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Original Russian Text I.N. Tikhonov, V.L. Lomtev, 2013, published in Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya, 2013, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 6778.
AbstractThe analysis of the available seismological data on the Sea of Japan region made it possible to pre
pare the first complete unified catalog of earthquakes with M 3.0 and h 60 km for the period of 19752010.
Four maps of epicenters for different depth intervals (010, 1120, 2130, and 3160 km) and three sublat
itudinal sections 1 wide are constructed. The analysis includes the structural features and the probable tec
tonic nature of the seismoactive zone along the underwater margin or borderland of the JapanSakhalin
island arc: the regional or, more exactly, megaduplex of compression faults determined by the crust sliding in
the back part of the frontal deepseated thrust. The crustal seismicity in the southeastern margin of the
Korean Peninsula (the SinoKorean Shield) is likely related to the Tsushima and Ullyndo faults. It is assumed
that it may provoke block, potentially thsunamigenic landslides in the southern and eastern cirques of the
Ullyndo Basin incised into the underwater delta of the Huanghe River.
Keywords: shallowfocus (crustal) seismicity, crustal tectonics, borderland, back reversed fault, landslide, Sea
of Japan, JapanSakhalin arc
DOI: 10.1134/S1819714013050072
346
SHALLOWFOCUS SEISMICITY AND TECTONIC STRUCTURE 347
Sak
EU
lateral shear between Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean
ait
ha l
[17]).
in I
Str
Okh
In several points, they are similar to each other. AM
.
These features in common are the mantle diapir, the PA
suboceanic crust 1215 km thick beneath the Central
20
0
Japan, Honshu, and Ullyndo bathyal basins with the
continental Yamato block at their junction; the rifting;
Tatar
and the Cenozoic history. The first concept implies the
epioceanic initiation of the basin as an element of the
Pacific Ocean and the formation of its structures in
situ without significant horizontal displacements of 1 I.
o
the crust in the MesozoicCenozoic times. According id
ka
10
00
to the second concept, the dominant processes were ok
2 H
the Cenozoic spreading (rifting) and the horizontal
motion of the Japanese arc from Eurasia in the eastern
direction. The nature of the borderlands, the complex
structure of the Korean Peninsulas (the Korean
n
3
si
Shield) margins, and the JapanSakhalin arc [1, 23,
200
Ba
28, 38] remain debatable. Beneath these domains, the
n
crusts thickness increases by 23 times (to 3040 km
pa
4
Ja
and more) with the simultaneous changing of its type:
00
al
the suboceanic crust is replaced by the continental
30
tr
one.
en
5
C
The purpose of this work is the colligation of the 12 5
I.
14
most complete data on the recent shallowfocus (h < 11
Honshu
Basin
hu
60 km) seismicity of the Sea of Japan, the preparation 13
of an original catalog of earthquakes, and the prelimi 6
ns
1000
Ho
of this basin and its tectonics. The gathering of mate 8 9 10
rials on the seismicity is culminated in the compilation Tsushima
0
of the complete catalog of earthquakes with M 3 2
Basin
00
SHALLOWFOCUS SEISMICITY OF THE SEA Fig. 1. Bathymetric chart of the Sea of Japan with elements
OF JAPAN DOCUMENTED IN THE ORIGINAL of the morphography.
CATALOG OF EARTHQUAKES The underwater rises: (1) South Tatar, (2) Vityaz,
FOR THE PERIOD OF 19752010 (3) Bogorov, (4) Pervenets, (5) Yamato, (6) East Korean,
(7) Krischtofovich, (8) Ullyndo, (9) Przhevalskii,
The seismicity in the Sea of Japan is registered by (10) Oki. The underwater valleys: (11) Genzan, (12) Kita
several national seismological surveys (the Russia, the Yamato, (13) West Yamato, (14) Toyama, (15) Oki. The
Japanese, and the Democratic Peoples Republic of inset presents the schematic position of the lithospheric
plates [47]: the (NA) North American, (EU) Eurasian,
Korea) and is also summarized in the bulletins of the (AM) Amur, (PA) Pacific, and (Okh) Okhotsk.
