UNIT - V

Part-B
1. What are the components of watershed management? Discuss.
What is meant by rain water harvesting? Why it is necessary nowadays?
Discuss in detail about water Conservation.
Describe the various water conservation strategies

Water conservation (or) water shed management

The process of saving water for future utilization is known as water conservation.

Need for water conservation:

Population increases water requirement also increases
Due to deforestation annual rainfall decreases
Over exploitation of ground water
Better lifestyle require more fresh water
Agricultural and industrial activities require more fresh water.

Strategies (measures) of water conservation:

Reducing evaporation losses
Reducing irrigation loss
Reuse of water
Preventing wastage of water
Avoid sewage discharge

Methods of water conservation

1. Rain water harvesting
2. Watershed management

Rain water harvesting

Technique of capturing and storing of rainwater for further utilization
Involves collecting water that falls on the roof of house during rainstorm
Conveying it through PVC pipe to a nearby covered storage unit

Objectives of rain water harvesting

To meet the increasing demands
Raise the water table by recharging the ground water
Reduce ground water contamination
Reduce the surface run off loss & soil erosion
Increase in hydro static pressure.
Minimize water crisis & water conflicts

Roof top rainwater harvesting:

Collecting rainwater from roof of the building and storing it in the ground
Rainwater from roof top, road surface is diverted into surface tank
It can be used to recharge underground aquifers by diverting the water from stored
water to dug-well or bore wells
Advantages of rainwater harvesting:
1. Increases the ground water level
2. Minimizes soil erosion and flood hazards
3. Upgrading the social and environmental status
4. Future generation is assured of water
5. Reduction in the use of current for pumping water
6. Mitigating the effects of droughts.

Watershed (or) drainage basin

It is defined as land area from which water drains under the influence of gravity into a
stream, lake, reservoir or other body of surface water.
Ex: Pits, dams, Farm, ponds, Himalaya.

Watershed Management

The management of rainfall & resultant runoff is called watershed management.

.
Factors affecting watershed:
1. The watersheds are found to be degraded due to uncontrolled, unplanned and
unscientific land use activities.
2. Overgrazing, deforestation, mining & construction activities.
3. Droughty climate.

Need (or) Objectives:

1. To raise the ground water level
2. To protect the soil from erosion
3. To minimize the risk of floods, drought and landslides
4. To promote social forestry and horticultural activity
Watershed management techniques:
 Trenches (Pits) Dug at equal intervals to improve ground water storage
Earthen dam (or) Stone embankment- It must be constructed in the catchment area.
Farm pond- improve water storage capacity of the catchment area
Underground barriers (Dykes)- It built to raise the water table.

Maintenance (or) components of integrated watershed management:

1. Water harvesting: proper storage of water in watershed

2. Afforestation and agroforesty: To prevent soil erosion and retention of moisture in
watershed areas
3. Reducing soil erosion: Terracing, contour cropping and s trip cropping, etc.,
4. Scientific mining and quarrying: Planting soil binding plants, contour trenching at an
interval of 1 meter on overburden dump in the mined area.
5. Public participation: People must be motivate for maintaining a water harvesting
6. Minimizing livestock population: Livestock population, surrounding villages of the
watershed should be reduced

2. Mention any four Acts enacted by our country that deals with the environmental
pollution and discuss their provisions in detail.
Mention the salient features of The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
and Forest Conservation Act, 1986.
Discuss briefly on the Indian environmental acts
Discuss in detail about Water Act and Wildlife, Forest Act.

ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION)ACT, 1986

It is a general legislation law to rectify the gaps & laps in Protection acts.
This act empowers the Central Govt. to fix the standard of quality of air, water, soil &
noise.

Objectives
To protect & improvement of the environment
To prevent hazards to all living creatures & property
To maintain peaceful relationship between humans & their environment

Important Features of Environment Act

Empowers safeguard measures to Prevent accidents which cause pollution.
Gives remedial measures if accident occurs.
The Govt. has authority to close or prohibit or regulate any industry & its operation
One who violates the act will be punishable with fine up to one lakh
If the violation continues, an additional fine of Rs. 5000/- per day is imposed
The act empowers the officers of Central Government to inspect the site / plant /
machinery for preventing pollution.
Collects samples of air, water, soil or other material from any factory / its premises for
testing.

