It ...

+ to-V/V-ing
It
it <><><><>
it <><><><><
>
It is a bad habit to sit up late at night.

It is no good hoping for other's help.

It is not easy to keep in mind what you have told me.

It is fun eating by stealth without being found.

It is easy to do this.

It is fun to play the guitar.

It is boring to listen to the same story.

It ... that ...
It ... + thatwhetherwhatwhy ...
it <><><><>
<> <> thatifwhether
whowhatwhichwhenwherewhyhow

It is often the case that haste makes waste.

It is doubtful whether he can read my fortune or not.

It doesn't matter to me what you do.

It seems uncertain why he lost the election.

It doesn't matter how long we live, but how we live.

It is kind of you to ...
It iskindgoodstupidofto-

<>
kindgoodstupidfoolishcleverwisecruelwrong

It is kind of you to take me to the station.

It is stupid of him to refuse a job as a reporter on that well known newspaper.

It was clever of you to solve the problem.

It was wise of you to refuse his offer.

It is cruel of him to beat his boy like that.

It was wrong of you to do that.

It follows that ...
It followsthat-
follow be
necessarily trueIt doesn't followthat-<
>
It follows that the longer you work, the more tired you will be.

It follows that if you work hard, you will succeed.

Just because he is at the bottom of his class, it does not follows that he has a
bad brain.

From this evidence, it follows that he is not the murderer.

Although she is poor, it doesn't follow that she is dishonest.

It occurs to sb. that ...
Itoccur tostrikesbto-that-
it that-<> that-<
> to-<>occur to strike
Did it ever occur to you to be betrayed by your best friend?

It occurred to him that he should go to see a dentist.

Does it ever occur to you to use your sight to see into the inner nature of a
friend or acquaintance?

It never occurred to me to take advantage of him.

It takes (sb.) ... to ...
It takessb.to-
It <>
It took him three months to be able to run a mile.

It takes half an hour to walk from here to the school.

How long does it take to fly from here to Japan?

It takes ... to ...
It takesto-
It <>
It takes hard work to achieve success.

It takes patience and hard work to master English writing.

It takes a lot of doing to finish the work.

It costs sb. ... to ...
It costssb.to-
It <>
It cost him a great deal of money to take the trip.

It cost me 100 dollars to collect the stamps.

How much did it cost you to study abroad?

It is said that ...
It issaidbelievedexpectedthoughtreported
that-
<>It is said thatIt is
believed thatIt is expected that
It is thought thatIt is
reported thatIt is estimated that
It is known that
It is generally believed that Confucius preserved the literature of China for
later times.

It is believed that health is above wealth.

It is generally believed that it pays to work hard.

It is reported that the car accident took place sometime yesterday.

It is estimated that the damage was over one million dollars.

It is expected that John will be back by ten.

It is said that the boy grew up to be a noted scientist.

 It is generally thought that traveling abroad can enrich one's knowledge.

It seems/appears ...
It seemsappearsto sb.that-
appear seem

It seems to me now that he sighed and that I tittered to hide my
embarrassment.

It seems to my grandfather that my father is still a child.

It seems that the world is getting smaller and smaller.

It appears to me that you are all mistaken.

It happens that ...
It happens/chances + that-
it <> that <>
It happened that my mother was out that day.

It happened that he had some money. (=He happened to have some money.)

It happened/chanced that I was busy writing a letter when he came.

It is a pity that ...
It is a pitythat-to-
it <> that <>
It is a pity (that) he lost so much money.

It is a pity that we shall have to leave tomorrow.

It is a pity to give up the job.

It is a pity that you missed the party.

It is just as well that ...
It is just as wellthat-
it <> that <>
It is just as well that the next day is a holiday when no one has to work.

It is just as well that we did not follow him.

It is just as well that you took another road.

It is one's belief that
It is one's beliefthat-
it <> that <>
It is his belief that education should not be the privilege of a limited number of
people.

It is my belief that good manners are very important to everybody.

It is our belief that every body is equal before the law.

It goes without saying ...
It goes without sayingthat-
It is needless to say that
It goes without saying that a real sportsman will never dream of cheating in a
game.

It goes without saying that money can not buy anything.

It goes without saying that home is the warmest place in the world.

How is it possible to ...?
How is it possibleto-that-
it to-<>that-<
>
How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing
worthy of note?
?
How was it possible to fall down from the third floor without being hurt?

How is it possible for a boy of ten to fly an airplane?

It is a great relief to
It is a great relief + to- ...
it <>
to-<>
It is a great relief to allow us ourselves the luxury of acknowledging our
human frailties.

It is a great relief to have rain after a long time of drought.

It is a great relief to see him still as strong as he was.

It is worth while to ...
It is worth whileto-
worth while worthwhile<
><> It It pays to ...
It is worth while to read the book.

It is worth while to take a trip abroad.

It is worth while to learn English.

It is no use/good ...
ItThere is no use/good
It <>
<>It is of no use< >
It (There) is no use crying over spilt milk.

It is no use explaining the reason to him.

It is no use crying about the past.

It is no good asking her for a date.

It is no good waiting for other people to make your decision for you.

It is of no use boasting of being rich on a desert island.

It is strange that ...
It is strange that ... should ...
<> that-<>
should
It is strange that such a rich man should be so stingy.

It is strange that he should fall in love with such a snobbish girl.

It is strange that we should meet here.

It is natural that ...
It is natural that ... should ...
<> that-<>should

It is natural that such a hardworking student should pass the exam.

It is natural that he should disagree with you.

It is natural that he should fall in love with such a beautiful girl.

I find/think it ... to ...
findthinkmakeconsiderit

<><><>
find <> thinkmakeconsider it
<><><> thatif
whetherwhowhatwhenwherehow <>
<><>
We all consider it wrong to cheat in examinations.

Many people find it a dangerous thing to go mountain climbing alone.

Do you think it dangerous to go swimming alone?

I believe it good her taking care of orphans.

I think it important that we keep up with the times.

I want to make it clear that I have no prejudice against you.

His laziness makes it impossible for him to achieve success.

I regard it as my responsibility to offer him help.

I make it a rule to take a short walk after lunch.

I take it for granted ...
take it for grantedthat
it <>that
He took it for granted she would always be so.

I take it for granted that he will succeed.

It is taken for granted that everyone is equal before the law.

What is this?
Whatbe thisthat
Thisthatbe a bookpen
what
be <
><> w

What is this? This is a chair.

 What's this? It's a book.

What is that? That is a desk.

What are these?
What arethesethose
TheseThose areses
<><>is <>are
<>
What are these? These are books.

What are those? Those are cups.

What are they? They are glasses.

What are you?
Whatbe
be a student
what
be <><
>I amwe areyou arehe is
What are you? I am a student.

What is she? She is a teacher.

Are you a ...?
Be amareis
Yesamareis
Noamareisnot
<><> amisare <>

Is he a student? Yes, he is. (No, he isn't.)

Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. (No, I'm not.)

Is that a clock? Yes, it is. (No, it isn't.)

What is your name?
Whatisname?
nameis
myyourhisher<><><
><><><>
aanthisthatthese those
What is your name? My name is Sue.

What is his name? His name is John.

What is her name? Her name is Jean.

Who is that ...?
Whobe that
That is
Who <><>
<>
Who is that short boy? That is Bill.

Who is that tall girl? That is Mary.

Who is that fat man? He is my uncle.

Where is ...?
Wherebe amareis
be in the
Where ...?<>InOn the<>

Where is Sue? She is in her room.

Where are your books? On the desk.

Where is your mother? She is in the kitchen.

Are you V-ing ...?
AmAreIs
<><>
be <>
Is Mary sleeping?

Are you reading a book?

Is the dog playing?

What are you doing?
Whatamareis
amareis
<><><>
<><
> sit downstand up<>
What am I doing? You are reading a book.

What are the girls doing? They are singing.

What is Bill writing? He is writing a letter.

How old are you?
How oldbe
be year(s) old
<> how
what be <>amisare<>()
year(s) old
How old are you? I am twelve (years old).

How old is your sister? She is thirteen years old.

How old is John? He is one year old.

What time is it?
What time is it
It iso'clock
what <>
<> timetime
What time is it? It is ten o'clock.

What time is it? It is six o'clock.

What time is it? It is nine o'clock.

Do you + V ...?
DoDoes
Yesdodoes
Nodon'tdoesn't
<>speakworkteach<
> do does<><>ses
<>
Do you speak English? Yes, I do. (No, I don't.)

Does she have a cat? Yes, she does. (No, she doesn't.)

Do they work in office? Yes, they do. (No, they don't.)


What time do you + V ...?
What timedodoes

<> do does <
><> does do
What time do you get up? I usually get up at six.

What time does he go to bed? He usually goes to bed at ten.

What time does your class begin? It begins at eight-ten.

What day is today?
What day is today
It'sSundayMonday
it
this that
<><>
What day is today? It's Sunday.

What day is today? It's Wednesday.

What day is today? It's Saturday.

How many N are there ...
How manyare there inon
There isareinon
many
<> <> are there there
are
How many seasons are there in a year? There are four seasons in a year.

How many days are there in a week? There are seven days in a week.

How many lessons are there in this book? There are twelve lessons in this
book.

How many ... do you have?
How manydodoeshave
havehas
don'tdoesn't have
How many<><> manya
lot ofa fewsomefewanyno
How many books do you have? I have a lot of books. (I don't have any books.)

How many sweaters do you have? I have three sweaters. (I don't have any
sweaters.)

How many friends does she have? She has a lot of friends. (She doesn't have
many friends.)

How much ... do you have?
How muchdodoeshave
havehas
don'tdoesn't have
How much<><>
much a littlesomelittleanyno
How much tea does he have? He has a lot of tea. (He doesn't have any tea.)

How much homework do they have? They have a lot of homework. (They
don't have much homework.)


How much fruit do they have? They have a lot of fruit. (They don't have a lot
of fruit.)

How much do(es) ... cost?
How much doescost
how much
How much be <>"
How much does this computer cost? (=How much is this computer?)

How much do the vegetables cost?

How much do the movie tickets cost?

Did ... V ...
Did
Did<> Did
<>
Did he clean the room yesterday?

Did she wash the skirt yesterday?

Did your brother play in the park this morning?

Did he eat lunch yesterday?

Did you see any elephants in the zoo last week?

Did Sue have her breakfast at eight?

Do you ever + V ...?
DoDoesever
Nonever s es
ever <>never never
<><>4
Do you ever use a computer? No, I never use a computer.

Does Tom ever get up late? No, Tom never gets up late.

Does Sally ever play the piano? No, Sally never plays the piano.

Never be late for school, Bill.

What year was he born in?
What dateyearwaswerebornonin
born <>
bear <> <> was were
waswere born
What year were you born in?

What date was your mother born on?

What month was your sister born in?

What will you do on ...?
What willdiddoon

<> on
What will you do on Teacher's Day?

What will they do on Christmas Eve?

What will Helen do on her birthday?

What did John do on New Year's Day?

What did Mary do on Youth Day?

What did the suspect do on July ninth?

How do you + V ...?
Howdo

How <>
<><><>
<><><>

How did you do your work? I did my work happily.

How did Mrs. Lin look at Mr. Lin? She looked at Mr. Lin coldly.

How does Mr. Wang drive his taxi? He drives his taxi carefully.

You are ..., aren't you?

<>
<><><><
>it this that<>(<>)<>(<
>)they thesethose people <>
will not-->won'twould not--> wouldn'tshould
not-->shouldn'tcan not-->can'tcould not-->couldn't might
not-->mightn'tought not-->oughtn't<>
do does <>
did
They're ready, aren't they?

Mike has a car, doesn't he?

The secretary typed the letter, didn't she?

They will go to Europe, won't they?

You are the teacher, aren't you?

I suppose you have been in our woods, haven't you?

I know he had a good time last night, didn't he?

The wall plug is broken, isn't it?

Clean parks are beautiful, aren't they?

You can do it, can't you?

We should rise early, shouldn't we?

He isn't ..., is he?

<>
<><>
He isn't a manager, is he? --- Yes, he is. (No, he isn't.)

Mike doesn't have a car, does he?

The secretary didn't type the letter, did she?

They won't go to Europe, will they?

You aren't the teacher, are you?

I don't think he can answer the question, can he?

What in the world ...?
in the worldon earthever
<>in
the worldon earth ever<>
How in the world will he do it?

What in the world do you mean?

How on earth did you know it?

Who on earth told you that?

Where ever did you lose it?

What in the world are they hoping for?

Are you ... or ...?
or
"<><
>
Shall we come to see you or will you come to see us?

Are you from the America or from the England?

Will he go on Monday or on Tuesday?

Would you like coffee or tea?

What ..., + A or B?
()Aor B
<><>

--
What would you like -- coffee or tea?

Which would you rather to buy -- silk or cotton?

Where did you go: to Tianjin or to Beijing?

When will you go to the Fair, tomorrow or some other day?

... what/which ...
whathowwhichwhy
<><
>
<><>
<> willshouldwould mustmaycan
<> dodoesdid
<>
I'd like to know how old the manager is.

He inquired how it was done.

Please advise me which item I should buy.

Tell me why it is so important?

They do not know what the words mean.

Tell me what happened yesterday.

What they talked about is what we want to know.

She washed her hair every night and measured how much it grew in a week.

You will never know how much your encouragement meant to me.

... whether/if ...
whetherif
if
or not whetherwhether
<> if
 He asked me the question whether the price was too high.

They asked him whether the quality is fine or not.

Tell me whether you like this color.

Tell me if it doesn't rain.

Ask him if it is true.

I wonder if he is in the school.

Do you know if/where ...
whatwherewhen
<>
Can you tell me where the teacher has gone?

Have you any idea where he comes from?

Do you know if they like this new item?

Do you know who wants to go with me?

Do you know when the train will leave?

Can you tell me how much you earn a month?

He is ..., is he?

<>

We are old friends, not strangers, right?

He's a capable businessman, is he?

So you come importing Chinese textiles, do you?

So you've been to Shanghai, have you?

... what ...?

Two times what number makes ten?

You will go where?

You are twenty-what this year?

He's your who?

What/How about + N/V-ing?
WhatHow about

What about the name Smith?

What about going to a movie?

What about lending me some money?

What about washing the car on Sunday?

How about the others?

How about a drink?

How about a cup of coffee at a nearby coffee shop?

What if ...?
What if

What if it is true?

What if he doesn't agree?

What if he comes back now?

What if the boy's parents should die?

What if I fail!

What ... for?
Whatfor
For what
What are you running for?

What do you want it for?

What did they go there for?

How else ...?
How else

How else should a father in this modern world express his affection and
concern for his own son?


How else can the doctor save him?

How else can I apologize for her?

..., (Don't) V ...
Don't
<><> you <>
.!

Close your book.

Open the window.

Don't drop cigarette ash on the carpet.

Wait here while I go and ask what time the next train leaves.

Come to my office at once.

John, put the car into the garage.

Stop thinking that you are better than the others.

Find the year of your birth on the illustration.

Try to be more generous with your money.

(Don't) be ... (...)
Don'tbe
be

Barbara, be enthusiastic!

Be polite.

Be timely and exact.

Don't be nervous!

Don't be afraid. Speak out!

Get + V-ed/ADV (...)
Get
get <>get <
><>
Get done with the work!

Get back.

Get opened the L/C!

Get signed the contract!

