IndustriesofIndia

TypesofindustriesPrimaryIndustries

SecondaryIndustries
Makecomplexproductsusingthematerialobtainedfromprimaryindustry

SteelAutomobiles,Railwayengines
WoodenPulpRayon
Al+CuElectrical&Electronicsproducts
FibersReadymadeGarments

SecondaryIndustrycanbesubclassifiedinto

HeavyIndustriesEngineering,metalgoods,heavychemicals,shipbuilding,locomotives
LightindustriesElectronics,plastic,textile,cosmeticetc.

TertiaryIndustries
Notabranchofmanufacturingbutsellstheproductofprimaryandsecondaryindustriesviatransport,
trading,wholesale&retailing
BasicallyincludeServiceprovidersindustry
Providesservicessuchastourism,education,entertainment,advertisements,consultancy,
Administration,healthcareetc.

Factorsresponsibleforthelocationofindustries

AvailabilityofRawMaterial
PowerResources
Availabilityofwater
Labour
Transportation
AvailabilityofMarket
 Capital
GovernmentPolicies

NeedforIndustrializationinIndia
Toreducedependenceontheothercountriesandbecomeselfsufficient
Tomaintainthebalanceoftrade
Toacceleratetheeconomicgrowth
Tosolvetheproblemofunemployment

Industriespollutingtheenvironment
EmittingHarmfulEffluentsandSmokeintotheAir
DischargingLargeQuantitiesofChemicalWasteandGarbage
DegradationoffertileLand
ContaminationofUndergroundWater

Solutions
UseofHydroElectricityinsteadofthermalpower
UseofHigherQualityCoalforThermalPlantsemittinglesssmoke
ShiftingofFactoriesoutofMunicipalLimits
Dischargingdirtywater&smokeonlyaftertreatment
RecyclingofindustrialWater
EnactingStringentLawsforcheckingPollutionandDegradationoftheEnvironment
PlantingofTreesandCreatingMiniForestAreasbyIndustryowners

Whydecentralizationofindustries
Employmentopportunitiesineveryregionofthecountry
Equitabledistributionofnationalincome
Removalofregionaldisparities
Checkupontheconcentrationofpopulationincertainpartsofthecountry
IndianIndustriesCottageIndustries
Providejobstomillionsofpeople
Checkmigrationofruralpeopletourbanareas
Canbestartedwithlowinvestment
Helpstoearnadditionalincomeforruralpeople
UselocalrawmaterialOptimumutilizationofnationalresources
Earnalotofforeignexchangeforthecountry
Generateseasonalaswellasperennialemploymentforlabour
Playsignificantroleinournationaleconomy

Timberindustry

Dependentonbamboo,softwood
Nearraw
E.g.SouthGujarat,Odisha,MP
material

KolkataRawmaterialbroughtfromNorthEasternStates,cheaplabor,coal,
wateravailable
Nearmarket LucknowDependonbagasse(fromsugarmills),rags,wheatbran&Sabaigrass
broughtfromTarairegion

FishinginIndiaEastvsWest
InIndia,fishingismoredevelopedalongwesterncoastthaninEasterncoastbecause

ContinentalshelfinWesternCoastarewidermoreplanktonmorefishes
CommercialvarietieslikePrawnsandMackerelaremostlyconfinedalongwesterncoast.

CottonandTextileIndustry
Cottonasarawmaterialislightweight&nonperishable
Cottonchangedtoyarn/textileHardlyanyweightloss
Therefore,proximitytorawmaterialsiteisnotessentialdoesntoffergreatcostsavingintransportation
(Unlikesugar,CementorSteelindustry)
Resultotherfactorsbecomemoreimportantinindustriallocationviz.

nearnesstomarket
nearnesstowaterbody(fordyeing,bleaching)
Energytorunpowerloomsandtextilemachines
cheaplaboursupply&availabilityofcapital/finance

