Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Dr.Suvarna P.Nidagundi
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
In
RASASHASTRA
Dr.M.C.Patil
M.D. (Ayu)
Dr.Girish N.Danappagouder
M.D. (Ayu)
J.S.V.V. SAMSTHES
research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. M.C. Patil, MD (Ayu),
Professor and HOD, Post - Graduate Department of Rasashastra and under the co-
Department of Rasashastra.
Guidance.
Guide
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati M.D (Ayu)
Co-Guide
(Ayu) Professor & HOD, Post Graduate Department of Rasashastra and under the Co-
Department of Rasashastra.
Date: Date:
Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in print
i
I express my deep gratitude to Dr.Dilipkumar B. MD (Ayu) for his critical
suggestions and expert guidance for the completion of thesis.
I am extremely grateful to Dr.Jagadish Mitti, MD (Ayu) who helped me in every
step of this thesis work and given valuable informations wherever necessary.
I convey my sincere gratitude to our beloved Principal Dr.G.B.Patil whose
valuable suggestions during the course of my academic career has shown me the way
of perfectness.
I take this opportunity to thank HODs of other departments
Dr.Purushothamacharyulu MD (Ayu), Dr.Varadhacharyulu MD (Ayu), and Dr.G.V.Mulgund
MD (Ayu) for their inspiration and valuable suggestions.
I am grateful to all the PG teachers Dr.K.S.R.PrasadMD.(AYU),
Dr.S.H.Doddamani, Dr.ShivaramuduMD.(AYU), Dr.R.Y.ShettarMD.(AYU), Dr.Kuber.
SankMD.(AYU), Dr.Santosh BelvadiMD.(AYU), Dr.Mulki Patil MD.(AYU), Dr.A.Samudri
MD.(AYU), Dr.YasminMD.(AYU), Dr.Shashidhar NidagundiMD.(AYU) and Dr.Shankaragouda
for their valuable suggestions.
I extend my immense gratitude to Dr.G.S.Hiremath, Dr.S.A.Patil,
Dr.U.V.Purad, Dr.B.G.Swami, Dr.Paraddi, Dr.Sajjana and other teaching staff who
helped during my study.
I take this opportunity to thank Shri.Suresh Hiremath, Shri.Chandur and
Shri.Shivakumar Lecturers of J. T. Pharmacy College Gadag, who extended valuable
support for conducting analytical procedures.
I feel proud in expressing my sincere gratitude to my brothers, family
members and my best friend Dr.Manjula, who not only helped me but also stood by
me during hours of stress and dejection.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Librarian
Shri.V.M.Mundinamani, and Asst Librarian Shri.S.B.Sureban and Shri Shavi for
providing valuable books in time throughout the study.
I extend my sincere thanks to my seniors Dr.Santhoji, Dr.Jaggal,
Dr.V.S.Hiremath, Dr.Koteshwar, Dr.R.B.Pattanashetti, Dr.Ganti, Dr.Pradeep,
Dr.Sobagin, Dr.Sasvihalli, Dr.M.S.Hiremath, My classmates Dr.S.V.Teggi,
Dr.Sharanu Angadi, Dr.Anand.H, Dr.Anitha.H and Junior friends Dr.Suma.J,
Dr.Jayshree.S, Dr.Rudrakshi.D, Dr.Kattimani, Dr.Amnish Varma, Dr.Kavita, Dr.Anu,
Dr.Vijayalaxmi, Dr.Shivakumar, and Dr.Ravindra for their guidelines and timely
rendered help.
ii
I take this moment to express my thanks to all my Post Graduate friends
Dr.Jagadish.H, Dr.Anand.D, Dr.Gangur, Dr.Channaverswami, Dr.Vijay,
Dr.Lingareddi, Dr.Ashwin, Dr.Hakkandi, Dr.Manju.Akki, Dr.Umesh, Dr.Krishna,
Dr.Akki, Dr.Gavi, Dr.Sarvi. Dr.Kalmath, Dr.Ashok, Dr.Kendadmath, Dr.Sajjanar,
Dr.Venkareddy, Dr.Shaila, Dr.Sunita, Dr.Bingi, Dr.Ratan, Dr.Uday, Dr.Hugar,
Dr.Meenaxi, Dr.Ashwini, Dr.Madhushri, Dr.Shalini, Dr. Shivaleela, Dr. Sulochana &
Dr. Kamalaxi.
