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Lecture 1: Introduction to
Engineering Surveying
* Contents given today are not for examination
Dr. CK Wong
1/23
Engineering Surveying
CA 3144
2/23
Assessment and Course requirements
50% Examination (2hrs: 4 questions)
close book; divided in parts (with written/calculation questions), show all procedures in
calculations, correct SI units and proper numbers of decimal places
7/23
Classifications of Surveying
http://ezinearticles.com/?Cada
stral-Survey&id=2323116
www.cityu.edu.hk/.../ photoours/aerialview.jpg
9/23
Updates by drawing new academic and student hall buildings on existing maps!
Examples coordinates of points
Engineering survey is defined as activities involved in planning and
execution design, construction, maintenance and operation of
civil and other engineering projects such as railways, dams,
tunnels, sewage works, etc.
11/23
Units of Measurement
The Systme Internationale, (SI) of measurement
Recommended SI
Quantity unit Other units may be used
Length metre (m) centimetre (cm) 1 m = 100 cm
millimetre (mm), 1 m = 1000 mm
Area square metre (m2 ) hectare (ha) 1 ha = 10000 m2
Angle degree () revolution (rev) 1 rev = 360
minute () 1 = 60
second () 1 = 60
Volume cubic metre (m3 )
Mass kilo-gram (kg) gram (g) 1 kg = 1000 g
milli-gram (mg) 1 g = 1000 mg
Capacity litre (L) milli-litre (ml) 1 L = 1000 ml
12/23
Basic Surveying Methods
will be covered in the course
Target
reflector
Hand-held 14/23
bubble
Distance Measurements
Total station
Systematic errors
Imperfection in the manufacturing of equipment, they are
cumulative (tapes may be elongated!)
Corrected by standardization equipment, by applying appropriate
corrections to the actual measurements
EDM measuring techniques are subject to a number of systemic effects whose
sources and characteristics must be determined and alleviated.
In levelling, the staff may not be held vertical or change in dimension due to thermal
expansion.
18/23
Tape measurement can have smaller error than EDM for short distances !
Polar & Retangular Co-ordinates
Positions of control points are fixed by reference to co-ordinates systems.
Polar system relationships between bearing and azimuths Rectangular (Cartesian) coordinates system
N
360
+y
0
Bearing
N 4I N
W 1 E B
20
Azimuth
I
A 10 N 60E
40.0m
270 Azimuth 90 -x A +x
W E
Bearing - 20 - 10 10 20 30 40
- 10
C
S SE - 20
W 3
2 -y
180
S
x coordinates, Ix = AB sin 60
1. NE quadrant: bearing = azimuth = 40.0 sin 60
2. SE quadrant: bearing = 180 - azimuth = +34.6m
3. SW quadrant: bearing = azimuth - 180 y coordinates, Iy = AB cos 60
4. NW quadrant: bearing = 360 - azimuth = 40.0 cos 60
= +20.0m
I (34.6, 20.0)
19/23
Quadrants
N
1st Quadrant :
E = +; N = +
IV I
2nd Quadrant :
E = +; N = - 270 90
3rd Quadrant :
III II
E = -; N = -
N = North direction
N
Sta. A & Sta. B = stations A & B
Sta . B AB = Bearing AB,
AB = WCB AB
Distance AB (WCB = Whole circle bearing)
Sta. A
21/23
Grid System in Hong Kong
HK 1980 Grid
True Origin
located at the
Hong Kong
Observatory,
Tsim Sha Tsui
Grid co-ordinates:
836694.05 m E
819069.80 m N
22/23
False origin: south-west corner
of the grid system
*In engineering surveying, measurement must be started from known point and ended at known
point
23/23