Climateasfactor
Indryclimate,thecottonthreadswillbreakquicklyduringspinning.
Machinehalts,youvetojointhethreadsagaintorestartoperationnotgoodformassproduction.
Inhumidclimate,threadwillrarelybreak.
So,cottontextilesweresetupnearcoastalareas.
Todaywevehumidifiersthatcanartificiallyincreasetheairmoistureinfactory/workshed
Henceyoucansetupfactoryanywhere,runitefficiently,irrespectiveofclimateoutside.
CottonIndustrylocationsinIndia
Maharashtra(MumbaiCottonopolishofIndia)
Ahmadabad(Gujrat)
Coimbatore(TamilNadu)

Challengesfacedbycottonindustry
Fluctuationsintheproductionofrawmaterial

Productionofcottonisuncertain
Fluctuatesdependingontheclimaticconditions
Makesthesupplyofrawmaterialirregular

PoorQualityofCottonproducedinIndia
UnavailabilityofadequateandunfailingsupplyofPowerduetoinadequacyofregularcoalsupply
Increasedcompetitioninglobalmarketbothincostandqualityfromcountriesviz.Japan,Korea,theUSA
andTaiwan
Oldandoutdatedmachineryandneedformodernizationlowproductivityandhighproductioncost
Strikes,lockoutsandmarketrivalryhavealsomadetheindustrysick
Theinventionofsyntheticasasubstituteforcottonhasalsoresultedinthedeclineofcottonindustry

WhycottontextileindustryislargelyconcentratedinMaharashtra
AvailabilityofRawMaterial

Cottonisthebasicinputofcottontextileindustry
Maharashtraistheleadingproducerofcotton

Transport&ExportFacility

Mumbaihasexcellenttransportationnetwork
Itisalsoaportcityandsogoodexportfacilitiesareavailable
Goodqualitycotton,machinesandtherawmaterialareeasilyimportedandfinishedproductscanbe
easilyexported

Labour,finance&MarketAvailability

Maharashtrahashighdensityofpopulationmainlyduetoimmigration
Skilledandunskilledlabouriseasilyavailable
Duetohighdensityofpopulation,demandfortheproductsisalsohigh
Homeofallmajorfinancialandbankinginstitutionstomakefinancesavailableeasilyforthegrowthof
thisindustry

FavourableClimate&Poweravailability

Maharashtrahasequitableclimate
Ensurestheproductionofcotton
WesternGhatsprovidesuitableconditionsforthegenerationofcheaphydroelectricityrequiredforthis
industry

SilkIndustry
 Indiahasvastlabour&markettomatchsilkfarming
Indiagrowsallimportantvarietiesofsilkviz.Mulberry,Tasar,OakTasar,EriandMuga
Butdemandisgreaterthanproduction,soevenwehavetoimportfromchina(particularlybivoltine
mulberrysilk)
MulberrysilkMainlyinSouthernstates(Karnataka,TamilNadu,AndhraPradesh)+WB+J&K
NonMulberryJharkhand,Chhattisgarh,Odisha+NorthEast

GeographicalFactors
Rawmaterial(Mulberryplants)canbegrowninanytypeofsoileveninforestfringes,hillslopes
Canevenwithstanddraught
Workswellinnongreenrevolution,nonirrigatedareasofEastandNEIndia
Sericulturedoesnotinvolvehardlabor.
Silkwormscanberearedbywomenandoldpeoplesideincome
InEasternStates,FarmersearlierusedtogrowJutebutJutedemanddeclinedsotheyshiftedto
Sericulture
Worksonsimpletechnology
Nosophisticatedequipmentneeded
Canbedonebysmallandmarginalfarmers

WoolenIndustryRawmaterial
Woolasrawmaterialnonperishable,lightweight
ForApparelsIndianwoolconsistsofcoarsefiberswhichirritatebody.
Hencefordecentapparels,weveimportAustralianwool(exceptionKashmiriShawls)
FornonapparelsEventoproducedecentCarpets,blankets,youvetomixitwithNewZealandswool
Hencelocationofwoolentextileisnottiedtorawmaterialsite