NEIC/USGS and the International Seismological
Center (ISC) world agencies [612, 14, 44, 24, 25,
3941]. Precisely these data sources were used in the assessing positions of the hypocenters of the shallow
present work. focus earthquakes averages 0.7, 1.5, and 1.5 km in lat
The bulk of the information on the seismicity of the itude, longitude, and depth, respectively. For the
Sea of Japan for the period of 19752010 was derived period under consideration, several strong and cata
from the Catalog of the Japanese Meteorological strophic earthquakes were registered in the Sea of
Agency [40]. Approximately 92.3% of all the events Japan, which were accompanied by many aftershocks.
mentioned in the composite catalog are taken from The information on the aftershock successions
this catalog. Beginning from 1998, the accuracy in accompanying these earthquakes constituted a signif
icant share of the events cited in the composite catalog of the earthquake is confined to the boundary that sep
presented in this work. arates the Late Mesozoic (Cretaceous) Sikhote Alin
The second (in significance) catalog of earthquakes orogen from the younger Late Cenozoic (Neogene)
registered in southern Sakhalin by the local network of Tatar synclinorium [30].
digital seismic stations provides information on 4.7% For the period under consideration, the central
of the seismic events [14]. This catalog includes the part of the Sea of Japan was aseismic at the level of
most complete and accurate estimates of the parame magnitudes M 3.0. This is partly explained by the
ters of the aftershocks from the Nevelsk August 2, difficult access to the sea bottom for seismological
2007, earthquake (M = 6.2), which are mentioned in investigation and the specifics of the organization of
the composite catalog, while doubling, less accurate the seismic observational network of the Japanese
estimates from other catalogs are omitted. The third Meteorological Agency. This network is aimed at the
(in significance) place (2.3% of the events cited in the registration of seismic events on the Japanese Islands
composite catalog) belongs to the regional catalog and in their vicinity. Therefore, the representativeness
available for the entire Sakhalin [24]. The data on the concerning the registration of weak earthquakes
seismicity of the western shelf of middle and central decreases away from the seashore [31, 34].
Sakhalin in the period beginning from the end of Sep While the distribution of the earthquake epicenters
tember of 2005 were taken from the Operative catalog in the Sea of Japan was quite expectable, the nearver
of the Sakhalin branch (the Geophysical Survey of the tical distribution of their hypocenters along the sublat
Russian Academy of Sciences) [22]. This and other itudinal sections appeared to be unexpected in light of
catalogs provided an insignificant share of the infor the presentday concepts of the inclined subduction
mation (approximately 0.7%). zone in the JapanSakhalin back arc [27, 46].
The data from the USGS/NEIC world catalog A similar nearvertical distribution of the hypo
[19], the Russian summaries on the Primore and centers of the weak earthquakes (M = 23) in the
Amur regions [711, 25], and the Korean sources [6, Japan region is noted in [2]. These socalled seismic
12, 41] were used for characterizing the seismic events nails 510 km in diameter and 1050 km deep rep
in the western part of the Sea of Japan. resent, however, local structures independent of the
The data selection in the composite catalog of shallowfocus seismicity zone in question along the
earthquakes is timeunified. The origination moments underwater margin of the JapanSakhalin island arc.
of the seismic events are reduced to the Japan standard Moreover, Vadkovskii [2] notes the lack of direct cor
time (JST). These works resulted in the compilation of relation between such nails and strong (M > 5.0)
the catalog of recent (M 3.0, h 60 km) earthquakes earthquakes.
in the Sea of Japan that happened in the period of
19752010, which contains information on 9513 seis
mic events. Figures 2 and 3 present maps of the earth PROBABLE RELATIONS
quake epicenters from the composite catalog for dif BETWEEN THE SHALLOWFOCUS
ferent depth intervals, and Figure 4 illustrates the ver SEISMICITY ZONES AND THE CRUSTAL
tical sublatitudinal sections of the seismoactive TECTONICS IN THE SEA OF JAPAN
domains for the northern, central, and southern parts Judging from Figs. 24, most of the earthquakes
of the Sea of Japan. The axial lines of these sections are are observed beneath the underwater margin of the
located at 37, 41, and 45 N. The width of the bands JapanSakhalin arc in the area corresponding to the
covered by these sections is 1. boundary between the Amur and Okhotsk lithospheric
The maps of the earthquake epicenters demon plates (Fig. 1, inset). The recently discovered zone of
strate that the surface seismicity in the Sea of Japan is convergence and the late PlioceneQuaternary sub
mainly confined to the underwater margin of the duction of the Sea of Japans bottom (plate) in the
JapanSakhalin island arc in the area located approx eastern direction in response to the Baikal rifts open
imately between 34 to 52 N. On the western coast of ing (see the reviews in [27] and [46]) are thought to be
the sea in the Korean Peninsula area, the seismicity related to the Hokkaido and Honshu margins. The
level notably decreases to fall almost to zero values in subduction rate is as high as 2 cm/year, and the depth
the extended area along the coast of the Democratic the plates subsidence and the related earthquakes
Peoples Republic of Korea and the Primore and amounts to 50 km. This idea takes into consideration
Khabarovsk regions of the Russian Federation. the dominant eastward displacements of the GPS
The only exception is the November 13, 1990, recording stations between Lake Baikal and the Sea of
event with (M = 6.3) [25]. It is anomalous with respect Japan, the insignificant (2030 km) depth of the shal
to both the location and intensity. The maximal earth lowfocus earthquake centers beneath the islands, and
quake magnitude in the residence areas located in the their likely stable position for the last 2 myr.