Do/Never + V (...)
DoNever
<><>
do<> never don't
<>

Do come!

Do be careful.

Never miss the train.

Never mix up these two words.

No/None of + N
NoNone of

There isIt is

No delay! We urgently need these books.
!
None of your little games!

None of your nonsense! (=No nonsense!)

 None of your impudence! (=Don't be impudent!)

Please + V (...)
Please
<>please

please
Mary, please sit down.

Please spell the word, Bill.

Sue, shut the door, please.

Please pass me the dictionary.

Lend me your typewriter, please.

Move along, please!

Please help yourself!

Let's/Let ... +V ...
Let meLet'sLet
<>
shall we?
Let me see.

Let me have a look.

Let me alone.

Let's go to the park, shall we?

"Shall he attend the meeting?" --- "Let him wait."

Jane, let him have the toy.

Let ... not + V ...
Letnot
<> let <>Don't let<><>

Let us not sign the contract.

Let's not submit our disputes for arbitration.

Please don't let us miss the opportunity.

Don't let anyone enter the room.

Suppose ... + V/V-ed ...
SupposeSupposing
suppose supposing <> let
suppose <> we <>
let to
<>
Suppose we try another.

Suppose we change the subject.

Suppose we play baseball.

Supposing we opened (open) the L/C this afternoon.

Supposing we sign the contract tomorrow.

... to ...
()to

Success to you!

A happy new year to you!

Happy birthday to you!

A happy journey to you!

A toast to our friendship!

A toast to your health!

Away/Down/Up/In with ...
AwayDownUpIn with
<><>
downawayupinoutonoffback <>
<>
Away with them!

 In with you!

Out with it!

On with your hat!

How + ADJ/ADV ... + V ...
How

how <> <>

How hard he worked!

How kind he is!

How well he speaks!

How fashionable this new style is!

What + N ... + V ...
What
<>
what <><><>
<><> a <><>

What exciting news this is!

What a capable manager he is!

What a nice watch!

What heavy traffic!

Such (a) + N!
Sucha
<>What a<><>
Such carefulness!

Such a nice shirt!

Such a man!

Away/Back/Off ... + V ...
AwayBackOff
<><><>

Off you go!

Back they come!

Here he comes!

There they go!

In you go!

Off they went to the meeting-room!

Away they went to the airport!

Away/Back/Off + V ...
AwayBackOff
<><><><
><><><><>
<>
There comes the bus!

Off goes the teacher!

Away melted the whole crowd!

In comes the teacher!

Oh, it's too late!

<><><>
<>

Oh, it's too late!

Oh, dear! I failed in the English examination!

Bravo! Well done!

Well, here we are at last!

Dear me, I didn't know the price is so high!

Hum, you're joking!

To think ... should + V
To thinkthatshould
think
<><><>
<><>
To think that they should miss the train!

To think that the manager knew nothing about the production!

To think you are/were so late!

Isn't ...!
Isn't ...!
<><>
Isn't that grand!

Isn't it reasonable!

Isn't she beautiful!

Isn't it hot today!

Enough!

Enough!

Great!

Wonderful!

Fancy + V-ing ...
Fancy

Fancy meeting you here!

Fancy his coming so early!

Fancy his telling a lie!

If + Present Tense ..., S + will/shall + V ...
IfS
if
 will I we
shall will I we shall
will if necessaryif possible
if so if
If I lose my job, I will/shall go abroad.

If I have a headache, I will take an aspirin.

If it rains, we will stay at home.

If the weather clears, we'll go for a walk.

If the weather doesn't clear, we won't go for a walk.

Inflation may be rising, if (it is) so, prices will go up.

If possible, She wants to go with us.

Sterling may fall, if (this should be) so, interest rates will rise.

If + Present Tense ..., S + Modal Verb ...
If +
<If + Present Tense ..., S + will/shall + V ...>


If it is fine tomorrow, we can go out.

If it is fine tomorrow, we could go out.

If it is fine tomorrow, we may go out.

If it is fine tomorrow, we might go out.

If it is fine tomorrow, we should go out.

If it is fine tomorrow, we ought to go out.

If it is fine tomorrow, we must go out.

If I should ..., Imperative Sentence.
If Ishould ...
<If + should + V><if + >

should if

If you should see him, please give him my regards.

Should you see him, please give him my regards.

If you should happen to see him, please give him my regards.

Should you happen to see him, please give him my regards.

If you should write to her, send her my love.

Should you not wish our agent to call, please let us know.

Should you be interested in our offer, please contact us.

If I should ..., I will ...
Ifshouldwouldwillshouldshall
<>if <><>
shouldshould<> if <
><>
should if
If he should come, I would tell him the truth.

If he should come, I will tell him the truth.

Should the boy come again, I would throw him out.

If it should rain, our plan would be spoiled.

Should that be true, the contract would be canceled.

Should another world war break out, what would become of human beings?

If I were to ..., I ...
Ifwere towouldshould
<>if ... should, ...
if ... were to
<>
If the sun were to rise in the west, he would pass the exam.

If I were to be born again, I would like to be a bird.

If the sun were to disappear, what would the earth be like?

 Were I to die tomorrow, what would my children do?

If I + V-ed, I would ...
Ifwouldshould

if <><be><><
> werewere if
<> should would
couldmight ought to<>
<>
If I knew his address, I could write to him.

If I were free now, I might call on him.

If you were in my shoes (=Were you in my shoes), what would you do?

Were I rich enough, I would buy a sports car.

How happy I would be if I were a few inches taller!

If I had a car, I could take her for a drive.

If I had binoculars, I could see that comet clearly.

It is time that ...
It ishightimethat
<>
should<>that <> to <>
It is time he went to bed.

It is time that you left for the duty.

It is time that you reflected upon your mistakes.

It is high time he should come to our house for dinner.

It is time for somebody to teach you to behave yourself.

If I had V-ed, I would have ...
Ifhadwouldshould have
<>if <><><
><>wouldshouldought
tomightcouldhave<>if <> had<
> If
 If I had seen him, I would have told him the truth.

I could have finished the task if I had had more time.

If we had known of your departure, we would have seen you off at the airport.

I someone had been with him, he might not have been drowned.

I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses.

Had he not apologize to her, she would not have forgiven him.

Had he not saved me, I might have been drowned.

Had I proposed to you, would you have married me?
?
Had you not helped us, we should have canceled this transaction.

If I had V-ed, I would ...
Ifhadwouldshould now
today
<><>if <
><><>
<><><
> nowtoday
If he had worked harder when young, he would be well off now.

If I had been rich ten years ago, I could buy that house today.

Had he told the truth, he wouldn't be punished now.

Had he followed the doctor's advice, he might be alive now.

I wish ... + V-ed ...
I wishthathad

I wish that <><><><><
><><
>I wishthat-<>
<>I would ratherthat-<> I hope
that <><><><>
I wish there were meadows and lambs.

I wish I were as tall as you.

I wish he could tell us.

I wish (=I would rather) he could come tomorrow.

I wish you had not been caught in the rain yesterday.

I wish you had not told the truth.

I wish I had known you ten years ago.

If only + V-ed
If only
<
>
If only I had a rich father.

If only he had been here.

If only I had another chance.

... as if/as though ...
as ifas though
as ifas though <><
><><>
<><>
He speaks like that as if he doesn't want to attend the meeting.

He walks as if he is drunk.

He felt as if he almost wished to kill them.

The baby opened the book as if he were able to read.

The nurse attends on the patient as if he were her father.

He ran into the room as if he had seen something terrible.

She looks as if nothing had happened to her.

It seems/looks as if ...
It seemslooks as if
as if <><
>
 It looks as if it is going to rain.

It seems as if he knows everything.

It seems as if he knew everything, but in reality, he is as stupid as can be.

It looks as if she had just come back from outer space.

It seemed as if he had finished the work.

It seemed as if he would never finish the work.

If it were not for ...
if it were not forwouldshould

<>but for<>without<>
were if3
If it were not for his presence, I would punish you.

But for your advice, I should have failed.

But for music (=Were it not for music), life would be dull.

If it were not for oxygen and nitrogen in the air, no man could live on the
earth.

Without air, all living things would die.

Without newspaper, we would get behind the times.

I should be lonely, were it not for the birds and the flowers.

Were it not for his help, I could not finish the work.

Were it not for science, we could not live a comfortable live.

If it had not been for ...
if it had not been forwouldshould

<>
If it had not been for his help, I should have failed.

 Had it not been for your timely help, our company would have been on the
verge of bankruptcy.

If it had not been for these experiments, the improvement of the machine
would have been impossible.

Had it not been for the kind guide, I might have got lost in the mountains.

If it had not been that he was here, I would have punished you.

I demand/insist that ...
1demandinsist that 2
should
<>
suggestrecommendproposeadviseurge
desire askdemandrequirerequestmaintaininsist
ordercommand ruleregulatestipulate
that-<><><>should
<> should
The committee moved that the meeting (should) be adjourned.

His parents demanded that he (should) be back by ten.

The employees demand that their salaries be raised.

They ruled that the law (should) not be imposed.

His father ordered that he (should) keep a diary in English.

My mother encouraged me and insisted that I continue my education.

He insisted that I (should) apologize to her.

Recently, many states have insisted that high schools teach students how to
drive.

His father insisted that they (should) move to the country.

It is proper ... that ...
It isimportant thatshould

<>
importantnecessaryimperativeessentialurgentdesirable
advisablerecommendableproper that-<><
 > should must should
It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference.

It is essential that he get up early.

It is urgent that food and clothing (should) be sent to the sufferers.

It is desirable that we (should) provide for the poor at Christmas.

It is important that he be quiet.

It is important that he not do it.

It is requested that all members be present at the party.

It is proper that such a bad man be punished severely.

Imperative Sentence + Conj. + Main Clause

<><> if
<>
if
Provide the materials and we'll do the job.

Stop shouting or you'll wake up the neighbors.

Put that down or else I'll smack you.

Be there on time, otherwise you'll create a bad impression.

Fail to pay and they'll cut off the electricity.

Stop eating sweets, or you won't get any dinner.

Unless ...
Unless
unless if ...
not ...unless if ...
not ...
Unless you change your mind (=If you don't change you mind), I won't be able
to help you.

Unless the management improves their offer, there'll be a strike.

 I couldn't have got to the meeting on time -- unless I had caught an earlier
train.

Provided/Providing (that) ....
ProvidedprovidedthatSV ...
Provided/Providing (that)
if
Provided/Providing (that) you clear your desk by this evening, you can have
tomorrow off.

As/So long as ...
As/So long as SV ...
As/So long as
if
So (As) long as you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow
leave.

As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe.

You may eat anything, so long as you don't eat too much.

As long as live, I will help you.

As long as you don't betray me, I'll do whatever you ask me to (do).

We'll ship the goods at an early time as long as there is a steamer.

You will never be good students so long as you goof around.

Suppose/Supposing (that) ...
Suppose/Supposing thatSV ...
Suppose/Supposing (that)
if
Suppose/Supposing (that) we miss the train, what shall we do?

What if/Say ...
What if/SaySV ...
What if Say
Let us suppose
What if/Say he goes home before us and can't get in? What will he do then?

What if/Say you were to run out of money? What would you do?

With luck ...
With luck
With luck if with luck

With luck, we'll be there by tomorrow.
=If we are lucky
With luck, she will get the job.
=If she is lucky
Given time ...
Given time
if Given time

Given time, they will probably agree.
=If they are given time/If we
give them time
To hear him talk, ...
To hear him talk
To hear him
talk if
To hear him talk If you could hear him talk
To hear him talk, you'd think he was Prime Minister.

To hear you talk, I'd think you were Prime Minister.

Without ..., S + V ...
Without

Without ...
without Without

without without

Without your help, I couldn't have done it.
=If you hadn't helped
me
She can't solve the problem without his help.

We can't live without air or water.

Fish cannot live without water.

as/so ... as ...
assoas

as <> as <><><
 > as asas <>as<
>aan<>as<>as manyfew
<>as<>as muchlittle<
>asasas


He is as handsome as his brother (is).

Judy goes to the movies as often as Sara does.

Old John goes to sleep as easily as a baby does.

The girls are as busy with their work as bees.

He is as nice a boy as Peter (is).

She has as many friends as Mary (does).

He has as much money as John (does).

He is as clever as (he is) handsome.

My teacher is as kind as (she is) intelligent.

as many/much ...
as manymuch
<>

He was tired enough to make ten errors in as many (=in ten) pages.

Mike read five books in as many (=in five) months.

I didn't expect that he should have committed three robberies in as many days.

as many/much as ...
as manymuch as
as manymuch<>
<>as long as<>
as wide as<> as high as<
>as early as<>as late
as<>
She has as many as seven sisters.

As many as 100 people were killed in the air crash.

I gave the beggar as much as 1,000 yen.

Building costs ran up to as much as NT$ 20 million.

I have been learning English (for) as long as 15 years.

He came home as late as two in the morning.

I saw your brother as late as last week.

The river is as wide as 100 meters.

I mailed the letter as early as Friday.

A is as much + N + as B is
beasmuchasbe
as much<>asbe<
> be
Comets are just as much members of the sun's family as (are) the other
planets.

To eat too much is as much a bad thing as to eat nothing.

He is as much a member of the orchestra as Tom.

not as/so + ADJ/ADV + as + N
not assoas
asas <>
soas <>
It is not as (so) popular as other foods.

He does not study as (so) hard as John.

I am not as (so) careful as Tom.

as far as ...
as far as
as far as<><
>
Swallows from England go as far as South Africa.

We walked as far as the railroad station.

 We drove as far south as Kaohsiung.

He went as far as Yokohama to meet his friend from England.

I swam as far as I could.

... just as ... as ...
just asas
as
as <> be <> as
<><>
Being a good pedestrian is just as important as being a good driver.

Writing is just as important as reading.

He wrote just as carefully as Tom.

... as ... as one can
asas one can
as ... as one canas ... as
possibleone <> can <>
To speak English fluently, you had better read as many English articles as you
can.

Take as much exercise as you can.

Be as careful as you can.

Our teacher explained the lesson to us as clearly as he could.

She needed to soften her request to make it as polite and courteous as she
could.

You should be as careful as you can in making friends.

We had better learn by heart as many sentence patterns as we can.

I looked down the road as far as I could.

I will try to save as much as I can.

You should remain as quiet as you can.

... as ... as ... can be
be asascan be
<><>
<><>as plain as
plain can beas wise as wise can be
as white as white can beas wrong as
wrong can be
His failure is as plain as plain can be.

He is as handsome as (handsome) can be.

She is as kind as can be.

Mary is as hardworking as can be.

He may not be so clever as Peter, but he is as industrious as can be.

as ... as ever
asas ever

He seems to be as busy as ever.

He works as hard as ever.

She was as beautiful as ever after so many years.

... times as ... as ...
asas
twice
times
An ordinary subway train, approaching the station, can be twice as loud as the
loudest jet.

This line is four times as long as that one.

I am twice as old as he.

She studies three times as hard as I.

He earns twice as much as he used to.

She spent half as much money as you.

... times the/my N ...
the
<><> the <
><>as<>
timesmore than<>the<><
>
It was over twice the distance of the earth from the sun.

Line A is four times the length of line B.
A B
I have five times the number of Tom's books.

He has three times my money.

He has more than three times my money.

The river is ten times the length of the Tamsui River.