Market
WinterinNorthIndiabrutallycoldhencegooddemand
~75%ofindustriesconcentratedinNorthernStatesbecauseofmarketfactor

Paralleltowoolmarketfactor,youcanseethatCottontextileindustryisprofoundinsouthernhalfofIndia
becausewarmhumidclimatehencemoredemandforCottongarmentsinsouthIndiathanwoolen

Indianwoolentextileregions

Srinagar KashmiriShawlusingKashmirigoats

Punjab RawmaterialfromLudhiana,Dhaliwal,Amritsar
NearRaw
Material
Jamnagar RawmaterialfromKathiawar(andpartsofRajasthan)

Rajasthan FromBikaner,Barmer

In1870s,Kanpurbecamemajorcenterofwoolentextiletomeet
Kanpur
therequirementsofBritishIndiaArmy
NearMarket
Mumbai,
Mostlyuseimportedwoolformakingapparels
Chennai
JuteIndustryWestBengal(India)

90%ofJuteiscultivatedintheKolkatahinterland
Raw Juteistheonlycropthatcanwithstandfloodingofthisregion
material

FromcoalRaniganjandJhariacoalmines
Energy

Juteprocessingrequirelargequantityofwaterforwashing,bleaching&retting
EasilyavailablefromHublyriver
Water

Juteprocessingislabourintensive
CheaplabouravailablefromBihar,Odisha,WBengal
Labour

Kolkataalwayshadgoodbankingfinancefacilities
InitiallyitwasthecapitalofBritishIndia,HenceJutemillsflourishedthemosthere
Capital

MajorproblemsfacedbytheJuteIndustryinIndia
AfterindependencemostofthejuteproducingareaswenttoBangladesh(erstwhileEastPakistan)
resultinginacuteshortageofrawjute(rawmaterialrequiredforJuteproduction)
IndianJuteindustryisfacingverystiffcompetitionfromotherjuteproducingcountriesviz.Bangladesh,
Philippines,JapanandBrazil
Assuchthemarketforjutegoodshasshrunkduetoinventionofsyntheticsubstitutesasareplacement
ofJute
Wageratesneedtobelinkedwithproductivity,newsophisticatedmachineryneeded,butlabourunionsis
resistantbusinessmennotdoingnewinvestment.
Labourunrestandstrikeshavefurtheraddedproblemsforthisindustry
LackofmarketingstrategytopromoteIndianjuteasecofriendly,biodegradablepackingmaterialamong
environmentallyconsciouscustomersinUSandEurope

ViticultureIndia

VineyardsinHimachal,Nashik,Bangalore
Duetofavorableclimate&soil
Climate

 Stategovernmentsgivingtaxbenefitstoencouragewineindustry
MaharashtragivesstampandExcisedutyexemption,saletaxholidayetc.tonew
Government
Policy wineunits

RubberPlantationsNatureofRawMaterial
NaturalRubberisobtainedfromlatexofrubbertrees
Latexiswhitemilkyliquid,collectedbymakingcutonrubbertreebark
Latexcontains3040%rubber
Restofthematerialislostduringprocessing
HencepreliminaryprocessingisdonenearRawmaterialsite

Labouravailability
Tapperneedtomakecutsdeepenoughtochopthelatextubebutwithoutdamagingcambiumneed
skills
Latexiscollectedbyaffixingartificialcupsonthetreebark
Butlatexwillcoagulateincup,ifkeptforlonghencetapperneedstocollectlatexregularlyneedlotof
laborers

Climate
Hatescold+likesabundantmoistureHot&wetclimate
Bothconditionmetneartropics

RubberKerala
InKerala,RubbergrownonhillslopsofWGhatsinTravancore,Kozikode,Malabar,Kottayamdistrcits
Keralalotofcoconutstheirshellisusedascuptocollectlatex

