Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ULTUPE
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_., . .FOREIG&N AGkl.CUL,T(JEAL SERViCE
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_ k , ( . Reprinted by .
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?,< f DEPARTMENT 0~ H~.uSINGAND URBAN~DEVELOPMENT
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.:,2 7 = OFFIC~~OaFINTE~~~TlO~~L AFFAIRS
-Wi:iGn&n, D. C. 26410 9
BAMBOO AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
F. A. McClure
5% formerly
L Field Service doi&ultant
c I Foreign Agricultqal Service
: / presently
ResearchAssociate in Botany ~
Smithsoniap Institutioq
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of the flUD.st@f>
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_ -,J, Servf ce, United States Department
to use $$hotograph b$ Hoard Dorsett. Edward ~- -;- m,-,~$
*
Fi - ph of th@@orodja *house in the,centr& Celebes,
II R thefr&g@ec~;, it- was ori&nally published ~$,&vid Fair- , -
World GrimaRouad &y Do&, and pern$sston to reproduce
&Tby Scribners.. I-l. E,.dlehn,,,Vice-~irector,:~ngineerfng Experi- i-
South &$&a,~ granted, permission ,
.; &-&&t,te
-- a-----
e&nsfvelvfromms
- - *
bullet& B&boo-&&&&ment...of Portland Ce-ment s
r
~Condrete Structires.. I&&l C. Pet&prepared @ gline drawings t&t;beaf MS i J.+,, $1 .-I
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CONTENTS - r
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I 1 Page
_.
Introduction*. . . . . . -, . . . . . . . . P . . . 1
Parts of a House for Which.Bdmboos
Are Suitable %.1 . . . . . . . .. :. . .
Fo,nndation . ,. . . _. . ,. . . . . . . . . . .
Frame . . . . . . . . . .. , . . . . . . . . . .>
*
,, Floors . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;
8
Walls, Partitibns ,I keilings . . . . . . .
Doors and Windows . ..-. . . . . . f .. .
.., , .Roof...................:..
Pipes and Troughs. . . . . . .. . . . . . .
, Bamboo Reinforc.ement of Concrete . . .
~
. Geographical Distribution of Bamboos . .
-u7 ,, * Differences Among Species . . . . . . . ; . 31 .
i:. P
, f .. 32 -
Some jBamboos Used in Housing .-, : . . . .
-s - . 2. Shortcomings of Bamboo and, How to i
- I) Overcome Th-em . . . . . .:. ./. .
.
?. , .h . :. cariable Dimensions . . . . . . .. ,/ . .
.
,
., Uneven Surfaces . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
.
. .__ i
. Extreme Fis sibility . . . . . . . . . .
.
~2 Low Durability . . . . .I. . . . . 1 m . i
,a . P P-reservation . . . ,i . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 41 I 3
/ _
Skiil. Requirements : . . . , . . . . . . . .
. 43
B - Tool Requirements . .. . . . . . . . . . .
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Differentia-tion~dEvaluat&ff-Bf,~Species / c 46, -./ Q 1
e .I
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Collecting Specimens for Identifcation . 47 *
C,; ! ! 50 !i .., .
.<.A-, Selected References . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . q
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-* \ \,,
\ \
,f bamboo posts j
$nstead of a conventional foundation for . :
I : low-co&f houses may be seen in -both hem-!
, ,
p: ,. ispheres (fig. 2). Wriless they are treated
with somkreffective fungicidalpreservative, - lection of materials for tl?e
of structural elements, the
: .,
, .; last more-than two or three years onythem
:,~, *
,;
. .
1
are attached, they provide a suitable base If window openings are provided, they
may-be framed with b$mboo or%ood.
windows ace left unglazed and unscreened.
Closure m,a:r be provided i&the form of a
kitchen fife.
_'
; .
f I I
,I' : ., - "
reed with se,asoned bamboo treated /.
with me-thylolureadid not develop greater .loa.d capacitiesthan did eq&l
sections in which the bambob reinforcqment yas seasoned culms tre
pith a-brush coat oj E asphalt emulsion. ~-~ . *L. ^ ,
23.. The load ca Lpacities;idr concrete members reinforced with n-
seasoned, seasox&d or zia%oned and treated bamboo culms, were iB-
.,.
creased by using split bamboo dowels as-the diagonal tension rein rce-
ment along the sections of the beams where the .v.ertical shear wa high.
24. The load capacitifs for concrete memb&rs reinforced wi un-
i
seasoned, seasoned or seasoned and treated split sections of bamboo
\ .1,.Im.
wereGreased by-the use, of.a combination .of split dowels and the bend-
ing up of the upper rows of the split bamboo -from the bottom of hhe
beam into the ton and covering-ihm~eXioncof3he beams tiherelthe ver-
ticdl shear was high:
b
, \
._ : c j n
: 25. Ultimate failure of bamboo reinforced concrete memb, i rs usu-
. I
arlly was caused by diagonal tension failures even though diagonal ten-
sion reinforcement was provided. _ m *
c
T \ 4
-; . 26. A study of the deflection data for all ?he heam specimens tes@d
vi \, indicated; .
; -it,,: (a). Thitthedefleition-s of the beams when tested follo&ed a fairly
:, , ,, accurate straight l@e variation until the appearance of the first
i.,.-... -- , n
, \ ,~ in. the concrete.