Holland has two-thirds the inhabitants of the state of New York, which is four
times the size of Holland.

more than ... as ... as
more thanasas
twice
times
He is more than three times as rich as I. (=He is three times richer than I.)

He studies more than three times as hard as I.

I am more than twice as old as he.

He has collected more than three times as many stamps as I (have).

... times ...er than ...
than
twice
times
We now know that X-ray waves are 2,000 to 10,000 times shorter than light waves.

This street is four times shorter than that one.

The mother elephant is one hundred times heavier than the baby elephant.

It is ten times louder than another.

This street is three times wider than that one.

I am twice older than he.

not so adj. as adj.
not soas
<><>
rather than<><>
She is not so beautiful as charming. (=She is charming rather than beautiful.)

He is not so clever as diligent.

She is not so kind as simple.

not so much + N as + N
not so muchas
<>rather
than<>
He is not so much a writer as a scholar.

He is not so much a genius as a hard worker.

The Apollo program was not so much a scientific achievement as a technical
accomplishment.

not so much ... as ...
not so muchas

<><
>rather than <>/<>
Happiness hinges not so much on wealth as on health.

One's greatness lies not so much in his wealth as in his character.


Success lies not so much as in luck as in hard work.

I lay down not so much to sleep as to think.

It is not so helpful to give someone some bread as to teach him how to make a
living.

Our success was attributed not so much to your help as to our cooperation.

The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to
 teach you the art of learning.

The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. (=The oceans do not
divide the world so much as unite it.)

not so much as ...
not so much as ...
not even ...<>
<> cannot so much as<>
do not so much as<>have not
so much as<>
He cannot so much as write his own name. (=He cannot even write his own
name.)

He did not so much as thank me.

He is so stupid that he can't so much as eat.

When Mary walked in, she didn't so much as take a glance at me, which
angered me.

the more ..., the more ...
thethe
<><><
>heityouthey<>JohnMary<
> be <> be <>
The more you soften a request, the more polite it becomes.

The longer you stay here, the more you will like the place.

The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.

The more I learn, the less I feel I know.

The closer you stay to nature, the more you will appreciate her beauty.

The more leisure he has, the less he stays at home.

The better the boy (is), the more I like him.

The colder the weather (is), the more comfortable my life (will be).

The bigger the house (is), the more money it will cost.

 The more haste, the less speed.

The more noble the more humble.

More profit and less honor.

The sooner the better.

The more you have, the more you want.

The more you beat iron the harder it grows.

more and more ...
and

The noise of traffic grows louder and louder.

It is getting hotter and hotter.

You should study harder and harder.

The girl became more and more beautiful.

With the rapid economical development, China's position on the international
stage is getting more and more important.

... more ... than ...
be morethan
<><
><>
You may also find that reading has become more fun than work!

It is more a made-up story than a real occurrence.

I was more disappointed than discouraged.

He seems more like a military officer than a business executive.

He is more a sprinter than a swimmer.

I am more frightened than hurt.

Sue is more beautiful than Jane.

 The computer is more expensive than the typewriter.

People in the country are happier than people in the city.

N1 more ... than N2
1than 2

People have to live on something more nourishing than hope.

I have never seen a girl more beautiful than Mary.

I want some persons more experienced than Tom.

more N than + ADJ/V-ed
thanbe
be <>
Some people give higher priced gifts than necessary for the situation.

I did more work than required.

We were given more money than necessary for the project.

It is better to V1 than V2
It isto 1thanto 2
than to
It is better to laugh than (to) weep.

It is more comfortable to lie on a lawn than (to) sit in the office.

It is harder to teach than (to) study.

make ... more ... of ...
makemoreof
<>
Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight.

Their sudden attack made us more aware of the danger around us.

Your encouragement made me more confident of my future.

all the more for ...
all thefor
for <>
<><>all thebecause-
 because <><><><><
>
You will enjoy stories all the more for having understood the characters in
them.

I love her all the better for her poverty (=because she is poor).

I like the book all the more for its beautiful illustrations.

He studied all the harder because he had failed (=for his failure).

She is all the more beautiful for her shabby clothing (=because her clothing is
shabby).

I respect him all the more because he has faults.

I like Kyoto all the better for its many narrow streets.

none the ...er for ...
none thefor
none the
because-for <><><>because
<><><><><>
His health is none the better for his exercise (=because he takes exercise).

She is none the more beautiful because she wears a fancy dress.

He is none the happier for his great wealth.

He is none the wiser because he has read many books.

none the less ... for ...
none the lessfor
none the less
because-none the less <><
><><><><><
><><><>
I love him none the less because he is poor.

She is none the less beautiful for her shabby clothing.

He studied none the less hard because he had failed.

... no more ... than ...
Ano moreBthanCD
A B C Dno more ... than
not ... any more than than

A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.

A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.

He is no more able to speak English than I am (able to speak English).

He is no more considerate of others than his brother is.

He can no more sing than I can dance.

We can no more live without sleep than (we can) without water.

I am no more out of my mind than you are (out of your mind).

Tom was no more surprised than (he was) disappointed at this news.

He is no better (no more good) at English than I am.

... no less ... than ...
Ano lessBthanCD
A B C D no less ... than
as ... asno less <> <>
A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.

He is no less clever than his elder brother.

She is no less good at swimming than Mary.

His parents are no less happy over his engagement than he is (happy over his
engagement).

He studies no less hard than John.

Associating with good friends is no less important to us than choosing good
books.

A good shirt is no less expensive than a jacket.

Sports wears, no less than suits, are very much saleable.

not more ... than ...
not morethan
at best
as ... as
She is not more beautiful than Mary.

I was not more surprised than he (was).

He is not more handsome than I.

not less ... than
not less ... than
at least as ...
as
She is not less beautiful than Mary.

He is not less interested in composing music than Jane.

He is not less handsome than I.

no more than ...
no more than
only<>
It will take no more than five days to read the book.

It is no more than ten minutes' walk from the station.

I had no more than 2 or 3 mistakes on my English assignment.

no less than ...
no less than
as manymuch
as ...
I received no less than ten thousand yen for my work.

The audience was no less than five thousand.

That hotel probably costs no less than 20 dollars a night.
20
No less than ten students flunked the exam.

not more than ...
not more than
at most<><>
 It is not more than ten minutes' walk from the station.

I'll stay here not more than three days.

For safety's sake, don't drive more than 30 kilometers per hour in the city.

not less than ...
not less than
at least<><>
The audience was not less than five thousand.

I'll stay here not less than three days.

Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I
believe it takes not less than six days.

at best + N
at best
nothing but ...
Don't expect much of him; he is at best a student.

She is at best a second-rate singer.

Don't scold him too much; he is at best a child.

much more /much less ...
much moremuch less
much more ...let alone ...
still more ...much less ...
still less ...<>
She can speak English, much more/let alone/still more write it.

She cannot speak English, much less/still less write it.

You have a right to your property, much more to your ideas.

I enjoy singing, much more listening to music.

She cannot buy daily necessities, much less luxuries.

He can hardly run a mile, much less the marathon.

That father can't discipline himself, much less set a good example for his
children to follow.

... more than any other N
thanany other
<><>
<><>thanall the other<
>
John is more diligent than any other student in his class.

John is more diligent than all the other students in his class.

Baseball is more popular than any other sport in Japan.

Autumn is better for reading than any other season.

Mt. Jade is higher than any other mountain in Taiwan.

... more than anyone else
thananyone elseanything else
<><>
<>anyone else anything else
John is more diligent than anyone else in his class.

Time is more precious than anything else in the world.

Mary is more beautiful than anyone else in her company.

We pay less attention to time than to anything else.

nothing is ...er than ...
nothing nothan
<><><>
Nothing is more valuable than time, but nothing is less valued.

No place is better than one's home.

Nothing is more pleasant than staying home listening to music.

Nothing gives him more pleasure than helping someone in trouble.

There is nothing to which we pay less attention than time and air.

... nothing more than N
nothing more than
nothing more thannothing
 but
Others are dismissed as nothing more than entertainment.

It is nothing more than a made-up story.

She wishes to be treated as nothing more than a common girl.

...er than ever
than ever
than ever than ever before

There it was, ticking away, louder than ever.

You should be more careful than ever.

Does she spend more money than ever?

better ... than ...
betterthan
better <><
><><>
Please try to attend the meeting. Better late than absent.

Better to postpone the shipment than to cancel the contract.

Better reduce the price than allow a discount.

with no N is it ...er than
... and with no 1is itthanwith 2

no is it
It is unreasonable to regard any language as the possession of a particular
nation, and with no language is it more unreasonable than with English.


It is bad to get ill, and with no disease is it worse than with cancer.

It is pleasant to chat with friends, and with no chat is it more pleasant than
with close friends.

Who is the most ...
Who is the
who which
4
 Who is the oldest of them?

Who is the most beautiful in their family?

Who is the youngest here?

Which is the most interesting subject for you?

the ...est ... not ...
not
<> not
The most foolish man knows his own name.

The loveliest flower cannot beat her beauty.

The greatest scholar cannot solve this difficult problem.

The richest man in the world cannot buy everything.

There is not the smallest chance of his escape.

Not even the thickest jacket was enough to keep out the cold.

The strongest man (that) you can think of cannot tear the log apart with bare
hands.

the ...est ... that V-ed
thethat
that <><><
> ever
That's the best book that I have ever read.

That's the nicest thing that has ever happened to me.

He is the most diligent student that I have ever known.

That's the worst performance (that) I have ever seen.

of all the N, the ...est
ofthe threethe fourall the
of the two<>
<><>7<><
>
Of the three students, he is the best.

Jane is the best of all the students in her class.

Jane is the best of the three (students).

Of all the high mountains, Mt. Jade is the highest.

Of all the four seasons, summer is the hottest.

Of all the girls, she is the most beautiful.

Of the two girls, Mary is more beautiful.

A is the ...est among ...
be ()among
<><>
The Chuo-shui River is the longest one among them.

Which river is the shortest among them?

Paris is the most beautiful among the cities.

A is the ...est N in ...
Abe thein
A the
Jane is the best student in her class.

Mr. Jones is the busiest man in the office.

The baseball game on Tuesday is the most important game this year.

A is the ...est of N
be theof
<><>be <
>the<><>
Robert Frost was the most American of American poets.

He is the strictest of teachers in our school.

It is the most popular of movies.

English is the most international of languages.

It is the most difficult of examinations.

You must make the most of your opportunities.

A is the ...est of all.
be theof all
<>of all<><
>
These frozen foods are the most convenient of all.

It is the most important of all.

They are the most dependable of all.

A is most ...
be the
<> thevery
very <> themost
the<><> the<>
<><> the
I think he is a most learned man.

A most beautiful girl came to see him yesterday.

Such a most talented person as he shouldn't be satisfied with what he is.

A comet is at perihelion when it is closest (=very close) to the sun.

A person is most disappointed when he is in despair.

He is calmest (=very calm) when he is all by himself.

The sentence of six months imprisonment was most unjust.

Most people need six to eight hours of sleep every day.

Most learned men are modest.

I like apples best of all fruits.

Bill runs quickly, Jack runs more quickly than Bill, and Bob runs most
quickly of all.

Jane's worst fault is her quick temper.

 She is my youngest sister.

A is the last to ...
be the lastto-
the last
<>
I would be the last to attempt to answer the question.

He is the last person (that) I want to see.

This is the last attempt (that) he would make.

The author should be the last man to talk about his work.

superior/inferior to ...
superiorinferior to
<><> to
thanprefer tosenior
to ...junior to ...
I prefer tea to coffee.

I prefer chemistry to physics.

He is superior to his brother in mathematics.

A cheaper camera is not always inferior to a more expensive one.

This plastic is inferior in quality to glass.

He is senior to me by seven years.

The president was so young that he was junior to some of his employees.

There is a ... in/on ...
There isaanoneinon
There areinon
there areis<>
havehas<><>
therebe <><> is are
<> is
are not no
There is a table in the room.

There is one picture on the wall.

There is a cat near the sofa.

There are two pens on the table.

There are three books on the desk.

There are four chairs in the room.

Is there a boy in the classroom?

Are there two girls in the room?

Are there two pictures on the wall?

There are not two girls in the room.

Happy is he ...
be
<> be <><><>
<> be <><>
Promising is a diligent student.

Blessed are the humble.

Successful are those who are willing to take pains.

Happy is he who is contented with what he has.

Happy is a teacher who has such a nice student in her class.

Never shall we ...
neverhardlyseldom
<>neverhardlyscarcelyseldomrarely

Never shall we see his like again.

Never have I seen such a pretty cat.

Never had he bought this kind of goods.

Rarely did he fail to keep his promise.

Hardly did I think she could come.

Seldom does she attend our meeting.

Scarcely can I hear him.

Bitterly did we repent our decision.

By no means was he ...

<><>by no meansno soonerthan

By no means was he able to handle it.

No sooner had she seen him than she smiled.

Of nothing comes out nothing.

On no account should we cut down the outturn.

At no time has the country been more prosperous than at present.

In no way am I responsible for what has happened.

In no case have I noticed that he left early.

No longer is he living here.

Not until ... did I ...

<>not until
Not until his friend offered to help could he do it.

Not until a few months later did he know the story.

Not until last night did I get the news.

Not only is it legal, it's very popular.

Not only do they rob you, they smash everything too.

He had no money, nor did he know anyone he could borrow from, either.

Only ... did he ...
Only
only <>
Only in 1687 did he at last publish his new theory.

Only after you lose your health, will you realize the importance of health.

Only in the southern part of Taiwan have I seen such scenery as this.

Only when he read the newspaper did he know the story.

Only by working hard are we able to succeed.

Only if I get a job will I have enough money to go to school.

Only on very rare occasions does he give you a word of praise.

..., so do I
so
so <>
56
John owns a car and so do I.

Tom can speak English and so can I.

He went fishing yesterday, and so did his mother.

I like movies, and so does Tom.

So he is.

So it does.

So hard did he ...
So
so<><><>
So terrible was the storm that whole roofs were ripped off.

So hard did he study that he could easily pass the examination.

So, and so only, can it be done.

Such is he that ...
Suchthat-
such
<>
 Such is his enthusiasm that he never feels tired.

Such is human nature that everybody present was moved to tears.

Such a good student is he that we all like him.

Such a precious gift did he give me that I was deeply touched.

Out rushed the train.

<><><>a girlthe book <

>JohnPeter <><>
<>
Out rushed the train.

Up flew the plane.

Down her face ran the tears.

Over there sat a boy with a dog behind him.

Off the table rolled the ball.

By the door stood a man with a knife in one hand.

By parcel post our samples were sent.

High above the city, stood the build of our office.

Here comes ...
HereThereNowThencomes
heretherenowthen <>

Then along comes a rapidly moving cold front.

Then came the Second World War.

Then came a girl in red.

Here comes the boss.

Now comes your turn to give a speech.

There is ...
Therebe
<>there be <>
<><>be <>

There have been many such documents in the office.

There were many customers visited our company.

There are two apples and an orange on the table.

There is something going on there.

There is a dog barking loudly.

V-ing/V-ed + be ...
be
<><><><>
be <><>
Growing along the river are tall palm trees.

Lying north of the church is a girls' senior high school.

Standing at the curb was a dark-complexioned young man.

Marching along the street is a group of students.

Talking in a low voice were a man and a woman.

Gone forever are the days when this item sold well.