AIR(PREVENTION AND CONTROLL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981

 Enacted in the Conference held at Stockholm in 1972.
Deals with problems related to air pollution, quality of air etc.

Objectives of air act

To prevent, control & abatement of air pollution
To maintain the quality of air

Important features of air pollution

The Central Board settle disputes between state boards, provide technical assistance
& guidance to State board.
The State Board verify the emissions of air pollutants from industrial / automobile
units
The State Board Collect information about air pollution
State board examine the standards of manufacturing process & control equipment
State board can advise State Government to declare the heavily polluted areas &
advice to avoid burning of waste products.
Operation of industrial unit is prohibited in a heavily polluted areas
Violation of law is punishable with imprisonment & Fine

WATER(PREVENTION AND CONTROLL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974

This act provides for maintaining & restoring the source of water Provides for preventing &
controlling water pollution.

Objectives
Prevention and control of water pollution
Maintaining or restoring the wholesomeness of water

Important features of Water pollution

To protect water from all kinds of pollution
To preserve the quality of water
Establishment of Central & State Boards for preventing water pollution
Restrain any person for discharging sewage/effluent into any water body
Any contravention of the standards leads to prison for 3 to 6 months
Requires permission to set up an industry which discharges effluent.

State pollution Control Board

Take step to establish any industry, disposal system, extension/addition in industry, discharge of
effluent into river
Use any new / altered outlet for discharge of sewage
Begin to make any new discharge of sewage.

Punishment
Stoppage of supply of electricity, water / any other services
Imprisonment for 1. years to 6 years & Rs. 5000/- fine.

WILDLIFE(PROTECTION) ACT 1972

Aimed protect & preserve wildlife.
Wildlife refers to all animals & plants
It is declining due to human actions for wildlifes skins, furs, feathers, ivory etc.
Objectives
To maintain ecological process & life supporting system
To preserve biodiversity
To ensure a continuous use of species.

Important Features
Covers the right & non-rights of forest dwellers
Provides restricted grazing in sanctuaries & prohibits in national parks
Prohibits the collection of non-timber forest.

FOREST(CONSERVATION (OR) PRESERVATIVE) ACT, 1980

Provides conservation of forests & related aspects.
Arrest deforestation

Objectives
To protect & conserve the forest
To ensure judicious use of forest products

Important Features of Forest Act

Forests are not diverted without the prior permission of the Central Government
Land registered for forest may not be used for non-forest purposes
Any illegal activity in a forest area can be stopped immediately

Important Features of Amendment Act of 1988

Clearance of forest land for re-afforestation is forbidden
One who violates the forest law is punishable.

3. Explain various disaster management measures during Cyclone, floods, earthquake and
landslides.
State the different calamities and explain any one in detail.
Write short note on disaster management.

Earthquake
An earthquake is a sudden vibration caused on the earths surface due to the sudden
release of tremendous (or) enormous amount of energy stored in the rocks under the earths crust.

Causes
Due to disequilibrium in any part of the earth crust
Due to volcanic eruptions
Due to underground nuclear testing
Decrease of underground water level.

Measurement of Earthquakes
The severity of an earthquake is generally measured by its magnitude on Ritcher scale as
shown in the table
S.No Ritcher Scale Severity of Earthquakee
1. Less than 4 Insignificant
2. 4-4.9 Minor
3. 5-5.9 Damaging
4. 6-6.9 Destructive
5. 7-7.9 Major
6. More than 8 Great

Effects
It the earthquakes come in hilly areas it causes land slides
It collapses houses due poor construction
Deformation of ground surface
If earthquake comes under the sea Tsunami will occur

Earthquake Management
By building earthquake resistant building
Wooden houses are preferred in earthquake areas
Satellite images will intimate the occurrences of earthquakes

Floods
If the water flow exceeds the carrying capacity of the channel within its banks, the excess
of water over flows on the surroundings causes floods.

Causes
Due to heavy rain
Sudden snow melt
Reduction in the carrying capacity in channels
Sudden and exceeds release of water from the dams
Human activities in filters the water, in the soil which increases the speed of water
Deforestation increases floods.

Effects
Heavy suffering to leaving low lying areas by the houses and properties are washed away
It damages crops and livestock
It causes economic loss and health related problems

Management
Plant more trees
Encroachment of flood way should be banded
Building walls
Diverting excess water through channels
River networking in the country reduce floods
Flood warning should be given by the central water commission.
Cyclones
Intense depressions forming over the open oceans and moving towards the land. On
reaching the shores, it move into the interior of the land or along the shore lines.

