Adaptive Artificial Neural Network Based
Control Strategy for Shunt Active Power
Filter
1
Ravinder Kumar, 2Pradyumn Chaturvedi, 3Hari Om Bansal, and 4Pawan K. Ajmera
1,3,4
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India,
2
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
Abstract- Shunt active power filter (SAPF) is used
to mitigate the current harmonics and to improve
the power factor. In this paper, Adaptive linear-
neuron (ADALINE) based phase lock loop (PLL)
controlling scheme is presented for SAPF. ADALINE
networks estimate the fundamental supply frequency.
This scheme detects the phase information of the supply
voltage and also used for parallel computing as it
provides faster convergence. This algorithm is trained
by least-mean squares (LMS) rule which offers low
computational burden on the system. In this work,
ADALINE is tuned using particle swarm optimization
(PSO) technique to improve the dynamic performance
of the system. The results obtained are compared with
conventional PLL control technique and are found to be
significantly better. The performance of the proposed
ADALINE based control algorithm is validated using
MATLAB/Simulink.
Keywords-Adaptive linear neuron, Particle
optimization, Synchronous reference frame theory, Shunt
active power filter.
I. INTRODUCTION
Different types of nonlinear loads produce various
power quality problems at the point of common
coupling (PCC) in the supply system and these
problems distort the grid supply. The power
electronics devices behave as a nonlinear load which
create distortion in the distribution system and cause
unwanted harmonics in the supply system, high
reactive power demand, excess neutral current and
leading to decreased efficiency of the power system
network [1]. Shunt active power filter (SAPF) is
basically used to mitigate the current harmonics and
poor power factor. SAPF injects a compensating
current which in turn cancel the harmonic produced
by non-linear loads. Harmonic extraction by the
SAPF is performed by various mathematical
computations called reference compensating current
generation methods. Thus, compensation provided by
the SAPF is affected by the selection of reference
compensating current generation method [2].
Artificial intelligence (AI) methods, especially the
neural networks, are recently having major effect on
power electronics and motor drives [3]. The
predictive and adaptive properties of artificial neural
swarm
networks (ANN) are used for fast estimation of the
compensating current. Weights in ADALINE are
tuned to minimize the total harmonic distortion of the
source current [4]. The ANN-based grid
synchronization scheme has been used for frequency
estimation by modified nonlinear least squares (NLS)
and phase locking algorithm using ADALINE [5].
Conventional PLL detects phase well in a noiseless
condition and when there is no disturbance in input.
When input involves disturbance, for instance PLLs
input is unbalanced, then PLLs are unable to detect
input phase angle. There are solutions to eliminate
this problem in ADALINE based PLLs, but these
solutions are difficult to design and implement.
ADALINE neural network controller is proposed as
well, which improves performance of PLL. The
conventional PLL takes some time to track the input
sine waveform because it is a loop based mechanism
and has PI control which takes more times. But
ADALINE has no such process and tracking it's
instantaneous. In this paper ADALINE neural
network based phase lock loop is implemented and
optimize the current ADALINE learning rate using
PSO algorithm. The use of anti-aliasing filter reduces
the distortion and small overlapping the waveform.
II. ADALINE FOR FREQUENCY ESTIMATION
ADALINE was initially proposed by Widrow and
Hoff from Stanford University in 1960. The
ADALINE are basically dynamical learning systems
by means of a linear combination of time-varying
signals. Deciding the estimation of its internal
weights, it referred to as the training, is accomplished
with effective algorithms such as the LMS learning
rule. This specific type of nonlinear regression is
quick and accurate. The simplicity of its design offers
to the ADALINE some different points of interest:
the possibility of interpreting its weights and the
possibility of equipment execution. Figure 1 voltage at the nonlinear least square frequency
demonstrates an ADALINE which is composed of an
input vector (x), a weight vector (w) and an
activation function f (w). There is a nearby similarity
between artificial neurons and biological neurons.
The input vector
xk [ x1k , x2k ,..., xnk ] (1)
The weight vector
wk [w1k , w2 k ,..., wnk ] (2)
The output network
n
yk wik xi Wk X kT (3)
i 1
Fig.1. Principle of ADALINE
III. PROPOSED OPTIMIZED PHASE
LOCKING SCHEME USING ADALINE
The proposed ADALINE based control scheme of the
SAPF is implemented. This scheme is mainly
composed of an adaptive linear neural network phase
locked loop (PLL) circuit. The PLL circuit generates
sinusoidal signals with constant unit amplitude, even
if the supply voltage has a distortion. The PLL
generates sine and cosine unit templates that are
phase locked to the supply voltage. If sine and cosine
unit templates are generated using the estimate
frequency alone by integrating it, resulting templates
may not be necessarily phase locked to the supply
estimation does not provide any phase information.
The variable angular displacement between the zero
intersection of the sine unit layout and the
fundamental supply voltage is represented as 1. In
order to achieve correct phase locking with
fundamental supply voltage, the angle 1 must be
measured from the unfiltered supply voltage instead
of filtered voltage utilized for frequency estimation as
the last is stage phase delayed due to filtering action.
An ADALINE-based methodology is proposed in
this paper to estimate the angular displacement 1. operation, and Wm is the corresponding Fourier series
The nonlinear least square based method can also be weights. These weights are trained online to estimate
used to estimate 1; be that as it may, the ADALINE the actual supply voltage to minimize the square of
requires less computational time than nonlinear least an error function. The error function is defined as the
square. The ADALINE is executed online, on difference between the measured supply voltage Vs
sample-by-sample basis. The estimation of 1 is
and the estimated voltage Vs using Fourier series.
based on the Fourier series expansion of the
An objective function E to be minimized is half of
unfiltered supply voltage. The unfiltered supply
the squared-error criterion function, can be expressed
voltage can be expressed as the sum of sines and
as
cosines with the proper amplitudes at integer
1 1
multiples of the fundamental frequency as described E (Vs Vs ) 2 e 2 (10)
2 2
below:
IV. CONTROL SCHEME FOR SAPF
y (t ) 0 k cos(2 kf 0t )
k 1 (4) The synchronous reference frame d-q axes are