I am very much thankful to M/s Pragati Xerox Center, Gadag for their timely
help bringing out this computer print.
I express my thanks to all the persons who have helped me directly &
indirectly with apologies for my ability to identify them individually.
Dr.Suvarna P.Nidagundi.
iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED
AH -- Astanga Hrudaya
AP -- Ayurveda Prakash
BP -- Bhava Prakasha
BR -- Bhaishajya Ratnavali
BRJ -- Basavarajium
KN -- Kaideva Nighantu
RK -- Rajakamadhenu
RM -- Rasendra Mangala
RMJ -- Rasamanjari
RN -- Raja Nighantu
iv
RPS -- Rasa Prakash Sudhakar
RRK -- Rasaratnakar
RSM -- Rasamrut
RSN -- Rasarnava
RT -- Rasatarangini
PV -- Parada Vignana
YR -- Yogaratnakara
v
Abstract
Background:
varied preparations. Many of such formulations have been obscured for lack of proper
apprehension of the therapeutic uses and also due to the complexity in their
has properties like Krimigna, Bahubootavishapaha, etc. The above diseases caused by
microorganisms.
Objectives:
The present study was planned with the following Aims and Objectives
1. Preparation of Rasakarpoor.
Methods:
Pharmaceutical study:
115-116.
vi
Analytical study:
characters, loss on 1100C, Solubility, pH, and fineness of the particles etc.
Experimental study:
Rasakarpoor. For the study 2-gram +ve, 2-gram ve bacteria and 2 fungi were
Results:
Zone of inhibition. Zone of inhibition was calculated with the help of measuring
transparent scale.
1. Rasakarpoor has shown less significant activity for all bacterias except E-coli,
100gm/ml).
2. Rasakarpoor has shown significant activity for fungai both the concentrations
compared to fluconozole.
doshas.
Antimicrobial activity.
vii
When Rasakarpoor was processed properly, is very effective drug in the minimal
dose.
viii
Contents
Sl No Index Page No
1 Introduction 1-4
4 Methodology 119-161
5 Results 162-169
6 Discussion 170-179
7 Conclusion 180-181
8 Summary 182-184
9 Bibliography 185-200
10 Annexure 201-203
ix
List of Tables
Sl. Page
Title of the Table
No No
1 Showing Synonyms of Hingula according to different Texts 9
2 Showing Synonyms are classified on the basis of appearance, Guna,
10
Karma, Constituents, and Habitat
3 Showing Classification of Hingula according to different Texts 11
4 Showing Types of Hingula according to different Text 12
5 Showing Grahya laxana of Hingula according to different Text 14
6 Showing Different process according to different Text 15
7 Showing Complications according to different Text 15
8 Showing types of Satvapatana of Hingula according to different Text 16
9 Showing Rasa of Hingula according to different Text 18
10 Showing Doshaghnata of Hingula according to different text 19
11 Showing Description about Parada according to different text 25, 26
12 Showing Classification of Synonyms of Parada on the basis of
27
Roopa, Guna, Utpatti, and Upayog
13 Showing Synonyms of Parada according to different Text 27, 28
14 Showing Types of Parada depending on the Colour 31
15 Showing Types of Parada depending on the place of Origin 31
16 Showing Types of Parada dosha and dosha karma According to
32
different Text
17 Showing Shodhana process according to Rasarnava 35
18 Showing Shodhana process according to Rasatarangini 35
19 Showing Shodhana process according to Rasendra Sara Sangraha 35
20 Showing Shodhana process according to Ayurveda Prakash &
36
Rasendra Sarasangraha
21 Showing important ores of Mercury 39
22 Showing Synonyms of Saindhava lavana 55, 56
23 Showing Properties of Sandhava Lavana according to different Texts 56, 57
24 Showing different methods of Rasakarpoor preparation explained by
77
different Texts
25 Showing Different types of Anupana of Rasakarpoor 79
26 Showing Different indications mentioned by different Texts 80-81
27 Showing Category & Features of Krimi 90
28 Showing difference between Gram +ve and Gram ve Bacteria 93
29 The observations done during Hingula Shodhana. Pract No 1 121
30 The observations done during Hingula Shodhana 123
31 Observations during Hingula Satvapatana 125
32 Observations of heating pattern 125
33 Observations during Hingula Satvapatana 127
34 Observations of heating pattern 127
x
35 Hourly temperature chart 136
36 Overall Results of Rasakarpoor Nirmana Vidhi 141
37 Preparation of Reagent 148