Occurrence
The cyclone once formed may be active from days to weeks and their speeds vary
between 180-500km/ hr.
Tropical cyclones in the ward oceans are formed because of heat and moisture
The main requirement of formation of tropical cyclone is that the sea surface temperature
(SST) must be below 25oC
Tropical cyclones move like a spinning top at the speed of 10-30 km/hr

Different names of cyclones

S.No Name of Cyclones Place
1. Hurricanes Atlantic, Caribbean and Eastern Pacific, USA
2. Typhoons Western Pacific and Southern Coast of China, Japan
3. Cyclones Bangladesh and Eastern Coastal areas in India
4. Willy Willies Australia

Effects
The damages depends on intensify of the cyclones
It damages human life, crops, roads, communication, transport, livestock, electricity etc.,
So it slow down the developmental activities.

Management
Satellite image shows the strength of the storm
RADAR system is used to detect the cyclone and use for cyclone warning
For absorbing the exact location of the cyclone every half a hour satellite pictures are
analyzed
It is difficult to stop, but effects can be prevented by
o Planting trees, construction of dams, wind breaks.

Landslides
The movement of earthy materials like coherent rock, mud, soil and debris from higher
region to lower region due to gravitational pull is called landslides.

Causes
Due to rain
Movement of heavy vehicles on sloppy regions
Earthquakes and cyclone create landslides
Underground caves and mining
Effects
It blocks the roads
Erosion of soil is increased
It damages house, crop, livestock

Management
Unloading the upper part of the slopes
Improve cultivation in the sloppy region
Concrete support can be made
Soil stabilization using chemicals like quick lime

4. Write a short note on

i) Resettlement and rehabilitation of people.
ii) Functions of state board and central board according to pollution control.

i) Resettlement and rehabilitation of people:

Resettlement and Rehabilitation is caused by the developmental activities.

Developmental projects raise the quality and standard of living of the people of country,
there is over exploitation of natural resources and degradation of the environment.

Resettlement:
It is the displacement of human population.
Rehabilitation:
It involves making the system to work again by allowing the systems to function
naturally.
It includes replacing the Provide safe land for building, repair damaged
infrastructure etc.,
Causes of displacement of people:
1. Due to developmental activities:
It includes construction of dams, mining, roads, airports, ports, etc.,
These activities cause large scale displacement of local people from their home
and loss their home and loss of their traditional profession.
Ex: In our country, a number of big and medium dams are constructed under
different valley projects.

Tehri dam has displaced more than 10000 residents of Tehri town.

2. Due to disaster:
a. Natural disaster: It includes earthquake, floods, droughts, landslides etc.,
b. Manmade disaster: It includes industrial accidents, nuclear accidents etc.,

3. Due to conservation initiatives:

These include national park, sanctuary, forest reserve, etc

Important issues:
 1. Tribals are usually the most affected among the displaced. Displacement increases their
poverty due to loss of home, land, jobs...
2. Break up of families is an important social issue in which the women are the worst
affected and they are even not given cash compensation.
3. If the tribals get cash compensation, they are not familiar with the market policies and
trend.
4. Marriages, social and cultural functions, dances and activities vanish with their
displacement.
5. Loss of identity and loss of the intimate link between the people and the environment is
one of the big losses.

Rehabilitation policy:
1. The people should be rehabilitated on minimum dislocation basis, by choosing
adjacent areas.
2. The extent of rehabilitation should meet the ends of social justice and balanced
development.
3. The advantages of rehabilitation should be on par with those of the beneficiaries of the
proposed project.
4. The extent of damage and suffering that the proposed project would cause should be
studies and ascertained before starting the project.
5. The rehabilitation and resettlement work should be a part of the project and all those
affected should be rehabilitated before the commencement of the project.