vicinity of its center was likely as high as 56 on the In the context of this work, it should be noted that
MSK scale. No such strong earthquakes were docu the Northeast Japanese, or Tohoku (to in Japan
mented in this area during the last century. The center means north and hoku, east), arc occupies, together
6.56.9
50
6.06.4
48 5.55.9
5.05.4
4.54.9
4.04.4 48
3.53.9
3.03.4
46 by depth
010 km
1120 km
46
A
44 A'
44
n
a
42 Hokkaido I.
p
a
42
J
B
f
o
40 B'
a
40
e
S
38
38
C
C'
36
36
Honshu I.
34
34
130 132 134 136 138 140 142
Fig. 2. Distribution of the epicenters of the earthquakes with M 3 at depths of 010 and 1120 km in the Sea of Japan for the
period of 19752005 after the original catalog.
(AA', BB', CC') axial lines of the vertical latitudinal sections of the seismoactive bands 0.5 wide relative to the axial lines.
6.56.9
50
6.06.4
48 5.55.9
5.05.4
4.54.9
4.04.4 48
3.53.9
3.03.4
46 by depth
2130 km
31 km
46
A A'
44
44
n
a
42 Hokkaido I.
p
a
42
J
B
f
o
40 B'
a
40
e
S
38
38
C
C'
36
36
Honshu I.
34
34
130 132 134 136 138 140 142
Fig. 3. Distribution of the epicenters of the earthquakes with M 3 at depths of 2130 and 3160 km in the Sea of Japan for the
period of 19752005 after the original catalog.
For the explanation of the figure, see Fig. 2.
W AA' E
0 100 200 300 400 500 km
10
20
30
Classification of
40 the earthquakes
by magnitude
M 7.0
6.56.9
50 6.06.4
5.55.9
5.05.4
4.54.9
60 4.04.4
3.53.9
3.03.4
BB'
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 km
10
20
30
Classification of
40 the earthquakes
by magnitude
M 7.0
50 6.56.9
6.06.4
5.55.9
5.05.4
4.54.9
60 4.04.4
3.53.9
3.03.4
CC'
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 km
10
20
30
Classification of
40 the earthquakes
by magnitude
M 7.0
50 6.56.9
6.06.4
5.55.9
5.05.4
4.54.9
60 4.04.4
3.53.9
3.03.4
H, km
Fig. 4. Vertical latitudinal sections through seismoactive domains along lines AA', BB', and CC' within bands 0.5 wide rel
ative to the axial lines.
The coordinates of the line ends: A (45.0 N; 135.0 E), A' (45.0 N; 142.5 E), B (41.0 N; 129.0 E), B' (41.0 N; 140.5 E), C (37.0
N; 129.0 E), C' (41.0 N; 139.5 E).
with the opposite Benioff and Tarakanov seismofocal dips widening and deepening from its flanks toward
zones (Fig. 5A), the reentering structural angle with the central part (approximately between 45 and 38 N)
the apex located near Vladivostok. It is formed by the from 3050 to 6070 km (Fig. 4). With respect to the
frontal deepseated thrusts of the Benioff zones of the tectonics, the latter may be related to the young break
IzuMariana and KurilKamchatka arctrench sys up, longitudinal shear, or subduction zone [46]. It is
tems, which is confirmed by the seismic isobath maps conceivable that the nearvertical dip of the hypo
in [32]. center zone reflects the regional bent (root zone of the
Another aspect concerns the results of the interpre frontal deepseated thrust) in the crustal layers and
tation of the CMP data and the sediment balance in upper mantle at the transition from their subhorizon
the accretionary wedge of the Japanese Trench tal position beneath the Sea of Japan to the inclined
(Fig. 5B; [17]), according to which the Tohoku arc has one under the borderland.
