UDC 62-218 .2 :62-13 :001 .

4 DEUTSCHE NORM April 198 8

Machine foundations ~- DI IV
Flexible structures that support
machines with rotating elements 402 4
Part 1

Maschinenfundamente ; elastische Sttzkonstruktionen fr Maschinen mit rotierenden Massen Supersedes DIN 4024 ,
January 1955 edition .

In keeping with current practice in standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), a comm a
has been used throughout as the decimal marker.

The DIN 4024 series of standards currently comprises the following Parts :
DIN 4024 Part 1 Machine foundations ; flexible structures that support machines with rotating element s
DIN 4024 Part 2 (at present at the stage of draft) Machine foundations ; rigid structures that support machines wit h
periodic excitatio n

c In this standard, the term'load' is used for forces acting on a system from the outside ; this applies equally to compoun d
terms that include the component 'load' (cf . DIN 10r,0 Part 1) .

Contents
Pag e Pag e

1 Scope and field of application 2 5 .2 .3 Simplified representation 5

5.3 Natural vibration 6
2 Concepts 2
5 .3 .1 Natural frequencies and modes of vibration 6
2 .1 Vibration 2
2 5 .3 .2 Assessment of vibration behaviour on the basis o f
2 .2 Types of vibration
natural vibration 6
2 .3 Damping 2
5 .4 Analysis of vibration due to unbalance 7
2 .4 Action-effects 3
5 .4 .1 General 7
2 .5 Model 3
5 .4 .2 Foiced vibration 7
2 .6 Machinery 3
5 .4 .3 Natural modes of vibration 7
2 .7 Types of foundation 3
5 .4 .4 Equivalent-load method 7
3 Materials and ground 5.5 Analysis of transient vibration 7
3 .1 Reinforced concrete 5.5 .1 General 7
3 .2 Steel 5 .5 .2 Short-circuit 8
3 .3 Ground 5.6 Loads on the foundation and ground 8
4 Loads 6 Further design criteria 8
4 .1 Machinery 6.1 Design action-effects 8
4 .1 .1 General 6.2 Reinforced concrete foundations 8
4 .1 .2 Static loads 6.3 Steel foundations 8
4 .1 .3 Dynamic loads 6.4 Ground 8
4 .2 Foundation
4 .2.1 Permanent loads 7 Detailing 9
4 .2.2 Imposed loads 7 .1 Reinforced concrete foundations 9
4.2.3 Creep and shrinkage of reinforced concrete 7 .1 .1 Table foundations 9
4 .2 .4 Effects of temperature, wind and earthquakes 7 .1 .2 Spring foundations 9
7 .1 .3 Slab foundations 9
5 Design 7 .1 .4 Platform foundations 9
5 .1 General 7.2 Steel foundations 9
5 .1 .1 Objectives 7 .2 .1 Table foundations 9
5.1 .2 Static analysis 7 .2 .2 Spring foundations 10
5 .1 .3 Dynamic analysis 7 .2 .3 Platform foundations 10
5 .2 Model study 7 .2 .4 Corrosion protection 10
5 .2 .1 Principles
5 .2.2 Requirements Standards and other documents referred to 10

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Page 2 DIN 4024 Part 1

1 Scope and field of applicatio n

This standard specifies requirements for steel or reinforce d
concrete structures that support mechanical system s
('machine foundations', for short) . Such mechanical sys-
tems are understood to be machinery with mainly rotatin g
elements, the foundations of which are capable of generat -
ing flexural vibration in at least one plane . For the purpose s
of this standard, a distinction is made among the followin g
types of machine foundation :
a) table foundations ;
b) spring foundations ; Figure 2 . Periodic vibratio n
c) slab foundations ;
2 .2 .2 Harmonic vibratio n
d) platform foundations .
Harmonic vibration is a periodic vibration process in whic h
The requirements specified here are intended to preven t a quantity, q, is a sinusoidal function of time (see figure 3) ,
the static and dynamic loads from transmitting unaccept- this being expressed by the following formula :
able vibration to the environment or causing damage to th e
machinery and its foundation . This standard establishes t
q( ) = 4 sin (wt + (po) (2 )
criteria for determining vibration behaviour, deals wit h ,where
design action-effects, and covers principles of constructio n r1 is the amplitude ;
based on experience to date with machine foundations .
w is the angular frequency based on the equatio n

2 Concept s w=-
,
2n
= 2nf ;
2 .1 Vibratio n
ro o is the zero phase angle .
For the purposes of this standard, vibration is a process i n
which a mechanical quantity,q,varies as a function of tim e
(see figure 1), alternating at least once between a minimu m
negative and a maximum positive (peak) value .

Figure 3 . Harmonic vibratio n

Figure 1 . Vibratio n 2 .2 .3 Transient vibratio n

Transient vibration is a temporary state during which th e
peak values or the duration of vibration are not stead y
(e .g .when the machine is turned on or off,when a vibratio n
The mechanical vibration quantities of concern are : process starts or ends, or during short-circuit) .

a) displacement (e .g . deflection, deformation) ; 2 .2 .4 Free vibratio n

b) vibration velocity ; Free vibration is that which results when a linear system i s
C) vibration acceleration ; excited once, i .e . any loads varying with time cease to act on
the system . This process involves system-related natura l
d) restoring forces and moments (associated with dis - modes of vibration and the associated natural frequencies ,
placement) ;
the lowest of which being referred to as the fundamenta l
e) damping forces and moments (usually associated wit h natural frequency.
vibration velocity) ;
f) inertia forces and moments (in proportion to the vibra- 2 .2 .5 Forced vibratio n
tion acceleration) ; Forced vibration is a state of vibration caused by externa l
g) external forces and moments ('excitation') . forces that vary with time .

