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CHANGE of RIVER BED MATERIAL DUE TO FLOOD ON JULY 2009 AND LONG TERM RIVER BED VARIATION
IN SABA RIVER, Japan
ABSTRACT
The Saba River passing through Hofu City, Yamaguchi Prefecture has many weirs. Recently, the planning to disuse and
integrate weirs has been discussed in order to improve the conveyance ability in Saba River. In this paper, the effect of the
removed and built weirs on the river bed elevation change in Saba River is discussed. Firstly, the effect of the flood in 2009
on the river bed materials is studied using the observation data. It is found from the observation data analysis that the
mean sediment diameters become smaller than that before the flood in 2009. Secondly, the river bed elevation change for
60 years is studied with the numerical simulations. It is found that it takes the river bed elevation at least 8 years to be
stable.
Keywords: Saba River; heavy rainfall in 209; river bed variation; weirs
Kamishogata
Hofusogo weir Kam imigita weir Suzuy a weir Waji weir Aso weir Nishiotsu weir weir
120 300
The dem olished Kake weir Kishimi weir
Shim oshogata weir
100 250
Ozo weir
80 200
60 150
40 100
20 50
0 0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Distance (km) Tributary from right bank
wier
Center(1997,1999) Center(2009) Width of Tributary from left bank
main channel
Figure 2. Change of mean diameter before and after flood occurred in 2009
There are many sections at which the conveyance is Figure 2 shows the longitudinal change of the mean
insufficient and many fixed weirs in the present situation diameter in the center of the river. Firstly we will discuss
of the Saba River, so that the disuse and integration of the the characteristic of the river bed materials before the
weirs are effective ways to improve the conveyance. To flood in 2009. The river bed slope is 1/3000 and the width
maintain and manage the river maintenance facilities of the main channel is 300-400m from the river mouth to
1.800km point. There is no sand bar in this region. The
appropriately, it is necessary to overcome problems which
river bed slope is 1/1000 and the width of the main
are the sedimentation and scour around new weir and the
channel is 130-300m from the 1.800km point to Sano-yosui
instability of the river bed in the site where the weir is
weir located at 4.266km point. The alternate bars are
removed. formed in this region. In the downstream region such as
In this study, firstly we tried to analyze the influence of these regions, the bed slope is mild and the width of the
floods on the river bed materials with the exiting data main channel is wide. The mean diameters of the bed
investigated by MLIT before and after the flood occurred materials are relatively small. Around Sano-yosui weir is
on July, 2009. Next, we conducted the quasi two- the turning point of the bed slope. The bed slope in the
dimensional river bed variation simulation to investigate upstream region from this point is 1/550-1/350, and the
the long term process of change of the river bed variation. width of the main channel is 100m. The fixed alternate
Especially we tried to investigate how long it takes for the bars can be seen in this region. In addition, there are many
river bed instability due to the disuse and integration of fixed weirs in the upstream region from Sano-yosui weir,
the wires to be stable. This paper will describe the results and pools due to the fixed weir and rapid exist
of the investigations mentioned above. continuously. The mean diameter of the bed materials is
ranging from 1cm order to 10cm order. In this region the
2. COMPARIOSN OF RIVER BED MATERIALS river width becomes wider or narrower with the
CHANGE BEFORE AND AFTER FLOOD IN morphology due to the fixed alternate bars, and therefore
2009 the tractive force also becomes weak or is enhanced. This
2.1 Summary of river bed materials investigation would be reason why the range of the mean diameter is
wide.
