Project

In
Science
Submitted by:

Maurine Garrate

Submitted to:

Mr. Gerald E. Quito

 I learn about the Respiratory System and Circulatory System. Respiratory system is made up of
the organs in the body that help us to breathe. Respiration is linked to breathing. Circulatory
system is responsible for distributing materials throughout the body. Circulation means
transportation or movement in circle. Both systems are essentially meant for each other the
common purpose could not be attained without the other system And we learn abou the human
breathing system. Breathe in and out.We notice that when we are breathing our belly and chest
are moving and feel the smooth air passing from the nose.

The parts or the respiratory system that are in charge of supplying oxygen are the nose nasal
passageway, windpipe, lungs, and diaphragm. In the nasal passages the entering air is made
warm, damp, and clean of unknown particles Next , the air moves down through the trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Trachea is empty tube that serves as passageway of air into the
lungs. Bronchi are the two branching tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs. Bronchioles are
the hairlike tubes that connect to the alveoli. Alveoli are the airsacs that allow gas exchange in
the lungs. The air we breathe goes through the nose , nasal passages, and then through the
trachea or bronchi , one entering each lung. The bronchi subdivide many times inside the lungs,
analogous to the branching pattern of grapes, finally becoming hairlike tubes called bronchioles.
In the last part of the terminal bronchioles are tiny bubble-like bunch of structures called alveoli
or airsacs.When we breathe in or inhale, the diaphragm muscle contracts. Inhaling moves the
diaphragm down and expands the chest cavity. Simultaneously, the ribs move up and increase
the size of the chest cavity. And there is a more space and less air pressure inside the lungs. Air
pushes from the outside where there is lower air pressure. When we breathe out or exhale, the
diaphragm muscle rtelaxes. The diaphragm and ribs return to its original place. The chest cavity
return to its original size. Circulatory system is the life support structure that nourishes your
cells with nutrients from the food you eat and oxygen from the air you breathe.The other name
for the circulatory system is cardiovascular system. The circulatory system functions with other
body systems to deliver different materials in the body.it circulates vital elements such as oxygen
and nutrients. At the same time, it also transports wastes away from the body.The three major
parts of circulatory system are Heart, Blood vessel, and Blood. Heart pumps the blood
throughout the body. Blood vessel carries the blood throughout the body. The parts of Blood
vessel are Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries.Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
to the cell, tissues , and organs of the body. Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
Capillaries the smallest blood vessels in the body , connecting the smallest arteries to the
smalllest veins. Blood carries the material throughout the body.And we learn about the types of
circulation. The types of circulation are pulmonary circulation, coronary circulation, and
systemic circulation. The pulmonary circulation movement of blood from the heart to the lungs
and back to the heart.The coronary circulation movement of the blood through the tissues of the
heart. The Systemic circulation movement of the blood from the heart to the rest of the body,
excluding the lungs.And I learn that we have four chamber with specific task to do two ventricle
and two atria. The atria is the receiving chambers of the heart,accepting blood from the body
(right atrium) and from the lungs (left atrium). The ventricles are the pumping chambers, moving
blood to the lungd (right ventricle) and into the body (left ventricle). There is a valve between
each atrium and ventricle to prevent the blood from flowing backwards. The valves are like one
way doors that keep the blood moving only one direction. Valves control movement of blood
into the heart chambers and out to the aorta and the pulmonary artery.Oxygen processes the
nutrients to release energy. Carbon dioxide is the waste material given off during this
process.The blood delivers Carbon dioxide into the right portion of our heart , from which its
pumped to the lungs Carbon dioxide leaves our body through the lungs when we exhale. The
heart is a hollow muscular organ, about the size of our fist, which is located to the center of our
chest between the lungs.it is double pump that pumps on the left and right sides. Each side is
divided across into two chambers. The top chamber is called the atrium. The bottom chamber is
called the ventricle.Heart rate or pulse is the number of times our heart beats in a minute. BPM
means Beats per minute.DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is a complex molecule that
is found in almost all living organism, contains the information needed to form and control the
physical make up and chemical processes of an organism, is a double-stranded helix made up of
repeating units of nucleotides. The work of of earlier scientist gave Watson and Crick a lot of
information about DNA. By the end of the 1940s, scientists had found that DNA consists of
long strands of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains pentose sugar called deoxyribose, a
phosphate group, and one of the four compounds called nitrogenous bases.nucleotide is
composed of the following sugar and phosphate molecules, and nitrogenous bases. The base can
be either be adenine, guanine,thymine and cytosine.The partner of Thymine is Adenine the
partner of Guanine is cytosine during DNA.But in RNA the partner of Adenine is Urasil and the
partner of Guanine is Cytosine.DNA is composed of chains of nucleotides built ion a sugar and
phosphate backbone and wrapped around each other in the form of a double helix.The backbone
supports four bases : guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine.Guanine and Cytosine are
complementar,always appearing opposite each other on the helix,as are Adenine and Thymine.
This is critical in the reproduction of genetic material, as it allows a strand to divide and copy
itself , since only needs half of the material in the helix to duplicate successfully. I learn that
Genetics is the study of how genes control the characteristics of a plant and animals.Genes Is the
one that carries our characteristics. Allele is a different form of gene that controls a certain
trait.Chromosomes is the one that carries genes. XX represents the female. XY represents the
male.Genotype consist of genes but not observable like our blood type.Phenotype is very
observable characteristics of living organism conditioned in its genes.Hetero means different,
zygous means zygote,the scientific name of Garden peas is Pisum sativum.And Gregor Mendel
is the father of genetics and he made the Mendelian Genetics.I learn about chromosomes and
their is 46 chromosomes in not pair, there is 23 chromosomes in pair.Antiserum this is a blood
serum containing antibodies against specific antigens,injected to treat or project against specific
diseases.antigen is a harmful substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.Antibody is a
substance produced by body to fight disease.Incomplete Dominance occurs when the phenotype
of the offspring is somewhere in between the phenotypes of both parents; a completely
dominantallele does not occur and the heterozygous phenotype is blending of the two
homozygous phenotype,the example is four oclock flower.Incomplete Dominance is form of
intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over
the other allele.