1;
,:(-_ (b).Immed,iately follov;~~~igah~.~_first cr.ack, there wasp pronounced :..
flattening of the deflection curve (probably due to local bond slippage)
. followed, by anotherperiod of fairly accuratestraight line variation, but
at a lesser slop$, until ultimate f$lure of the memb;~Sr occurred. This
flattening of the deflection curve was more pronouncWlGn,the members
\ where the amount of lo$itudinal bamboo reinforcei-nent was--s,mall.
..- ?\T- .(c) In allcasesnotpd-, the deflection curve h,ad,a-lesser-,slope,after..
. :the appearance of the first, crack in thg concrete, even though Kigli per-,
----_--- --___.-- __..~_
pronounced,vcriations wereobserved when the beh$l&r of A.
bambooreinforced concrete member: under flexure and hav&g tee 1 _ ... I.:
area%jth that of equal members having rectangular .:I. L- A .,,
\
.~ ._.__.
in*cLrrPd-concrete members tinder flexure and con-
--.----
sisiing of tee,.sections~ wer,e no more effect-i$e than were equal zec- L:
tangular sections,, provided the breadth of-the ~~ern. ofthe \teeri sect,iqn _
waL.equal, to that of the recta%gular.sec,tion.:and the effective .depth of ,
.,i; ,
..*: *,1 ,, :
F .: Dision and Con&ruction Principl& _ . ..- ...I._...-+ .,---. -.
Recommended for Bamboo Reinforced Concrete, ~
_ In .i mi aortant concrete members, tl& use. of whole culms of I-
.* mended Bs the r,einforcing .nia?e.r$,l; ' f I!
InFrete slab? ,&id seconda* members, green,*@qeasoned, &hole ! I+
The c~&+ 30~riot
&fou!thT;of
1 -A I.,.. a&rich. WEen~pos&ible, the bja\mboo*us.eii as ,
&in,.c$&&ete members, subje.ct;t~flexur~, should be cut 4~
m three weeks to on& month before __ $5
+--==--. -- ).- ) 1 ,, _ ,
.--5. -.
.- ,
renounced browri m -x
;>:.-
?yy>.. ,A ---y-.< ._ ; ; . 5 ._ .~~_
.. _._-,_~----91,-~~.
&:.y.,y..;,~):!r --_
Qy;,;#b .Fy--e, . -.
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,- color sho Id be selected for use from a native bamboo&rove. This prac-
,- . P
_. tite will .msure that the culmq selected a.re.at-least three years old. *
, *
hen thoroughly seasoned whole bamboo culms are to be used as -
: /--
- orcement in important concrete members subject to flexure, l
j_
-.
e of waterproofin$is recommend&+
!
4.; When seasoned sections of bamboo split
_. _. , culm c arc-to be used as the reinforcement in
&,2r- - recommendedfor the bamboo in __
L . ..
However, for slabs and second-
sections are of a size as to.allow -
.;-:* with a clear distance of from 14 to 2 in- .
:1. k splints and between *successive lay- ...
1.i , 1 Crs, the use of unseasoned sections of b,amboo is recommended pro- ;
vided hGh early streng-th cement is used.*In no case should the s@it
._ bamboo sections have a width in excess of three-fourths of an inch,
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cr.et&membe*rs.reinforqed with conventional steel is recommended for
the desS.gn of concrete members reinforced with bamboo. Values have
been recbmmended for the allowable unit bond stress between concrete
stress in the longitudinal bam
for the modulus of elasticity for bamboo.- These
a concretemember
also recommended
,ignoring the flange *
---- -. *
width in the cal+atiogs.
.3+. 10, Some of the important characteristics oncrete members re-
&forced vl;ith.bamboo on &c,h future research ould be done include :
(a); Use-otthose%j%c,ies o~~~rnbd~~-w~~e-in~ulus of elas---
ticity!ii higherthaq th+of the species used in&hese experiqnts.
reinforcement. $
bamboo c&-q asthe
are such that the bambuo will. be *
completely? seasonedtihile
I encased in concrete,
,,i (d) Mqre,wact da.fa on the bond between cqncrete, and bamboo, *
-(e) Tha-use of othe r waterproofing agents than those used in these
.;&sts to insur.e aga&fthe swellinn*act.ion .of seasoned bamboowhen
tifolia.
:
is made enti'rely-
T . -
The pzsts
of native.bambpo,
may serve for&-five
-
Guadua angus-
years; _
the siidingl may remain in serviceable condition
a-
. ; ,...for decades.
'b,i ,_; w"ra ., @
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I a ./
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+e l.-- Bamboo scaffolding I
1 '. ._..
1s us&d in constructing zn e
.. 'j 'I
apartment house in Cali, Colom-
bia. In strsngth and 'durability a .
bamboo is we.ll-suited for the ' $.
. purpose; for edonomy-it is prob-
ably unequaled. ' '_. L ---- -
1
1 %'
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.. z ) 2 f
1
*. *L
1:.-Figure
sheathing,
4. - - Fr-Rework
cove-red with
scaffolding;
of this
bamboo matting,
hous&!nder
and even the,la$$er
probably
construct&n
are bqboo.
in Java is hardwodd; but raf+.ers,
,halls &d partitions
ma&e; from species of Gigantochloa,
/
may be
commonly used
in Java for- this purpose. (.Photos by Dorsktt.)
I :.
