VERBOS TO BE y TO HAVE

1.- VERBO TO BE (ser o estar)

PRESENTE

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA

I am (Im) I am not (Im not) Am I?
You are (Youre) You are not (You arent) Are you?
He is (s) He is not (He isnt) Is he?
She is (s) She is not (She isnt) Is she?
It is (s) It is not (It isnt) Is it?
We are (re) We are not (We arent) Are we?
You are (re) You are not (You arent) Are you?
They are (re) They are not (They arent) Are they?

PASADO

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA

I was I was not (I wasnt) Was I?
You were You were not (You Were you?
werent)
He was He was not (He wasnt) Was he?
She was She was not (She wasnt) Was she?
It was It was not (It wasnt) Was it?
We were We were not (We werent) Were we?
You were You were not (You Were you?
werent)
They were They were not (They Were they?
werent)

El verbo to be se trata de un verbo auxiliar, por tanto, no precisa del auxiliar to do para la
forma negativa e interrogativa.

2.- VERBO TO HAVE (haber, tener o tomar)

PRESENTE

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA

I have (Ive) I have not (I havent) Have I?
You have (Youve) You have not (You Have you?
havent)
He has (Hes) He has not (He hasnt) Has he?
She has (Shes) She has not (She hasnt) Has she?
It has (Its) It has not (It hasnt) Has it?
We have (Weve) We have not (We havent) Have we?
 You have (Youve) You have not (You Have you?
havent)
They have (Theyve) They have not (They Have they?
havent)

PASADO

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA

I had (Id) I had not (hadnt) Had I?
You had (Youd) You had not (hadnt) Had you?
He had (Hed) He had not (hadnt) Had he?
She had (Shed) She had not (hadnt) Had she?
It had (Id) It had not (hadnt) Had it?
We had (Wed) We had not (hadnt) Had we?
You had (Youd) You had not (hadnt) Had you?
They had (Theyd) They had not (hadnt) Had they?

En el caso de que no se ponga got habra que utilizar el auxiliar do.

 PRESENTE SIMPLE/PRESENTE CONTINUO
(PRESENT SIMPLE/PRESENT CONTINUOUS)

1.- PRESENTE SIMPLE

a) AFIRMATIVA
Es igual que el verbo infinitivo sin to, excepto la tercera persona del singular, que termina
en s o es.
Para formar correctamente la 3 persona del singular hay que tener en cuenta las siguientes
reglas ortogrficas segn la terminacin del verbo:
En o, -ss, -sh, -ch, -sh o x aade es:
o Do Does
o Miss Misses
o Wish Wishes
o Touch Touches
o Fix Fixes
En vocal +y aade s:
o Say Says
En consonante +y cambia la y por la i antes de aadir es:
o Try Tries

b) NEGATIVA
Sujeto + do not (dont) o does not (doesnt) para la tercera persona del singular + verbo
en infinitivo sin to

c) INTERROGATIVA
Do o does + sujeto + infinitivo sin to

HAVE GOT, TO BE y los VERBOS MODALES NO

NECESITAN EL AUXILIAR DO/DOES EN
NEGATIVA NI INTERROGATIVA

d) EJEMPLO

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA

I work I dont work Do I work?
You work You dont work Do you work?
He works He doesnt work Does he work?
She works She doesnt work Does she work?
It works It doesnt work Does it work?
We work We dont work Do we work?
You work You dont work Do you work?
 They work They dont work Do they work?
Respuestas:
Yes, I do
No, he doesnt