38 Nutrient broth composition 157
39 Potato Dextrose Agar composition 158
40 Nutrient Agar media composition 159
41 Efficacy of Cefotaxime and Rasakarpoor against Staphylococcus 162
aureus (+ve)
42 Efficacy of Cefotaxime and Rasakarpoor against Streptococcus 163
Pyogenes (+ve)
43 Efficacy of Cefotaxime and Rasakarpoor against Escherichia coli 164
(ve)
44 Efficacy of Cefotaxime and Rasakarpoor against Pseudomonas 165
aeruginosa (- ve)
45 Efficacy of Fluconazole and Rasakarpoor against Candida 166
Albicans
46 Efficacy of Fluconazole and Rasakarpoor against Aspergillus flavus 167
47 Efficacy of standard and tested drug against gram +ve & gram ve 168
organisms
48 Efficacy of standard and tested drug against Fungal organism 168
49 Results of Rasakarpoor 174
50
xi
List of Graphs
List of Photos
xii
Introduction
Introduction:
is not an exception for it. It is not just a curative medicine, but also it teaches the way
to live long a healthy and happy life. The imperishable fundamentals of Ayurveda,
which were laid down by the great sages of the olden days, are still applicable because
scientific research not only to prove its certainty but also to add something to the
existing knowledge.
The ancient literature of Hindu system named as Vedas have been classified
Ayurveda is a branch of Atharvaveda and it can be divided into two sampradayas that
which deals with the Rasashastra, was slowly absorbed into the stream of Ayurveda
and now in the present era we get an integrated form of Ayurveda and Rasashastra.
GADAM JAGAT. I will make this world free from the disease and poverty through
The main aim of Rasashastra is not only lohavada but to attain the
Jeevanmukti by means of dehavada. And for vigorous health physic that is deahavada,
Rasoushadis play an important role in the medicine. As it has been stated in many
Rasashastra text that mercury kills diseases and death when it is itself in a state of
swoon. But mercury is not administered directly, it always in the compound form.
Hence Rasoushadis have been termed as Daivabhaisajya and Daivichikitsa. There fore
1
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Introduction
Among Rasaushadhis, Kupipakva rasayanas hold the top place. The effects of
these Kupipakva rasayanas are really a miracle. Their efficacy is good if they are
important factor, which changes the natural physico chemical properties of the drug,
which depends on its chemical combination and dissociation, which can be brought
about by the duration and type of contact of heat. This agni is varies from one
Kupipakva rasayanas are classified into two types viz. Sagandha and Nirgandha.
during the preparation of Rasakarpoor, Gandhaka (Sulphur) will not be used directly.
Few of the authors have recommended utility of Gandhakamla (Sulphuric acid) in the
process of Rasakarpoor.
sarvarogahara. Considering above all the properties we can assess Rasakarpoor is one
of the Rasaushadi.
The krimis are explained under two broad headings as visible and invisible in our
Vedas. According to the recent authors of Ayurveda bhootas are those disease causing
one of the commonest causes of disease and death. Microorganisms such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi and parasites, are present everywhere in the soil, water, atmosphere and
on the body surfaces, and are responsible for a large number of infectious diseases in
human beings. Particularly in children and determines the strength of working man,
the health of the mother and pattern of systemic disease in the community. Multiple
disease entities are the rule and the clinical pattern of illness differs in many ways
effects.
and kidneys in schisthomiasis, the heart in trypanosmiasis, cruzi the lungs, bones and
lymph nodes in tuberculosis, malaria and hook worm infections. Despite improved
infectious diseases continue to take very high rank as a cause of death in the world,
Allopathic medical Science. But these drugs cause many hazards to the body such as
anaphylactic reaction causing even death. There are some good medicines in terms of
There fore Rasakarpoor has been selected to treat the infection against
3
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Introduction
Krimi (Microorganisms) without complications in vitro for the study.