,
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Figure .S.-- Bamboo is used for the- frame strud/ture of a peasant's cottage in Colanbia.
Walls,,'and partitioris will be made of bamboo'hoards. In fact, all materials but the
roof the<& will come from the native &a i' a angu stifolia, which, produces culms in>
sizes and form So suit&d to direct use -47tK t only the simplest of tools are required.
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i-gure.6,-- .DetGls df ,ba@bmo c6ns.truction:- A,, fitting and bigding culms at /
)ints ii roof and iran+;, B, fittin=g atid &$ingbamboo boardsof floor; s and
saddle joint; E and- r, bsi of inset block! to support horiFonta1 load-
tiring: elements; G *ani g, ;u se of stump.of;branch at node of post to,$upport
>r,$tont,al loadibe.aring elements. .*, .
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TENON KEY JOINT FOR HEAVY
_ O.UTY OR FINE WORK
S/DE V/EW
0
---.
_ _:.. .- . .I 0
-P v/n,? binding
JOINT FOR CilNNECilON ---
OF .SMAiL MEMBERS. St3 -.
LARGE MEMBERS i
CONNECTION OF BAMBOO
TO ROUND PINS.ETC. , \\i I
1.
..- SINGLE I
., ,'
used in build.i"ng with bamboo.
.- - d
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a .
Figure 1 l!. -;Wail s paneled in -native bamboo in horizontal array are an attractive
feature o.f this artistically designed but rather costly weekend cottage in Guayaquii,
. Ecuador. The roof covering is eternite. -/
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,-
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7 19
--====-i a. *
,3 *
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I( dII f&b \ ..;+
p:
,* ,,! - T.,,
f., b
,,
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--Tim .I .)
e ;* \
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9;-;: , :
strips support and $ktect an-adobe wall in El Salvador?, .L
construction called bajaie&e-in many Latin American countries. In b
common bamboo, Bambusa
!
\
,.
SPRUNG STRIP. CO~NSTRUC~ION .
Economical
altemotive /I *
,W .D
P
- -7 -- -
I
.
.
->+ .
I ----
Fi-&re 14 --Barnbob hoiise, bu<iyed ui by> .balsa log&, lies anchzs.+ in & E-*ado&an river.
~__.,,mX%dkwa 11 s: are made of bamboo\ boards, &3.;the .J,eaf-thatched I%&f is held in &a%. by
# bamboo-~~de-is;re.s_t_ing across the c.omb. ), \,.
rl * .: -, \. _1
.
-. .._
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A.
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._ -_- -- _.__
._- _--
-11
/-
.-
. ,
,-
/
1 Figure
' houses
16.-- Hinged
to the heat
panels
and rains
of,matting woven
of the .Tropics.
fran thin strips of-b*
. :
help to adapt
<'
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i 23
- ..>
Figure 17.--A young \ Th plays his bamboo o&&\-again&t a background of bamboo mattirig
.
*' Such matting is a popular Gal-l.coverin& throughou<southeastern Asia:
it is dight in
both .color and weight, d;es <no-&%a-in, and is easily cl&aned. (Photo by &ate )
^ ' .
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* I
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/ 3
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Figure i9 .--Roof ,tiies of this laul(;dry in
.
Colombla,.as weil-as the troughs of its
water system, arC halved culms of Guadua-
ahgtistifolia, the common native bamboo
of Colombia and Ecuador, I
0 _.
., . .
> .
I----
Z6
Figure
of the
20. --Tile
wall
--covers the roof of this b&.o house in &at&ala.
are made from culms of Bambusa vulgaris.
-3 Ibe boardk
\
i:-
A-
8
Figure 21 .--Bamboo is
standard material for
roof,-? timber in the ,
rural houses of Caldas
Department, Colombia.
It combines lightness,
strength, and hurabi-
l#ity and, being local-
ly abundant, costs but
little. I*
.;
I i
.
.
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FigurA 23 .--Some contrasts among different ba&oos,as seen in the nodes, internodes,i~'+ &I
and-branches'df the culms: E, Bambusa arundinacea, a thick-walled bamboo with in- . i s
fl-ated nodes and h,er%y, solitary, -thorny lo-r branches. ,B, Bhyllostachvs bambu-
.' I -__soidea, 'amoderate-ly
i, '. thin-walled b$mbo&~ with inflated nodes and paired~branch-
es, above -the -insertion of 'which the ,i$ternode isflattened and shallowly grooved. P
,G. BambusaPvulgaris, aTmoderately thick-wa~led~bambeq-~~-infl-at~odes,dormant'
". branchbids ,below, and pr0minen.t. branch cotnp&ments above. D, Bambusa textilis, _
;.
'. 'I'-a thin--wa,!led bamboo with cyiindrical internodes; noninftatedn=ared at the
I.. I ,sheatb .sc&; branch-buds lacking at the lovr nodes and tardily developehabove. *
'I
1,,.-~., E~~Schl~zos~achj&. lumampao, a' thintwailed bamboo with cylindrical internodes;' 3
,' &inflated \aodes; no- ,buds 'at lower nodI.~_~,ender, subequal, -easily
-
Figure' 24. --Devices for splitting heavy culms. .A, cross of iron,or hardwood bars I
(about--l in,ch thi'ck) supported, by posts (about 4 inches thick and3 feet) high) firmly :
a in g~uylcl with a~~:a_,~_r,wo pairs of splits are opened at right angles to.aach '; ~
other--at .the t-op.end of the c,ulm;: these.are held.open .' with wedges -unti$ the culm.is ::."~
-p-La& in position on the cross;, the culm is then pushed and pulled,; -by hand, in the
by the arr&'(adapted fromSalcedo)i---B--a~ wedge for-. (:. ' .,:
polittina quartered culms. fi, block-with ,$ingl,e.and paire;? st~<ed~s'%r mounting
, ~-~ . djacent, f'ces of the paired:wedges shouldbe ..~__. slightly-closer to- .- _
A
at t,he cutting edge ,,t,han at the back. ' I' 1 ,- - -7. .