determined by angle with respect to frame.

k 1
k sin(2 kf 0t )
The transformation of 0 to d-q-0 frame is

y (t ) k cos(2 kf 0t k ) (5) following
k 1
id 0 cos sin i
k
i 1 0 sin sin i
(11)
v k cos(2 kf 0 mTs )
m
s (6) q v

k 1
i0 1 0 0 i0
k sin(2 kf 0 mTs )

where y(t) can be voltage or current waveform, f0 is The each component (id , iq ) has an average value or

the fundamental frequency in hertz, k is the kth DC component and an oscillating or AC component

harmonic coefficient of the kth cosine term is the id id id (12)

kth harmonic coefficient of the kth sine term, and iq iq iq (13)

0 a0 is the dc component. The supply voltage is The id , iq method equation is given by

sampled at a sampling time T s with m being the
id v v 0 iL
sample index in the digital operation.
i 1
q v v v 0 iL (14)
The supply voltage (Vs) can be represented as
i0 0 0 v iL 0
Vs X mWm (7)
In this method, the sources current carry the constant
X m [cos 2 f0 mT cos 2 hf0 mT (8)
term of the d-axis component of load, therefore for
sin 2 f0 mTs sin 2 hf0 mT ]
harmonic compensation and power factor correction.
wm [a1......ak b1......bk ]m (9) The reference source current will be calculated is

where f0 is the estimated fundamental frequency, tm given by

is the time step at the m sample in the digital

isd iLd ; isq iso 0 (15)
 Fig.2. Control block digram of Modified SRF Theory
Step 3: Set the parameters of the network and

v iL v iL PL corresponding output values by training the network.

iLd (16)
Step 4: Compare the actual outputs with the desired
v v2 v2
outputs and determine a measure of the error.

P P Step 5: Determine the amount by which each weight

iLd L 2
L
(17)
v
DC v v
2 is to be changed and make corrections to each
DC weight.
Since the reference source current must be in phase Step 6: The error for the sets in the training set is
with the voltage at the PCC (no zero-sequence optimize by PSO algorithm.
component) it will be calculated by 0
coordinate by multiplying the above equation by a
unit vector in the direction of the PCC voltage space
vector:

v
1 Fig.3. Structure of neural network
isref iLd v (18)
v VI. SIMULATION RESULT
0 Simulation of the proposed controller based SAPF is

is ref v carried out using SRF theory. It is observed that it is

PL 1 v
2
i fast and accurate enough for the actual compensating
s ref
2
(19)
is 0 ref v v v v
2 2

DC 0
current to track the reference compensating current
using ADALINE based PLL. The parameters selected
V. ALGORITHM FOR ADALINE BASED PLL
for simulation studies are: Vs= 415V, LS=1mH, LC=2
Step 1: Construct the network and instate the synaptic
mH, Cdc=2000 F, Rload=10, Lload=2 mH, and
weights with arbitrary values.
reactive load is designed for 0.85 power factor.
Step 2: Apply the input sets to the network.
Figure 4 shows the minimum of the function is
obtained and convergence.

Fig.4. Convergence plot for minimization function Fig.8. Harmonic spectrum of load current

Fig.5. Performance of source current before and after shunt APF

Fig.9. Compensating current before and after shunt APF

Fig.10. DC-link voltage under dynamically load changes

Fig.6. Harmonic spectrum of source current

Fig.7. Load current waveform and after increasing load

 Fig.11. Comparison graph for ADALINE based PLL and conventional PLL

Table I: Comparison of conventional PLL and ADALINE PLL algorithm to achieve better accuracy, speed and best
Parameter ADALINE PLL Conventional PLL
dynamic performance. This proposed scheme is
Settling time 0.5 second 1.1 second implemented in MATLAB/ Simulink environment.
under Conventional PLL is compared with ADALINE
Dynamically load
based PLL.
changes

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