Codominance they dont blend for example coat color in cows, red cows crossed with white
cows will have offspring that are roan cows.Roan refers to cows with red hair and white
blotches.CodominanceAnother pattern of inheritance is codominance.This results when one
allele is not dominant over the other.The resulting heterozgotes exhibit the traits of both parents.
One example of codominance Is the MN blood typing in humans.On the surface of our red blood
cells are proteins bound to sugar molecules, forming complexes called antigens. One group of
antigens are controlled by a pair of alleles, LM and LN.The pairing of these alleles will
determine the blood type of a individual,and there are three: M, MN and N.Multiple
AllelesSometimes, even if only two alleles control a trait, there ,may actually be more than two
phenotypes expressed. Another blood group system in humans, the ABO system, is an example
of a character governed b multiple alleles. The ABO blood type is determined by the presence or
absence of two antigens, A and B. Allele I does not code for an antigen. There are four possible
blood types, A, B, AB and, O.Blood type is controlled by three alleles: A, B, O. O is recessive,
two O alleles must be present for a person to have type O blood.A and B are codominant . if the
person receives an A allele and a B allele, their blood is type AB.The inheritance of some
characters does not strictlty follow Mendels Law of Independent Assorment. There are many
traits that are inherited together more frequently. For example, the expression of certain traits
depends on whether one is male or female. Apparently, the expression of the traits determined by
or related to ones sex.Sex Chromosomes and Sex DeterminationHumans have 46 chromosomes
in each cell. Observation of the human body cells shows 23 pairs of chromosomes for both males
and females. Twenty-two pairs are somatic chromosomes. The 23rd pair consists of sex
chromosomes. Human males and some other male organisms, such as other mammals and fruit
flies, have non-identical sex chromosomes (XY). Female have identical (XX) sex
chromosomes.Sex Linked Genes-Genes located on the X chromosomes are called X-linked
genes. Genes on the Y chromosomes are called Y-linked genes. An example of an X-linked trait
in human is hemophilia A person suffering from hemophilia could die from loss of blood even
ron a small wound because the blood either clots very slowly or does not clot at all.Sex limited
trait are those that are expressed exclusively in one sex.Sex-influenced traits are expressed in
both sexes but more frequently in one than in the other sex.
My very first impression to you Sir Gerald is you are very strict when you are having your
class,and I think that you are very intelligent that you can teach as very well, and I thought that
when you are lecturing you will not having an oral recitation but I am very afraid to answer
because thought I can answer you question because I think it is very hard to answer,but when
you are reading my question my fear gone away b ecause I know what are you questioning to
me. Because when you lecturing I am listening but when you reading the question I am very
afraid because I thought im gonna be so embrass to everyone because I thought that I cannot
answer your question to me. But when it gets longer and longer I say to my self that you are not
so very strict and I know that you are very intelligent teacher and I think that you might gonna be
a good teacher someday