2 .3 Dampin g
2 .2 Types of vibratio n
Damping is a system characteristic by which kinetic energ y
2 .2 .1 Periodic vibratio n is dissipated and either irreversibly converted to othe r
Periodic vibration is a process in which the magnitude o f forms of energy, particularly heat, or conducted away to th e
a quantity, q, periodically varies with time (see figure 2) , environment .
this being expressed by the following formula : The forms of damping of concern are :
q(t) = q(t+nT) (i ) a) material damping,where the damping force is given by :

~~x
where n is a whole number and T is an increment of tim e
Po = (3)
The reciprocal of T, in s, is the frequency, f, in Hz .


DIN 4024 Part 1 Page 3

or, when allowing for stiffness : 2 .6 .4 Balanced quality

The balanced quality of a system is a measure, Q, of the roto r
FD = kB c x (4) unbalance, expressed as Q = e Q,where a is the eccentric -
ity of the rotor (cf.VDI 2060) .
b) viscous damping,where the damping force is given by :
2 .6 .5 Driving momen t
FD =dvz (5 ) The driving moment is the torque at the input of a drive n
or, when allowing for stiffness : machine (e .g . a turbine) .

j'u = kvc,z (6 ) 2 .6 .6 Output momen t

The output moment is the torque at the output of a drivin g
The quantities used to characterize the damping are :
machine (e .g . a generator) .
a) damping factor (Lehr damping factor), D 1 )
dB 2 .6 .7 Vacuum forc e
D= (7 ) Vacuum forces are static loads that result when vacuum i n
2Sl c m
the condensor of a steam turbine is produced .
k13
D C (8 ) 2 .6 .8 Terminal short circuit and loss of synchronisatio n
2 ~ m
Terminal short circuit and loss of synchronisation ar e
transient malfunctions that occur as a result of a rapi d
D= dv (9 )
2 c m change in the magnetic forces in the air gap of an electri c
machine .
D=
2 m (10)
2.7 Types of foundation
2 .7.1 Machine support
b) logarithmic decremen t
A machine support is a flexible structure in the form o f
2rL D a slab or a configuration of beams on which the machin e
A= (11 )
1-D 2 systems rests and is anchored .

where, in equations (3) to (11) , 2 .7.2 Table foundatio n

S2 is the excitation frequency,
d, dv'), kn t) and kv are damping characteristics (quan-
tities with different units) ,
c is the elastic (spring) constant (of a
single-degree-of-freedom system) ,
in is the mass (of a single-degree-of -
freedom system) ,
z is the vibration velocity.
2.4 Action-effect s
Forthe purposes of this standard, action-effects are forces ,
moments and quantities of displacement that occur as a
result of static or dynamic loading .
A table foundation consists of a slab placed on props tha t
are usually arranged in pairs. The props usually rest on a
reinforced concrete base, the latter resting on the ground .
2 .7.3 Spring foundatio n
A spring foundation is made up of spring elements, usuall y
consisting of several prefabricated springs having defined
spring constants, and the supporting structure, which i s
defined as the structure beneath the spring elements ,
including the ground .
2 .7.4 Slab foundatio n
A slab foundation is made from reinforced concrete an d
rests directly on the ground .

