TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 4

2.0 OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................................... 5
3.0 THEORY .......................................................................................................................................... 5
4.0 APPARATUS ................................................................................................................................... 7
5.0 PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................... 8
6.0 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 10
7.0 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 18
8.0 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 20
9.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 21
10.0 APPENDICES AND RAW DATA ................................................................................................ 22

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 4. 1:List of apparatus .......................................................................................................................... 7

Table 6. 1: Temperature for parallel flow ................................................................................................... 10

Table 6. 2: Temperature for counter flow ................................................................................................... 10
Table 6. 3: Tabulated data for parallel flow ................................................................................................ 11
Table 6. 4: Tabulated data for counter flow ................................................................................................ 12
Table 6. 5: Data for heat exchanger factor for parallel flow ....................................................................... 15
Table 6. 6: Data for heat exchanger factor for counter flow ....................................................................... 17

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 5. 1: Adjusting the temperature ......................................................................................................... 8
Figure 5. 2: Adjusting the flow rate .............................................................................................................. 8
Figure 5. 3: Adjusting the flow of the pipe ................................................................................................... 9

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 TITLE:

CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

3
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Heat exchanger is a device which transfers heat from one medium to another, a Hydraulic
Oil Cooler or example will remove heat from hot oil by using cold water or air. Alternatively, a
Swimming Pool Heat Exchanger uses hot water from a boiler or solar heated water circuit to heat
the pool water. Heat is transferred by conduction through the exchanger materials which separate
the mediums being used. A shell and tube heat exchanger pass fluids through and over tubes,
where as an air-cooled heat exchanger passes cool air through a core of fins to cool a liquid.

Heat exchangers are commonly used in practice in a wide range of applications, from
heating and air-conditioning systems in a household, to chemical processing and power
production in large plants. Heat exchangers differ from mixing chambers in that they do not
allow the two fluids involved to mix. Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves
convection in each fluid and conduction through the wall separating the two fluids. In the
analysis of heat exchangers, it is convenient to work with an overall heat transfer coefficient U
that accounts for the contribution of all these effects on heat transfer. The rate of heat transfer
between the two fluids at a location in a heat exchanger depends on the magnitude of the
temperature difference at that location, which varies along the heat exchanger.

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2.0 OBJECTIVE

Demonstrate the effect of flow rate variation on the performance characteristics of a counter-flow
concentric tube heat exchanger.

3.0 THEORY

The equations for calculating the performance characteristics: power emitted, power absorbed,
power lost, efficiency (), logarithmic mean temperature (), and overall heat transfer coefficient
(U).

The efficiency for the cold medium is:

c = (Tc,out Tc,in) / (Th,in Tc,in) 100

The efficiency for the hot medium is:

h = (Th,in Th,out) / (Th,in Tc,in) 100

The mean temperature efficiency is:

mean = ( c + h ) / 2

The power emitted is given below (where Vh is the volumetric flow rate of the hot fluid):

Power Emitted = Vh h Cph ( Th,in Th,out )

The power absorbed is given below (where Vc is the volumetric flow rate of the cold fluid):

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 Power Absorbed = Vc c Cpc ( Tc,out Tc,in )

The power lost is therefore:

Power Lost = Power Emitted Power Absorbed

The overall efficiency () is:

=(Power Absorbed / Power Emitted) 100

The logarithmic mean temperature difference (Tm) is:

Tm = (T1 T2) / ln (T1/T2)

= [ (Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in) ] / ln [(Th,in Tc,out) / (Th,out Tc,in)]

The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) is:

U = Power Absorbed / As . Tm

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4.0 APPARATUS
Location: Level 3, Mechanical Engineering Building, Thermodynamics Laboratory, UiTM Shah
Alam

Apparatus:

Name of Apparatus Picture Description

Stopwatch To record time

Set of heat exchanger To read the temperature

tube for hot and cold

Table 4. 1:List of apparatus

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5.0 PROCEDURE

1. Configure the experiment for counter flow heat exchanger operation such as turned ON
the heating elements to heat the fluids.

2. Set the required hot water inlet temperature T,in= 6 with the decade switch and set the
cold water volumetric flow rate (Vc) to run at a constant 2000 / min.

Figure 5. 1: Adjusting the temperature

3. Initially set the hot water volumetric flow rate Vh to 1000 / min. Wait until 5
minutes before the six temperature readings are records.

Figure 5. 2: Adjusting the flow rate

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4. Step 3 was repeated for volumetric flow rate, Vh of 2000, 3000, and 4000 / min for
hot water. The temperature readings is recorded in the table.

5. After finish for the counter flow of heat exchanger, step 1 until step 4 was repeated for
the parallel flow heat exchanger operation. Make sure the hot water inlet temperature
T,in= .