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//.- * j*
_ .I!-- - *\
.:-.
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Sotie Barnb&bs Used in,Hoy
.- \ _ - .
:.,
,,., As far as-ve know,, most of the bamboos ose of those who wishto
:I
< of greatest usefulnes-s and greatestversa- ck of the best bamboos in
5 tility for building construction-come from a :+I-- * ty, the vernacular names
o ;.fe,w groups af related species, Falled gen- ,;?i-%?: r than thelLatin. Latin
L..r--. __ ,.ZI
. era; The,se genera are -&rundinaria, Barn; $:- .? re generally rnoie* use-
Dendrocalamus; @
1. !n .* fulV in correlating info%maeion *found& the
r.;c
Phyllostachys, :__ literature. In this section, which sets for,h
I Schizogtachyum.in,the Eastern Hemi- , some of the most useful species, with their
1 Guadu,a and Chusquea in the locations, sizes, and uses, both Latin and ,
ere._l>c 4s not-to,z%ay, vernacular names are given inspfar as they
Y
1,;: :th<t aM-of-thF&~~~&zeful s&Ties-&, fo<nd are available.
..I r_ ._. 3
/ ;/. : ,,,
k (1 X- -I:-,-Arundinaria--
~.__ alpina: L Alpine Bamboo, Bamb& Alpina.( Italian).
Z-A:. Kenya; A-b-yssiiiiia,Sudan,~Congo, Uganda, Tanganyika;.
: .
_; 8,000- lO;ObO ft. *Abundant in grge%tarias.
---__.1.- ,.
\ Culms : 60 ft.,by 4 in.; commonly 45-50 ft. by 2g in.; rather _
_
thin-walled.. .p
:. s -I D
-, 8.. I Uses: .General. <.
: .,.I
- O2. Frundinaria
I callosa: Uskong. Uspar,-Spa (Khasia).. -
Y t, IND-IA: E. Himalaya~and,l$li6sia~ Hills,,Assam; to 6,500 ft.
. . !
lpng thatch.
.
. _~ ,-- -..
Gti Garr;;:Gorwa, Spikso; Ning&lo, Kewi, ;Tham, Utham,
: r \. I
.i INDIA;-INDO-
.I _ 1
__ I .,.-
---T. Uses: Genefal.
\- * 16. Barn-b&a .khasi.ana: Serim, Tyrah (Khasia).
\ INDIA: Khfsia and Jaintia Hills, Assam, and Manipur; to 4,000 ft.
, -
\\ Culms : 3 -40 ft. by l-1. 2/5 in.
\.\\ i US~%L~~ s eral. I
..$ .
\x Bamhusa multiplex: Hedge Bamboo, Silver L-daf Bamboo, Ngau Kan
\
.>A. - Chuve).
* I -INA: ,Kwangtung;. to 1,000 ft.: now virtually pantropic in cul- -
_
f&tion. /
. --sl. ._ _/.
i ,! > k. Culms$*~30 ft. byi in.i-*~- internodes long, thin-walled; resist-
ant to Dinoderus, the powder post beetle.
<
Uses: Sheathing for roofs, wattle-and-dbub wallconstruction.
-.- ,
(Jamaica. f -~_ -...- 1
_
I > ----- .-
Mahl, Paoshi-ding-ying, Jotia, Peo-bans, Wa-malang, Sering-
IV -i 0
jai.
INDIA: Lower Himalaya from the Jumna to Assam and E. Bengal,
and Sikkim; to 5,000 ft.
dulms: 20~40 ft. by lb-3 in.; internodes 15-18 in.; wood strong,
straight, hard-, much esteemed.
Uses: General.
Bambusa polymorpha: Kyathaungwa (Burmese), Betua (Assam),, ,
Jama Betua (Bengali).
INDIA (E. Bengal) and BURMA: To 3,500 ft.
Culms : SO-SO. ft. by 3-6,.in. .
-, .~ Uses: General; considered one of the best bamboos for walls,
floors, and roofs of houses (Watt).
1. 20. Bambusa textilis: Wong Chuk,.Mit Chuk (Chinese).
._,., - .., _*
.i :._ CHINA: Southeastern provinces. New cultivated in the United
a,:.. States (Georgia, F$orlda, and California) and Puerto Ricio.
18.., .*
? :* CuJms : I To 40 ft. by2 &.; internodes longish; w.ood rather ,thin.
.I
I, ... .*. ( Uses: Withes for binding house frpes; matting ?or walls. __
;~., :
,Z.,., 21. Bambusatulda: Tulda, Jowa, DyowgB+ans, Mak, Makor, ,Kiranti,
_.,.I MatxPeka M.frtenga, Wati, Wamuna, Wagi, Nalbans, Deo-
- bans, Bijuli, Jati, Jao, Ghora, Theiwa, Thaikwa..
