Proceedings of the 19th IAHR-APD Congress 2014, Hanoi, Vietnam

ISBN 978604821338-1

INTEGRATED FLOOD HAZARD ANALYSIS UNDER EXTREME HYDROLOGIC CONDITION

KUN-YEUN HAN (1)&TAEHYUNG KIM(2)

(1)Professor, Dept of CivilEngineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea,
kshanj@knu.ac.kr
(2) Post-Doc., Dept of CivilEngineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea,
sunz3515@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT

The regional impact of climatic change causes increase of the frequency and intensity of the flood disaster related with
more frequent heavy storm and typhoon. They inflicted heavy casualties and severe financial losses in Korea. Therefore it
is essential to achieve flood loss reduction throughout the country by decreasing the vulnerability to flood impacts and
damages. To resolve the problem, it is urgently needed that nonstructural measures such as a flood information system
and flood risk mapping as well as structural measures such as river improvement and detention/retention basin
supplement for flood control. Under the current circumstances, reducing vulnerability to floods is a way to prepare for
flood disasters and decrease damages from floods. In particular, flood damages are endemic, and therefore pan-spatial
reviews on a watershed level are required. Optimal technologies to establish safety in flood control, technologies to
evaluate watershed-scale flood control, technologies to evaluate and establish safety in flood control by each area/facility,
and technologies to enhance and evaluate non-structural flood measures will be developed. These will be applied to link
structural and non-structural measures, thereby developing optimal watershed-scale technologies to cope with floods.
Flood control models that can simulate extreme flood propagation resulting from the collapse of hydraulic structures and
technology for flood risk mapping using extreme flood analysis and management of technologies will be designed. This
will be done by improving the reliability and precision of the hydraulic characteristics of extreme flood waves resulting
from the collapse of hydraulic structures. Then, an emergency management system for extreme floods will be developed
and operated. This paper attempted to present a flood risk map that can express actual flood risks based on the concept of
the existing Flood Hazard Maps in case of an actual flood. It reflected flood velocity and travel time of maximum flood
wave as well as flood depth that is considered as those factors for preparing for the flood hazard map when preparing for
the existing domestic flood risk maps.

Keywords:MCDM, Fuzzy, TOPSIS, Flood Hazard Map, Flood Risk.

1. INTRODUCTION management technologies on a watershed level. This

Due to the recent abnormal climate resulting from changes
in the earths environment, the amount of personal and
property damage caused by flood disasters like river
inundation brought about by typhoons and torrential
rains is rapidly increasing. In particular, abnormal
rainfalls such as torrential rains and typhoons strike the
Korean Peninsula every year, triggering harm to property
and individuals. Furthermore, the frequency and intensity
of such damages are rising. In circumstances where the
risk of flood occurrence is increasing, mitigating
vulnerability to floods may prepare people for flood
disasters and decrease the resulting damage. In order to
reduce such damage in a practical sense, it is urgent to
establish not only structural measures such as channel
engineering, improvement works and planning for flood
detention reservoirs and ponds, but also non-structural
measures like a systematic flood information system that
can predict future floods, collect and analyze flood
information, and swiftly deliver these data.
Next-generation flood prevention for rivers is divided into
the development of cutting-edge river flood forecast
technologies aimed at reducing damages from floods,
which are among the most frequent natural disasters at
present, and the development of flood defense and
means obtaining technologies that are suitable for the 21st
century to safeguard against disasters, thereby minimizing
personal and property damage from floods. Thus, next-
generation flood defense should be strategically enforced
nationally by the government to decrease harm to citizens
persons and property and enhance their quality of life.
Amid a reality where the frequency and intensity of floods
are rising resulting from changes in the earths
environment, the nation should move away from passive
approaches to recovering from damages that have already
occurred and a perception that flood disasters are an
inevitable natural phenomenon. Rather, it should focus on
scientific and engineering approaches, actively
establishing a defense system by developing response
technologies. Korea lags behind advanced countries
regarding element technologies to establish technologies
geared toward disaster prevention and reduction.
Furthermore, it is urgent to improve and apply
technologies to cope with, defend against, and manage
floods in order to prepare for ever larger and more intense
typhoons (super typhoons) and more frequent and severe
localized downpours occurring in Korea.
Under the current circumstances, reducing vulnerability
to floods is a way to prepare for flood disasters and