There are two investigation data of the river bed materials
before the flood July 2009. One was investigated in 1997 After the flood in 2009, the mean diameter of the bed
and the other is investigated in 1999. The river bed materials became small entirely, however it can be seen
material data after the flood was investigated in August that there are some sections in which the mean diameter
2009. became large. Such sections are located around the
conjunction with the Tsurugi River at 4.000 km, around
There are three bed materials investigations before the the demolished Kin-nami weir at 11k000 and around the
investigation in 1997. These investigations were conducted conjunction with the Hinokuchi River. The slope failure
from 1967 to 1978. According to these data from 1967 to had occurred on the upstream region of the Tsurugi River,
1999 the river bed material size had become coarse and much sediment was produced. From the fact that the
(Yamaguchi Office of River and National Highway, 2010). aggradation of the river bed around this conjunction was
The floods of which the maximum discharge is over confirmed after the flood, the change of the mean
500m3/sec had occurred 7 times from 1997 to 2009 (see diameter around the conjunction with Tsurugi River was
figure 4). In this period the flood in 2009 is the biggest one. influenced by the sedimentation. On the other hand,
After here, the discussion of the change of the river bed although the conjunction with Nami River has the same
materials before and after the flood occurred in 2009 will condition as the Tsurugi River, the change of the mean
be given, however we mention that the results involves diameter was not conformed. The volume of the sediment
the influences of the flood from 1997 to 2009. or the particle size distribution are considered as the
2.2 Longitudinal change of bed materials
2
27 the river bed variation occurs in the low water channel
and there is no deposit and erosion on the fixed weir. The
25
Movable bed region sedimentation discharge at the upstream boundary
23 condition was estimated by using the hydraulic quantity
Ground Level (T.P.m)
Years passing
from initial year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(1cylce) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1400
1300 Annual maximum discharge(m3/s)
1200 Mean annual maximum discharge
1100 525 (m3/s)
1000
Discharge(m3/s)
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Year
18
17 pos.3
16 pos.2
15 pos.1
14
120
region, and the width of the river and the width of the pos.1
100
main channel in the region are shown in figure 6.
80
4. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Initial mean diameter
60 73.928mm
4.1 Tendency of river bed variation
40
Figure 7, 8 and 9 show the numerical results of the mean
bed elevation, the bed variation and the mean diameter of 20 Initial mean diameter
pos.3
17.655mm
the bed material, respectively. For comparison, these
figures involve the initial values. The bed variation was 0
9.80 10.20 10.60 11.00 11.40 11.80 12.20
defined as the difference of the numerical elevations in Distance (km)
each end of year from the initial values.
For the Case1, the 1.5m deposition at pso.1 in which there Figure 9. Comparison between numerical result and initial
is Kami-Migita weir, the 1.0m erosion at pos.2 in which values for mean diameter of river bed material
the upstream side from the demolished Kake weir can be
seen. The bed elevation change at pos.3 is smaller For the Case 2, on the contrary, the deposition at pos.1 can
comparing at pos.1 and pos.2, but the 0.2m erosion can be be seen similarly as the Case1, but the magnitude of the
seen. deposition is 1.0m. It is 2/3 of that of the Case1. There is
4
2 0
-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Case1
Years passing from initial year Case2
120 0
pos2 1000
100
Mean diameter (mm)
20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Case1
Years passing from initial year Case2
0.5 0
Maximum friction velocity (m/s)
Annual
0.3 maximum
discharge
0.2 (m3 /s)
pos3
0.1
pos1 pos2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Case1
Years passing from initial year Case2
little change of the bed elevation at pos.2. The 0.4m flushed downstream-wise, and then the deposition
deposition at pos.3 can be seen contrary to the Case1. progressed more and more.
The pos.1 is located just on Kami-Migita weir. At the pos.1 The degradation of the river bed around the demolished
we can see the deposition both the Case1 and the Case2. Kin-nami weir can be seen for both the Case1 and the
Kami-Migita weir which is a movable weir was built in Case2.The degree of the degradation of the Case2 is larger
2007. When building Kami-Migita weir, the river bed than the Case1. The volume and the particle distribution
surface at the downstream side from this weir was of the sedimentation supplying from the upstream-wise
excavated and the level of the surface was 1m lower than can be thought as a reason. However, we would like to
the planning river bed level. So there is a pool around here. leave the detail discussion to a future task.
In addition, as shown in figures 5 and 6, the main channel
4.2 Tendency of mean diameter change of bed materials
was rebuilt to be the flat wide channel. Therefore the
tractive force around pos.1 decreased, and then the The mean diameter of the bed materials at pos.1 became
deposition would progress. For the Case1, moreover, to small for the Case 1 and the Case2. The mean diameter of
remove Kake weir made the tractive force increase. The the Case1 was coarse a little bit more than the Case2.The
sedimentation around the demolished Kake weir was fine sedimentation coming from the upstream side from
5
the pos.1 deposited around here. This would be reason of the river bed variation due to the disuse and integration
why the mean diameter became fine. For the Case 1, the of the weirs.
relatively coarse sedimentation at pos.2 and pos.3 was
5. CONCLUSIONS
transported to the pos.1, so that the mean diameter
became coarse comparing with the Case2. The main results obtained in this study are summarized as
shown below.