e) USOS DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE

Hablar de verdades universales.
o The sun rises in the East El Sol sale por el este
Expresar acciones habituales.
Every morning, I wake up at 7 Me levanto a las 7 todos los das
Referirse a acciones permanentes.
My father works for IBM Mi padre trabaja en IBM
Referirse a medios de transporte, acontecimientos, etc; sujetos a un horario
determinado.
My plane leaves at 8.30 Mi avin sale a las 8:30
Dar un matiz de inmediatez a una retransmisin (por ejemplo deportiva) en
medios de comunicacin.
Peterson plays now, Smith doesnt catch the ball
Peterson juega ahora, Smith no coge la pelota
Referirse a acontecimientos que acaban de suceder, publicados en titulares de
peridico o noticias de televisin.
Bush wins Gana Bush
Con los verbos estticos que indican un estado ms que una accin.
Algunos indican tanto estado como actividad y pueden usarse en presente simple
y en presente continuo. Ejemplo:
Donna thinks the book is wonderful Donna cree que el libro es estupendo.
He is thinking about going to Malta in the summer Est pensando en irse a
Malta en verano.
El verbo see en presente continuo indica una accin futura fijada de antemano.
We are seeing Ann tonight Veremos a Ann esta noche.
Los verbos estticos estn relacionados con:
o Emociones y sentimientos:
Like gustar
Love amar
Hate odiar
Care cuidar
Hope esperar
Wish desear
Want querer
Admit reconocer
Enjoy disfrutar
Dislike - disgustar
o Pensamiento y la opinin:
Believe creer, cuestin de fe
Think creer razonablemente
Understand entender
Suppose suponer
Expect esperar
Agree estar de acuerdo
 Know conocer/saber
Remember recordar
Forget olvidar
Mean significar
Imagine imaginar
Realize darse cuenta
Deserve merecer
Prefer preferir
Guess adivinar/suponer
o Percepcin y los sentidos:
Look mirar
Hear or
Taste probar
Smell oler
Feel sentirse
Hear or, escuchar
See ver
Sound sonar
Touch tocar/acariciar
o Precios y medidas:
Cost costar, valer
Measure medir, calibrar, sopesar, considerar
Weight aplastar, cargar
o Posesin y la esencia:
Belong pertenecer
Come from ser de
Own poseer
Have tener
Possess poseer
Contain contener
Depend on depender de
Need necesitar
Seem parecer
Appear - aparecer

f) EXPRESIONES UTILIZADAS EN PRESENTE SIMPLE (adverbios y expresionesde

frecuencia)
Always siempre
Usually generalmente, normalmente
Generally generalmente
Regularly con frecuencia, a menudo
Occasionally ocasionalmente, a veces
Hardly ever casi nunca
Frequently frecuentemente, a menudo
Often a menudo
Sometimes a veces
Rarely rara vez, pocas veces, casi nunca
Seldom raramente, pocas veces, casi nunca
Never nunca
At 1 oclock a las 1 en punto
At night de noche, por la noche
In the morning/evening en la maana/tarde
Every day, week todos los das, semanas
On Friday, Saturday el Viernes, Sbado
Once a month una vez al mes
Twice a week dos veces en semana
How often? - Con qu frecuencia?
Los adverbios de frecuencia van delante del verbo principal, pero si se trata del verbo to
be se colocan detrs.
He never recognises me Nunca me reconoce
Paul is always calm Paul siempre est tranquilo
Las expresiones temporales siempre van al principio o al final de la frase.
James uses his computer every day James usa su ordenador todos los das
Con how often? se pregunta con qu frecuencia se hace algo.
How often do you read? - Con qu frecuencia lees?

2.- PRESENTE CONTINUO

a) AFIRMATIVA
Se forma con el sujeto + verbo to be conjugado (am/are/is) + verbo principal terminado
en ing, siguiendo las siguientes reglas ortogrficas segn la terminacin de la forma base
del verbo:
En e muda pierde la e: ride riding // love loving
En y, la mantiene: pay paying
En ie, cambia la ie por y: die diying
En vocal + consonante (monoslabo) dobla la consonante, excepto w y x: run
runnig // show showing
En l o p (bislabo con acento llano) dobla esa letra: travel travelling
En vocal + consonante (bislabo con acento agudo), dobla la consonante: refer
referring // begin beginning

b) NEGATIVA
Se forma con el sujeto + el verbo to be conjugado en negativa (m not/isnt/arent) + verbo
terminado en ing.