Case studies:
a) Sardor sarovar dam:
It is situated in Narmada valley.
River Narmada flows through Madhyapradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and merges in
Arabian Sea.
45,000 hectares of forest, 2,00,000 hectares of cultivated lands and 573 villages would
be submerged in Maharashtra for the construction of the dam.
Gujarat government has planned to increase the height of the dam from 100m to
110.64m
There is no proper rehabilitation scheme for the affected people.
Narmada control authority asked Madhyapradesh and Maharashtra government to give
the status of resettlement and rehabilitation of the people.

b) Tehri dam project:

The dam is being constructed across the rivers Bhagirathi and Bhilanganga closed to
the Gashwal town of Tehri.
It would submerge nearly 100 villages.
This region is vulnerable to earth quake.
People nearer to that area were resettled in some other place.

ii) Functions of state board and central board according to pollution control

1. Functions of central board:

It advises the central government regarding the prevention of pollution.
It plans for the prevention and control of pollution.
It lays down standards for the well water and air.
 It establishes labs for the analysis of air and water samples.
It identifies areas or industries causing air pollution.
It encourages industries to recycle and reuse the wastes.
It advises the industries to treat waste water and gases with modern technologies.

2. Functions of the state board:

It advises the state government regarding the prevention and control of
pollution.
It encourages research and investigations regarding pollution.
It organizes educational programme in collaboration with central board.
The analyst of the board is expected to analyze the sample, sent to him and
submit a report to the board and respective industry.

5.(i) Describe about Waste land development and the need for it.
Write a note on integrated wasteland development program
(ii) Explain the role of NGOs in environmental protection and health.
Describe in detail the role of NGO.

i) Waste land reclamation:

The land which is not in use.

It is unproductive, unfit for cultivation, grazing and other economic uses.
20% of the geographical area of India is waste land.

Types of waste lands:

Uncultivable waste land: It cannot be brought under cultivation
Ex: hilly slopes, sandy deserts etc.,
Cultivable waste land: These are cultivable but not cultivated for more than five
years. Ex: degraded forest land, saline land, etc.,

Causes of waste land formation:

Over grazing & over exploitation.
Sewage and industrial wastes
Mining activities
Excessive use of pesticides
Soil erosion, desertification & water logging
Developmental activities like construction of dams

Objectives (or) Need of waste land reclamation:

To improve the physical structure and quality of the soil.
To prevent soil erosion, flooding and landslides.
To avoid over exploitation of natural resources.
To improve the availability of good quality of water.
To conserve the biological resources
To supply fuel, timber for local use.

Methods of waste land reclamation (or) integrated waste land development programme:
 1. Drainage: Excess water is removed by artificial drainage.

2. Leaching: It is the process of removal of salt from the salt affected soil by applying
excess amount of water.

3. Irrigation practices: High frequency irrigation with controlled amount of water helps
to maintain water availability in the land.

4. Green manures and biofertilizers: It is used to improve the saline soils.

5. Application of Gypsum: Calcium of gypsum replaces sodium from the exchangeable

sites.

6. Afforestation programmes: National Commission on Agriculture has launched

several Afforestation schemes.

7. Social forestry programmes: It involves strip plantation on road, canal sides,

degraded forest land, etc.,

ii) Role of NGO in environmental protection:

Non Government Organisation (NGO) is a peoples organization

It can be real force for the protection of the environment in any community.
The success of Indias environmental programmes depends on the awareness of the
people.

Important roles of NGOs:

Protect environment resources and their economical use
Organize courses like lectures, seminars
Analyses and monitor the resources independently
Create materials like newsletters, brochures, booklets, articles and videos.
Provide information on fish killing
Conduct sampling and analysis of well/river water to establish its quality

Environmental organizations in India:

1. Voluntary organizations help the government in local environmental issues.
2. The NGO, mahila mandals, creates awareness amongst the women of remote villages
to educate them and help them to become healthy and economically self-dependent.
3. Kerala Sasta Sahithya Parished, Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). The report
as per CSE on permissible limits of pesticides in the cola drinks sensitized the public all
over the country.
4. NGOs act as action group.
5. Chipko movement works for the conservation of trees.
6. Bombay Natural History Society(BNHS),Madras Naturalist Society (MNS) are taking
steps for the environmental protection and health.
6. (i)How public awareness is done to conserve the environment.
(ii) Explain with any case study about the nuclear Accidents and Holocaust

i) Public awareness:

Objective of public awareness:

1. To create awareness among people of rural and city about ecological imbalances, local
environment and various development plants.
2. To organize meetings, group discussion on development & tree plantation programme.
3. To focus on current environment problems and situations.
4. To train our planners, decision-makers, politicians and administrators.
5. To learn to live simple and eco-friendly manner.

Methods to create environmental awareness:

1. Environmental awareness in schools and colleges:
Environmental education must be given to the students in schools and colleges.

