Indian J.Sci.Res.

2(1) : 11-15, 2014 ISSN : 2250-0138 (Online)

ISSN: 0976-2876(Print)
CONTACTLESS ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ( CET ) VIA MAGNETIC RESONANT
COUPLING AT INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

MEHDI MOHAMMADJAFARIa1, SAEED LESANb, MOSTAFA GHADAMIc

abc
Department of electrical engineering, Aliabad katoul Branch , Islamic Azad University, Aliabad katoul, Iran

ABSTRACT
Recently, an efficient different range contactless energy transfer that uses magnetic resonant coupling, WiTricity, was proposed, and has
received much attention due to its practical range and efficiency. There are many promising applications for the ability to transport power
over great distances and boundaries without the need for transmission lines. In this paper, Block diagram of contactless energy transmission
system are presented, and transformer constructions used in the industry devices based on the pot cores are discussion .As well as basic
configuration of CET system with sliding transformers are survey (for linear movement and for circular movement) . The energy is
transferred using a rotatable air gap transformer and a power electronic converter. Contactless energy transmission is already used in many
applications Especially in industry. using a high frequency together with a resonant circuit allow to enhance the effect of the mutual
inductance and to transfer power with an excellent efficiency.

KEYWORDS : Contactless Energy Transmission, Magnetic Resonance, Magnetic Coupling, Wireless Power Transfer

Recently, inductive wireless power technology has gained
significant momentum for consumer applications as evidenced
by the rising number of high-tech startup companies in this area
and the interest shown by consumer giants such as Intel and
Sony.
Figure1. Block diagram of contactless energy transmission
system
efficiency comes down to optimization and re-design of the tank
circuits and the bridge rectifier in particular. Because of their
major role in optimizing efficiency and improving integrability,
the biggest challenge resides in the design of the coils.
This work provides the reader with information about the
architecture, the design and the evaluation of the new wireless
power system. Finally, our conclusions are summarized and
some potential improvements for future research are proposed.
This work provides the reader with information about the
architecture, the design and the evaluation of the new
contactless energy system. Finally, our conclusions are
summarized and some potential improvements for future
research are proposed.
SYSTEM SURFACE

The industrial application provides the necessary context to

demonstrate the correct operation of the contactless energy
setup. The main component of the industrial application context
is the rotating shaft. The other subsystems require a more
extensive step by step decomposition.

Figure2. Block scheme of CET system

Already demonstrated the technical feasibility of inductive

wireless power transfer based on strongly coupled magnetic
resonant circuits at 27 MHz. This setup was designed for a
specific industrial application involving a translation movement
of the receiver coil and, although very different from our new
application, served as a starting point for our project. This setup
will be referred to as the original setup throughout this text.
This case, which is representative to many rotating machinery
applications, is not only very suitable to demonstrate the use of
wireless power transfer but also introduces an extra difficulty,
namely intermittent behavior.Since the original setup already
uses magnetic resonance, increasing the overall power