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decrease damages from floods. In particular, flood consider ambiguity and uncertainty of criterion, fuzzy
damages are endemic, and therefore pan-spatial reviews logic is introduced which is able to handle ambiguous
on a watershed level are required. Optimal technologies to expression.
establish safety in flood control, technologies to evaluate
watershed-scale flood control, technologies to evaluate 2.2 Fuzzification of analysis data classified by scenario
and establish safety in flood control by each area/facility, Because the flood indices derived from simulation results
and technologies to enhance and evaluate non-structural obtained by two-dimensional finite volume model are
flood measures will be developed. These will be applied to data based on unstructured mesh, all indices were
link structural and non-structural measures, thereby converted to 5m 5m raster data which are identical
developing optimal watershed-scale technologies to cope
element structure. After sorting the flood index classified
with floods.
by frequency at particular element, the distribution of
In order to establish technologies for flood forecast using values were generally triangular shape. Therefore, index
radar rainfall and short-term forecasts and to predict values in each raster element were constituted as
spatial floods in watersheds, a distributional model triangular fuzzy membership function(a,b,c) which shape
suitable for domestic watersheds will be constructed. minimum, medium, and maximum value into a, b, and c
Moreover, technologies to predict river inundation for respectively as shown in Fig. 1. Where, the medium value
spatial flood forecast and an integrated inundation means not average value but the value which has midterm
analysis model in consideration of internal and external ranking. The lowest(a), central(b), and upper(c) limit layer
waters will be developed. Furthermore, a commercialized were composed at all raster elements.
flood control model that can simulate extreme flood
propagation resulting from the collapse of hydraulic
structures and technology for flood risk mapping using
extreme flood analysis and management of technologies
will be designed. This will be done by improving the
reliability and precision of the hydraulic characteristics of
extreme flood waves resulting from the collapse of
hydraulic structures. Then, an emergency management
system for extreme floods will be developed and operated.
This paper attempted to present a flood risk map that can
express actual flood risks considering the calculated flood
vulnerability within the flood inundation extent based on Figure 1. Construction of triangular fuzzy membership function
the concept of the existing Flood Hazard Maps that can
express such factors as the range of flooding and flood 2.3 Fuzzy TOPSIS
depth in case of an actual flood. It reflected flood velocity To apply Fuzzy TOPSIS regarding criterion with
and travel time of maximum flood wave as well as flood triangular fuzzy membership, the decision matrix has to
depth that is considered as those factors for preparing for be normalized as same scale. The normalized fuzzy
the flood hazard map when preparing for the existing performance matrix is formed by arraying columns of
domestic flood risk maps, and classified floods into two alternatives with rows of criteria as shown below.
concepts such as watershed runoff and river flood to
prepare for the Flood Hazard Maps.
r11 r12 r1n
2. METHOLOGY OF RESEARCH r21 r22 r2n
R=[ ] (1)

2.1 Flood Hazard Mapping using Fuzzy TOPSIS
rm1 rm2 rmn
There are lots of technical methods to integrate various
factors for flood hazard mapping. The purpose of this
Where, rij represents the normalized triangular fuzzy
study is to suggest the methodology of integrated flood
number. For this purpose, the normalized performance
hazard mapping using MCDM(Multi Criteria Decision
rij can be obtained using the following transformation
Making). MCDM problems involve a set of alternatives
formulae for benefit criteria and cost criteria,
that are evaluated on the basis of conflicting and
respectively(Chen and Hwang, 1992).
incommensurate criteria(Malczewski J.,1999). In this study,
to apply MCDM to assessing flood risk, maximum flood
depth, maximum velocity, and maximum travel time are aij bij cij
considered as criterion, and each applied elements are rij = ( , , ) cj = max cij (Benefitcriteria) (2)
cj cj cj
considered as alternatives. The scheme to nd the ecient
alternative closest to a ideal value is appropriate way to a a a
rij = (j
, j
, j
) a
j = min a ij (cos t criteria) (3)
assess flood risk of a lot of element units(alternatives) cij bij aij