2. Through mass-media:
Media like radio, TV and cable network can educate the people on environmental issues
through cartoons, documentaries, plantation & street plays.

3. Cinema:
Film about environmental education should be prepared and screened in the theatre
compulsorily. These films may be released with tax free.

4. News paper:
Newspapers as well as magazines must publish the environment related problems.

5. Audio visual media:

Special audio visual and slide shows should be arranged in all public places to create
the environmental awareness

6. Traditional techniques:
The traditional techniques like folk plays, dramas may be utilized to spread
environmental messages to the public.

7. Leaders appeal:
Political leaders, cine actors and popular social reformers can make an appeal to the
public about the urgency of environmental protection.

8. Non Government Organisations (NGOs):

voluntary organisation can help by advising the government about some local
environment issues.

ii)Nuclear Accidents and Holocaust

Nuclear Energy
Energy released during a nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy. Nuclear reactors
produce the nuclear either by nuclear fission (or) nuclear fusion. The nuclear power (or)
nuclear energy is clean and safe.
Nuclear energy and Nuclear accidents:
Most serious hazard to human and environmental health from the nuclear accident is the
release of large amounts of nuclear energy and radioactive products into the atmosphere.

Types of Nuclear Accidents

Nuclear Test: Nuclear explosions, radioactive particles, radioactive rays into the atmosphere.
Nuclear power plant accidents: Release of radiation occurs during the accidents.
Improper disposal of radioactive waste: Drums stored underground can rust and leak
radioactive materials into water, land and air.
Accident during Transport: Trucks carrying radioactive wastes in frequent accidents
Core melt down: Major accident at a nuclear power plant.

Effect of Nuclear Radiation:

Radiations may break chemical bonds such as DNA in cells. This effect may be
instantaneous, prolonged or delayed types.
Exposure at low dose of radiation(100-250 rads), people do not die, but begin to suffer
from fatigue, vomiting and loss of hair.
Exposure at higher dose of radiation(400-500 rads) affect bone marrow, blood cells,
natural resistance and blood to fail clot.
Exposure at very high dose radiation(10,000 rads) kills the organisms by damaging the
tissues of heart, brain

Nuclear holocaust

It means destruction of biodiversity by nuclear equipments and nuclear bombs.

Effect of nuclear holocaust:

1. Nuclear winter:
Nuclear bombardment will cause combustion of wood, plastics, petroleum, etc.,
Black soot will be carried to the stratosphere & absorb all UV radiations
It will not allow the radiations to reach the earth.
Cooling will result.
Due to this cooling effect, water evaporation will also reduce.
Due to nuclear explosions, a process known as opposite to global warming will occur.
This is called nuclear winter.
Effects of nuclear winter:
a) Lowers the global temperature.
b) Crop productivity will be reduced.

2. It ignites all combustible material & destroy all the living beings
Examples of nuclear holocaust:
Nuclear war in Japan, Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Nuclear reactor exploded at Chernobyl.
 Control measures:
1. Training must be given to people for handling these materials to avoid accident.
2. Constant monitoring of the radiation level has to be carried out.
3. Regular check and control measures are done by Atomic Energy Regulatory Board under
the Department of Atomic Energy.

Case studies:
1. Nuclear holocaust in Japan:
In 1945, two nuclear bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki cities in Japan.
This holocaust killed about 1,00,000 people and totally destroyed the city.
This explosion emitted forceful neutrons and gamma radiations.
Large scale bone deformities occurred in the inhabitants of these cities.

Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster:

On April 26th 1986, the world worst nuclear explosion occurred in one of the reactors in
Chernobyl power plant in Ukraine due to poor reactor design and human error.
Impacts:
Chernobyl accident killed more than 20,000 people and 3.5 million people have
suffered ill because of accident.
Nearly 1,35,000 people had to be evacuated at around Chernobyl.

7. (i)Write a short note on Green house effect (or) global warming.