Enclosed are some examples.

... V + Prep.Phr. + Obj.

<><><>
I should like to see in her eyes that strength of character.

He tried to find in the list his own name.

I wrote on the cover of the book the words "I love you".

Were I you, I would ...
werehadshould
if <>
 Should the weather be bad, the sports meeting will be postponed.

Were I you, I would help her.

Were I you, I would attend the meeting.

Had he not saved me, I might have been drowned.

At ten o'clock, I ...

<><>

At ten o'clock he went home.

After dinner, my parents watched TV.

At twelve-fifty, he ate lunch in a restaurant.

It is ... that ...
It iswasthatwhowhomwhich
<> It is that <>
that<><><> that
whowhomwhich
It is during these seasons that the differences in temperature between warm
and cold masses of air are greatest.

It was the week before last that I met her.

It was only then that I knew the story.

It was with his help that I finished the job.

It was all because of him that we gave up the plan.

It was not until he came that I left.

It is love that/which makes the world peaceful.

It was yesterday that he started for America.

It is John that/who is spreading the news.

It is you who are to blame.

 It is Bach which/that fascinates him most.

It is young people who favor holding beauty pageants.

It was not until ... that
It was not until ... that ...
<>notuntil

It was not until 1884 that the first artificial fiber was made.

It was not until 1984 that they had their own language.

It was not until he got seriously ill that he knew the importance of health.

It is not N that ...
It is notthatso much as

It is not intellect that tells so much as character.

It is not his parents that influence him so much as his teachers.

It is not the boy that talks so much as the girl.

the very + N
the very
just the<>
You are the very man that I want to employ.

This is the very book that I lost yesterday.

The man standing over there is the very man that we have been talking about.

The accident happened before my very eyes.

all + Abstract Noun
all
<>itself<><>
The nurse was all kindness. (=The nurse was kindness itself.)

He is all attention.

She was all smiles.

He was all skin and bones.

... do + V ...
do ...
do <>
I did return the book to him.

I do remember the story.

If you have any question, do ask me for help.

Do be quiet.

Do study hard.

Do help me, please.

You do look nice today!

No one expects you to be perfect, but we do expect you to do your best
always.

Why is it that ...?
Whybe itthat
why <><>
Why was it that he was absent?

Why is it that we should be afraid of him?

Why is it that he rarely mentions his childhood?

..., and/but/for ...
1andbutor 2

<> andbutor <>

He is a teacher, and she (is) a designer.

He wrote a composition or (he) read an essay.

The woman may be above fifty, but (she may) not (be) below fifty.

I am very fond of dogs, and Mary of cats.

He is interested in music, and I in photography.

The foreigner came to China and attended the Fair.

when/while/if ..., ...
whenwhileif

whenwhileifonceunlessthough <><>
<><> <><>
<> be <> being
The manager told me not to talk while (I was) working.

When (you are) in need, don't hesitate to ask me for help.

If (I am) available, I will do it.

She wants to go with us, if possible.

He is, if anything, a little weaker today.

When (I was) a child, my family was poor.

Though having no money, he led a happy life.

V, and ... + V ...
and
if<><>and
<><>
(If you) Laugh, and the world laughs with you.

Look on the bright side of things, and you will live happily.

Forgive others, and you will be forgiven.

The girl you saw was ...
thatwhichwhom
<><> thatwhich whom <>
<><>
Here is the file you need.

The girl you saw was Tom's sister.

This is the professor I met last week.

I hope you will like it.
 that
that-<><>that
knowsaythinkhopesupposehearbelieve <>
I know (that) he will come to attend the meeting.

I hope you will like it.

The manager said (that) he believed (that) the client would come next week.

There/It + be ...
ThereItbe thatwho
<> that who which<><>

There's something (that) makes him happy.

There's a man (who) wants to see you.

It is no wonder (that) he'll sign the contract tomorrow.

John, my good friend ...
who iswhich is
<> who iswhich is <><>
<><><><><>
Peter, my English teacher, never fails to encourage us to study hard.

A famous musician, Tom's father teaches me music.

I like John, a very good friend of mine.

She won the first prize in the race, (which was) the greatest news in our class.

to (...)
to-
<><><>
<> to

You can come next month if you care to (come).

He would be late, though I told him not to (be late).

I'll finish the assignment early if I have to (finish it early).

He goes there simply because he likes to.

 I didn't mean to take a taxi but I had to, as I was late.

You can do it this way if you care to.

S + V, not ...
not
not

In everyday conversation, you request people to do things, not "order" them.

We eat to live, not live to eat.

I helped her out of love, not out of pity.

come + Future Time
come
comewhen ...
comes
What will I see and hear come the year 2000?

I will be no more a senior high school student come next July.

Will they be able to finish the work come the end of this year?

Why not?
Why not?
Why not<>

"We may never swim in the lake again." --- "Why not?"

Why not stop them (from) polluting the river?

"I can't go with you tomorrow." --- "Why not?"

... I think ...
I thinkI feelI believe
<><>I thinkI believeI
feelI deem <><><
>
He is a student who I think works hard.

He is a man whom I believe we should respect.

He is a man who I think means what he says.

Would you lend me the book that you think is quite useful for me?

I am concerned only with things that I feel are important to me.

This is a book, which I dare say, is unequaled as far as translation practice is
concerned.

He is a man who I believe can do it.

There is no one whom I think I can trust.

... do you think ...?
do you thinkdo you feeldo you imagine
do you think <><>
Yes No do you think

Who do you think you are?

Who do you think will come?

When do you guess the airplane will take off?

What will be the result of the negotiation, do you think?

What do you suppose they are going to do?

Where do you think I bought this watch?

Is it necessary, do you think, to write a letter to the teacher?

How many days, can you guess, did the sports meeting last?

..., it is said, ...
..., it is said, ...
<>
The young men in your company, it is said, are all hard working.

This year, it is said, we are going to have a warmer winter.

Mary's parents, it is said, have got divorced.

..., as it were, ...
..., as it were, ...
<>so to
speak
He is, as it were, a walking dictionary.

He is, as it were, an eternal boy.

She is, as it were, the most beautiful girl I've ever seen.

He is, so to speak, a hardworking student.

The new manager is not equal to the task, as it were.

With this customer, he felt himself, as it were, casting pearls before swine.

... as the name suggests ...
... as the name suggests ...
suggest bring to the mind

The latter, as the name suggests, are used to record any changes in the tilt of
the land.

The Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial, as the name suggests, is a memorial built in
memory of Dr. Sun Yat-sen.

A darkroom, as the name suggests, is a dark room used for developing
photographs.

..., to be more exact ...
to be more exact

This is a letter, or more correctly, an invitation letter.

This new product, or rather, this new style of shirt, is not very attractive.

It is a cable or, to be more exact, a commercial cable.

..., as ... happen, ...
ashappen
asbeoften the
caseasbeusual with<>

If a small child swallows a coin or some other hard thing, as sometimes
happens, the doctor will take an X-ray photograph.


The area is flooded, as frequently happens during the typhoon.

He shouts when he gets angry, as is often the case.

As is usual with such people, they left paper and empty bottles everywhere.

..., what is better ...
..., what is betterworsemore, ...
<><>what
is better what is worse
furthermoremoreoverwhat is more
what is more important
what is best of allwhat makes matters worse

She sings beautifully; what is (far) better/more, she dances well.

He is stupid; what is (far) worse, he doesn't study.

It is a useful book and, what is more, not an expensive one.

You must quit smoking. Most important of all, you should start taking
exercise.

He just lost his job. What makes matters worse, his wife was taken ill.

The mosquito will suck our blood. What's even worse, it will inject poison into
our bodies.

..., in a word, ...

<> after allof coursethat isto

sayin shortin briefin a wordin other words
<>
He is, without doubt, the greatest golfer in Japan.

A person, unlike a machine, is not replaceable.

His behavior was, in a word, shocking.

This last semester, if it has done nothing else, has given me confidence in
myself.

I am glad to ...
be gladsorry
<><>
gladsorryhappysadsurprisedtroubled<
><>
I am glad to see him.

Sue was troubled to see trash everywhere.

Sara was excited to see the rock band.

... too ... to ...
tooforsb.to-
too <><>
<>too <><>too<
>a<>to-<>too much<
>totoo many<>to
for<
>8
He walked too slowly to catch up with me.

It is too dark in this room for me to read a book.

This problem is too difficult for them to settle.

The price is too low for customers to believe.

He is too young a boy to do it.

He has too much work on hand to go picnicking with us.

He has too many things at his disposal to go home early.

The boy is too young to do it, isn't he?

I am too glad not to ...
toonotto-
<>
<>
Our professor is too capable not to solve this difficult problem.

This customer is too honest not to deceive us.

I am too glad not to help the boy.

 It is never too late to learn.

I am only too ... to ...
only tooto-
only too only too
veryvery much
I am only too glad to accept your kind invitation.

He is only too willing to serve friends.

I am only too pleased to do business with you.

ADJ/ADV + enough to ...
enoughfor sb.to-
enough <><><
><><><><>
We need several men strong enough to do the work.

They bought a house large enough for ten persons to live in.

He is competent enough to fill that position.

He ran fast enough to catch the thief.

Our teacher is old enough to retire.

The assignment is few enough to be finished within half an hour.

... enough + N + to do ...
enoughto-

enoughto- enough <><>

<>
He has enough money (=money enough) to buy a car.

He hasn't enough sense to realize his mistakes.

It is a pity that he doesn't have enough money to sponsor the project.

Will 2,000 dozens be enough for selling?

... be good enough to ...
Would you be good enoughto-
<>Would you be so
 kind as to ...? <>
Would you be good enough to turn the radio down a bit?

Would you be good enough to keep silent?

Would you be good enough to move a bit to the right?

... how (+ N) + to do ...
howwhatwhenwherewhichwhoseto-

what whomwhich <> <><><

><><>howwherewhenwhy<
><><><><>
<><>
How do I know what to do and what not to do?

He showed me how to use the tape recorder.

What to do is one question, and how to do it is quite another.

The trouble is when to start the business.

We haven't decided where to go for lunch.

I don't know which advise to follow.

I learned what expressions to use in public.

How to begin is more difficult than where to stop.

You should know what to cook to eat.

The problem is when to get the money we need.

There are so many fancy cars on display here that I don't know which to buy.

... only to do ...
onlymerelysimplyjustto-

He studied hard only to fail in the exam.

He rushed all the way to the station only to miss the train.

He tried a second time only to fail again.

He tried to increase his income by gambling only to plunge more deeply into
the mire.

I went out, merely to get caught in a shower.

... have only to do ...
have onlyto-
All one has to do ...
What one has to do ...
You have only to sit there and watch what I am doing.

Don't worry; you have only to sing a song to please her.

You have only to go.

You have only to ask and he'll tell you.

... never to do ...
neverto-

He went on a journey when he was 18 years old, never to come back.

He went off to the war never to return alive.

She left her husband, never to come back.

make/have sb. do sth.
makehavebidlet
<>makehavebidlet
<><><><>
<><><>
<> have <><>
I made him do it.

I let him do it.

They had/made the girl clean the floor.

The mother bade the child behave himself.

He was bidden to finish the work on schedule.

My father will probably have Tom paint the house green.

He had me help him with his homework.

... want/like to do ...
toV
<><><>likewant
try lovehateforget
beginstartneed
Some students hate to study English.

You need to study in a quiet place.

He likes to go to the movie.

She wants to help Mary.

... want/ask sb. to do ...
wantasktell to-
<><><><
><><
><><> not<>
wantgetcompelexpectaskwould
likeadviseurgewishtellallowpermittroublehelpt
each
I told him not to goof around.

The teacher urged his students to prepare for the exam.

They forced me to do things against my will.

Do you want me to go there instead of you?

I got him to do it.

Their help enabled me to finish the work with ease.

A sense of humor enabled him to get along well with others.

The heavy workload forced me to cancel the camping trip.

The father allowed (=permitted) his son to travel abroad alone.

 We troubled him to turn on the light.

We needed someone to fix the tape recorder.

I heard him sing.
hearseefeel

<><><><>
<><>
seewatchnoticelook athearlisten tofeel
<><><>4
<><>

Did you notice anyone come in?

As far as I remember, I have never seen him smile.

She once heard him whisper to another girl.

He was heard to sing.

I felt my heart beat violently.

She liked to listen to children talk.

We heard him playing with his puppy.

Rick often watched the boats returning to port in the late afternoon.

be going to ...
be goingto-
be goingto-<><
><>

He is going to marry Jane in May.

I am going to stay up late to finish my paper.

I'm afraid he is going to lose the match.

The train was just going to start when we arrived.

My father was a sailor and I'm going to be one, too.

be about to ...
be aboutto-

<>I am about to
go next week.
He was surely about to change his mind.

She was about to walk out of the door when the telephone rang.

Something unusual was about to happen.

... be to ...
beto-
beto<>

A was to be placed onto A', and B onto B'.
A A' B B'
They are to get married in July.

The course is to be finished in June.

The old houses are to be pulled down.

We are to be married at the end of the year.

... seem/appear to ...
seemappearto-
to-<>
seem probablyappear

Taiwan seems to contain no petroleum.

The thread seems to match the cloth.

He appears to be very tired.

These stars appear to move around the North Star.

They appear to be able to handle the problem.

John seems to love music very much.

To ..., Main Clause

<><>
to tell the truthto do someone justice
to be briefto begin withto sum
upto make matters worseso to speak
needless to sayto say nothing of sth

To make sure that he was at home, I called him up in advance.

To tell the truth, I don't agree to your plan.

To do her justice, she is not as bad as you described.

To sum up, only when strict punishment can be imposed on the lawless, can
social stability be maintained.

Mary is, so to speak, a hardworking student.

I can't speak English, to say nothing of Chinese.

Needless to say, learning without thinking is useless.

... pretend to ...
pretendto-that-
pretend to- that
He was pretending to climb a mountain.

She pretended not to go.

He pretended to be a good man.

Let's pretend (that) we are pirates.

... stop to ...
stopto-
stopVing
They just don't stop to think.

They stopped to look into the window.

I have stopped smoking for half a year.

... be meant to ...
be meantto-
be meant to V
 be meant for N
Some TV programs are meant to be watched today and forgotten tomorrow.

He believes he is meant to be a great man.

This dictionary is meant for you.

be + ADJ + to ...
beto-
<> to-<><>
It was even more pleasing to look at in the morning light.

The rising sun is especially beautiful to look at from this angle.

I think she is easy to please.

... be likely to ...
be likelyto-
likely <
>It is likely that ...
One's first impression is likely to be that everyone is in a rush.

He is likely to arrive at any time.

His health is likely to get worse.

make an/no attempt to ...
make anno attemptto-

His smile deepened, but he made no attempt to answer.

I made no attempt to make friends with her.

Will they make any attempt?

happen/chance to ...
happenchanceto-

A friend of his happened to be sitting in a railroad-coach next to a young man

who was obviously depressed.

We happened to meet at the station.

 He happened to be sleeping.

I chanced to be thinking of the same thing.

... is said to ...
is saidto-
is said to have been ...

His music is said to be "good" or "great".

He is said to have been the richest man in Taiwan.

They are said to build a hospital here.

... be bound to ...
be boundto-
be bound to Vbe sure to V
be bound for
Something is bound to happen one way or another to end the conflict or solve
the problem.

He is bound to come tonight.