based on various flood indices. Therefore, TOPSIS which

is most commonly used MCDM scheme is adopted to
create flood hazard map.
The indices for flood hazard mapping(maximum flood
depth, maximum velocity, and maximum travel time)
have uncertainty concerning simulation results due to
various values according to flood scenario and
topographical condition. These kind of ambiguity of
indices can cause uncertainty of flood hazard map. To
In this study, maximum flood depth and velocity can be
taken into account as the benefit criteria, and maximum
travel time as cost benefit.By applying the normalized
triangular fuzzy membership function( ) to associated
weights ( ), the weighted performance matrix ( )is
obtained as :

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 v11 v12 v1n
v
= [ 21 v22 v2n
V ] ,vij = rij w
ij (4)

vm1 vm2 vmn

Fuzzy Positive Ideal Solution(FPIS) and Fuzzy Negative

Ideal Solution(FNIS) are defined as Eqs . (5) and (6). In this
study, FPIS means the criteria value which has highest
flood risk, and FNIS means the criteria value which has
lowest flood risk.
A+ = (v
+ + +
1 , vn , , vn )(5)
A = (v
1 , vn , , vn )(6)
Where, v = max(v ) , v
+ = min(v ). The
distance
between A (FPIS), A (FNIS)and each alternative can be
+
calculated as the method measuring the fuzzy distance of
= (a1 , a2 , a3 ) , = (b1 , b2 , b3 ) as shown below, and
closeness coefficientof each alternative can be obtained as
Eq. (9).
di = nj=1 d(v,
ij vj ) , i = 1,2, , m(7)
n
di = j=1 d(v, )
ij vj , i = 1,2, , m(8)
d
i levee breach width, breach time, and overtopping
CCi =
di +d
i discharge coefficient. Therefore, in this study, breach
The calculated closenesscoefficient value is taken into
account as estimate value to decide flood hazard. In this
study, the raster element which has high closeness
coefficient means the region which has high flood hazard.
3. ANALYSIS & APPLICATION
3.1 Selection of study area
For Flood Hazard Mapping by levee breach, urban area of
Gimcheon in Gyeongsangbuk-do(Province), South Korea
was selected as study area. Gamcheon and Jikjisacheon
river which are 1st and 2nd tributary of Nakdong river(one
of the most longest river in Korea) pass through this
region. This region suffer severe damage from huge
typhoons because of geographical disadvantage.
3.2 Calculation of discharge from levee breach
One-dimensional hydraulic model was used to calculate
the inflow discharge from river to inland area caused by
levee breach or overtopping. Inflow due to levee breach
has uncertainty from various indices such as levee breach
width, breach time, overtopping discharge coefficient, etc.
as well as scale of flood discharge flowing through a river.
To reflect the uncertainty by levee breach and overtopping,
frequency flood discharge of 100, 200, and 500 year, levee
breach width, breach time, and over topping discharge
coefficient were taken into account as flood indices. To
calculate the levee breach and overtopping discharge,
river system was construct, which consist of Gamcheon as
main river, and Jikjisacheon as tributary(Fig. 2)
Figure 2 One-dimensional river system of study area
One-dimensional hydraulic analysis was implemented
using upper and lower boundary condition, and lateral
inflow. After model calibration and verification which
calculate similar result from one-dimensional non-uniform
flow analysis, 6 levees of Gamcheon and 3 levees of
Jikjisacheon were selected as levee breach or overtopping
point in order to flood hazard mapping in urban area of
Gimcheon. The selected points are the areas which were
suffered from levee breach or overtopping in the past, and
analyzed as danger points. Particularly, the points which
were experienced from levee breach or overtopping were
analyzed as high risk points by results from one-
dimensional hydraulic analysis.
After calculatingthe breach discharge considering each
breach parameter(breach width, breach time, and
overtopping discharge coefficient, etc.), the sensitivity of
peak breach discharge from levee breach is in order of
(9)
discharge hydrograph from variations of levee breach
width and frequency flood discharge were taken into
account as upper boundary conditions for two-
dimensional inundation analysis.
3.3 Two-dimensional numerical simulation of levee
failure
For flood hazard mapping considering levee breach and
overtopping, two-dimensional inundation analysis was
implemented using inflow discharge obtained by levee
breach or overtopping calculated from one-dimensional
hydraulic model. Based on levee breach or overtopping
points, 4 regions were divided for two dimensional
inundation analysis.
Table 1. The information of 2D inundation analysis
administrative Number of Number Breach/over-
No
district meshes of Nodes topping levee
1 Yangumdong 57,828 29,667 1,2,3
2 Jasandong 37,535 19,408 4,9
3 Jijwadong 20,632 10,600 5,6
4 Daesindong 21,409 111,92 7,8
To consider flood indices (such as maximum flood depth,
velocity, and maximum travel time) as each independent
indicator, two-dimensional inundation analysis was
implemented separately classified by each levee. 9 sets of
simulation were implemented, and maximum flood depth,
velocity, and maximum travel time were taken into
account as indices for flood hazard mapping considering
levee breach. To consider uncertainty of inflow discharge
from river to inland area, various simulation results are
performed according to previously set scenario. Maximum
flood depth from No.5 levee breach classified by scenario
are shown in Figs. 3.