(ii)Explain the mechanism of ozone layer depletion
Discuss about ozone hole and ozone depleting substances.
Green house effect: The Progressive warming up of the earths surface due to blanketing effect
of manmade CO2 in the atmosphere is known as green house effect.

a) Causes of Green house effect (or) Green house gases:

1. Carbondioxide (CO2 )
Source: Fossil fuel burning, deforestation
2. Methane (CH4 )
Source: Landfills, coal production
3. Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Source: Fossil fuel burning, fertilizers
4. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Source: Air conditioners, refrigerators
5. Carbontetrachloride ( CCl4 )
Source: Cleaning solvent
Global warming:
The increased inputs of CO2 and other green house gases into the atmosphere will enhance the
earths natural green house effect of raising the average global temperature of the atmosphere
near the earths surface. This enhanced green house effect is called global warming.

a) Effects on global warming:

Effect on sea level:
Glacial melting and thermal expansion of the ocean rises the sea level (20 cm)by 2030.
Effect on agriculture and forestry:
High CO2 levels in the atmosphere have long term negative effects on crop production
and forest growth.
Effect on water resources:
Rising temperature will increase domestic water demand.
Effect on terrestrial ecosystem:
Plants and animal species will have problems adopting; this influences the mix of species
at different locations.
Effect on human health:
The earth becomes warmer
The floods and droughts become more frequent.
Waterborne diseases, infectious diseases increases

b) Measures to check global warming (preventive measures):

1. CO2 emission can be cut by reducing the use of fossil fuels.
2. Implement energy conservation measures.
3. Utilize renewable resources
4. Plant more trees.
 5. Shift from coal to natural gas.
6. Adopt sustainable agricultural.
7. Stabilize population growth.
8. Remove atmospheric CO2 by utilizing photosynthetic algae.

Clean development mechanism (CDM):

Develop the sustainable development in all countries by reducing CO 2 and HFC
(HydroFluoroCarbon) emissions.

(ii)Ozone layer depletion

a) Ozone layer:
Ozone gas is highly concentrated in the stratosphere between 10 and 50
km above sea level.
Ozone layer protects us from the UV rays of the sun.
Recent evidence has shown that ozone layer parts are becoming thinner.
Ozone holes have developed.
UV-B radiation reaches the earths surface through this hole.
It affects DNA molecules
It causes skin cancer and eye disease.

b) Formation of Ozone:
1. Ozone is formed by photochemical reaction.
O2 + h O + O
2. Atomic oxygen reacts with molecular oxygen to form ozone.
O + O2 + M O3 + M
M = nitrogen
c) Mechanism (or) Formation (or) Causes of ozone layer depletion:
Ozone layer was attacked by Chlorofluoro carbon (CFC).
CFC is released into atmosphere by refrigeration units, air conditioning system.
CFC release chlorine which breaks ozone into oxygen
CF2Cl2 + h Cl + CF2Cl
Cl + O3 ClO + O2
ClO + O Cl + O2
 Each chlorine atom is capable of attacking several ozone molecules.
Long chain process is involved.
1% loss of ozone results in a 2% increase in UV rays reaching the earths surface.

d) Ozone depleting substances:

1. Chloro fluoro carbon (CFC)
Sources: refrigerants in refrigerators, propellant in aerosol spray cans.
2. Hydro chloro fluoro carbon (HCFC)
Sources: refrigerants, blowing agents.
3. Bromo fluoro carbon:
Sources: fire extinguishers.
4. Other chemicals:
Halogen compounds are more powerful than the CFCs.
The atmospheric sulphurdioxide is converted into sulphuric acid which increases
the rate of ozone depletion.
e) Effect (or) environmental impact (or) consequences of Ozone layer depletion:
1. Effect on human health:
UV rays cause skin cancer.
It may cause slow blindness, cataracts.
Human exposure to UV rays can suppress the immune responses in humans and
animals.
2. Effect on aquatic system:
UV rays affect the aquatic forms like phytoplankton, fish.
Phytoplankton consume CO2 .
Global warming occurs if the population of phytoplankton decreases.
3. Effect on materials:
UV radiations degrades polymeric material, plastics.
4. Effect on Climate:
Ozone depleting chemicals increasing the average temperature of the earths
surface.

f) Measurement of Ozone: (Dobson unit)

Amount of atmospheric ozone is measured by Dopson spectrometer.
It is expressed in Dopson units. (DU)
One DU is equivalent to a 0.01mm thickness of pure ozone at the density it
posses if it is brought to the ground level.
In tropic its concentration is 250 DU
In temperate latitude its concentration is 350 DU
In sub-polar region its concentration is 450 DU.

g) Control measures:
1. Replacing CFCs by other materials.
2. Use of gases such as methyl bromide which is crop fumigant also to be controlled.
3. Manufacturing and using of ozone depletion chemicals should be stopped.