been thrust over the Pacific Oceans bottom along the Figure 5 illustrates the tectonic features of the
Benioff zone approximately for 90 km during the last underwater margin of the JapanSakhalin arc. It rep
0.51.0 myr. Its frontal part forms the Oyashio crustal resents a model of the divergent orogen bordered by
overthrust 1020 km thick, which is responsible for opposite marginal compression faults [33]. This model
the March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami was recently proposed for the Kamyshovyi anticlino
[45]. rium of Sakhalin [19, 21] and the JapanSakhalin arc
in this work. The models selection is justified by the
Inasmuch as the Sea of Japan is lacking an arcpar
materials on the Moneron 1971; Uglegorsk 2000;
allel rift (spreading) of similar width [1, 16, 23, 28, 38],
Noto 2007; and, likely, Nevelsk 2007 earthquakes
the crust beneath the latter is allochthonous, i.e.,
[3, 4, 15, 26, 42] indicating the eastward dip of the
detached from its base (an areal tectonic overthrust).
main seismic fractures under the island arc. It should,
As follows from Figs. 24, a significant part of the sea
however, be specified that the latter represents a cylin
is almost aseismic at the M 3 level. The seismic activ
drical reversed fracture in the duplex of the West
ity for weak earthquakes (M ~ 12) may be estimated
Sakhalin regional fault [21].
using bottom seismographs; unfortunately, no such
information is available. The differences in the bot As follows from Fig. 5, the seismoactive zone of the
toms topography and the acoustic basements surface regional back reversed fault (megaduplex) and the
exceeding 23 km [1, 5, 28] indicate the probable divergent structure of the JapanSakhalin arc were
existence of a notable weak seismicity background. formed in response to the gravitational crust sliding in
the back part of the frontal deepseated thrust. In
The main zone of shallowfocus seismicity 100 Sakhalin and Japan, the latter is termed as the Central
200 km wide and approximately 2000 km long extends Sakhalin and Oyashio overthrusts, respectively
along the margin of the JapanSakhalin island arc. (Figs. 5A, 5B; [17, 45]). Taking into consideration the
The second, smaller zone corresponds to the northern suggestions by G.D. Azhgirei, L.P. Zonenshain, and
exit from the Tsushima Strait and the southeastern some other researchers concerning the assessment of
underwater margin of the Korean Peninsula (the Sino the changes in the crust area when determining the
Korean Shield). The deepseated faults probably fault types in their transverse sections, it becomes clear
related to the Benioff zone of the IzuMariana arc that the nearvertical back reversed fault acquires with
[32] and marked by a synonymous megadike 220 depth an incline toward the uplifted active islandarc
5 km in size with the corresponding linear positive block in the manner shown in Fig. 5B [21]. Owing
Bouget gravity anomaly may be assumed in the Tsush likely to the substantial difference in the crustal sliding
ima Strait area (the MesozoicCenozoic Nakton scales in the back part of the deepseated thrust in the
marginal trough) (Fig. 6; [20, 36]). Benioff zone and the Central Sakhalin updipthrust,
Along the JapaneseSakhalin borderland, the seis the back reversed faults are arranged in an echelon
moactive zone is characterized by the nearvertical manner: the former extends further westward as com
Fig. 5. (A) juxtaposed latitudinal section of the opposite seismofocal zones and the CMP JNOC 2 profile (B) in the northern
Honshu arc (Tohoku) near 39 N [17, 34].
(1) thalweg of the Japanese Trench; (2, 3) the volcanic and aseismic fronts, respectively; (4) the base of the Sea of Japan margin;
(5, 6) the front and root of the Oyashio overthrust, respectively, are also indicated by the black semicircles and the inclined lines
(faults); (7) the surface of the mobile autochthon (layer of the Northwest plate); (8) the accretionary wedge. The Italic number:
(1) clouds of earthquake hypocenters.