2.5 Mode l 2 .7.5 Platform foundation

For the purposes of this standard, a model is a represen-
tation of the actual mechanical system, used for the calcu -
lation of essential system characteristics . Each possibl e
independent displacement of a material point or a model
element, within a spatial configuration, is defined as a
degree of freedom . Where vibration in any one coordinat e
influences vibration in other coordinates, the system may
be represented by several, mutually independent model s
('decoupling') .
2 .6 Machinery
2 .6 .1 Service frequency (rotational speed )
The service frequency is the rotational speed under servic e
conditions, expressed in s -1 (or in min-1 ) .
2.6.2 Service frequency rang e
The service frequency range is the range of rotational
speeds under service conditions .
2 .6 .3 Excitation frequency
Excitation frequency is the frequency at which dynami c
loads act on the system . It is often the same as the servic e
frequency.
A platform foundation is a construction that is made o f
slabs or beams,on which the machine system directly rests ,
and that is integral with a multi-storey structure .
3 Materials and .groun d
3 .1 Reinforced concrete
Concrete of at least strength class B25 as specified i n
DIN 1045 shall be used .
For the dynamic analysis, the static moduli of elasticity a s
given in DIN 1045 maybe assumed . Where precise informa-
tion about the damping characteristics is not known, th e
damping factor, D, of the entire system (machine plu s
foundation) may be assumed to be 0,02. Where stiffness -
related viscous damping is a factor, kv should be selecte d
so that D is less than or equal to 0,02 at the highest calcu-
lated natural frequency, f . (see subclause 5 .3) . For loa d
cases that involve significantly higher loading than tha t
during normal service, a higher damping factor may b e
assumed .
t ) in the relevant literature, the symbol0 is used forD,k or b
for dv, and V for kB .
 Page 4 DIN 4024 Part 1
Reinforcing steel, suitable for loads that are not predomi-
nantly static, shall be used formembers subject to dynami c
loads ; the reinforcement of such members shall not b e
made from smooth reinforcing steel .
3 .2 Stee l
Steel of at least grade St 37-2 as specified in DIN 17 100 shal l
be used .
For the dynamic analysis, the static moduli of elasticity a s
given in DIN 18800 Part 1 may be assumed . Where precise
information about the damping characteristics is not avail -
able, stiffness-related material damping may be assumed ,
as well as a damping characteristic, h, equal to 0,02 .
For load cases that involve loading significantly higher tha n
that during normal service, a higher damping factor may b e
assumed .
3.3 Groun d
For the dynamic analysis, the resiliency of the ground nee d
only be considered in special cases (cf . subclause 5 .2) ,
except for slab foundations, where the resiliency must b e
considered . It may, however, be advantageous to conside r
the damping of the ground .
The dynamic characteristics of the ground (e .g . shea r
modulus and Poisson's ratio) can only be determined b y
field or laboratory measurements . Since measured value s
tend to be widely dispersed, calculation of the dynami c
loading should be based on limit values forthese quantities ,
which can be found in the relevant literature, [1] to [3] ,
4 Loads
4 .1 Machinery
4 .1 .1 Genera l
The machine manufacturer shall provide the following infor -
mation :
a) erection loads ;
b) loads during normal service ;
C) loads during malfunction ;
d) service frequency and service frequency range ;
e) any thermal effects of the machine or the ancillar y
equipment on the foundation .
The static and dynamic loads in each of the above case s
shall be given separately .
If the machine manufacturer requires the foundation to b e
of a particular stiffness, the above load information shall b e
stated in the form of displacement values which are not t o
be exceeded .
If vibration is to be restricted (to prevent damage to th e
machine .and its ancillary equipment), even in the case o f
malfunction, the manufacturer shall provide relevant limi t
values .
4 .1 .2 Static load s
The following are static loads during normal service :
a) the mass of the rotors and the machine casing ;
b) the mass ofthe condensers, depending on howtheyar e
erected and the amount of water they contain ;
C) the vacuum force in a turbine whose condensors ar e
connected to the turbine casing via compensator s
(both vertical and horizontal) ;
d) the machine's driving and output moments that act o n
the foundation via the casing (vertical pairs of forces) ;
e) friction loads on the bearing faces (predominantly hori-
zontal), caused by the thermal expansion of the casing :
f) loads due to the mass of the ancillary equipment an d
the effective forces and moments (that act both verti-
cally and horizontally), e .g . thermal expansion, flo w
forces and vapour pressure ;
g) thermal effects from the machine and its ancillary
equipment.
In the case of turbines, a difference in temperature o f
20K across the foundation cross section may b e
assumed, unless otherwise specified by the machin e
manufacturer.
Erection loads are generally transient mass loads that d o
not occur during normal servive, and include the load s
resulting from erection equipment and lifting gear .
4.1 .3 Dynamic load s
The following are dynamic loads during normal service :
a) bearing forces (both vertical and horizontal), resultin g
from rotor unbalance, depending on the rotationa l
speed ;
b) periodic operating loads, resulting from the particula r
machine performance, that act on the foundation vi a
the casing orthe bearings, e .g. forces at twice orsevera l
times the rotational frequency of single-phase a .c .
machines or biowers,forces from the casing at twice th e
mains frequency of a three-phase machine, or slip -
frequency magnetic forces from an induction machine ;
C) forces and moments that result from turning th e
machine on or off, or other transient situations (e .g .
those associated with the operation of shock convert-
ers or occurring during synchronization) .
The major dynamic loads that result from malfunction are :
a) an increase in the periodic bearing loads in the case o f
exceptionally high rotor unbalance caused, for example ,
by blade breakage or rotor distortion ;
b) terminal short circuit or loss of synchronization in th e
generator or motor ;
C) shock to pipes or fittings upon emergency shut-down .
4 .2 Foundatio n
4 .2.1 Permanent load s
The design values of the self-weight of the structure shall b e
determined in accordance with DIN 1055 Part 1 .
4.2 .2 Imposed load s
Imposed loads need not be considered for the structure a s
a whole, but the individual members shall be designed t o
carry particular imposed loads, these being the subjec t
of agreement among the machine manufacturer, the foun-
dation designer and the client . Unless otherwise specified ,
an imposed load of 5 kN/m 2 shall be assumed .
4 .2 .3 Creep and shrinkage of reinforced concret e
Shrinkage of reinforced concrete shall be considered, a s
set out in DIN 1045, and no allowance shall be made fo r
creep (cf . subclause 7.1) .
4 .2 .4 Effects of temperature, wind and earthquake s
Where the effects of temperature, wind and earthquake s
need to be considered, refer to the relevant standards (e .g .
DIN 1045, DIN 1055 Part 4 and DIN 4149 Part 1) .
5 Desig n
5 .1 Genera l
5 .1 .1 Objective s
Machine foundations are intended to accommodate th e
static and dynamic loads from the machine .They should b e
designed on the basis of machine movement during normal