; , \
;_ j : INDIA (ce.ntra1.E. Bengal and Assam) and BURMA:.-f;lost common
r
2
.:_ J., . 1 ;i-. b-amboo of the riee_~co&itry. pi 7 e
20-70 ft. by 2-4 in.
r /
: : -." //' I
.',, .-I ._ .P .,
< '. ._', i I
,' ", .
26. Dendrotalamus asper: Bultih Betoqg, B.Pa&hing (h.bix b )&uur
:s- 1 [Sakai), DelingPetung, Jijdng Betung, Prjng Petung *(Jav&),
-3-;, Awi Betung, ,Bitung (Sudlin), ,,~atuen~FPerirrg!~etung
3: ,. 1 , (Sumatra), Bont.ong (P.I., ugh Curran, Jr.).
-7 MALAYSIA: In java;.to and througwut.the archipelago
:-._ . i <
_ to Luzon, P.I. Much planted. , . _ I ---l. ,- :
%, (8 . r. Culms: To 100 fti by 6-8 in;;%short lowzr internodes ;kryth&k-
1,. *- .
a I i . walled.. ,
, 8 73 cs * i
_.a Uges : Gene.r,al. j .-
27. Dendrocalamus brand&ii: Kyellowa, Waya, Wa&u (Burme.s*e), Wakay
T, Waklu.
$ern slopes of Pegu Yoma. andMartaban Hills; to 4;400
--.
i ft.) and BURMA: .
., C&-IS~ 60-120 ft. by 5-8 in. .: - *s . K ,
,r, .. - _ 1
t# /.., : i. -- Uses:. Gmeral. .
;-,) - 28. Dendr,ocalam&- giganteus : Wabo (Burma), Wdrra (Assdm). .
.-
,. r , :.
?/ INDIA:, Calcutta,,nor.thwards tz- Tenhsse;im, ./Burma, Ceylon.
-.
Culms: 80-100 ft.by 8-lo-in ,.< \*
.I >- I f !I
Usesz-==.General., * -- +
Dendr ocalamus hemiitoniii Wab&myetsdngye ~(~Burme;e$;Chye
iii~(lk&pi+) ) Pao_(Lepcha). Kpkwa (Assam),
.
.- . b Pecha (Bengali), To&y! (Mikis), -Wan,oke (Garo). e = f
., ,
-- INDIA and- BURMA: N.E. Hix%alajrk., ~,As.saxri Valley, &as& Hills .
:
.I.
.. * \ j. Sylhet, east to upper Burma!; an&west to Sutlej. The common u
.1 2
:., bamboo of the Darjeeling Hills, Terai, etc.<-much aultivqted.
.
; ,. .. .. Culms: 40-60ft. by 4-7 in:-; internodes 12-2p in, Icing; sor;lew,hat
,, . .w
goft and relatively thin-walled; : - - .
._ 1 l*
. .-..
_..
General; not highly esteemed.
:; internodds,thick-walled. strono
/ ,! .: ..
i _ ;. , I P
. J. -_
.,. l-f
_. _
, . . - Culms: 50ii-60/rt,by 5-7 in./
.( I, 1.
r .A Uses: General;: . .
\...>.j _ 3-5,. Dendrocalarrms strictus: Male Bamboo, Bans, Bans Kabrin: Bans
.h. _
,z i. Khurd, Karail, Mathan, M.at,\Buru Mat, Salis Bans, H&a, ..
. f
_ Vadur, Bhiru, Kark, KaI Mungil, Kibi Bidaru, Radhanapa-
3:..*,! i I
_,, vedru, kauka, Myinwa.. I I _
1if .?^ i I.
._1 ;i ,& INDIA and BURMA: On all moderately dry hills exyept in N. and
.. . P SE. Bengal and Ass-am. . =I >\
;;.:,., J l, ,+!T k
i -- _, Culms: 30-50 ft;;by- 1-3 in.; veryOstrong; often solid. \I
7.. . _ ., Uses*: Gener& _ L .. p . Ff I
:,,.: x . I .!
flS. 2. y;- _ 36. Gig&tochloa apus: Bamb~~~~~Tg;~~~~,D~~gi Apoos,
-3. D. Tang%, D. Pring, Pring Apes,, P. Xpoos, P. T&iii(Java),
._
*
, Q. - ~*
Wabray. I /-
..:z 8.
I ,-. .
L-
j -. .,- INDIA (A&Sam., Chittagong) and@URMA.\
5; , yeneral.
ochloa v.erticilla&:: Whorled 3, amboo, * Bamboo Andong (M&lay
x, 1 -
Pring.Soorat,(Java)Y Andong Ke \7 es, Awi*Andong. A. Gam$ng;
A. Liali, A. Soor af (Sundw). - \, .
,. .
- : JAVA. ,
ellow stripes;..,,
bamboo in
;hort; wood of _
., 0
41. Guadua &plexifolia::-Cauro (Nicarigua; M6squif).
v--mm--me-e . . -. --*e-i- -
m
;,es :
----
cf---i---
-----
en&al;
60 -$
the least
by 4 in.;.
desirable
internodes.rel6tively~hbrt,
of the listed,
lower i
..
-. : ,
.