Keralabeingcoastalstate+hillsWarm&wet
Tappingdoneinmorningtoavoidafternoonrains
Climate

lateritesoilgoodforgrowth
Soil

Availableandskilled
Onetappercangothroughalmost250300treesperday
Labour

SugarIndustryNatureofRawmaterial
Sugarmillsarelocatednearsugargrowingareas,becauseoftwofactors
PerishableSugarcanecontainssucrose&onceyoucutthesugarcane,thesucrosecontentstartsto
 decline.Hencerawmaterialmustbequicklytransported.
WeightlossSugaraccountsforonly~10%ofthebulkysugarcaneandthereforeitisprohibitively
expensivetotransportsugarcaneoverlongdistanceinitsoriginalform.

Sugarmill

Sugarcane
Input

SugarcaneiscrushedbetweenrollersSugarjuice
Process Sugarjuice+lime+boilingCrystallizationofsugar

RawcoarsebrownsugarNeedfurtherrefining
BagasseUsedasFodder,EnergyFuel,&inPaperpulpindustry
Output
MolassesUsedtoproduceethanol

Mustbelocatednearsugarfarmingareas
Location Assugarcanebeingbulkyperishable
Principle E.g.inUttarPradesh,Maharashtra,SouthGujarat,Karnataka,TN,AndhraPradesh

SugarRefinery

Input RawCoarsebrownsugar(fromsugarmill)

Process Rawsugarisrefined

Output Brownandwhitesugarsofvariousgrades

Location IncountrieslikeJapan(whichrelyonimports),thesugarrefineriesaresetupatports
Principle ornearmarketcenters.

Factor:NorthIndiavsSouthIndiaSugarproduction
SouthIndiaNoLoo+Nofrost+Moderatingeffectofocean
Idealclimateforsugarcanegrowth
Butthesugarcanecultivate/industryinSouthIndiaisnotaslargeasUPMaharashtrabeltas:

DuringBritishraj,NorthIndiausedtocultivateindigoascashcropbuttheninventionofsyntheticdyes
Hencefarmersswitchedtosugarcane
InSouthIndia,farmershavebettercashcropalternatives
Fore.g.cotton,tobacco,coconut,groundnutetc.

OtherClimatic&EconomicfactorsFactors

Fertilesoil
Tropicalclimate
Morethan100cmrainfallannually
Betteravailabilityofirrigationfacilities
AvailabilityofElectricpower
 Availabilityofcheaplabour

SoyoudontseealargesugarbeltlikeUP

ThesugarindustryisnowshiftingfromNorthtoSouthbecause
Thesugarcontentsinsouthernstatescaneishigher
SouthhasbetterexportfacilitiesascomparedtoNorth
Climateisalsosuitableforthecultivationofsugarcane

TeaplantationIndustryLabouravailability
Weeding,manure,pruningandpluckingtediousjob+needskill+patience
Cheapfemalelabourforceisessential(samefactorlikesericulture)
Sinceteahastobegrowninhillslopes,mechanizationnotpossible
Evenwhiledrying,rolling,fermentation,gradingandpackagingoftea,skilledmanpowerneeded
Therefore,teaplantationisdonenearareaswithhighpopulationdensity

Rawmaterial
Tealeavestotea,involvesconsiderableweightloss
Henceteaprocessingisdoneintheestate/plantationitself
Furtherblending/repackingcouldbedoneatbreakofthebulklocation
Fore.g.portcitieslikeLondon
[Breakofthebulk]Placewheremodeoftransportationchangese.g.waterwaytorailways

Climate
FrostdamagestheleaveshenceteaisnotgrownbeyondNorthernChina/Honshu
Verylongwinterretardsplantgrowthhencedecreasesyield

Topography
Doesntlikestagnantwater
Hence,hastobegrownonhighlandorhillslopes
fore.g.hillsofDarjeeling,Jalpaiguri(WestBengal)&Nilgiri(TamilNadu)