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Corresponding author
 MEHDI MOHAMMADJAFARIA ET AL.: CONTACTLESS ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ( CET ) VIA MAGNETIC RESONANT
Figure3. Basic configuration of CET system with sliding
transformer;
(a) for linear movement, (b) for circular movement
A mechanical stand, mounted on the table, allows the
transmitter (or primary) tank circuit to be placed at the correct
height. The transmitter tank circuit is fed by a power amplifier
which amplifies the signal from the signal generator. The
mechanical clamp acts as a solid support for all rotating parts.
The receiver (or secondary) tank circuit captures the power
signal (magnetic flux) from the air. Next, the power signal is
conditioned and finally delivered to the load (purely resistive).
The rectifier, consisting of a rectifier bridge and a smoothing
capacitor, serves as an AC to DC converter and also smoothes
the ripple on the voltage. Next, an energy buffer is inserted to
deal with the intermittent behavior. Based on the buffer voltage
the On/Off circuit decides whether the switching regulators
should be active or not. In this way the correct amount of
voltage is always guaranteed.
DESIGN OF TANK AND CONDITIONING CIRCUITS
Tank Circuits
One of the main goals is to research how to optimize the tank
circuits for maximum transfer efficiency while keeping them as
small as possible. Small Rectangular coil concept was optimized
for one specific application.
Indian J.Sci.Res. 2(1) : 11-15, 2014
Figure4. Rectangular(a), Solenoid (b), Planar Circular (c)
and Planar Square (d) Coil Concepts.
No calculations and measurements for the rectangular concept
are made, because this concept is only used as a baseline for
comparison. The theoretical inductance of the solenoid is
calculated as shown in Equation (1).
(1)
Here L is the inductance, r the coil radius, N the number of
turns, and l the length of the coil. For the calculation of the
planar coils inductance, Equation (2) is used.
(2)
Here r is the inner radius, N is the number of turns and w is the
wire diameter. Since no formula is available for a planar square
coil, the equation for a planar circular coil is used for both
concepts. Subsequently, the inductance value is derived with
Equation (3).
(3)
The equation proves to be accurate for the planar circular coil.
As expected, the planar square coil has a higher inductance
value than calculated, due to its somewhat larger cross section.
Because of the high operating frequency, the parasitic
capacitance cannot be neglected. Since the inductance value is
known, the parasitic capacitance can be calculated with
Equation (4) if the resonant frequency is known.
(4)
Rectifier
For various applications, the most obvious choice is a full-
bridge rectifier, because a single diode rectifier would cause
more efficiency loss and an active rectifier would be very hard
to implement at this frequency.
The voltage drop across the diodes as well as the diodes reverse
recovery time, both related to their physical device nature, turn
out to be the biggest loss factors. The nonlinearity introduced by
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 MEHDI MOHAMMADJAFARIA ET AL.: CONTACTLESS ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ( CET ) VIA MAGNETIC RESONANT
the bridge rectifier does not have a significant influence on the
systems power efficiency, due to the filtering behavior of the
tank circuits which act as band pass filters.
The voltage drop across a diode is a function of the current
running through it. Also, when a diode switches from
conducting to non-conducting state or vice versa the current will
still flow in the wrong direction through the diode for some
time. This is called the reverse recovery time. The theoretical
efficiency of the bridge rectifier is then calculated according to
Equation (5).
(5)
Where is the rectification efficiency, is the input voltage,
is the voltage drop across a single diode, T is the period
of the rectified signal and is the reverse recovery time.
Although the bridge rectifier produces an output of fixed
polarity, a smoothing capacitor is added to smooth the
amplitude of the continuously varying output.
Energy Buffer
The energy buffer in the system has to deliver energy to the load
when the transmitter and receiver are too far apart for efficient
power transfer. An electric double-layer capacitor, also known
as a supercap, is chosen. The main advantages of such a
supercap over an electrochemical battery are: longer lifetime,
very high rates of charge and discharge, extremely low internal
resistance and high power density. The only significant
disadvantages over normal batteries for this application are
higher self-discharge, lower specific energy and a less stable
output voltage.
ROTATING TRANSFORMER
In this section transformer constructions used in the industry
devices based on the pot cores are presented. Figure down
shown Rotating Transformer Construction using on the
Industrial Applications.
Indian J.Sci.Res. 2(1) : 11-15, 2014
Figure5. The pot core transformer with separating cores
and adjacent windings
The tentative selection of a magnetic core and number of
winding turns is the first step in designing the rotating
transformer. Equation down is directly derived from Faradays
law and gives the required number of primary winding turns N
for optimum utilization (Bmax) of a magnetic core with an
effective area Ae, when a voltage pulse U1 of duration dmax/fs
is applied across the winding.
(6)
Equation up can be iteratively evaluated for various sizes of a
pot-core family. Each core size requires a specific number of
turns for optimum utilization. In turn, N1 defines the
magnetizing current and, hence, the wire thickness that is
required in each case. The appropriate magnetic core is the
smallest one that can accommodate the required copper in its
window area. This is only a tentative selection, as in a rotating
transformer, there are some additional issues (such as the
fringing field effect) that need to be considered before the final
decision is made.