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Figure 3. Maximum flood depth of Levee No. 5
3.4 Flood Hazard Mapping using Fuzzy TOPSIS
The result values based on non-structural mesh were
converted to GIS based 5m5m structural raster data. To
consider 9 levees as independent indices, each simulation
result was converted separately. To make triangular fuzzy
membership function expressed in (a,b,c), lower, medium,
and maximum simulation data were considered as
lower(a), medium(b), and maximum(c) values of fuzzy
numbers respectively. Each fuzzified element was
considered as alternative for multi criteria decision
making. That is, using each flood indices considered as an
analysis criteria, priority of relative flood risk among each
element considered as an alternative was estimated using
Fuzzy TOPSIS.
Closeness coefficient from Fuzzy TOPSIS was taken into
account as estimate value for measuring flood hazard of
each element. Especially, by considering each levee breach
or overtopping particularly, overlapping effect was
considered, as all flood indices from 9 inundation analysis
was applied independently. All computing processes are
used by Python script algorithm extended from GIS
application.As shown in Fig. 4, by considering each levee
breach or overtopping separately, partial area shows high
hazard grade by overlapping the simulation results.
Figure 4 satellite image of flood hazard map
4. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we made Flood Hazard Map according to
levee breach overflow using the Fuzzy TOPSIS Technique.
We confirmed the areas where the highest grade of hazard
was recorded through the drawn-up integratedflood
hazard map, and then produced flood hazard map can be
compared them with those indicated in the existing flood
risk maps. The flood hazardmap made in this paper was
drawn up through an objective evaluation procedure
considering the relative closeness between ideal solutions
and non-ideal ones using such factors as maximum flood
depth, maximum flow speed, and travel time of flood
wave as well as the range of inundation occurrence. In
addition, the flood hazardmap made in this analysis
indicated some leveled hazard areas, and has an
advantage that it can reflect the uncertainty of the factors
that have various results for each scenario by Fuzzy logic.
Finally, we expect that if we can apply the flood hazard
map methodology suggested in this paper even to
manufacturing the current flood risk maps, we will be able
to make a new flood hazard map to even consider the
priorities for hazard areas, including more varied and
important information than ever before. We also made
flood risk maps considering the flood vulnerability as a
weighting factor using the information about population
and assets within the range of flood hazards.Furthermore,
we look forward to utilizing it as a new methodology to
provide a big help in decision-making procedures of an
integrative flood disaster management and policies in the
future.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by Advanced Management
Technology [NEMA-NH-2014-04] from the Natural
Hazard Mitigation Research Group, National Emergency
Management Agency of Korea.
REFERENCES
Chen, S. J. and Hwang, C.L. (1992). Fuzzy multiple
attribute decision making: method and application,
Lecture notes in economics and mathematical systems, 375,
Springer, New York.
Malczewski J. (1999). GIS and multicriteria decision
analysis. New York, J. Wiley & Sons.,81-90.
Copyrights
Paper(s) submittedto the IAHR-APD2014 are interpreted
as declaration that the authors obtained the necessary
authorization for publication.
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