c) INTERROGATIVA
Verbo to be conjugado (am/are/is) + sujeto + verbo principal terminado en ing

d) EJEMPLOS

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA

I am singing Im not singing Am I singing?
Im singing
You are singing You arent singing Are you singing?
Youre singing
He is singing He isnt singing Is he singing?
Shes singing She isnt singing Is she singing?
Its singing It isnt singing Is it singing?
We are singing We arent singing Are we singing?
Were singing
Youre singing You arent singing Are you singing?
 They are singing They arent singing Are they singing?
Yes, I am
No, I am not

e) USOS DEL PRESENTE CONTINUO

Referirse a una accin que est sucediendo en el momento en el que se habla
What are you doing John?
Qu ests haciendo, John?
Hablar de una accin presente que se sale de la norma
I get up at 8 every day but today Im staying at home
Me levanto a las 8 todos los das pero hoy me quedo (me estoy quedando) en
casa
Expresar lo que se har con toda seguridad en un futuro prximo porque se ha
fijado de antemano
Im going to the cinema tomorrow
Voy al cine maana
Con el adverbio always, para denotar una queja
She is always eating chocolate
Ella est comiendo siempre chocolate

f) ADVERBIOS Y EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO UTILIZADOS EN PRESENTE

CONTINUO
Now ahora
Right now ahora mismo
At the momento en este momento
This year este ao
At present actualmente
Today hoy
These days estos das
This month este mes
This evening esta noche
Tonight esta noche
Tomorrow maana
Next Friday/ week/ year prximo viernes/semana/ao
Currently actualmente
Actually de hecho

LOS VERBOS ESTTICOS NO SUELEN

UTILIZARSE EN EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
 PASADO PERFECTO SIMPLE / PASADO
PERFECTO CONTINUO
(PAST PERFECT SIMPLE / PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS)

1.- PASADO PERFECTO SIMPLE

a) AFIRMATIVA
Sujeto + had + participio del verbo que expresa la accin

b) NEGATIVA
Sujeto + hadnt + participio del verbo que expresa la accin

c) INTERROGATIVA
Had + sujeto + participio del verbo que expresa la accin

d) EJEMPLOS
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I had arrived I hadnt arrived Had I arrived?
You had arrived You hadnt arrived Had you arrived?
He had arrived He hadnt arrived Had he arrived?
She had arrived She hadnt arrived Had she arrived?
It had arrived It hadnt arrived Had it arrived?
We had arrived We hadnt arrived Had we arrived?
You had arrived You hadnt arrived Had you arrived?
They had arrived They hadnt arrived Had they arrived?
Respuestas:
Yes, I had
No, I hadnt

e) USOS DEL PASADO PERFECTO SIMPLE

Indicar que una accin ocurri antes que otra expresada en Pasado Simple.
By the time the police arrived, he had already left
Para cuando lleg la polica, ya se haba marchado

f) ADVERBIOS Y EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO UTILIZADAS EN PASADO

PERFECTO SIMPLE
Already ya
By the time por el momento
After despus de
Before antes de
Until hasta/ hasta que
Never nunca/ jams
Just por poco/ acabar de

2.- PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO

a) AFIRMATIVA
Sujeto + had been + verbo que expresa la accin en ing
b) NEGATIVA
Sujeto + hadnt been + verbo que expresa la accin en ing

c) INTERROGATIVA
Had + sujeto + been + verbo que expresa la accin en ing

d) EJEMPLOS
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I had been working I hadnt been working Had I been working?
You had been working You hadnt been working Had you been working?
He had been working He hadnt been working Had he been working?
She had been working She hadnt been working Had she been working?
It had been working It hadnt been working Had it been working?
We had been working We hadnt been working Had we been working?
You had been working You hadnt been working Had you been working?
They had been working They hadnt been working Had they been working?
Respuestas:
Yes, I had been
No, I hadnt been

e) USOS DEL PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO

Se utiliza para hacer referencia a acciones o situaciones que comenzaron en un momento
pasado, duraron un tiempo y se terminaron completamente antes del punto del pasado al
que se est refiriendo.
I had been training eight hours a day for six moths
Yo haba estado entrenando ocho horas diarias durante seis meses

f) ADVERBIOS Y EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO UTILIZADAS EN PASADO

PERFECTO CONTINUO
Already ya
By the time por el momento
After despus de
Before antes de
Until hasta/ hasta que
Never nunca/ jams
Just por poco/ acabar de