If so, your points of view are bound to conflict with his.

... do all one can to ...
do all one can to-
do can <>
Daddy did all he could to fill my needs and desires.

You should do all you can to persuade him.

We have done all we could to catch up with them.

have sth. to do with ...
... have somethingnothing to do with ...

something littlemucha great deal

have nothing to do withhave anything to do with <
>
Her diligence must have something to do with his success.

The traffic accident had nothing to do with him.

 His wife had much to do with his bankruptcy.

have no other N except to
have no otherexceptthanto-
except than
The speaker has no other purpose except to make people laugh.

We have no other choice than to agree with them.

I have no other wish except to pass the examination.

... in order/so as to ...
in orderso asto-
<><>

He must work very hard in order to support his large family.

Listen carefully so as to follow the teacher.

You must watch your step so as not to fall down.

... be used to ...
() + be used to-
be used
as<>
The book is used to teach us how to write.

The knife can be used to cut meat.

It is said that the plant can be used to treat hepatitis.

The book is used as a reference book.

I am + V-ing ...
amareis
<><>
nowstillat this
time <><><>
every dayusuallyalways <>(<>)

Bill is singing.

Linda is cooking.

 My father is sleeping.

Mother cooks dinner every evening.

She is cooking in the kitchen now.

Father walks to his office every morning.

He is walking to his office now.

Mary sings in her room every afternoon.

She is singing in her room now.

an interesting movie
aanvery
<>
interestexcitesatisfyboreconfusetrouble
<><>

That is an interesting movie.

That is an exciting game.

That is a satisfying book.

Have you + V-ed ...?
HaveHas
<> havehas<>
Have you had your lunch?

Has she ever written a letter to Mark?

Have you found the pen you lost yesterday?

a troubled student
aanvery
<>
interestexcitesatisfyboreconfusetrouble
<><>
He is a troubled student.

He is an interested person.

 He is a bored student.

I have written a letter.
havehas
<>

havehas<> have has <>
<>hesheit has
have
I have written a letter.

Mary has studied English for three years.

He has liked dogs since he was a child.

... is ...ed by ...
be by
<><>
<>be be <>
<><>
by <>
The news is widely spread by them.

Vegetables are needed every day by us.

This letter was typed by Alice this morning.

will be V-ed by ...
will beby
be <>amisare will be

That book will be brought by Mary tomorrow.

That car will be washed this afternoon.

The building will be opened next month.

be going to be V-ed by
be going tobeby
be <>amisare going to be

These clothes are going to be washed by her.

A birthday cake is going to be brought to the table by the cook.

Music is going to be taught by Miss Lin.

can(not) be V-ed by ...
cannotbe by
<>canmust be<
><>
That lesson can not be understood by many students.

The question can not be answered by many people.

His poor handwriting can not be read by himself.

... V + V-ing ...

<><>
<><><>
be<><> being being
We sat listening to the sound of the waves.

The dog lay dozing in front of the door.

She stood there (being) motionless.

He quickly ran home, looking as if there was something wrong with him.

I stand looking over the lake.

Some leaves went flying into my room.

... V-ing/V-ed + N ...

<><><><
><><><><>

The shouting boy did not hear his mother call him.

The girl standing in the front row is my niece.

There were no printed books in those days.

This is a play written by an American author.

The prisoners closely guarded escaped from the prison last night.

I looked painfully at the vase broken into pieces.

It is difficult to shoot a flying bird, especially a small bird flying high up in the
sky.

Soon we came to a crowded street, a very wide street crowded with allsorts of
vehicles.

feel/make ... V-ing/V-ed
keepmakehear
<> keepfind <> makeletget <
> hearseewatchfeel <>
<>being
<>
<><>
At last I succeeded in getting my car moving slowly.

We saw him watering the lawn around the house.

Have you heard the opera sung in French?

I felt something crawling up my arm.

I saw him being punished by the teacher.

I saw the boy carried away to the hospital.

I found the work being done in a rush.

... get(s) V-ed/ADJ
gets
get<><>
get old get hungryget angry
get sickget fat get tiredget
lostget confusedget hurt get
excitedget ready
John got lost.

Mary gets tired of wearing red dresses.

The question is so hard, and we're getting confused.

... have/get sth. done
havegetmake
make <>
have get <> <>
<>
Be sure to get the work finished before six o'clock.

Are you going to get the house painted green?

I want to get/have these shoes mended.

He has been unable to raise enough money to have the big clock repaired.

I'll have it sent right away.

Have it charged to my credit card.

I cannot make myself understood in English.

I had my tooth extracted. (=I had the dentist extract my tooth.)

Sth. is being + V-ed ...
is being
<><>
Money is being used in place of something more direct.

The machine is being experimentally used.

The problems are being discussed.

... go + V-ing ...
go
go <><>
fishingboatingskatingskiing
huntingmountain climbing
shopping
Sometimes Mr. Black went swimming with the children.

We went fishing yesterday and I caught three fish.

I find it interesting and healthy to go mountain climbing.

The American housewife probably goes shopping only once or twice a week.

You may go grass skiing, bicycle riding, or shopping on the weekend.

the + V-ing/V-ed/ADJ
the
<><><><> the<
><>the
woundedthe handicappedthe
richthe deadthe dying
the unknown
The rich are not necessarily happy.

The oppressed were free after the coup.

The dying were rushed to the hospital.

During the depression, millions of the unemployed wandered around in the
streets.

V-ing/V-ed ..., Main Clause

<><><><><
><><><> be
have been<> being having been<
><><> not never <>

Holding the watch up, she listened.

Standing in the dark, I can not see anything.

Sitting under the tree, I was hit by a stone on the head.

(Being) a lover of nature, he often goes mountain climbing.

Angry with his wife, Tom kicked the dog.

Rich and generous, he contributed two million dollars to the Red Cross.

(Having been) Knocked down by a car, he spent a week in the hospital.

Seriously damaged, the bridge is no longer in use.

Caught in a rain, he was wet all over.

Bitten by a dog, the little boy did not dare to play with dogs again.

 Written in English, the book is difficult for me to understand.

Not (being) fond of learning, he ran away from home.

Never having been to Switzerland before, he longs for a trip there.

When + V-ing ...
whenwhileonceifunlessthough
whenwhileonceifunlessthough <><><
><><><><>
<>
He says "Please" when making a request.

When waiting for a bus, he takes his turn.

He stopped to talk to me when seeing me.

If falling ill, I'll stay home taking a good rest.

Once arriving there, I'll keep contact with you.

Unless (being) rich, I am not going to buy a house.

Though knowing the truth, he remained silent.

N + V-ing/V-ed

<><><><><
><> <> be have been<>
being having been <><>
weyouone <><>
frankly speaking
judging fromtalking aboutof
generally speakingroughly speaking
They were trembling, their mouths watering at the thought of the beer.

He was sitting next to Mrs. Smith, his eyes resting on her daughter.

The earthquake took place, the windows broken into pieces.

"There it is," he whispered, his eyes (being) bright with sudden tears.

He said in a low voice, both his hands (being) on his back.

 He argued, his voice trembling with anger.

Generally speaking, women live longer than men.

Frankly speaking, he is not so bad as you might think.

with + N + V-ing/V-ed
with
<>
<><><><>
She sang to the music with her hand waving gently.

He came running here with one hand holding a knife.

He came running here with a knife held in one hand.

With our work done, we felt much at ease.

She looked at him with the color gone from her face.

He was dozing with a book open in his hands.

My father sometimes goes out for a stroll with a stick in his hand.

What a lonely world it would be with you away!

V-ing ... + be + N ...
be
<><> be <><>
Coexisting with such love in the American family are cultural values of self-
reliance and independence.

Growing along the river are tall palm trees.

Lying north of the church is a girls' senior high school.

Thinking correctly is ...

<><><>
<><><><><
><>
Thinking correctly is important.

Living in the big city is convenient.

Reading good books makes us happy.

I like + V-ing ...

<><>
<>likelove
hatebeginstarttryenjoymindpractise
I like doing my homework.

He loves listening to music.

The boys hate doing homework on Sundays.

... without + N/V-ing ...
without
<>without
<><><><
>and ... notifwhennot<>
I can't start a fire without matches.

We won't go without you joining it.

You can't see the movie without the ticket.

He went to school without breakfast. (=He went to school and did not eat
breakfast.)

cannot help + V-ing ...
cannot help
help
<><>cannot butcannot
help but<>
He cannot help loving Mary because of her beauty.

Whenever I hear the story, I cannot help crying.

After learning of his sufferings, I couldn't help sympathizing with him.

I cannot help laughing.

I cannot help being poor.

I cannot help wondering about that girl.

I cannot help worrying to hear that there is no steamer this week.

There is no + V-ing ...
There is no
It is impossible to<
>No one can<>
There is no accounting for tastes.

There was no telling what the next assignment would be.

There is no reasoning with such a stubborn man as Peter.

There is no denying that Taiwan is a beautiful island.

There is no describing the beauty of the scene.

There is no typing up this letter within five minutes.

feel like + V-ing ...
feel like
like <><><
><>would like to
<><>
I don't feel like studying tonight.

I feel like going to Europe for a visit next summer vacation.

Do you feel like going to a movie?

I feel like a newborn baby.

... come near + V-ing ...
come near
near <>
It came near being the prettiest bow he had ever seen.

I came near hitting him.

They came near being drowned.

My son came near being run over by a truck.

... worth + V-ing ...
worth
worth <><><
><><> <>worth <
><><><><><
><><><><> it <
>
London is a city worth visiting.

He who does his duty is worth praising.

A book worth reading once is worth reading time and time again.

The work is worth doing.

He is worth doing the work for.

be worthy of + V-ing
be worthy of
be worthyto be<>
worthy <><> worth
worthy <> it <>
This book is worthy of reading.

He who does his duty is worthy of praising.

The event is worthy of being remembered.

On/Upon + V-ing ...
OnUpon
once <>on
<><>
Upon reaching an appropriate age, children are encouraged, but not forced, to
"leave the nest".

On entering the classroom, I found a book lying on the floor.

Upon receiving your letter, I was as happy as could be.

before + V-ing ...
before + ...
before <
>
Before entering a house in some Asian countries, it is good manners to take off
your shoes.

Before reading the book, you had better ask yourself if you have the time.

Before visiting him, I called him up in advance.

of one's own + V-ing
of one's own
<><><
><>
This is a picture of his own painting.

This is a coat of her own making.

I least expected that this should be a house of his own constructing.

keep ... from + V-ing
keeppreventstopdiscouragefrom

from
It will take everybody's efforts to keep city noises from increasing.

The rain kept us from getting there on time.

They should try to keep prices from rising.

Sometimes we can prevent a cloud from producing rain.

Nobody can prevent him from running the risk.

The bad weather prevented us from getting there on time.

They didn't even try to stop him getting it.

You should have stopped him from going swimming.

A strong will will stop one from committing a crime.

Even his closest friends discouraged him from seeking higher office.

He was discouraged from making another attempt.

I remember + V-ing ...
remember
remember<>
 rememberto-<>
forget regret remember
I remember feeling that God, or someone, had brought us together.

Do you remember taking a trip to Japan with him?

I can't remember quarreling with him in junior high school.

I'll remember to mail these letters.

... one's + V-ing ...

<><><><>(<>)
<>
<><><>
She is not sure of his answering her letter.

I prefer John's playing tennis to his playing cards.

I dislike my mother's interfering in the affair.

Our teacher didn't mind my coming in late.

Would you mind my opening the window?

I remember our meeting ten years ago.

My father doesn't like my/me going out alone.

I dislike my house being too small.

... be busy V-ing ...
be busy
be busy with<>
Mother is busy making cookies for the picnic.

He was busy preparing for the exam.

I was busy looking up all the new words of the lesson in my dictionary.

... be used to + V-ing/N
be used tobe accustomed to
<>used to-<>
be used to-<>
 The winter was much colder than they were used to and many people died.

He is used to sitting up late.

Are you used to the weather in Taipei?

He is accustomed to hearing noise, because he lives right in the center of the
city.

be on the point of + V-ing
be onupon the pointverge of
be just about to ...
It started raining when I was on the point of leaving home.

On being sent to hospital, he was on the point of breathing his last.

He was on the point of death.

She was on the verge of telling all the secret.

make a point of + V-ing
make a point of
<><>
make it a pointruleto-<>
I make a point of giving a hand to others.

Whenever I go to Taipei, I make a point of visiting the National Palace
Museum.

They make a point of going on a picnic every two weeks.

to the point of V-ing ...
to the point of

To regret one's errors to the point of not repeating them is true repentance.

She hates him to the point of not talking to him.

They argued to the point of fighting with each other.

do a little + V-ing
doa lot ofa littleanythe
a lot ofa littlesome
anythe
 I can do a little dancing.

She helped her mother do the washing.

He has done a lot of traveling.

with the + V-ing of + N
withtheof
<><><>
<>
With the coming of Easter, winter ends and spring comes.

With the inventing of the computer, society seems to have changed greatly.

With the setting of the sun, night comes silently.

spend ... (in) V-ing
spendin
<>It
takesto-<>
He spent his last years (in) teaching and editing earlier writings.

How much time do you spend practicing English everyday?

He is going to spend his last years writing a book on the history of Chinese
literature.

She spends too much time (in) dressing herself.

He spent much of his spare time roaming about the streets.

prefer V-ing/N to V-ing/N
preferto
<>
<>
In the U.S., people prefer waiting for a table to sitting with people they don't
know.

Some people prefer sitting up to going to bed early.

He said he preferred country life to city life.

when it comes to + V-ing
when it comes to
 to <><>
<>
Their memory wasn't very good when it came to recalling other things, but
they remembered the comet.

When it comes to making friends, you cannot be too careful.

When it came to the summer vacation, we all became excited.

the + V-ing + of + N ...
theof
<><>
The actual cause of the quake itself is the rupturing or breaking of rocks at or
below the earth's surface.

The building of the bridge is very important for the transportation between the
two towns.

The breaking of his right leg made him walk on crutches only.

be all for + V-ing ...
be all for
try one's best to do sth
I was all for calling on each of these ladies.

He is praised for his being all for helping the poor.

I am all for jogging early in the morning.

Can you speak English?
Can
Yescan
Yescan
Nocan't
Nocan't
can
<> <><>
can scan <> tocan
can notcannotcan'tcan <><
>can't<>
Can he speak English? Yes, he can (speak English).

Can Tom play Frisbee? Yes, he can (play Frisbee).

 Can Mary ride a bicycle? Yes, she can (ride a bicycle).

Can you speak Chinese? No, I can't (speak Chinese).

Can your father cook? No, he can't (cook).

Can she sing English songs? No, she can't (sing English songs).

You can never do it again.

<><><> be <>
be <><><><>
<><><><>
<>
Do you always eat lunch at school?

Does John often watch television in the evening?

You can never do it again.

He is usually busy.

She never comes to school late.

I sometimes speak English at home.

... will + V ...
will
<>will<><>
<>tomorrowtomorrow
morningafternooneveningthe day after tomorrownext
weeknext yearnexttonightthis
eveningafternoonsome dayone of these days
How sooninin a
few daysin ten minutes<
>be going to<>
We will eat lunch together tomorrow.

I will walk home after school this afternoon.

Mr. Lin will wash his motorcycle tomorrow morning.

Will she cook dinner this evening?

 Will they go on a picnic next week?

We will not play basketball tomorrow.