service (i .e . the minimum performance requirements to b e
satisfied), and to prevent unacceptable vibration fro m
being transmitted to the environment.This can be assesse d
on the basis of the vibration amplitudes of rotors, especiall y
at the bearings, and the associated vibration and forces .
Any effect that malfunction has on the foundation shall no t
impair subsequent machine performance under servic e
conditions .
To verify compliance with these general requirements, a
static and dynamic analysis shall be made, instead of calcu -
lations .
5 .1 .2 Static analysi s
The static analysis of machine foundations, i .e . analysis o f
the action-effects of the system under static loading, shal l
be based on specified load cases (cf .subclause 6 .1) for th e
machinery (cf. subclause 4 .2.1) and for the foundatio n
(cf. subclause 4 .2) . Since such an analysis is the same a s
that made for similar structures, it is not dealt with here .
Compliance with any limit displacement values specified by
the machine manufacturer under defined load condition s
(cf. subclause 4 .1 .1) shall be verified .
In the case of machine foundations made from reinforce d
concrete, deformation due to creep may be limited b y
means of a suitable structural design (cf . subclause 7.1) .
Where thermal effects are to be considered in the analysis
of reinforced concrete foundations, the 2nd moment o f
effective cross-sectional area may be assumed to be equa l
to 0,3 1 .
The static analysis of steel machine foundations ma y
generally be limited to a determination of the suppor t
reaction, as the vibration load on such foundations is low.
5 .1 .3 Dynamic analysis
Dynamic analysis of machine foundations serves to asses s
vibration behaviour and to determine the action-effect s
of the system under dynamic loading. It is to be based o n
a model of the entire system that has largely linear charac -
teristics and several degrees of freedom . The metho d
of assessment of the vibration behaviour (displacement)
and of determining dynamic forces will depend on whethe r
dynamic excitation forces are to be considered or not .
Where excitation forces are not considered, predicting th e
vibration behaviour may be based on a comparison o f
the calculated natural frequencies of the machine with it s
excitation frequencies, and then assessing the excitatio n
potential of these natural modes . The action-effects ca n
then be determined by assuming analogous maximum dis -
placement values based on the natural modes established .
Where excitation forces declared by the machine manufac -
turer are used in the calculation, or where such ar e
assumed, predicting the vibration behaviour and determin -
ing the action-effects may be based on an analysis o f
forced vibration, in which case natural vibration is also to b e
determined .
Dynamic analysis and consideration of the dynamic com-
ponent in subsequent calculations may generally b e
dispensed with if the mass of the rotating elements .is les s
than one one-hundredth of the mass of the entire syste m
(machine plus foundation) . (Note that for platform founda-
tions, the foundation is understood to comprise only thos e
members which are directly loaded .) Otherwise, in the cas e
of systems whose elements run at different rotational
speeds,theirexcitation unbalance at any one speed mayb e
neglected if the sum of the masses of the individual ele-
ments is less than one one-hundredth of the mass of th e
entire system .
DIN 4024 Part 1 Pag
5 .2 Model stud y
5 .2 .1 Principle s
A model is intended to facilitate analysis of the vibrat i
behaviour of the entire system (machine plus foundati c
The system is represented by a linear-elastic model hav i
distributed or concentrated masses on spring supports .T
excitation source,as well as system characteristics suc h
mass, stiffness and damping, are to be included so as
permit a sufficiently accurate assessment .
5 .2 .2 Requirement s
The model usually consists of beam elements in whi p
shear and torsion deformation have been accounted f
Rotation inertia maybe neglected . In the case of reinforce
concrete, the 2nd moments of area of the cross-sectio n
areas may be determined for the cross section exhibiti r
no cracks (state 1) . The distribution of mass may eit h
be represented realistically, or the mass assumed to t
distributed at different points . It should be noted, howeV E
that if calculation is based on distributed masses, t h
required accuracy can be achieved with substantially few (
degrees of freedom than with concentrated masses . I
the case of reinforced concrete foundations, the machi n
shaft and casing may usually be seen as static ; for ste (
and steel/concrete composite foundations, a more preci s
analysis should be made .
Each model point (node) has up to six degrees of freedo n
i .e. three translational and three rotational . The number o
degrees of freedom that need to be considered in a parti c
ular case cannot be specified here .
The numberof nodes required and the numberof degrees o
freedom 'to be assigned to them depends on sever a
factors, including :
a) the geometry of the entire system ;
b) the type of vibration to be investigated (vertical, hor i
zontal or torsional) ;
c) the relevant frequency range ;
d) the calculation method selected .
If the system is symmetrical with respect to the vertical
centre plane in the longitudinal direction, it will have sym
metric and antimetric natural modes of vibration that ca n
be calculated using models that represent each half o f
the system . The relevant frequency range, .i .e. the range of
natural frequencies that approaches the service frequency ,
will affect the minimum number of translational degrees o f
freedom that need not be considered .This number should
be greater than twice the order of the highest natural fre-
quency in the relevant frequency range .
Damping maybe neglected when calculating natural vibra-
tion, but should be considered when calculating force d
vibration .
Where it is necessary to consider the resiliency of th e
ground (cf. subclause 3.3), the continuous resiliency ma y
be represented by a number of springs .
5 .2 .3 Simplified representatio n
The foundation usualiydoes not need to be represented in a
spatial configuration . Rather, it may be represented b y
models of the individual components, one each for trans-
lation and rotation in the two vertical planes and in the hori -
zontal plane, The rotational component may often b e
dispensed with .
For consideration of horizontal vibration, the foundatio n
may generally be assumed to be decoupled from the sup -
port and to be laterally retained by springs .
For table foundations, the natural flexural vibration of th e
props maybe calculated separately from the entire system .


Page 6 DIN 4024 Part 1

The following simplifications are permitted for the calcula-

mo
tion of vertical vibration .
a) Where the flexural strength of the spring-supporte d Co
system is high relative to the stiffness of the spring sup - Model
ports, i .e . where m
13 . 1
i
ct
CB

(12 )
E -1
is less than or equal to 50 (see figure 4), the n t -~
Ct ) f t = V I. f fm
- it maybe assumed that the flexural system is rigid fo r 2~n

calculation of the natural frequencies generated b y f

the spring supports, o r >02fm
- the spring supports maybe neglected forcalculatio n
of higher natural frequencies . t CB
b) In the case ofspring foundations,where the stiffness, cu , C2) fj= 2-n fm
m,m ft
of the supporting slabs, beams or other supports is a t ~ f
least ten times the stiffness, cF, of the spring elements ,
Z02fm
i .e. where CUICF is not less than 10, then the foundatio n
may be assumed to be separate from the support and t o
consist of a configuration of beams resting on sprin g ~, 1
elements .
C3) fj = 2-I-~
m,
fB= 2; n
Ce