TRANSFORMER COPPER AND CORE LOSSES RATIO
The total of transformer power losses consist of copper and core
losses. Assuming a level for copper and core losses a condition
at which that level is optimal can be derived.
(7)
One of the ways core losses modeling is assuming that the
losses are proportional to square of magnetic induction level B.
(8)
To simplify further analysis, the magnetizing current is
neglected. So, the primary and secondary winding currents are
proportional to each other. If the relative number of the turns
increases, then the copper losses also increase.
(9)
where: - relative number of the turns, N turns number, N
change of turns number. Additionally, if we assume the constant
copper volume:
(10)
where: active copper cross section, winding wire
length. So, by increasing relative number of the turns - , the
copper cross section area is reduced and the winding resistance
increases
(11)
where: copper conductance.
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 MEHDI MOHAMMADJAFARIA ET AL.: CONTACTLESS ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ( CET ) VIA MAGNETIC RESONANT
As result the copper losses increases by . Magnetic induction,
however, decreases when the factor increases. the core losses
are assumed to decrease in a quadratic factor . The equation
for the total losses can be write as
(12)
The minimal total transformer losses are achieved when .
It means that the optimal turns numbers are well designed and
have not to be changed if:
(13)
In practice, if the design is not saturation limited, the optimal
efficiency and minimum power losses are obtain when copper
losses are equal to the core losses.
Figure6. Transformer per unit total losses as a function of
relative turns number.
The magnetizing inductance and the leakage inductances of
contactless power supply system mainly depends on the
dimensions of the primary and secondary system parts, the
applying magnetic cores on primary and secondary side and the
air gap length. CET systems are characterized by a large leakage
inductances and small magnetizing inductance. The windings
effective resistance is an important parameter that determines
the transformer efficiency and depends on several factors. The
length of the windings is a definitive parameter; however, in a
high-frequency converter, phenomena such as the skin and
proximity effects are equally important. Due to the high
magnetizing current of a rotating transformer, the effective
resistance becomes critical. Incorporating more winding turns in
the transformer reduces the magnetizing current but increases
the windings resistance and vice versa; if the number of turns
are reduced, the magnetizing current increases and the winding
resistance decreases. So, there are an optimum number of turns
that results in minimum losses in the transformer windings.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Influence of distance, angular displacement, surroundings and
transferred power is significant.
Indian J.Sci.Res. 2(1) : 11-15, 2014
Figure7. CET system coils distance
each coil concept has an optimal distance due to critical
coupling. below this distance efficiency decreases due to over
coupling. once beyond the point of critical coupling efficiency
decreases with increasing distance. the influence of angular
displacement between the transmitter and receiver surface as
shown in down.
Figure8. CET system coils Angular Displacement
the efficiency decreases more or less linearly with increasing
angular displacement. Second, the planar coil concepts are
clearly less affected by angular displacement. When the
transmitter is powered on, the buffer voltage increases until the
high voltage of the On/Off circuit is reached.
When this happens, the conditioning circuit is enabled and the
loads are powered. The buffer voltage decreases until it reaches
a stable point, which depends on the amount of transmitted
power A change in rotation speed does not influence the
transferred power, only the coupling angle is of importance. The
coupling angle is that part of an entire rotation when power
transfer is possible.
It should be noted that the rotating parts are not shielded,
causing the wireless power link to interfere with the
measurement signal.
CONCLUSIONS
Actual applications require careful weighing of all the
parameters. we conclude that the overall performance of the
planar coil concepts is better than that of the other concepts. The
planar coils, especially the square ones, are also very well suited
for integration. Improving the rectification efficiency is directly
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 MEHDI MOHAMMADJAFARIA ET AL.: CONTACTLESS ENERGY TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ( CET ) VIA MAGNETIC RESONANT

related to the availability of better diodes optimized. a supercap
offers the best solution to buffer differences between received
and consumed power, thanks to low losses and very good
dynamic properties. Switching regulators are used to condition
the buffered DC signal. To minimize total losses of the system a
series resonant circuit is applied. To compensate for high
leakage inductance of the rotatable transformer when a large air
gap is used and to minimize converter switching losses, the
series resonant capacitive circuit has been used in primary and
secondary side.
The developed CET at industrial with a transformer is
constructed mainly for robotics and manipulators, however, the
described design and control methodology has a general validity
and can be applied for a wide class of contactless power supply
with core or core-less transformers.
S. L. Ho., Junhua Wang., W. N. Fu., and Sun Mingui.; 2011. A
Comparative Study Between Novel Witricity and
Traditional Inductive Magnetic Coupling in Wireless
Charging. in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Hong Kong,
p. 1522.
Y.Y. Yao, D.L. Zhang, and D.G. Xu.; 2006. A Study of
Supercapacitor Parameters and Characteristics. in
International Conference on Power System
Technology,PowerCon. Shenzhen, p.1.

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