David won't go to the movies with Helen next week.

Your brother is not going to study this evening.

They will have a lot of fun next month.

School will begin next Tuesday.

... should/would + V ...
shouldwouldmay
should shall <>
I weshould
<> would will
<> would
would like
would <> may

perhaps maybemay <>
may <>mustn't
mayn't
You should study hard.

He must be sick today.

I would like to help you pack.

... should not + V ...
shouldwouldmaynot
should shall <>
I weshould
<> would will
<> would
would like
would <> may

perhaps maybemay <>
may <>mustn't
mayn't
He would not lend you his dictionary.

 He may not come tomorrow.

We should not tell lies.

Should/Would you + V ...?
ShouldWouldMay
should shall <>
I weshould
<> would will
<> would
would like
would <> may

perhaps maybemay <>
may <>mustn't
mayn't
May he do that?

Would you like to go with us?

Should they read the newspaper more often?

... used to + V ...
used to
<>would often<
>would
<>used to ...
would ...
Difficult problems used to take hours of work with pencil and paper.

There used to be a post office there.

I used to (=would often) go fishing.

We used to hear the train whistle at night.

He would sit for hours doing nothing.

... would like to V ...
would likesb.to
would like <><
> to <>should like to ...
23
Would you like to have a look at the picture? --- Yes, I should very much like
 to.

I would like to take a trip around the world toward the end of this year.

I would like you to meet Mr. Jones.

I would like him to do it.

would rather V1 than V2
would rather 1than 2
would rather than
<> than <> would rather <>
than <>
I'd rather take care of the stomachs of the living than (take care of) the glory of
the dead in the form of stone memorials.

They would rather go fishing than stay at home.

I would rather be laughed at than quarrel with him.

He would rather give away a point than claim an advantage.

I would rather fail than cheat in the examination.

I would rather die than live in disgrace.

I would rather remain poor than get money by dishonest means.

... had better + V ...
had better
had better <
>had better have<>
had best ... had better

You had better consult a doctor soon.

The policeman said to him, "You'd better come with me and tell me all about
the accident."

You had better have stayed at home.

Hadn't you better make a market report?

You had better go to the factory and have a look.

You had best not accept the offer.

May you + V ...
May
may
<>may <>

May you recover soon!

May you succeed in business.

May our two parties achieve even greater successes in our business.

may well + V ...
may well +
may <>well <>
<> well <><>
You may well find that the end of the book is better than the beginning.

You may well get angry with him.

She is proud of her son, and well she may.

An unlimited arms race may well increase the danger of war.

Since he can play many musical instruments, he may well be called a man of
accomplishments.

may as well + V ...
may as well
had better<>
We may as well leave the table after dinner is over.

You may as well keep it a secret.

You are not (physically) strong, so you may as well take care of your health.

...may as well ... as ...
maymight as well Aas B
B Ahad better A than
B may as well ... asmight as
well ... as
Since it is raining hard, you may as well stay here as leave.

You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him.

You might as well not know a thing at all as know it only a little.

I may as well die as marry him.

I might as well die as marry him.


You might as well talk to a stone as try to argue with a stubborn woman.

You might as well advise me to give up my fortune as my argument.

You might as well ask the tree for help as request him to reduce the price.

... must have V-ed ...
must have
<>
must<>
Anyway, he must have eaten a lot because now he is fat.

You must have mistaken her for her sister.

They must have left.

The rubbing must have worked.

They must have read the article.

You must have seen him before.

He must have forgotten my name.

He must have told you about it.

Tom must have taken your dictionary by mistake.

The poet must have been very young when he wrote this poem.

... may have V-ed ...
maymight have

maymight<>might have
 may have
He may have overslept this morning.

The tea is hot; he may have been here before.

He may have known the truth; otherwise he wouldn't be so angry now.

The boy might have known the truth, but I am not quite sure.

... cannot have V-ed ...
cannot have

cannot have cannot must not have must not

cannot<>
She cannot have written the letter herself.

He is honest, so he cannot have stolen my money.

He cannot have caught a cold, because I saw him dancing with Mary the same
day.

... would have V-ed ...
would have
<
>
He would have attended meeting, but upon learning that he had no time, he
dropped the idea.

I would have told you the truth, but you didn't give me a chance.

I would have done it, but I had no time.

She would have married him, but when she learned that he was a rascal, she
parted with him.

... could have V-ed ...
could have

He could have bought the car, but soon his company went bankrupt.

He could have finished it on schedule, but somehow he fell behind.

I could have done it if I had wanted to.

... should have V-ed ...
shouldought to have
<>

You should have spoken up in the meeting.

He should at least have come to say good-by.

He ought to have kept his promise.

You should have been more careful in money matters.

He ought to have arrived there by now.

The drama drew a capacity audience; you should have gone to see it.

I should have known better
should have known betterthan to

know better
I should have known better.

You should have known better than to talk like that.

You should have known better than to go mountain climbing alone.

I know better than to go swimming after dinner.

... need not have V-ed ...
need not have
<
>didn't need to<>
need not have
<>
You need not have bought extra oil for this short trip.

You need not have got up so early.

Need he have gone to the station to meet her?

He need not have come. (But he came.)

He didn't need to come. (And he didn't come.)

 It was fine that day, so I need not have brought an umbrella with me.

It is warm in ...
It isin
it the weather<
> in
It is warm in spring.

It is cold in winter.

It is hot in summer.

It rains a lot in ...
It rainssnowsa lotin
<> it
<>rain <
>a lot <><> very much
It rains a lot in Taipei.

It snows a lot in New York.

It showers a lot in Guangzhou.

This is my ...
This ismyyour
Thisismineyours<
> <>s yoursourstheirshers
mine his s<>
<><><>
aanthethisthatthese those
This is my pen.

This pen is mine.

This is your box.

This box is yours.

This is his bicycle.

This bicycle is his.

My pen is ...
MyYourbe
MineYours
be <>
<><><><>
<><><>
My pen is new.

Our bedroom is small.

Their cars are blue.

Mine is new.

Ours is small.

Theirs are blue.

Are these your pens?
Be
YesNobenot
<><><><>
's
Are these Mary's pens? No, they are not hers.

Are those Bob's books? Yes, they're his.

Is this your parents' apartment? No, it's my brother's.

One/Each of the ...
OneEach of the
oneeach <>
one (each) of of
<><> the <> the
<>
One of the boys is nice.

One of them needs a new jacket.

Each of the theaters has different movies.

Both of the girls are ...
BothThreeSomeManyAll of the

both threesomemanyall<> of
 <><> the<>

Both of the girls are nice.

Many of the supermarkets are having sales.

Three of the students came here yesterday.

... who ...
Who
who <><>
<>who that
The man who called was tired.

The boy who is speaking to Helen enjoys playing soccer.

People who use their free time well are usually healthy and happy.

... which ...
which
which <><>
<>
Here is a book, which is very interesting.

I like to watch TV programs which are about sports.

They want to sell the house, which has only one door.

... by oneself ...
by oneself
<>
<>
They went to Suao by themselves.

John fixed the tape recorder by himself.

You can't go mountain climbing by yourself.

... that/those of ...
thatthose of
<><>
<><> that<
> those<><><>
that those
 The population of Tokyo is larger than that of London.

The climate here is like that of Taipei.

His children are well bred, whereas those of his sister are naughty.

The students work harder than those of our school.

His car is bigger than mine.

the former ... the latter
the former ... the latter ...
<>that
thisthe onethe other
<><>
those ... these ...the former ... the latter ...
Virtue and vice are two different things: the former/that/the one leads to peace,
the latter/this/the other to misery.

Man differs from beasts in that the former is able to laugh, while the latter
aren't.

Jane and Mary are good friends; the former is a teacher, the latter is a nurse.

Dogs are more faithful animals than cats; these attach themselves to places,
and those to persons.

... one ..., the other ...
twoonethe other
two<
>
I have two aunts; one lives in Tokyo and the other in Osaka.

I have two dogs; one is white, and the other is brown.

The two brothers often quarrel with each other; one is stubborn, and the other
(is) selfish.

I don't like this one; show me the other.

... one ..., another ...
threeoneanotherand the other

three<>
 There are three rooms; one is mine, another is my sister's and the other is my
parents'.

He has three brothers; one is a teacher, another (is) a soldier, and the other an
artist.

They three get along well with one another; one is married, another is still a
bachelor, and the other has a girl friend.


... one ... another ...
... one ... another ...

<>
I don't like this one; show me another.

At one time, she is fine, but at another, she is abnormal.

I really don't know what kind of man he really is; on one occasion, he is
normal, and on another, he acts like a lunatic.

... one thing, ... another
... is one thing, and ... is another

To know is one thing; to teach is quite another.

It is one thing to make money, and it is another to spend it.

Saying is one thing, and doing is another.

... one ... or another ...
oneor another
<>some<>or other
Most of us have to read a certain amount of material for one reason or another.

He was absent from the meeting for one reason or another.

I am sure he will succeed one day or another.

For one reason or another, she committed suicide.

... some ... others ...
... some ... others ...

 some ... some ...

Some of us value peace and comfort very highly. Others value pleasure and
excitement.

Some of us can speak English. Others/Some can speak French.

Some people believe in God and others don't.

To some life means pleasure, to others suffering.

... one ... the others ...
... onesome ... the others ...

We have 30 students in our class; one passed the exam, and the others (=the
rest) all failed.

Of the 40 students, some do well in study, and the others are playing around.

Some of the boys were late, but all the others were in time for the meeting.

..., some ..., others ...
... some ... others ... still others ...

some ... some ... some ...

People vary in taste; some love music, some enjoy taking pictures, and still
others are fond of climbing mountains.

Society is made up of a variety of people; some are good, others (are) bad, and
still others (are) in between.


There are many people in the park; some are walking, others are jogging, and
still others are doing exercises.

Of all (the) ..., ...
Of allthe
all the
all the
Of all the fibers now used by man, a very large percentage is man-made.

Of all books, the Bible seems to be read most widely.

Of all the students in our school, Tom is mathematical genius.

... + N + who/which ...
whowhomwhichthat
<> whowhomwhich <>
<> who whom whichthat
whowhom which<>
that <> whom
whichthat
Never trust a man who (that) breaks his word easily.

He laughs best who laughs last.

He is a man on whom I can rely.

No one will buy a book which (that) is poorly written.

I have found the bicycle which (that) you lost yesterday.

I like my school, which is famous for its excellent facilities.

Volleyball is a sport of which I am very fond.

He is a good boy, as far as I know, that (whom) you can trust.

There are many things that money can't buy.

Don't take things that do not belong to you.

... + N + whose ...
whose
whose <> hishertheirmyyour
its <><>
People whose homes are in town want to live in the country.

This is a short story whose easy style I love very much.

I envy Mike, whose car is fancy.

... those who + V ...
thosewho
those
Christmas is a time for friends and family members to see each other again
and to send Christmas cards to those who live far away.

God helps those who help themselves.

We can talk to those who live far away by telephone.

Those who abandon themselves to despair can not succeed.

There is no easy way to do business, and only those who do their best to win
clients can win business.

... all (that) ...
... all (that) ...
all everythingthat <
> allthat <><>
<>all that <
> what
All (that) he said is true.

We must do all that is to be done.

All (What) you have to do is (to) follow me.

All (that) I want is a beautiful red car.

All that he does, he does it well.

All that you do, do with your might.

All you have to do is call on the house phone.

All you have to do is learn it by heart.

All I have to do is persuade him to go with us.

... all + N + that ...
allanyeverynothat
allanyeveryno <><><>
that whowhomwhich
All the students that work hard can definitely pass the exam.

I have no disk that may interest you.

Every student that comes here should report to me.

Don't do anything that should go against his will.

... the only N that ...
the onlythe verythe firstthe lastthat
the onlythe verythe firstthe last <><>
<> that whowhomwhich
Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech.

He is the last person that I'll get along with.

He is the very person that knows the password.

... the most N that ...
that
<><><><><>
that whowhom which
This is the most interest book that I have ever read.

You are the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

This is the most convincing evidence that I can find to prove my point.

Who/What ... that ...
whowhat that
that whowhomwhich
Who is the boy that is standing over there?

What is the book about that she is reading?

Where is the man that owes you $100?

what ... V ...
what
what <> the thing
whichwhat<>what<><><
>what<>be
That's what's polluting the lake.

What do you guess is in the box?

This is what he wanted.

Character is what we are when we are alone with ourselves in the dark.

John is not what he was.

 Without Mr. Chang, I would not be what I am.

... what + be + called ...
whatbecalled
whatweyoutheycall
He gathered earlier writings to prepare what are called the Five Classics.

He is very interested in what are called popular songs.

We should improve what is called the quality of living.

He is what you call a "walking dictionary".

What we do is + V ...
Whatdois
<> do<>
to<> to
What we can not do is make a cloud produce rain if it is not ready to produce
it.

What you have to do is say (put) in a good word for me.

What we need to do is prepare something to eat.

... what is said above ...
what is said above

As we learn from what is said above, the tides can be very useful.

From what is said above, we can draw a conclusion.

We should pay more attention to what is said above.

What follows is ...
What followsbe
What follows <>
follows <>
What follows is some excerpts of the famous speech he delivered in
Washington D.C.

What follows is the truth that men are created equal.

What follows is the process of his being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in
1964.

... what little + N
what little
all the little
His mother sent him what little money she had saved.

I'll let you share what little information I have collected.

She was robbed of what little money she had.

The little boy use what little strength he had to push the door open.

A is to B what C is to D.
A is to B what C is to D.
A B C DA is to B as C is to
D.What C is to D (that) A is to BAs C is to D so is
A to B A B C
D what A is to B be <><>
Exercise is to the body what thinking is to the brain.

What lungs are to the animal, leaves are to the plant.

As water is to the plant, so are books to me.

what with ... and ...
what with ... and (what with) ...
half through ...
(half through) ...partly because (of) ... (partly because
(of)) ...
What with laziness and (what with) illness, he lost his job.

What with the wind and what with the rain, our trip was ruined.

What with the high prices, and what with the badness of the times, we find it
hard to get along.

... the same + N + as ...
the sameas
as <>(<><
>)as the<><>
whowhomwhich<>
I want the same camera as you have.

He is the same person as came here yesterday.

He is not the same man as he used to be.

... such + N + as ...
suchas
as
as <>(<>
<>)as the<><>
whowhomwhich<>
Such people as are friendly are easy to approach.

He is not such a bad guy as you (are).

Such a good student as he (is) will succeed.

... such ... as ...
suchas
as <>

From animals we get such materials as wool, silk, leather and furs.

At his birthday party, I met such people as professor, scientist and actor.

You should eat such vegetables as carrot, celery and spinach.

... such as ...
such as 1 2 and 3
such as <>
Acid rain is harmful to amphibians such as salamanders, spring peepers, and
frogs.

In this paragraph there are many nouns, such as boy, girl, and book.

I know many of them, such as John, Peter, and Tom.

They may choose to study foreign languages, advanced mathematics or
science, such as physics or chemistry.

We have different pies, such as apple, cherry, and strawberry pies.

Many things pollute water, such as tires, trash, and plastic bags.

as is often the case ...
aswhich is often the case (with) ...
<> as <
><> which as
He was late for school, as (which) was often the case with him.

As is often the case with old people, my grandfather is fond of talking about
good old days.

He quarreled with his friends, as was the often the case.