For calculation purposes, this means that the resiliency ,
cu, of the foundation, as well as the effect of its mass ,
can be neglected .
C) The effect of the ground and that of the mass of th e
foundation may usually be neglected, provided one o f
the three following conditions is met (see figure 5) .
c t : The lowest natural frequency, f t , of the foundatio n
plus machine (mass rrrn) on the spring support ,
where the foundation (mass nij is assumed to b e
rigid, is at least 20% lower than the lowest servic e
frequency, fn, .
C2: The lowest natural frequency, f,, of the entire sys-
tem,assumed to be a rigid bodyvibrating on flexibl e
ground,is at least 20%lowerthan the lowestservic e
frequency, f,,, . , case of foundations for machines with high service frequen -
C3: The lowest natural frequency, f t , of the foundation a s
such,assumed to be rigid, is at least 25%lowertha n
the lowest natural frequency, fB , of the foundatio n
as such, assumed to be rigid and on flexible ground .
l and antimetric vibration are not decoupled ;
Mode l
E I
Ct C2 C3
r. i .
ft
---------- --- - - -
When calculating ft and
f2, E I shall be assume d
to approach infinity.
m
+--- f
? 0,25 fB
ft fB
Figure 5. Simplification c)
5.3 Natural vibratio n
5 .3 .1 Natural frequencies and modes of vibratio n
The natural frequencies ft to & and the modes associate d
with them shall be calculated in ascending order.
The number of natural frequencies and modes to b e
established shall be selected so that the highest natura l
frequency calculated is at least 10%higherthan the servic e
frequency. This requirement may be dispensed with in th e
cies (i.e . where fn, > 75Hz) ; however, depending on th e
analysis model, the number of natural frequencies to b e
calculated, n, shall comply with the following :
a) n =10 for two-dimensional models in which onlyvertica l
displacements are considered and in which symmetri c
b) n = 6 for two-dimensional, symmetrical models in whic h
onlyvertical displacements are considered and in whic h
symmetric and antimetric vibration are decoupled.
5 .3 .2 Assessment of vibration behaviour
on the basis of natural vibratio n
An assessment of the vibration behaviour of a machin e
foundation, in respect of the objectives given in sub -
clause 5 .1 .1, may, as a simplification, be based on the rela -
tionship of the natural frequencies, fn, to the servic e
frequencies, fm .
If both conditions land 2below are met for each decouple d
model, subsequent analysis may be dispensed with ,
1. First order natural frequency

ft z 1,25fm (13 )
.~ ~.
or
\ r~' f3
`'~ - - -~ When calculating fn,with ft s 0 8 fn,
1 (14 )
larger than 2, c ; shall be 2. Higher order natural frequencies
assumed to be zero . a) Higher order natural frequencies that approach th e
service frequency :
f4
A S 0 . 9 -/m
and (15 )
Figure 4 . Simplification a) fn + 1 Z 1,1 f m

b) if condition 2a is not met,it shall suffice that fn is less
than f,,, where n is equal to 10 or 6 (cf. sub -
clause 5.3 .1) .
Where conditions 1 and 2 are not met, a more precis e
assessment of vibration behaviour can nonetheless b e
attained by analyzing the excitation potential of the natura l
modes of vibration . For this purpose, the highest natura l
modes, assuming they lie within the frequency rang e
defined by conditions 1 and 2 above, may be analyzed fo r
the magnitude of the relative displacement, xi , ,, at th e
bearings, i, of the machine shaft . Each natural mode ofvibra -
tion shall be checked separately for each bearing, i, for ful-
filment of the following condition :
xin
I 2
2
fn
<3 (16)
2
1 fn - f m
If this condition is not met, then forced vibration shall b e
analyzed in accordance with subclause 5.4 .
Note that analysis as specified in subclause 5 .4 is recom-
mended for steel/concrete composite foundations fo r
machines whose service frequency, f m, is less than 75 Hz o r
where fm is greater than f,, (where n is equal to 10 or 6 a s
given in subclause 5 .3 .1) .
5 .4 Analysis of vibration due to unbalanc e
5.4.1 Genera l
If the vibration behaviour cannot be adequately assesse d
using the methods given in subclause 5 .3, an analysi s
of forced displacement as set out in subclause 5 .4.2 i s
required on the basis of the excitation forces declared by
the machine manufacturer . In the absence of such informa-
tion, the forces as determined in accordance with sub -
clause 5.4 .2 may be introduced in the calculation .The dis -
placement values thus obtained may then be compare d
with the data given by the manufacturer, if any, or with th e
values obtained in accordance with subclause 5 .4 .3, takin g
the operative state and, If necessary, the malfunctionin g
state, into account.
The forces due to unbalance, in both the operative and mal -
functioning states, may be determined in accordance wit h
subclause 5.4 .2, 5 .4.3 or 5 .4 .4 .
5 .4 .2 Forced vibratio n
If information on forces due to unbalance (in the operativ e
and malfunctioning states) has been provided by th e
machine manufacturer, they may be used to establis h
displacements and forces using the model formed to deter -
mine natural frequencies, following the principles set out
below.
In the absence of such information, the forces may be cal -
culated in accordance with VDI 2060, on the basis o f
balanced quality, as follows .
a) Operative stat e
The balanced quality shall be assumed to be one grad e
lower than that for the relevant machine group as speci -
fied in VDI 2060 .
b) Malfunctioning stat e
The forces due to unbalance shall be assumed to be si x
times the value established for the operative state .
The excitation forces shall be analyzed for each bearing ,
taking into account the balanced quality selected, th e
service frequency as the excitation frequency, and th e
rotary mass component .As a simplif!cation,since the phase
pattern of the excitation forces is unknown, the forces at
the bearings may first be assumed to be unidirectional ,
and then to act in opposite directions . If the natura l
frequencies lie within the range of 0,95 to 1,05 f m ,the exci-
tation frequency may be assumed to be shifted to either of
DIN 4024 Part 1 Page 7
the two adjacent natural frequencies, provided that they li e
within the specified range and that the magnitude of th e
excitation force is kept constant .
5.4 .3 Natural modes of vibratio n
if calculating the displacement can be dispensed with, th e
forces may be determined on the basis of the natura l
modes of vibration adjacent to the service frequency, thi s
being intended to simplify the analysis that would be re-
quired for forced vibration . On the basis of the natura l
modes and the associated action-effects, for each membe r
that incorporates a bearing, maximum amplitudes an d
forces for the operative and malfunctioning states shall b e
assumed, and the forces obtained by conversion . Fo r
members that do not incorporate bearings, the action -
effects shall be determined by superimposing load dis -
placement curves .
The following amplitudes, effective at the bearings, may b e
assumed for the particular machine. group in accordanc e
with VDI 2056 .
a) Operative stat e
The value associated with the operating frequency fo r
the assessment criterion given in VDI 2056which is on e
grade higher than that guaranteed by the manufacture r
shall be taken as the amplitude under service condi-
tions at the particular bearing .
b) Malfunctioning stat e
The amplitude in the case of malfunctioning shall b e
assumed to be six times that values used for the opera -
tive state .
5.4.4 Equivalent-load metho d
in the case of slab- or beam-type foundations of simpl e
geometry, the dynamic analysis may be simplified b y
assuming equivalent static loads, based on the unbalanc e
during the malfunctioning state, so that results err on th e
safe side for the operative state .
Starting with a balanced quality, e Q, equal to 2,5 mm/s fo r
the relevant machine group (see VDI 2060) in the operative
state, a balanced quality equal to 38 mm/s is assumed ,
which is six times that of the next highest grade . The un-
balance force, K, is then a function of the rotor weight force ,
L, and the operating frequency, fm, so that
K-1,2 L 50 (17)
The static equivalent load, F, is a function of the frequenc y
ratio,
n (18 )
fn
where f n is the nearest natural frequency in the plane bein g
considered, so tha t
1
F= I K, (19 )
I1__
with F a maximum of 15 K .
F shall then be assumed to act at the bearings according t o
the rotary mass component.To determine the action-effects ,
an equivalent system should be used that has fixed bearing s
at the nodes of the natural modes of vibration being Investi -
gated .The signs (+or-) of the equivalent-load componen t
of the bearings should be selected to produce the maxi -
mum possible amount of deformation within the system .
5 .5 Analysis of transient vibration
5.5.1 General
Transient vibration that can affect the balanced quality o f
the system may occurwhen the machine is turned on or off,
or during certain other transient operative states . It may be