Figure 5. 3: Adjusting the flow of the pipe

6. All the readings was recorded in the table.

7. After finish up the experiment, turned OFF the heating elements, closed the valve for hot
and cold water.

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6.0 RESULTS

Here are the results of data that we got from the experiments;

(LPM) , () , () , () , () , () , ()
1 63 55 49 31 35 36
2 64 59 53 31 36 39
3 62 60 55 31 37 40
4 62 60 56 31 37 41
Table 6. 1: Temperature for parallel flow

(LPM) , () , () , () , () , () , ()
1 59 54 47 36 33 30
2 57 55 49 38 34 30
3 56 55 50 39 35 30
4 56 56 51 39 35 30
Table 6. 2: Temperature for counter flow

Conversion unit;

1 LPM = 1.667 x 10-5 m3/s

2 LPM = 3.333 x 10-5 m3/s

3 LPM = 5.000 x 10-5 m3/s

4 LPM = 6.667 x 10-5 m3/s

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Sample calculation for parallel flow

1. The efficiency for the cold medium

, ,
= 100%
, ,

2. The efficiency for the hot medium

, ,
= 100%
, ,

3. The mean temperature efficiency

+
=
2

(3 /) (%) (%)
1.667 x 10-5 15.63 51.85 33.74
3.333 x 10-5 24.24 33.33 28.79
5.000 x 10-5 29.03 22.58 25.81
6.667 x 10-5 32.26 19.35 25.81
Table 6. 3: Tabulated data for parallel flow

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Sample calculation for counter flow

1. The efficiency for the cold medium

, ,
= 100%
, ,

2. The efficiency for the hot medium

, ,
= 100%
, ,

3. The mean temperature efficiency

+
=
2

(3 /) (%) (%)
1.667 x 10-5 26.08 52.17 39.13
3.333 x 10-5 34.78 42.10 38.44
5.000 x 10-5 52.94 35.29 44.12
6.667 x 10-5 52.94 29.41 41.18
Table 6. 4: Tabulated data for counter flow

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Data of experiment for parallel flow

= 3.33 105 Constant; A = 0.067 2

At,Vh = 1.667 x 10-5 , = 63 , , = 31

- = 981.56 kg/3
- = 995.6 kg/3
- = 4186.2 J/kg.
- = 4178 J/kg.

AtVh = 3.333 x 10-5 , , = 64 , , = 31

- = 980.98kg/3
- = 995.6 kg/3
- = 4186.6J/kg.
- = 4178 J/kg.

AtVh = 5.000 x 10-5 , , = 62 , , = 31

- = 982.14 kg/3
- = 995.6 kg/3
- = 4185.8J/kg.
- = 4178 J/kg.

AtVh = 6.667 x 10-5 , , = 62 , , = 31

- = 982.14 kg/3
- = 995.6 kg/3
- = 4185.8 J/kg.
- = 4178 J/kg.

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- Sample calculation;

1. Power emitted = (, , )

2. Power absorbed = (, , )

3. Power lost = Power emitted Power absorbed

4. Overall efficiency = 100 %

5. The log mean temperature difference ()

1 2
=

ln 1
2

(, , ) (, , )
=

ln , ,
, ,

6. Overall heat transfer coefficient (U)

U=

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 Power Power Power Overall 1 2 U
(3 /) emitted absorbed lost efficiency () () () W/2 . )
(W) (W) (W) (%)
1.667 x 10-5 958.96 763.29 195.67 79.6 27 18 22.2 513.17
3.333 x 10-5 1505.07 1220.53 285.17 81.1 25 22 23.47 776.18
5.000 x 10-5 1438.86 1376.88 61.98 95.69 22 24 22.98 894.26
6.667 x 10-5 1644.5 1526.58 117.92 .92.83 21 25 22.94 993.23
Table 6. 5: Data for heat exchanger factor for parallel flow

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Data of experiment for counter flow

= 3.67 105 Constant; A = 0.067 2

At,Vh = 1.667 x 10-5 , = 59 , , = 36

- = 983.44 kg/3
- = 993.62 kg/3
- = 4184.6 J/kg.
- = 4178.2 J/kg.

AtVh = 3.333 x 10-5 , , = 57 , , = 38

- = 984.32 kg/3
- = 992.86 kg/3
- = 4185.8 J/kg.
- = 4178.6 J/kg.

AtVh = 5.000 x 10-5 , , = 56 , , = 39

- = 982.92 kg/3
- = 992.48kg/3
- = 4183.4 J/kg.
- = 4178.8 J/kg.

AtVh = 6.667 x 10-5 , , = 56 , , = 39

- = 982.92 kg/3
- = 992.48kg/3
- = 4183.4 J/kg.
- = 4178.8 J/kg.