There is no + N + but ...
There is nobut
but <><><
>whowhomwhichnot
There is no one but is (=who is not) concerned about his future.

There is nothing but he can do. (=There is nothing that he can't do.)

There is no rule but has exceptions. (=There is no rule that doesn't have
exceptions.)

There is no one but wishes to get somewhere.

There is no man but has his faults.

... N + where ...
where
where <><><
> which<><>
where<>
There are some countries where (=in which) the supply of fuel is very limited.

He went to the station, where (=at which) he met his father.

That's (the place) where he spent most of his life.

... reach the point where
... reach the point + where ...
reach come to
Things reached the point where the two groups sat on opposite sides of the
church, glaring across the aisle.

They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.

Noise is coming to the point where we can't put up with it.

... N + when ...
when
when <><><
> which<><>
when<> when
Tell me (the exact time) when the next train will arrive.

She came in June, when (=in which) it was very hot.

The last time (when) I saw him, he was quite well.

... the reason why ...
... the reason + why ...
why <><><
> which<><>
why<> why the reason why
why
Please tell me the reason why (=for which) you were absent.

Tell me the reason (why) he refused to listen to my advice.

That's (the reason) why he cried.

... the way how ...
... the way + how ...
how <><><
> which<><>
how<> how the way how
how
I don't know the way how (=in which) he did it.

That's the way (how) he treats people.

I know (the way) how he did it.

... whoever/whomever ...
... whoeverwhomever ...
whoever <><>
<> anyone who whomever <>
<> anyone whom
Whoever commits the crime shall be sentenced to ten years in prison.

I'll teach English to whoever wants to learn it.

I hate whoever lies.

I like whomever you like.

You may dance with whomever you like at the dancing party.

... whatever ...
... whatever ...
whatever <><
><> anything which
Whatever she says is true.

They do whatever they are doing -- all out.
--
You can't always do whatever you like.

Whatever my mother cooks is to my liking.

Whatever it is.

... whichever ...
... whichever ...
whichever <
> any one which whatever
whichever whatever
I have three cars, and you may have whichever you like.

I have a car, a house and an orchard and you may have whatever you like best.

These pictures can be kept for free. You may take whichever you like.

I am not ...
be amareisnot
be <> not <>
I am not a student.

You are not a lawyer.

It is not a watch.

I am not + V-ing.
amareisnot
<><><
 > be <> not
They are not playing.

She is not watching TV.

We are not cleaning the room.

I don't + V ...
don'tdoesn't
<><>
speakworkteach<> don't
doesn't<><>ses<
>
I don't have any brothers.

He doesn't know Mr. Brown.

My mother doesn't speak English.

I wasn't ...
waswerenot
<>waswere be <>
<><><>
agobeforeyesterdaymorningafternoonevening last
nightthe other dayin the pastjust now waswere
not be <><> waswere
w be <><>
Tom was not busy yesterday.

We were not at home yesterday.

It was not hot yesterday afternoon.

The boys were sick yesterday.

It was cold last winter.

Was your brother early to class yesterday morning?

I didn't + V ...
didn't
<>ed
did notdidn't<>
<>
 He didn't clean the room yesterday.

She washed the skirt yesterday.

Tom didn't watch TV last night.

He talked to his sister after lunch.

They didn't cook lunch for their grandfather yesterday.

Mary cleaned the room this morning.

John didn't get up early this morning.

Tom didn't iron his shirt yesterday.

My mother didn't water the garden last week.

I have not + V-ed ...
havehasnot
<> havehasnot<>
I have not heard from John for a long time.

She has not read today's newspaper.

They have not seen that movie on television.

There is no + N/V-ing ...
Therebenonot anot any
<> no not a not
any not a <>not any <>no <
> not a <>
<><><>
There was nothing to buy in the store. There were no shirts, no vests, no jeans,
and no pajamas.


There was not a moment to be lost.

There is no denying the fact.

(There must be) No talking in here!

No smoking (within these walls)!

There is no such + N
There is no such

There was no such club.

There is no such man in our neighborhood.

There is no such book as you want.

I am away from ...

offout offar
fromaway from refuse
dislikeunhappyimpossible
Mr. Jones is away from Taipei.

The project is far from perfect.

The manager is out of the office.

They shun personal fame and gains.
(shun
I dislike this student very much.

... far from ...
... far from ...
<><> far from <
><><> be <>
<><><>
It is far from my intention to do such a thing.

I live far away from my school.

Far from working hard, he played around.

Far from accepting my advice, he went back on me.

His explanation was far from satisfactory.

I am far from blaming him.

Far from losing money, he can hardly count his profits.

 He is far from well.

It is far from the truth.

It is free form + N ...
be free from
<> be <>
without<><>
He leads a life (which is) free from care.

The hill is completely free from trees.

This city is free from thieves.

When her son returned she was at last free from anxiety.

I told him not to go.
not
<>not <
><><> not
not

I told him not to go.

He goes to school not by bus, but on foot.

Not a contract was to be signed.

The teacher told him not to make such a mistake again.

I went to see my friend off, not to meet him.

He felt sorry for not coming to the meeting on time.

No + N + V ...
No
<>No<> No Not a
No<>Noother<>

No animal of the horoscope is considered dumb or ugly or evil.

No student in this school is from the southern part of Taiwan.

No grammar book is more popular than this one with senior high school
 students.

I don't think ...
that-
<><>
I thinkI believeI
supposeI feelI see <> not
<>
I don't think it's right to make such a hasty decision.

I don't think this is worth trying.

Many people don't think it is dangerous to go mountain climbing.

I still don't see the point you emphasized.

I don't see any point of playing video games all day.

I don't believe that he will come tonight.

I'm not feeling very well today, I can't attend the meeting.

He did not come here in order to attend the meeting.

All is not ...
allbotheverynot
<><>
allevery
bothalwaysaltogetherentirelywholly
not
allevery
All is not gold that glitters. (=All that glitters is not gold.)

Not all the students study hard.

I don't know all of them.

The rich are not always happy.

A kind man is not always patient.

His deeds do not always agree with his words.

Nobody can always have good luck.

A wise man doesn't know everything.

Every one cannot become businessman.

Such a product is not found everywhere.

Not both of his sisters agree to his suggestion.

Both items are not fashionable.

I don't like both of them.

Not both the artists have a keen eye for beauty.

Not both Peter and John enjoy music.

He doesn't wholly agree to the plan.

... not necessarily ...
... not necessarily ...
not necessary ""
The name of a restaurant won't necessarily tell you much about the food it
serves.

A good book does not necessarily sell well.

This is not necessarily the best.

Learned men are not necessarily wise.

A hero is not necessarily one who has done brave things.

The strongest man does not necessarily live the longest.

No/none ... + V ...
nonone
<>
nononenobodynothingnowherenohowneither never
<>


<><><>
No buyers can buy this sort of product.

Neither of my parents enjoys music.

I like neither of the designs. (=I don't like either of the designs.)

None of the three is a good student (are good students).

Nothing worth doing is easy.

Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.

Nothing is changeless.

Nobody is without faults.

He never gets up early.

The book is nowhere to be had.

All + V + un...
allbothevery
allevery ,
<>

All goods here are unsaleable.

All his plan came to nothing.

Every selling plan made by him is impossible of execution.

We all disbelieved what he promised.

Their quarrels about the trivia are always interminable.

... not ..., neither ...
norneither
noneither
She has no experience in typing, nor does the skill interest her.

You can't cancel the contract, nor can I, nor can anybody else.

The first isn't good, and neither is the second.

You did not see the teacher, neither did I.

... not ... still ...
much lessstill less
much less still less <><>
less little <>

She cannot buy daily necessities, much less luxuries.

He can hardly run a mile, much less the marathon.

I did not even see him, still less talk with him.

..., to say nothing of ...
to say nothing of
to say nothing of not to
speak ofnot to mention
He does not know English, to say nothing of German or French.

At that time they could not produce ordinary garments, not to speak of high-
grade ones.

We can't afford a car, not to mention the fact that we have no garage.

It hardly/scarcely + V ...
hardlyscarcely
hardly <
> scarcelyseldomlittlefewrarely
It hardly (scarcely) matters.

I have hardly ever been out of this city.

Justice was hardly done but someone complained (=without someone's
complaining).

We seldom buy this sort of goods.

Seldom seen, soon forgotten.

Little remains to be talked about.

... seldom or never ...
seldom or never
little or nothing
She seldom or never reads a book.

People seldom or never bought silk garments a few years ago.

I saw little or nothing of him after graduation.

She bought little or nothing in this shop.

I can't ...

<>
<><><><>
<><>
You can't make something out of nothing.

What's done cannot be undone.

He has never dissatisfied with this plan.

No one wanted to + V ...
No oneNobody wantedlikedto
nobody no one
nobody
nobody no one<><>
No one wanted to buy small oranges.

No one liked to have trouble.

No one wanted to listen to a madman.

... no ... without + N
nevernotnowithout
<>

I cannot see this picture without thinking of my father.

I never see him without feeling like crying.

He never helps me without trying to take advantage of me.

He never visits me without asking about our old friends.

The president of their company never makes a promise without intending to
keep it.

 He never went to the bookstore without buying some books.

They never met without smiling at each other.

I never speak English without making mistakes.

Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.

No gains without pains.

No one can succeed without working hard.

No one can live without breathing.

No prisoner escaped from the prison without being seen.

never ... but ...
neverbut
but <><>
but ifnot
It never rains but it pours.

I never look at the stars but I think how little I am.

She never reads a book but she goes to sleep.

He never goes on a vacation but he takes his pet dog.

I never see him but I am happy.

He never goes out but he drops in at that bookstore.

I never fail to + V ...
never fail to
fail

She never fails to write to her parents every month.

He never failed to send the ambassador a report each week.

A good teacher never fails to try his best to answer his students.

He is eloquent and humorous as well. What he says never fails to please us.

I cannot but + V ...
cannotbutchoose buthelp but
but <>
I cannot but admire his wise plan.

They cannot (choose) but admit that our requirement is reasonable.

I could not (help) but laugh.

It is not uncommon for ...
It is not uncommon forto-
not uncommon it
<>
It is not uncommon for parents to put a newborn in a separate room.

It is not uncommon for women to smoke in public.

It is not uncommon for people to jaywalk.

I am anything but ...
be anything but
far from<><> be
<><>
He is anything but a scholar.

He is anything but diligent.

The man was anything but rich.

He was anything but a hero.

It is anything but complete.

Climbing Mt. Everest is anything but a pleasure trip.

His visit to Paris was anything but a success.

I am in no way ...
in no wayby no means
<> in no wayby no meansin no wiseon no account

I am in no way to blame.

It is by no means easy to satisfy everyone.

He will in no wise give up any chances to get a better job.

On no account (do you) forget to lock the door.

I am not in the least ...
be notin the least

I am not in the least tired.

He is not in the least kind.

I was not surprised in the least.

The shop assistant was not in the least afraid of the trouble.

I am no + N ...
... no
no <><>no
aananymanymuch
We feel that life is no laughing matter.

Mr. Chen used no (didn't use any) chemicals on his fruit.

Tony used no reference books in class.

It is no joke.

This is no fact.

That's no lie!

He is no writer.

Tom is no coward.

no + N + in the world ...
in the worldon earth
<><><><><
>in the worldon earthall
<><>
There will be no difficulty in the world that they cannot overcome.

This is a market condition no force on earth can change.

He was not all confused.

It is of no value at all.

I'm the world's worst businessman.

I am the last man to ...
be the lastto-
<> that <
><>
A plane crash was the last thing that we had expected.

This is the last place where I expected to meet you.

He is the last man to do such a thing.

Mick is the last man to break his word.

He is the last man (that) I want to see now.

You were the last man (that) I had dreamed of meeting here.

He is the last man to accept a bribe.

I cannot ... too ...
cannottoo
cannot<>
too muchcannottoo manymuch<><
>
You cannot be too careful when driving a car.

I cannot thank enough for your kindness.

We cannot emphasize too much the importance of learning English.

It is wrong to think that one cannot make too many friends.

He thinks it right that one cannot make too much money.

You cannot study too hard.

One cannot be too careful in choosing friends.

 You cannot quit smoking too soon.

too + ADJ + for ...
toofor()
"too<>to-<
>
It is still too cold for farming.

You are too young for marriage.

The scenery is too beautiful for words.

The book is too difficult for most senior high school students.

Servings in restaurants are too large for many people.

The skirt is too long for you.

This room is too large for us.

He is too tired to walk anymore.

She walked too slowly to catch up with us.

... no exception ...
be no exception

Almost every language in the world has dialects and American English is no
exception.

The poor need love and the rich are no exception.

Plants can not live without the sun and animals are no exception.

I have no idea ...
have no idea

We have no idea how the birds find their way.

I have no idea why he resigned his post.

We have no idea how to persuade him to give up the idea.

I care nothing about ...
care nothing about

My friends were all boys who cared nothing about studying.

Do you really care nothing about your future?

I cared nothing about what they said of me.

I do not care what ...
do not carewhatwhether

He does not care whether he wins or loses.

I do not care what you will say about me.

She does not care whether you like her or not.

I can't bear to ...
can't bearto-
bear <><>
His suspense became so great that he couldn't bear to look out the window.

I can't bear to see him treated like that.

I can't bear being called "Fool".

... make no sense ...
make nomuchlittle sense

It didn't make much sense to Galileo to have different rules for motion on
earth and in space.

His argument does not make sense.

Does it make sense to let children play with matches?

... and ...
and
and and

They can visit many places and see many things.

You can stay at home and watch TV.

 We will get up early and do some housework.

... or ...
or
or or

They will go to the zoo or play volleyball.

He can drive his car to work or go by bus.

We will play sports or go on a picnic.

... but ...
but
but but

I went to bed late, but I got up early.

It doesn't rain a lot in fall, but it rains a lot in spring.

He caught a cold yesterday, but he went to school today.

A + Positive, but B + Negative
AbutB

A B A Bbut <
> but <
><> <><><>

Mr. Collins was tired, but Mr. Smith wasn't.

It won't hurt you, but chemicals will.

Mr. Chen knows this, but other people don't.

He made more money, but I didn't.

My sister eats natural foods every day, but I don't.

... when/as/while ...
whenaswhile
when <>
<><>
as while
 <> while <><
><>while <> be <>
8
When I got there, they were having a negotiation.

When I called, Tom was having dinner.

When I met Jill, she was talking to a young man.

When I entered the room, everyone was laughing loudly.

When you walk into the room, the lights turn on by themselves.

The customer laughed as he spoke.

Work while you work, and rest while you rest.

While she was reading in the room (=While reading in the room), she heard
John call her.

... before/after ...
beforeafter
<><>
before <>
You must send some sample to the customer before you go abroad.

After you think it over, please let me know by fax.

What do you want to do after you have concluded this transaction?

... because/as/since ...
becauseassince
because <>
<><><> so<
><><>
I didn't like it because it was noisy.

His boss looked at him coldly because he made several big mistakes.

John lives happily because he uses his time well to study.

As rain has fallen, the goods cannot be shipped.

Since you insist, I must amend the letter of credit.

... in that ...
in thatseeingthatconsideringthat
in that that
He didn't attend the negotiation in that he was ill.

I'd like to accept this item, seeing (that) the price is reasonable.

We agree to postpone the shipping date, considering (that) there is no steamer
recently.