Page 8 DIN 4024 Part 1
assumed that the action-effects determined for the mal -
functioning state in accordance with subclause 5 .4 als o
account for the loads that occur during transient vibration ,
i .e. these need not be analyzed separately .
In the case of electric machines, however, there are certai n
rare malfunction states (e .g. terminal short-circuit, main s
short-circuit followed by shut-down, or loss of synchronisa-
tion) that can result in very large antimetric loads on th e
system which are transmitted to the foundation via th e
machine casing . A two-pole terminal short-circuit in a n
electric machine running at a high speed of rotation is to b e
considered representative for such loads . Analysis of th e
resulting action-effects is described In subclause 5,5 .2.
5 .5 .2 Short-circui t
The short-circuit moment affects the foundation via th e
generator or motor casing in the form of opposite pairs o f
vertical forces, the moment vector being parallel to th e
shaft axis . The resulting displacements and loads can b e
calculated as a function of the excitation/time relationshi p
or by using the equivalent-load method .
Where the machine manufacturer has not specified th e
short-circuit moment, Mk, as a function of time, analysi s
may be based on the following equation for three-phas e
machines :
1
Mk (t) 10 MO (e-vo,4 sin O N t etro,4 -sin 2Q N t
-etuo,15) 2 (20)
- Mo (f
wher e
M O is the resulting nominal torque from the actual powe r
generated ;
O N is the mains frequency (not always the same as th e
operating mains frequency) ;
t is time, in s .
For determining forced vibration, the natural frequencies
shall be taken to be at least 1,2 times the mains frequency .
Where the natural frequencies of antimetric natural mode s
of vibration lie within the range of 0,95 to 1,05 O N , the exci -
tation frequency (i .e . mains frequency) shall be shifted t o
these natural frequencies for calculation purposes .
Loads from short-circuit may also be determined in a simpli -
fied manner by the equivalent-load method, for which a valu e
that is 1,7 times the maximum short-circuit moment i s
assumed . If the machine manufacturer has not specified th e
latter,the maximum value of Mk may be assumed to be 12 Mo.
5 .6 Loads on the foundation and groun d
The effects of dynamic loads during normal operation an d
due to malfunction shall be considered when designing th e
foundation and for the analysis of earth pressure .
If the equivalent-load method is used for analyzing the sup -
port reaction, it may be assumed that counteracting mas s
forces contribute to maintaining equilibrium .
If the foundation has been assumed to be decoupled from
the ground in one ormore planes forthe purpose ofdynam-
ic analysis (cf. subclause 5 .2), then the maximum desig n
values of the dynamic support reaction in the relevant plan e
may be taken as the equivalent loads . For analysis of eart h
pressure, the loads due to malfunction may be neglected .
In the case of spring foundations, the isolating function o f
the spring elements is usually so great that the dynami c
loads on the foundation during both normal operation an d
malfunction can be neglected .
6 Further design criteri a
6 .1 Design action-effect s
By superimposing the peak values obtained from static an d
dynamic analysis, the following loading conditions shall b e
considered .
1: Static loads during erection .
2: Static loads during normal operation .
3: Dynamic loads during normal operation .
4: Loads resulting from malfunction or short-circuit .
Load cases M, B and S below shall be established, fro m
which the loads relevant to design can be derived ;
M : load condition 1 ;
B : load conditions 2 and 3 ;
S: load conditions 2 and 4 .
Note that the action-effects from dynamic loads in vertica l
and horizontal directions need not be taken as actin g
simultaneously ,
The resonance of those members for which, in the analysis ,
no dynamic loads could be established because of an in -
adequate model, shall be accounted for by assuming a n
equivalent vertical load equal to 100% of the permanen t
load for load case S .
6.2 Reinforced concrete foundations
The design of reinforced concrete foundations shall be i n
accordance with DIN 1045 .
Load cases M and S
Loads shall be assumed to be predominantly static, a yiel d
strength of up to 420MN/m 2 of the reinforced concret e
being used in the calculation .
Load case B
The specifications relating to loads that are not pre -
dominantly static shall be taken into account. It shall b e
verified that the amplitude of concrete compressiv e
stresses due to coexistent flexure and longitudinal force s
does not exceed 0,33 R and that the shear stresses do no t
lie in shear range 3 .
If, however, the dynamic loads during normal operatio n
(loading condition 3) are multiplied by a coefficient allow-
ing forfatigue of 3 or more,analysis may be based on load s
which are predominantly static, in which case the restric -
tions stated above foramplitude and shearstresses may b e
ignored .
Load case S
Where the loads due to unbalance as a result of malfunc-
tion are multiplied by a factor of at least six times thos e
during normal operation, analysis of load case B may be
dispensed with .
6.3 Steel foundations
Verifying the strength of steel foundations may usually b e
dispensed with .
In exceptional cases, a general stress analysis as specifie d
in DIN 18 800 Part 1 as well as a stability analysis as speci -
fied in DIN 4114 Parts 1 and 2 shall be made for load cases M ,
B and S .Such is required in any case forprops .ln this regard,
the permissible loads specified for load case H shall b e
taken for cases M and B, and those specified for load cas e
HZ, for case . S. Furthermore, analysis of load case B shal l
include a service strength analysis using load group 86 a s
specified in subclause 4 .4 of DIN 4132, February 198 1
edition .
Where .the loads due to unbalance as a result of malfunc -
tion are multiplied by a factor of at least six times thos e
during normal operation, analysis of load case 8 may b e
dispensed with .
6 .4 Ground
Determination of the permissible loading of the groun d
shall be in accordance with DIN 1054 .

