intensities. Shear deformations were expected
to be significant for these squat columns, particularly under low axial
compression. The hysteretic performance and displacement ductility capacity of the
columns were improved by increased spiral steel content or by increased axial
compression. In comparison with uniaxial displacement paths, biaxial displacement
patterns led to more severe degradation of strength and stiffness. However, the
displacement ductility capacity was not sensitive to the type of biaxial pattern.
Simple orthogonal displacement patterns were found to be sufficient to represent
horizontal two- dimensional seismic effects. Current code provisions were found to
underestimate the shear strength of circular columns. A shear design procedure
which enables the shear strength-displacement ductility relationship to be
estimated, while also including the effects of displacement history, is proposed.