I.ath~
-----,
mnttino
---.-.~,,
_ L
1. / e
Ptachys olivers: : Thqnawa (Bprincse); Maitong ~Kach$.).. . . :
INDIA and UPPEF L BURMA? ,To,2,000 ft. : ri . :*
is: 36-80 ft. by i,-2i;n.; greatly in request! (Gamble). 1
-_ .;
r,:: : . uses:, General. _. \/
:, .,, .
* ..* .~._ 55. Thyrsoitachyi siameniis: Kvatinn-wa.
--Y
.- . __
A. I.
.
,
,.
Preservdtion
or a. stick thruit intf,the lower- end, raise each culm off- the ground to, ,_,
... .. - Y. .=. . : _. . ./
- .
\
. .,
Miscellaneous i felling and d ..
. and trimming culms, aqd cut- -. ;=i--
.I
.- ting them_ io le-ngths; remov- p
ing fragments of diaphAragms . s
.. - .
; .. . .. . . . .. . Felling culms, removing + Large size;
\
ample supply of ;
generally available.
e .
a Gouge . . .: , . . .I. . . Removing diaphragms to Curved ifront
.
bent); l-inch
.
_.. .,
:. , . _ I,
.
5 _ (8
make troughs and drain pipes and l$-inc.6 bits. * \ ,.
--L ,,
:-
$:. y-
/(
.. . from split or opened culms.
!.. .Q,j --% . . .
,::; ., 1, , . I
?,?,.. ,( ), : ,, ._ \--*
Chisel . . ._. . . . . . . ..Making holes in culms to ac-- Best steel (molybdenum __
comodate lashings for end steel if available); 3/4-inch
ties; . i.
. bit.
l
x. ..m
-5 .-
:i; , . .. .. :
:,,: i:. ,.( .
;. ,.. .Wood rasps., . . . , . , . Leveling prominent culm Large size, with.one fiat
,~,i. .. 3
node:. i - side., one convex; coarse; me- -
:;,; -!,__ ;,-,- _, .. ., ,:. -
,,,(, ,,-,-. ; : ,-, *. dium, and fine teeth. .
. 7.
1 Solittin% iin . . ;.. . * . Facilitatmp. the sblitting of See sketches, .fig. 24. - -. I
i .,.
,
Solittinn knives . . . ..,+, .[a) For split&g small culms: (a) Short handle;broad blade 0
__,
-7------ _,
..--
. .
g. Restudy structures and odjects~%Zidu-of @m&o0 with a view to-
\ ~1 ..
(1). Confirming or eliminating listed.uses a&~ reported by the bamboo
workers. :
. (2) Ascertaining the actual .and .r,elative durability of the various
kind.s in use as building.&&erial; causes
sible means of increasing durability of
way first, either by~improved design
of bamboo, or by the use of
(3) Listing the characteristics
I
-...__
r various uses. ..
._ . Our goal is the -rec.ognitjon and delinea-,
..( .tion of the distinct entities with, whichwe.
,,, : @; ::
(, : ,
1,. E are to.deal, as botatiical tinits and as poten-my 7 3.
_ .:
:I tial spurces of u$eful riw mater&l-s. To, s mixtures caqcause much trouble.
-j Make spepimens fo; permanent preser-
(vation: Fragmentary ?jecimti& collected
hastily, jusp. for identifica;loi, I-frequently
+rn out to represent .n\ew species or new
r cords. Sych specimens, Often too frag-
$
mT,ntFry.to be identified with confidence but *
.: . bamboo an,d distinguisking i-m othe-ti - too\intriguing to discard, may be more of a .
;>. *
,:.,, : kinds. ?rH, reproducti\;e stru&ures are burden thsn a help. --
.,- tradifionally requkcd for identifying barn- / To ident$fy;a bamboo with c&onfidence,, one +%
,. :
should have ias coihplete a representatioq as 1 ,
.::. ; .( .bods -and many other .plaats, but veietative
;,; - - sfructures haire. proved to be a practical - possible-&by specimens, photographs, 0; de-
;. ..i
. I_ , , basis- for field identification of bqmboos: scriptioxis-of *he following s$rti&ures,:i Cuih- ,A!
: ..)...: (P
;Ti-;: ,,. ,the average clump of bhmboo presents tr ..sheathS, leafy twigs, branch complement, j
ji+./_ ; flow6Zr.S only once, after nianjr .$&a+ df -culm nodes:, and internodes and rhizomei. 9.
-ii. ._ .,
..! .gio&h. .. Flowering-bianche$$ qeeds, atid seedlings -:
8
.
\j ihrill add greatly to the value &dqsefulness
..i- I?ever mjx ma+&1 from tvJ,o d&t&g D.
plqnts under the same r+umber on the. a&-- of thP dpecimen. Seedlings aa-&all $a& ..m:- -:.-.-
*z. .
s6mpt<on that they, .represe?t thd same bamd may be pressed enfire.
.!,bo. (Be wa$y le,st you col&ct, under pne ~ ..
I. I i R,.,. --.
,! : ;
,Gulm Sheath&. Gdllect:at least ,ten Sulm shea$bs, complete and in )
I.
Qnzltide &E,a$d little ieaves,, young and. old: heqlthy * 1 . ,.! > -, I(
.