7 Detailin g
7.1 Reinforced concrete foundation s
7.1 .1 Table foundation s
7.1 .1 .1 Machine support (slab )
The machine support shall not be joined to the rest of th e
building in which the foundation is to be erected .
In orderto achieve the most uniform creep behaviourat th e
bearings, cross sections shall be selected so that nearl y
identical displacements occur at the bearings directly sub -
jected to concentrated loads under the self-weight of th e
machine and slab .This same principle shall also be applie d
to ensure equal displacements at the rotor bearings rela-
tive to the machine casing .
All structural members shall be reinforced throughout,eve n
if this is not required by the design . Links shall preferably b e
used as shear reinforcement .
Anchorages and recesses shall be arranged so that th e
reinforcement, in its main loading direction, is not adversely
affected .
The slab shall be cast in concrete without constructio n
joints, the concreting operation being carefully prepared ,
for example ,
a) by using retarding agents for placing the concrete i n
layers ;
b) by providing foradequate quantities of concrete mixin g
components and transport capacity ;
C) by using well-supported formwork when the concrete i s
not placed centrally ;
d) by keeping the joints between props and slab thor-
oughly clean .
If the base or other supporting structures are to be con-
creted later, the connecting joints shall be cleaned an d
prepared to ensure an adequate bond, this also applyin g
for the concrete topping . Concrete toppings about 20 cm i n
thickness shall be reinforced and be joined with the founda -
tion by means of projecting reinforcements .
7.1 .1 .2 Props
Props shall not be joined to the rest of the building in whic h
the foundation is to be erected, except for lightweight ele -
ments, which may be fastened directly to the props b y
means of flexible intermediate layers to prevent vibrator y
effects . Reinforced concrete intermediate platforms shal l
be erected on the base with their own props .
The cross section of the props shall be selected so that ,
under permanent load, roughly the same compressiv e
stresses are induced in all props . For longitudinal reinforce-
ment of props, the percentage of reinforcement shall be a t
least equal to 0,8.The reinforcing bars shall have a diamete r
of at least 10 mm .
The props shall be concreted without joints .
71 .1 .3 Bas e
The base should be separated by a joint from other parts o f
the building in which the foundation is to be erected . It s
thickness should be about one-tenth of its length .
The self-weight of the base, including the loads from inter -
mediate platforms and concrete toppings, should b e
selected to be about the same as the loads from th e
machine support with the machine, the loads from con-
densor and props being disregarded here .To prevent differ-
ences in settlement, all permanent loads (excludin g
vacuum forces) should act on the centre of gravity of th e
base area .
The mass of reinforcement by base volume should be a t
least equal to 30 kg/ m 3 part of the reinforcement shall b e
arranged in a spatial configuration .
When placing the concrete, vertical joints shall be avoided .
DIN 4024 Part 1 Page t
7.1 .2 Spring foundations
7.1 .2 .1 Machine suppor t
Subclause 7.1 .1 .1 shall apply for the machine support o
spring foundations .
Steel plates should be fitted to the underside of the su p
port, above the spring elements .
7.1 .2 .2 Spring elements
Spring elements usually consist of a number of individua l
springs which have defined stiffness in both the vertical an d
horizontal directions .
The spring travel shall be higher than that calculated an d
should be half as large as the deflection due to the self
weight of the system .
The spring element shall be prestressabie to permit its
removal during operation without the machine suppor t
being lifted .
Dampers,which are capable of acting in all directions and o f
accommodating thermal expansion, may be connected i n
parallel to the spring elements in order to prevent move-
ment of the machin e ,support under accidental loading con -
ditions .
7.1 .2 .3 Supporting structure
Regardless of the material used for the machine support ,
the supporting structure may be made from either rein -
forced concrete or steel . It maybe a part of the building i n
which the machine foundation is to be erected .
The spring elements may be concentrated (e .g . on props )
ordistributed (e .g . on beams) .The zone in which they are t o
be erected, particularly in the case of props, should be
designed so that further elements can be added later .
7.1 .3 Slab foundation s
Subclause 7.1 .1 .1 shall apply for the machine support of sla b
foundations.
7.1 .4 Platform foundation s
It is rarely possible to predict the dynamic behaviour of a
platform foundation, owing to the interaction between i t
and the building in which it is installed,this interaction bein g
very difficult to measure . Therefore, platform foundation s
are generally used only for small machine systems . In cas e
of doubt, it should be possible to separate the foundatio n
from the surrounding structure, should it prove inappropri -
ate.
7.2 Steel foundation s
7.2 .1 Table foundation s
7.2 .1 .1 Machine support (slab)
The machine support shall not be joined to the rest of th e
building in which the foundation is to be erected .
Steel foundations shall only be made from fully welde d
members or those having slip-resistant joints with high -
strength bolts, such as GV or GVP joints as specified i n
DIN 18 800 Part 1 .
Where the machine manufacturer has not specified partic -
ularstiffness requirements for the foundation,the followin g
minimum requirements should be maintained .
E 1
a) The average relative stiffness of the machine sup -
G
port in the longitudinal direction should be about twic e
as large as the average relative stiffness of the shaf t
assembly.ln the above formula,G is the permanent loa d
on the machine support due to its self-weight, that of
the machine, and that of the shaft, respectively .
b) The stiffness of the girders, E 1, which are subject t o
direct loading from the machine, should be as large a s
possible, and be at least one-fifth of the stiffness of th e
machine support in the longitudinal direction .