4.3 Process of the long term change
1. Form the filed data analysis, the mean diameter after
Figure 10, 11 and 12 show the time series for 60yeasr of the
the flood occurred in July2009 became small entirely.
bed variation, the mean diameter of the bed material and
However, the mean diameter around the conjunction
the maximum friction velocity, respectively.
with Tsurugi River, around the demolished Kin-
From the figure 10, it can be seen that there are significant nami weir, the region between the Nami weir and
responses of the river bed variations to the flood, of which the Aso weir became larger than before.
the maximum discharge is over 1000m3/sec, occurred in
2. The fixed weir influences the stability of the river bed
1989 (18 and 48years after) and 2009 (8 and 38 years after).
and the mean diameter of the bed material. It is
For the Case1, the river bed variation and the mean found that it would take 8 years including the floods
diameter of the bed materials tend to be stable after 8 for the river bed to be stable after the weirs are
years in which the first large flood occurred in the first removed.
cycle. The response of the river bed variation to the large
3. The quantities we investigated here, such as the river
floods in the second cycle is smaller than that in the first
bed variation, the mean diameter of the river bed
cycle. For the Case2, the deposition rapidly progressed for
material, changed rapidly in the early several years.
two years at pos.1, after that the deposition progressed
moderately. The river beds at pos.2 and pos.3 are stable REFERENCES
from the initial year. The mean diameters of the bed
Asai k., Takasaki A., Yorozu H. and Imazu T. (2012). On
materials drastically change in the end of the first year.
flow and Sediment Balance of Flood in Saba River
The annual maximum friction velocity of the Case1 is occurred on July, 2009, Journal of Japan Society of Civil
always larger than that of the Case2. For both cases, Engineers, Ser.B1 (Hydraulic Engineering), 68(4)4 I_1045-
basically the friction velocity at pos.3 is the highest one I_1050 (in Japanese).
and that at pos.1 is the weakest one. However, when the
flood discharge is less than 300m3/sec the friction velocity Ishihara Y. and Kobatake S. (1979). Runoff Model for
at pos. 2 is the weakest one. On the other hand, when the Flood Forecasting, Bull. Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto
flood discharge exceeds 1000m3/sec the friction velocity at Univ., 29(1)-260, 27-43.
pos. 2 is the highest one. This tendency would be due to
the water surface profile according to the river discharge. Fukuoka H., Yamamoto H., Miyata Y., Wang F. and Wang
G.(2009). Preliminary Report on landslide disaster in
The mean diameter changes at pos.1 and pos.2 for the
Hofu city, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan triggered by
Case 2 are unique even if the river discharge is relatively
the July 2009 Chugoku-Northern Kyushu District
low. For example, although the river discharge is less than
Heavy Rainstorm, J.JSNDS, 28-2, 185-201 (in Japanese).
300m3/sec, the mean diameter at pos.1 after 25 years
drastically decreased. On the other hand, the mean
Fukuoka S., Fujita K. and Ni-ida H (1992). Prediction in
diameter at pos.1 after 25 years doesnt change after 55
Flood Water level of River Courses with Vegetation,
years.
Journal of Hydraulic,Coastal and Environmental
All the quantities we investigated here indicated the rapid Engineering, 447/II-19, 17-24 (in Japanese).
change in the first several years. One of the reasons is the
assumption that the initial particle size distribution is Yamaguchi Office of River and National Highway, MLIT
uniform spatially. It is found from the computation (2010). Report of Investigation river monitoring method for
conducted here that the mean diameters upstream side Saba River (in Japanese).
and downstream side of the weir are different. Form this
fact, it can be easily expected that the particle size Yamaguchi University Investigation Team for Yamaguchi
distributions are different between the upstream-side and Hofu heavy Rain Disaster July 2009 (2009). Report of
the downstream-side in the real situation. The detail Yamaguchi Hofu heavy Rain Disaster July 2009 (in
observations on the particle size distribution between the Japanese).
upstream-side and the downstream-side of a weir would
be necessary in order to improve the prediction accuracy