Ipper- surface, sgme the. lqtier. .
f
I
-. * *. t:
c
,: , ._ -_ ca.rXed if space is limited.. Additional specimens, from lower an j,
. ., __--. :l
-=r+ nf *~~~~,>;e,desirable but not necessary.
c&s and Internodes. Culm. nodes, and internodes are * :
, .:,. by a.segment of mature-sized culm .embracing nodes 4
,.
and, the.internode between. Mark with node and colle \, tor
Cuf back.branches, if any, to b inches: Segment may be
commodateglimited space, or to fadi.lita.te,drying.
Rhizomes. Obtai at lea.st one compl$te e$xnple &a rhizome;
facilities permit, it i preferable to obtain two d.r more units attached
t
togetherto show t$-pical branching habit. Wash and trim roots. Mark
.. -, or -tag withcollector &umber. A sketch or. photo, showing proportions
-. .._
-and branching habit, c ill wve ,in place of an actual Specimen if facil-
, - . ities are, limited. -* ; . !,
L. . Flowering Brhn Psent): Collect as long a seAes of ,flow-, !,-
i
ering branches as possibleto showrange of variation in habit, leafiness, \
I
stages of dqvelopment, hnd so faith. Seek fruits (matufe frets usually :
_Yr
I fall q;ickly) and put some in folded paper to call attention to them and ; _
, i
>,,.,- - prevent 10.s.s.~ Distribute specimens thinly .between thick drier@; ichange .;- J_
, _.;i,
often to.$rry. prompt19 ahd prevent b+eaking up of spikelets. Unless ab- ..
?:;.A .y =,
solutely-F cessary tosave paper, do not pile dried specimens tog-ethe-i I j
D
but keep them in original fold&s to.avoid%erious damage to spikelets. , .p
,., : - ,.
I:, ( F Pug single. example .of Iopg, fragile -s&kelets (qrthrostylidium) in s.ep: il \
,I (, ._ .
5. _ -, garate envelopeor fqldedp~per-topn~.~~~coir~ct floret:count. . ._
L.
,::;;,,
__ _ . --.. Seedling$. Special search sh,ould be ma& forseedlings under and _ ..
I
near flowe@g bamboos. In case pf doubt*as.t,b their:identity, seedlings I, .
.- ._.. =- :.. -4
should be given a separate collector number from that of the supposed ,
parent plant, but gross-reference-should-be mhdiin nbtes,,setting ;fdrth
: i .
:r..
.I :i a- ..:evide,nce of their suppos&l gelationsh&. The seedcstiI1 attpched.fo
4. -. _,
1,~. _ ;;. i. >ery small see&ings ,is. &fficie.nt for identifi,&tidn if,kept-intact, : . qp*
.-~,,<:... _^. ii - . -.
,I
&dec&ns that ca&& be. pressed shownqn
-.. availab1.k map, so that it &an be -.:._--
-.___ . ..-.
ial handling. Among these 2 found again, (6),hatdtat-, (7) local$names. 7:
i.!
a. /
d I 10
: i I ,
;, ;- .? ..Bau&n, R. VeisucheGber die Elastizitgt ujd Festigheit von Bambus ..
..
. . . Zeitschraft des Vefeines deutscher! Ingenieure 56: 229-232. 0
.- .., II B
Bor, N. List of the Grasses of,Assam. Indian Forest Rec., new series .. * -I
\-:---.-, , -. -- --. - ,_ -- .-
.a
0
* Broersma, G. Editorial apropos van der Woudos article on building i j .
_ 0i materialsJ OSR News (mvthly publication of Organization of _ bT . -.<
.,. :
. , Scientific R&search for Indonesia) 3i dl*, ,195I. j -,, .
2,
is Brown, W. H., and Fischer, F. Philippine Bamboos. In W. H. Brow o- I *
il _ _I * * .a
. _ (ed.), M inor Products of Phiiippine Forests. Philipplze Dept. .Ag$+;
.I and Nat?.Res., Bur..Fore?try Bul. 22: v. 1, pp. 249-310. Illus. 1920. . *
r > *
Burkill. I. H. Dictionarv of the Economic Products of the MalavePenink
\-
, . .,/.
PTF
Car&s; E. G.- Les.Bd#lbusacegs. Illus. Paris, 1913. ,-.
,I /-
,i
;_ I Cohe$;W. E. , Utilization of Bamboo in Japan. Australi Commonwealth ---.i-
i-- ., ..:,..~~~-~~$ci. and Indus. Res; 6rgan.T Div. F&rest Prod.. South Melbocrn*.-.__-_,
.v*,
8 0. .. ,/.- -: , E.
.,:.J
..I: . -. Austr+ib, April 1947, .[Mimeograph,edJ _.
: - .
-. C&oat, C.h., et Lemarik: Ch. Catalogue des.Produits de IIndochine, - .
_ .ap. 196-209. Published by the .Government of Indochina, origin-
.,;,- .* 0.
ally i.# fascicles in Bulletin Economique de-lrndochine. Illus. 1919-21.
:. -._-_
. Deogun, P. N. Silvicultiire and Management of the Barn&o Dendrocala-
-
. . -. :,,ri?$s strict& Nees, Indian Forest. Rec., .new serjes (SiI%icultur.e),
.~
,.. 1. AILUI, a,-. i
:.-.
,, J. C.. ..Testing;. Bending and Compress.ive Strength of the .Comi
..mbn %%%Iinnine Bamboo (&mbusa sninosa Roxb. I., Philinnine Iour.. i * -. I
I
r----s"-- - __.__
: .
Illus. 1876.