Page 10 DIN 4024 Part I

The points at which forces are introduced, particularly thos e
at the prop connections and the bearing faces, shall b e
carefully designed . When prestressed bolts are used fo r
machine attachment, It shall be ensured that they ca n
accommodate the loads resulting from prestressing .
In general,the cross sections used need only be resonance -
free at the machine bearings or pipework connections . It is ,
however, recommended that the cross section of upperbo x
girders be highly tuned, this being a requirement fo r
machines having an operating frequency of less than 75 Hz ,
7.2 .1 .3 Bas e
Subclause 7.1 .1 .3 shall apply for the base of steel fou l
tions .
7.2.2 Spring foundation s
Subclause 7.2 .1 .1 shall apply for the machine suppo r
spring foundations, subclauses 7.1 .2 .2 and 7.12 .3 apply
fqr the spring elements and the supporting structure .

7.2 .1 .2 Prop s 7.2 .3 Platform foundations

Props shall not be joined to the rest of the building in whic h
the foundation is to be erected, except for lightweight ele-
ments, which may be fastened directly to the props b y
means of flexible intermediate layers to prevent vibratory
effects . Heavy intermediate platforms shall be erected o n
the base with their own props.
Since the vibration behaviour of props varies according t o
the type of connection orjoint used,this shall be allowed fo r
in the design .
Subclause 7.1 .4 shall apply for steel platform foundati c
7.2 .4 Corrosion protection
For steel foundations installed in closed, well-heated b L
Ings, It is generally not required to provide internal c o
slon protection (e .g . for hollow cross sections) .
Where corrosion protection is necessary, thespecificatl (
given in the DIN 55928 series shall apply .

Standards and other documents referred t o

DIN 1045 Structural use of concrete ; design and constructio n
DIN 1054 Permissible loading of subsoi l
DIN 1055 Part 1 Design loads for structures ; materials to be stocked, construction materials and structural memb e
self-weight and angle of frictio n
DIN 1055 Part 4 Design loads for structures ; imposed loads ; wind loads on structures not susceptible to vibratio n
DIN 4114 Part 1 Structural steelwork ; safety against buckling, overturning and bulging ; design principles
DIN 4114 Part 2 Structural steelwork ; safety against buckling, overturning and bulging ; constructio n
DIN 4132 Structural steelwork ; design and construction of craneway s
DIN 4149 Part I Buildings in German earthquake zones ; design loads ; design and construction of conventional buildi n
DIN 17 100 Steels for general structural purposes ; quality standard
DIN 18800 Part 1 Steel structures ; design and constructio n
DIN 55928 series Corrosion protection of steel structures by organic and metallic coating s
VDI 2056 Evaluating the mechanical vibration of machines 2 )
VDI 2060 Evaluating the balanced condition of rotating rigid bodies 2)
[1] Grundbautaschenbuch (Foundation Engineering Handbook), 3rd ed., Part 1, section 1 .14 : Lorenz/Klei n : Bodendynamik u
Erdbeben (Soil dynamics and earthquakes), Berlin : Ernst & Sohn, 1980.
[2] Haupt, W. Bodendynamik (Soil dynamics), Braunschweig, Wiesbaden : Vleweg, 1986.
(3] Studer, J . ; Ziegler, A . Bodendynamik (Soil dynamics), Berlin : Springer, 1986 .

Previous editio n
DIN 4024 : 01 .55 .

Amendments
In comparison with the January 1955 edition of DIN 4024, the following amendments have been made .
a) Title and DIN number have been changed .
b) The standard has been completely revised to bring it into line with the state of the art .

International Patent Classificatio n

E 02 D 27/44
E 02 D 31/08
F 16 M 1/'0 0
F16M5/00
F16M9/00
F 16 M 13/0 0
F16F15/0O

2) Issued by the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (Society of German Engineers), D-4000 Dsseldorf 1 ;
obtainable from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstra9e 6, D-1000 Berlin 30 .