..., so ...
sothereforethushence
so <><><
>
He is ill, so he cannot attend the negotiation.

He was very tired, and therefore he didn't give the market report.

It was already rather late, thus we decide to urge the customer.

... and/or/or else ...
andoror else
and or
andIf ...
orUnless ...
or or else
Study hard, and you'll pass the exam.

Study hard, or you'll fail (in) the exam.

Make haste, and you'll be in time for class.

Make haste, or you'll miss the first train.

Stop smoking now, or else your health will be ruined.

one more N, and ...
onetwothreemoreand
and <>
One more effort, and you will get to the top.

Two more days, and I can finish the work.

 One more step, and you'll be killed.

A few more days, and the company will be on the verge of bankruptcy.

There be N and N
Therebeand
<>
There's always weather and weather.

There are men and men.

There are actors and actors.

A + be ..., and B ...
1beand 2be
<>2 be <>
There midnight's all a glimmer and noon (is) a purple glow.

His critics are many and his admirers (are) few.

The girls are skating and the boys (are) watching.

It is true ..., but ...
It is true thatbut
but <>
<> though <>
Indeed (that) ..., but ...
It is true that these changes take a long time, but not as long as we might
expect.

It is true that he stole the bicycle, but he is not so bad as you might think.

It is true that he is rich, but he must know money is not everything.

It is true that Japan is a beautiful country, but its big cities are lately polluted.

Indeed he has a solemn face, but he is very humorous at heart.

no one ... but ...
no oneeverywhowhatbut
no onenonenobodynothingallevery whowhat
but <><
>
No one replied but me.

Nobody was late but you and me.

Nothing but disaster would come from such a plan.

He did nothing but eat and sleep all day.

It is nothing but a joke.

Mother thought of nothing but my coming home.

All the boys but one are here.

Who but he would act such?

What should I find but an enormous spider!

Who should come in but his first wife!

... all but ...
... all but ...
<>but except<
><><>
He is the chairman of the committee in all but the name.

All but the morning star have disappeared.

The car all but ran over him.

He was all but killed by the traffic accident.

... not ... but ...
notbut
not ... but ...<
><><><><>
<>
They will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their
character.

What I admire is not what you have, but what you are.

It is not your fault, but mine.

Not I but he is responsible for it.

Not father but mother was present at the ceremony.

Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.

He regarded me not as his friend, but as the best man for the job.

... no other than ...
benononeotherthanbut
than <>
but than

This is no other than my old friend, John.

The young man sitting at the desk was none other than our new teacher.

The tall figure that you saw was none other than our manager.

As a top manager, he should appoint none but people on their merit.

... nothing else than ...
benothingelse thanless thanelsebut
<>
His failure in this transaction was due to nothing else than his own
carelessness.

The present market situation is nothing else than fine.

What we expected is nothing less than a timely payment.

This transaction is nothing less than a miracle.

What I need is nothing but a sample.

His condition is nothing but a little discount.

... not so ... but ...
notsosuchbut

but that ... not

I am not such a fool but I can solve the problem.

The quality is not so poor but it is acceptable.

 He is not so sick but he can attend a class.

not only ... but also ...
not merelynot onlybutalso
not onlybut also <
><>
<><
><><><>
not merelynot only
Mary not only cleaned the room but (also) washed the window.

The hamburger not only smells good but (also) tastes delicious.

He is famous not only for his talent but (also) for his kindness.

Not only you but (also) I am to blame.

Not only did the dog bark at him, but (it) bit him.

Not only is she beautiful, but she is (also) kind.

His job is not only to dispose of problems but (also) to meet unexpected
challenges.

either ... or ...
either ... or ...
<><>
<><> <>
Can you speak either English or French?

Either you or he has made the mistake.

Either he or I am to blame.

Either you are wrong, or I am.

Either your answer or mine is wrong.

Either we will find a supply, or we will make the goods.

Tom is going to buy either a guitar or a piano.

neither ... nor ...
neither ... nor ...
<><>
<><> <>
Neither he nor I was able to understand her.

Neither you nor I am wrong.

In my opinion, neither you nor he has met the standard.

I neither expressed surprise at the price nor attempted to accept it.

We are going to play neither basketball nor volleyball.

both ... and ...
both ... and ...
<>
<><><><>
I work both on sunny days and on rainy ones.

That actress is both skillful and beautiful.

He is known both as a painter and as a statesman.

He succeeded both because he was industrious and because he had many
friends to help him.

Both he and I are satisfied with the result.

Helen ordered both fried chicken and salad in the fast-food restaurant.

... as well as ...
... as well as ...
<>
<><><><><>
She can speak Japanese as well as English.

Obviously he is interested in music as well as (in) painting.

He succeeded because he was industrious as well as because he had many
friends to help him.

He as well as I is satisfied with the result.

... as well.
as well
as well
Often life is much slower outside the big cities, as is true in other countries as
well.

She is not only good at mathematics, but she is interested in English as well.

Tom is very unfriendly to me as well.

as soon as ...
as soon as ...
<><><><
>no sooner ... than ...hardlyscarcely
whenbefore
As soon as she arrived in the city, she phoned her friend.

As soon as I have time, I will call you up.

Tell me as soon as you have finished.

no sooner ... than ...
no sooner ... than ...
<><><>
<>no sooner <><><>

He had no sooner come than she left.

No sooner had I left the shop than a man came to me and asked me if my
name was Peter.

No sooner had he arrived than he fell sick.

I had no sooner gone out than it began to rain.

hardly ... when ...
hardly/scarcely ... when/before ...
<><><><
>hardlyscarcely <><><
>
John had hardly opened the door when his guests arrived.

Scarcely had I washed the car before the sky rumbled with thunder.

Hardly had I gone out of the hotel when I met my friend.

 Scarcely had she heard the sad story when she burst out crying.

now that ... V ...
now that
now that <><>that
since seeingthat<
><>
Now that I am free, I can enjoy music for a while.

I want to work now that I am well again.

Now that there is a new tunnel, the road is less dangerous.

Now that you are a college student, you should learn to be independent of your
parents' help.

not ... because ...
not ... because ...
<>because
because <>
You must not despise a man because he is poor.

I do not love him because he is rich. (I love him not because he is rich.)

I do not respect him because he is playful.

I do not respect him because he is knowledgeable.

not that ... but that ...
(It is) not that ... but that ...
It is
Not that I dislike the task, but that I am not equal to it.

Believe it or not, not that I don't love Mary, but that I love my country (all the)
more.

Not that I hate the work. I'm not strong enough for it.

so that ... may ...
so that/in order that ... may ...
<><> so thatin
order that <> <>so that <><
> in order that <><>
<> may
 cancouldshallshouldwillwould<><
><>so as to<>
in order to<>
Read the questions carefully so that you may not make a mistake in the test.

We turned on the light so that we might see (=so as to see) what it was.

I study hard, so that I may not fail in the examinations.

My father works hard in order that he may support us.

I've decided to learn photography in order that I may better appreciate the
beauty of nature.

I came in order that I might/could see May. (=I came in order to see May.)

We must find out the customs of other countries, so that they will not think us
ill mannered.

lest ... (should) ...
lest ... (should) ...
for fear (that) ... shouldlest
<><><><><>
should should <>
I got up early lest I (should) miss the train.

We talked in a low voice lest we should wake the baby up.

Hide it lest he (should) see it.

He took a flashlight lest it should get dark before he returned.

Be careful for fear (that) you should be misunderstood.

... in case ... should ...
... in case ... should ...
in case lest
if<><><> should
<>in case if
I stopped suddenly in case he should think that I was showing off.

They watched him closely in case he should escape.

In case (=If) I forget, please remind me.

Write the telephone number down in case you forget.

... so ... that ...
sothat
<>
<>so <>so<>a<
>thatso
56too ... to ...1
Kevin is so sick that he can't come to class. (=Kevin is too sick to come to
class.)

The dog is so gentle that I am not afraid of it.

She studied so hard that she passed the exam.

He is so good a boy that we like him.

So nice is he that I like him.

So exciting was the game that I forgot all about the coming finals.

so many/few ... that ...
so manyfewthat
so
muchlittlethat<
><>so <>
manymuchfewlittleso

I have so much work to do that I can't go out with you.

So many languages can he speak that he should have no problem traveling
around the world.

There is so little time left that I don't think I can finish it as scheduled.

He has so few friends that his life is lonely.

such ... that ...
suchthat
<>
<>such <>such

Do not think that Americans are in such a hurry that they are unfriendly.

He always talks in such a way that everyone dislikes him.

He was such an impatient driver (=He was so impatient a driver) that he went
through the red light.

Such a good article did he write that he won the award.

They are such good boys that we like them.

It is such good music that I enjoy it.

as much so as N
as much so as

I am poor -- as much so as a church mouse.

She is lovely -- as much so as an angel.

The price of this gem is expensive -- as much so as astronomical figures.

so much so that ...
so much so that
so so
<>
Making something by hand has become the exception in many countries today
-- so much so that giving a homemade gift is sometimes considered
extraordinary.
--

He is rich -- so much so that he can buy anything he wants.

Tom is clever -- so much so that he can solve most of the problems.

though/although ...
though/although ...
though although <><
><><><>
though although but
yet yet <>though <>

Although (he was) cheerful in company, he was often sad in private.

Though old, he walks as fast as a young man.

Though he often plays hooky, he does well in study.

Although very rich in his youth, he is now as poor as a church mouse.

She didn't put on an overcoat though it was very cold outside.

Though he is nice, (yet) I don't like him. (=He is nice; I don't like him,
though.)

even if/even though ...
even if/even though ...
<><><>
thoughalthough but even
although
Even if it will take me six weeks, I am determined to finish the job.

Even if he said so, you need not believe him.

Even though you do not like it, you must do it.

Even though he tried, he still lagged behind other runners.

Even though I hadn't seen my classmate for many years, I recognized him
immediately.

They couldn't, even if they would, get out of trouble by themselves.

Poor as he is, ...
asbe
though<>be <><
>
Poor as he is (=Though he is poor), he doesn't feel inferior.

Tired as she was, she kept doing it.

Nice as he is, I don't like him.

Stern as he is, he is full of sympathy.

Young as he was, he was prudent.

Surprised as he was at the news, he kept it secret all the week.

Hard as he worked, ...
asyet
though<><><
>
Hard as he worked (=Though he worked hard), he failed in the exam.

Much as she loved him (=Though she loved him very much), he deserted her
in the long run.

Much as the sheep look alike, the old man can tell one from another.

Much as I like her, I won't marry her.

Well as he does in study, he is not arrogant.

Much as we may take pride on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose
things (that) we want.


Much as I hope I may gain weight, (yet) I am still as thin as before.

Fast as you do, you can't finish the assignment in two hours.

Search as I would, I could not find the book.

Try as you might, you can't keep the lost time.

Munching the apple as he was, he had an eye for all her movements.

Good student as he is, ...
asbe
though<>be <><
> be <><><>
Good students as they were (=Though they were good students), they
sometimes erred.

Good student as he is (=Though he is a good student), he sometimes makes
mistakes.

Coward as he is (=Though he is a coward), he can't bear such an insult.

Try as you may, ...
asthoughmay
though<>may<
 ><> may
Try as he may (=Though he may try), he will definitely fail.

Try as she may, she is not necessarily able to talk him out of smoking.

Try as you may, you will find it impossible to solve the problem.

whether ... or ...
whether ... or ...
whether <><
> or<>whether <><>
<><>whether <>
<>be <><><><
>or<>
Whether he will stay or leave, I really don't care.

Whether the news is true or false, I won't change my plan.

Whether (she is) sick or fine, she is always cheerful.

(Whether we are) Rich or poor, we are all equal.

Rain or shine, the game will be held as scheduled.

Waking or sleeping, the matter is always in my mind.

whether ... or not
whetheror not
whether ... or not<
><><>whether ...
or ...<> or <><
> not or not whether
or not
There's always weather, weather, whether we like it or not.

Whether you will go (or not), please call me up.

Whether he will come (or not), we will go on with our plan.

I have decided to buy a bicycle, whether it is expensive or not.

Whether you believe it or not, I passed the exam.

Whether he wanted it or not, he had to attend the lecture.

Whether or not he will stay, I really don't care.

He is always happy whether rich or not.

... or otherwise
or otherwise
otherwise <>

Two characters are in disagreement, serious or otherwise, over some matter.

You must accept the result, satisfactory or otherwise.

The task assigned, dangerous or otherwise, must be finished as scheduled.

as ... V ...
as
as <><>in the
same way that
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

Do as you are told. (=Do as I tell you.)

She cooks omelets in butter as they do in France.

As it is ...
As it is ...
As it is ... <>
<> In fact As a matter of fact
I thought he would get better. As it is, he is getting worse.

He isn't nice. As it is, he is bad.

I don't like him. As it is, I hate him.

as/so long as ...
as/so long as ...
asso long as
<> <><>
<><><>
You will never be good students so long as you goof around.

As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe.

 You may eat anything, so long as you don't eat too much.

As long as live, I will help you.

As long as you don't betray me, I'll do whatever you ask me to (do).

We'll ship the goods at an early time as long as there is a steamer.

So far as I am concerned
soas far asbeconcerned
<><><>
<>
So far as English is concerned, it is not so difficult as you might think.

As far as I am concerned, I'm not against your plan.

So far as English composition is concerned, practice is the best way.

As far as defense is concerned, we need to buy more sophisticated weapons.

As far as I know, he is kind.

As far as oil energy is concerned, we cannot be too frugal.

whatever may happen, ...
whatevermay
whatever <><><
><>whatever<>
may be may be
You must do whatever is best for you.

He'll push on with his project whatever the difficulties may be.

Whatever may happen, you must keep calm.

I will be on your side, whatever the situation (may be).

We are still optimistic, whatever the result (may be).

No matter what ...
No matter what ...

No matter what the results of the homemade gift look like, remember it's the
thought that counts.

No matter what you may do, do it well.

No matter what he is, he must obey the law.

wherever ...
wherever

no matter where
The language is almost the same wherever one goes.

Wherever you are, I will miss you.

Remember you are a Chinese wherever you go.

We'll go wherever you like.

Wherever it is possible, he tries to help.

not ... until/till ...
notuntiltill
not ... before not
until <>
Cotton material was not known in Europe until much later.

We did not start until the sun rose in the east.

He did not have a house of his own until he was thirty.

Not until eleven o'clock did he come home.

We do not know the value of health till we lose it.

We had not waited long before she came.

Not until last night did I get the news.

It had not been done before he came.

... rather than ...
rather than
rather than
<>
Older people may seek their own friends rather than become too emotionally
 dependent on their children.

She is a career woman rather than a housewife.

I tried to stand on my own two feet rather than turned to my parents.

He will give in to his opponent's claim rather than wrangle over a disputed
point.

She is pretty rather than attractive.

I reasoned rather than quarreled with him.

It is a telex rather than a letter.

This businessman is rather diligent than clever.

The present market is worse rather than better.

He should have given priority to his safety rather than to the loss of money.

He always give priority to others rather than to himself.

On one hand, ...
On (the) one hand, ..., and on the other (hand), ...
<>
on the one hand and on the other<>
on the other hand
<> the<>
On the one hand, you shouldn't be shy; on the other hand, you mustn't forget
your manners.

On the one hand, I am your manager, and on the other, I am also your friend.

He has been criticized on one hand and encouraged on the other.