(B) deep section CMP JNOC 2.
(1) surface of the Late Cretaceous acoustic basement in allochthon (a) and autochthon (b); (2) compression faults: assumed (a)
and proven (b); (3) reflectors related to turbidite lenses (a) and thrusts in the accretionary wedge (b); (4) the Cenozoic sedimen
tary cover and accretionary wedge (cloud of dots); the number 1 in the section designates the accretion front at the base of the
Pacific slope of the island arc.
(C) fragment of the deep CMP1 section with the thrust monoclonal ridge from the divergent detachment zone at the Northwest
Pacific bottom: model of the Kamyshevyi anticlinorium (monocline) of the Sakhalin and Japan arc [19].
A
W 4 2 3 6 5 1 E
km
0
8 7 1
50
100
150
200
B
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
2 1
6 K2
10 Oyashio overthrust K2
14 a a a
km b 1 b 2 b 3 4
NW 1090 C 1100 SE
Kamyshovyi anticlinorium (model) km
5
West Sakhalin fault Central Sakhalin fault
6
7
Allochthon 8
9
10
11
12
M
13
14
Autochthon 15
km
12 1
30
40
0 40
30
200
100
38 in the Benioff zone. In such an interpretation, this
0
14
80
event does not look anomalous with respect to its loca
25 12
0
tion and intensity.
0
80
10
60
20 80
60
37 In the southern Sea of Japan, the seismoactive zone
40
14
0 40
5
40 0 in the JapanSakhalin back arc comprises the eastern
5
20
10 and southern areas of the small Ullyndo bathyal basin
0
15 10
40
and partly the eastern Tsushima (Korean) Strait. Most
shallowfocus earthquakes in this area occur in the
20
20
40
0
60 20 36
0
30 20 30
vicinity of the Tsushima megadike (Fig. 6a, 6b, and 8a)
2010
20
10 likely marking the synonymous deepseated fault [20]
15 2 0 20
15 0
and in the NEextending band on the Korean border
0
35 land 5070 km away from the Ullyndo Basin and
N trough. The remaining part of the borderland with the
50
40
adjacent continental margin is aseismic.
30 Tsushima 30 20
Strait Steep, locally stepwise (normal faults and flexures)
slopes separate the borderland or, more exactly, the
128 130 132 W underwater continuation of the Sobek massif from the
B
12 Ullyndo Basin and trough. These features provide
2 grounds for tracing the large Ullyndo fault in this area
2000 10001 11
1
2500 38
h [28]. Its steep hanging wall with the Ullyndo Plateau
ug
o (Krischtofovich Rise [1]) that crowns the Sobek massif
11
tr
2
10
4
5
y nd
zoicCenozoic sediments [23, 28]. The latitudinal
6
ll
11
50
U
20 00
11
5
10
14
0
monoclonal structure, which allows the Ullyndo fault
37 in the frontal part of the Korean borderland to be con
6 sidered as representing a cylindrical updipthrust with
0
7 200 the northwestern dip of its plane at angles of 1020
(Fig. 5A). This explains the occurrence of rare upper
17 sin crustal earthquakes 5070 km west of the latter
o Ba
ly nd and the aseismicity of its bottom projection zone
Ul
8 1500 (Figs. 2, 3).
36
500
N Noteworthy is the crustal seismicity (monitoring)
1000
200 in the northern Tsushima (Korean) Straits exit and
lf
the adjacent shelf of Honshu Island, where two large
2
hu she
CMP 1
13
9 Dolgoran1 Borehole H
ons (the southern and eastern, respectively) landslide cir
ques of the Ullyndo Basin exhibit regressive erosion
130 131 132 W and the formation of block potentially tsunamigenic
landslides (Fig. 8b; [18]). They slide from the upper
Fig. 6. (A) Bouguet gravity map of the Korean Peninsula step of the continental slope along the regionally
and its southeastern margin [36] with isoanomalies ranging
from 5 (the land and shelf) to 20 mGal (the continental inclined surfaces within the NeogeneQuaternary
slope); the line of black squares designates the Tsushima Huanghe underwater delta toward the Ullyndo Basin
megadike and the synonymous deepseated fault [18]; (Fig. 8a). The cirques that were formed in the middle
(B) bathymetric chart of the Ullyndo (Tsushima) Basin late Pleistocene owing to large landslides (mudflows)
and trough with continuous seismic profiling (Figs. 7a7c) of poorly consolidated sandyclayey sediments
and the CMP records (the dotted line across the Dolgo
ran1 Borehole designated by the black triangle [18, 37]; (according to the Dolgoran1 parametric well drilling
Fig. 8c): (1) Ullyndo Plateau, (2) East Korean trough, results [37]) mark the front of the underwater delta.