Limaye; .V. D. Bamboo.Nail&@The-r Manufacture and Holding
Indian,Forest.Rec., new series b( tiletion).No. 3. 12 pp..
.' - {;
\ lad-4
a,--.
/..: _ ..
Strength of Bamboo {Dendrocalamus. strictus). Indian For;\ _ ---I: P
D
,_
,, .+. ester 78: 558-575.,. Illus. 1942: \\ :
--. ---. I
. .L __
I. . Marrero, Josi.. Utilinacidn de la Cans Guadua on Ecuador: eaqibbeun _\
1 Foresis 5: 145-151, Illus. 1944. -.
--..
_,McClure, F.-A. Bamboos for Fa_rm and Home. U. S. Dzpt. Agr. .Year- \ --
-1 --
book (separate No. ElOl), pp. 735-749. 1948.
BambGes para El Salvador. El Salvador, Min. A&: y Ganad., ~
Cent. Nat. Agr., Bol. T&c; 7: Il\us. -1951. 4 .+ I %
... : ,> .
/ Some Preliminary Tests on the Longitudinal Crushing , . \
Strqgth Gf l&-me< chu, a variety of Bambusa tuldoldes. Lingnan :3 s.
-4 Sci. Tour. 17: 9-15. Illus. 1938. (This bamboo, was later described \
~,;,:;.4L
._ . I \ A
-I -,&w -T -- s&cies:
-IF------- Bambusa.Dkrvariabilis
* McClure.) Ac
< Li \
-* .
\
n .. : /, eyer, H. F., and Eklux@! B.-- -Tests of- the Mechanical Pr+operties of Bam-
,( : (b,h, ;.
3, .,, .: I
1 ~ boo. Enr~. Soc;dhina, 22; T-31. 1924.
c- ,-:: ;:
.? ;
,<.. : Misgion~de l*Ecole Nationale SupGrieuredes Beaux-Arts de Paris. Con-
.:I: __A
,< .i:
:n,.c. 5 ,. .t
strucfion au Camaroun. Batir No. 27, pp. 47-51. Published by *,
^l>*- I , So&t; de Propagande et de Diffusion des Teclqiques dn Batiment.
i.
I;,, b
1 I. ,, ;.. :.: * J 6 - Paris.xDecember 1952, B ,f=
-B~ : ., : :- .
-.,/- ,-*.:, . Mo.rse, Edward S. Japanese Homes a&l-Their Sur.round&gs. Illus. \Bos-
tnn.
_--, 1ARK
m-w...
11 .\q 1.
Narayanamurti, D., P&shotham, A. f andII Pande, J. N.0 Preservative .
Treatment of Bamboos. Part I. Treatment of Green Bamboos with j
:
,.Inorgahic P,res&rvatives. Indian Forest B 1. 137. Published by, the
R ,.Forest ResFaiich Institute, Dehra Dun, India.. Y Illus. 1947. I,,
I
Parodi, L. R:. -Las Bambuseas Indigenas en la Mesopotamia Argentina.
il_ -x, Rev; Argentina Agron; 3: 229~244. @IS. 1936. . ..
1. .
1 + -. Q
I . .,_ Loii Bamb&s Culti&& en la Arnenfina.
-u , .,. Rev.----- Arsentina
--mm----- \
A&&&. @: 89-116. illus. .:1943.. , .
,,, f . . -_ \
ii ,-
5. !: 1
;,
- . )
,; .;,.
..
. 1
-P&$&,,-$Sarpl&k.i-
._ ., .DDT foG,Po&er Post B.eetle Control in Bamboo.
: 317. 1947..- : , -. : ,. ; I- : \ i, .\
_ :I ,;.t _, t.7 :,.-, ,;, _ .
::. -__ .i ; ..:- ,- . . .,--
,; :-../.-/ 1 :;: Biology of the.Bamboo Pow&&Post Beetle in PuerfoRico;
;~.~:~~~,~co,(hdayague=~d. ~xp~~.a~~Bu~~-~~_May_1946. ~~
,, ,-..l.;. 1 ;.t ,. ,_.
I;.-. ,:.. . __ _ * C&iitrol of Powder.Post Beetle in Pue%o-Rico. Trop. Agr.
._, .;. Brhidao 26 (l-6): 64-,67. 1949. - --. _
.-., .;,:.~--
-..;9 9 I Studies of ,Factors Influenc-ing Attack and .Control. of the
._ .:,.;-: ,_. _-
.T-, ,. ,. :. B&&go .Powder.P&t Beetle. Puerto Rico (Mayaguez) Fed. Exp.
., Bul. 48.:. IlluS;:-kuEi,ust.l~950.- ,. . v7
-of .DD.T. in. Powde.r . :, .,J
Ent.42:. 9.63-965. ,1949.
St&rch and-other- &rbohydratesin
in Freshly Ha!r.vyztgd , i
_ b, . ,
ield, :W. M: Bambo&hk ,Unive
183.:: Illus. $933: - -\. \ ,!R ,_
-,.. i: ---- /
.
,-I .-. of Economic E&omology for .South
. 376-377).. Madras, 1940. 1 -.
<, . , Seasoning and Shrinking of Bamboo.
,* -..;- Illus. .Calcutta, 1947. :..I
\
Timbers. Science
_I..\
,_ j
(-. .._.._
w:;-
.;
3: IO6-110. 1951; / .
i.