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 Power Power Power Overall 1 2 U
(3 /) emitted absorbed lost efficienc () () () W/2 . )
(W) (W) (W) y
(%)
1.667 x 10-5 771.04 914.17 -90.94 111.05 29 11 18.57 734.75
3.333 x 10-5 1028.88 1218.08 -119.48 110.88 27 11 17.82 1020.22
5.000 x 10-5 1233.58 1369.87 -136.29 111.05 26 11 17.44 1132.35
6.667 x 10-5 1370.72 1369.88 0.84 .99.94 26 12 18.11 1128.99
Table 6. 6: Data for heat exchanger factor for counter flow

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7.0 DISCUSSION

Based on the result, it can be seen that the counter flow has a better heat exchanger factor
comparing to parallel flow. As the volumetric flow rate is increase from 1.667 x 10-5 to 6.667 x
10-5 it can be seen that the power emitted by the counter flow is lesser than the parallel. For the
parallel flow, the highest power emitted is 1370.72W meanwhile the power emitted for parallel
flow is way too higher than counter flow which is 1644W. Meanwhile in term of power absorbed
and power lost, basically counter flow make used of every power that is emitted for each flow
making the power loss of each of the volumetric flow rate to be lesser than the power lost of
parallel flow. In industry, basically saving more money will be a top priority of each of them
hence a product that can consume fewer intakes such as the power or electricity will be selected
in order to save more money meanwhile having the good quality. So in this experiment, a
counter flow is a better choice rather than parallel flow.

Meanwhile the overall efficiency again is more favorable in counter flow. Counter flow
has a greater efficiency comparing to the parallel flow which the highest overall efficiency
calculated is 111.05% for a counter flow and 95.69% for parallel flow. For parallel flow, when
the volumetric flow rate is increased, the efficiency is increased linearly meanwhile for counter
flow, the efficiency of the system decreased linearly when the volumetric flow rate in increased.
In term of the logarithmic mean temperature, a counter flow has a smaller value comparing to
parallel flow. Counter flow has a range of 17 to 19 meanwhile for parallel flow the range of
the logarithmic mean temperature is between 22 until 23. In this case, a smaller value is
needed than a larger value so that the overall heat transfer coefficient will be greater as based on
the formula to obtain the heat transfer coefficient; the logarithmic mean temperature will be
divided with the power absorbed to obtain the heat transfer coefficient. Hence, the value for the
heat transfer coefficient for counter flow is greater than the parallel flow. The heat transfer
coefficient increased linearly for both of the flow when the volumetric flow rate is increased.

The may be a few factors that contribute to the error of the experiment which is the
systematic error and the human error. Systematic error is an error caused by the equipment itself
meanwhile for human error is caused by the human their self. So, the systematical error
happened in this experiment is when the adjusting the initial temperature of the flow. The

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temperature keep on rising during the experiment during the parallel flow that may influence the
data recorded and calculated. Meanwhile for human error is during adjusting the volumetric flow
rate. In order to obtain the exact value is maybe quite hard as the eyes may not be in
perpendicular to the scale.

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8.0 CONCLUSION

Based on the experiment, it can be concluded that;

1) Increasing the volumetric flow rate will increase the power emitted and absorbed for both
counter flow and parallel flow that will surely affect in decrease of the power lost for
each of the volumetric flow rate.
2) The efficiency for a counter flow is greater than parallel flow making the flow is a better
option for a heat exchanger system. Besides, heat transfer coefficient is also change when
the volumetric flow rate is increased.
3) Overall counter flow has a better heat exchanger performance factor when it comes to
compare with parallel flow.

For recommendation, use another type of flow which is series in order to compare the heat
exchanger performance factor when the volumetric flow rate is changed.

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9.0 REFERENCES

1) Chris, W. (2016, November 12). How do heat exchangers work? Retrieved October 30,
2017, from http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-heat-exchangers-work.html
2) Dam, G. (n.d.). HEAT TRANSFER - PRINCIPLES & EQUIPMENT - FACTORS
AFFECTING HEAT TRANSFER. Retrieved October 30, 2017, from
http://articles.compressionjobs.com/articles/oilfield-101/1856-heat-exchangers-boilers-
furnaces?start=8
3) Heat Exchanger Flow: Cross flow, Parallel flow, Counter Flow Heat Exchangers. (2010,
January 28). Retrieved October 30, 2017, from
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/62410-heat-exchanger-flow-patterns/
4) Parallel Heat Flow Exchanger. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2017, from
https://www.brazetek.com/articles/112-parallel-flow-heat-exchangers
5) What is a Heat Exchanger? (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2017, from
http://www.thermex.co.uk/news/blog/160-what-is-a-heat-exchanger
6) What is a Heat Exchanger? (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2017, from
http://www.thermex.co.uk/news/blog/605-why-counter-flow-heat-exchangers-are-more-
efficient

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10.0 APPENDICES AND RAW DATA

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