(3) underwater Vonsan valley [44], (4) Mount Glebov, On the basins bottom, they form twothree landslide
(5) Ullyndo Island, (6) Hupo sedimentary basin, units (stratiform landslides) with semitransparent rug
(7) Sobek massif, (8) Pohang sedimentary basin, (9) Nak
ton marginal trough, (10) Chukto Volcano and Islands, ged seismic facies in the continuous seismic profiling
(11) Oki Ridge (Przhevalskii [1]), (12) West Yamato bay records (Fig. 7c; [18]). At the same time, in [29], its
of the Central Basin of the Sea of Japan [1]. authors report in the section Asian continent coast
es
the
of
m
do
paleoincision 2s
e
7.4 km AB
siv
4s @
tru
0 15 km
ex
vlc.
AB SW (b)
0.5 s PR 132 NE
PR 116 PR 115 (b) Side
Underwater
landslides
River delta
Huanghe
1s NW SE
Ullyndo Basin Landslide
vlc. 0 5 km (mudflow)
EX
AB Sobek
2 s 1st multiplemassif 1.5 s
reflection
0 5 km
@
(c)
S 0 2 km E
PR 140 (c) 0 0
NW SE
Ullyndo Basin 1 1
III
landslide (mudflow) 2 2
3s F l I
II
AB e x 3 3
u r
e s s
reversed faults or, more exactly, their system (megadu 13. D. E. Karig, Origin and development of marginal
plex) and the divergent structure of the island arc. basins in the western Pacific, J. Geophys. Res. 76
(B11), 25422561 (1971).
The crustal seismicity under the southeastern mar
gin of the Korean Peninsula (the SinoKorean Shield) 14. Katalogue of the South Sakhalin Earthquakes, 2000
2010 (Based on Data Autonomous Digital Seismic Sta
is likely related to the Tsushima and Ullyndo faults. tions), Ed. by Ch.U. Kim, E.P. Semenova,
Special attention should be paid to monitoring of the O.A. Zherdeva et al. (Dalnauka, Vladivostok, 2011) [in
crustal seismicity and the block presumably tsunami Russian].
genic landslides in the southern and eastern cirques of 15. Ch. U. Kim, V. I. Mikhailov, R. S. Sen, and
the Ullyndo Basin incised into the marginal part of the E. P. Semenova, The August 2, 2007, Nevelsk Earth
NeogeneQuaternary underwater Huanghe River quake: instrumental data analysis, Russ. J. Pac. Geol.
delta. 3 (5), 412423 (2009).
16. R. G. Kulinich and M. G. Valitov, Thicknesses and
types of the crust beneath the Sea of Japan inferred
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS from marine and satellite gravimetric investigations,
We are grateful to O.A. Zherdeva and Russ. J. Pac. Geol. 5 (6), 481491 (2011).
M.G. Gurinov (Institute of Marine Geology and 17. V. L. Lomtev and V. N. Patrikeev, Compressional struc
Geophysics, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of tures in the Kurile and Japan trenches (DVNTs AN
Sciences) for preparing the illustrations to the article. SSSR, Vladivostok, 1985) [in Russian].
This work was supported by a contract in the frame 18. V. L. Lomtev, New data on the structure of the
work of the subprogram Investigation of the World Ullyndo basin and trough, Sea of Japan, in Structure
Oceans Nature (second turn), and Board lot 12 Com and Prospects of Petroleum Potential in the Regions of the
Northwestern Pacific Margin (IMGiG DVO RAN,
plex Investigations of the Far East Seas of Russia and YuzhnoSakhalinsk, 2000), pp. 5474 [in Russian].
the North Pacific for Increasing the Efficiency of the
19. V. L. Lomtev, S. P. Nikiforov, and Ch. U. Kim, Tec
Marine Activities and Rational Nature Management. tonic aspects of the crustal seismicity of Sakhalin,
Vestn. Dalnevost. Otd. Ross. Akad. Nauk, No. 4, 64
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