At BHU:
i) "Study on Rasakarpura" (Standardization & Evaluation of toxicity and
antimicrobial activity) by Dr. Rao G.P. in 1991.
4
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Aims & Objectives
The present study has been done with the following aims and objectives:
1. Preparation of Rasakarpoor.
5
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Hingula:
Introduction:
Hingula is compound of parada and gandhaka, which occurs as a mineral in
nature and also prepared artificially. This is a chief source of mercury since ancient
times to this date. In ancient times, mercury was obtained from it through patana
process. Many varieties of this mineral have been described in ancient texts. Out of
Historical Background:
The man started usage of 'Hingula' for several purposes even before Christ in
many parts of the World. Rather than a medicine the usage of Hingula attained
given the methods of testing of valuable metals using Hingula. Attracted towards its
beauty, the Indian ladies were using this for face make-up. The ore was directly used
Vedic Period:
Ashtanga Hridaya. But, we get references of parada. It is assumed that in olden days,
text for the first time. Ghanasuahire vaa rope swarna mrit valuka hingula kalko vaa
He mentioned it for testing various metals. He did not describe the use of
1) Parikuttanam (Hammering)
2) Avachahadana (Cutting)
3) Ullekhana (Scratching)
4) Parimardana (Rubbing)
Here Hingula is mentioned under Parimardana (Kou Arth 2/14/54)
Nighantu Period:
Properties etc.
time about shodhana and the therapeutic usage of Hingula and this is also used
rasadravyas.
7
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
rasagandsambhotam which indicates the awareness about chemical composition of
Hingula.
preparation.
Other Granthas:
shodhana, grahyalakshana and uses. These texts also mentioned the artificial
preparation of hingula.
Vernacular Names:1& 2
Sanskrit -- Hingula, Darada, Churnaparada, Mlechch
Hindi -- Hingula, Singarpha,
Latin name Sulphuatumhydrargyrum
English -- Cinnabar, Redsulphide of Mercury
Kannada -- Ingalika,
Marathi -- Hingula,
Assami -- Janophar
Telagu -- Ingulikam,
Gujarati -- Hingula
Malayalam -- Sedilengam,
Arabic -- Zunjefer
Nepal -- Sabita,
Persian -- Shengherf
8
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Synonyms
Table No 1 Synonyms of Hingula according to different Texts:
Sl.No Synonym RT 3 RSS4 AP5 RSN6 DhN7 RSM8 KN9 BP10
01. Hingulam - - - - + - - -
02. Hingul + - - - - - - -
03. Hingula + + + + - + - +
04. Ingula + - - - - - - +
05. Hingulaka - - - - - - + -
06. Mleccha + - + + + + + +
07. Rakta + - + - - - + -
08. Gairika + - - - - - + -
09. Suranga + - + - - - - -
10. Chitranga + - - - - - + -
11. Churna parada + - - - + - - +
12. Rasodbhava + - - - + - - -
13. Rasasthana + - - - + - - -
14. Ranjana + - - - - - - -
15. Kapishirshaka + - - - - - - -
16. Raktakaya + - - + - - - -
17. Hamsapada + - - - - + + -
18. Darada + + + - - - - +
19. Barbara - - + - - - - -
20. Shuka tunda - + - - - - - -
21. Jati - - - - - - + -
Rasagandha - + - + - - - -
22.
sambhuta
23. Daitya raktaka - + - - - - - -
24. Maraka - - - - + - - -
25. Maniraga - - - - - - + -
26. Rasagarbha - + + - + - - -
27. Ati rakta - - - - - - + -
28. Parvata - - - - - - + -
29. Saikta - - - - - - + -
9
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Table No 2 Synonyms are classified on the basis of appearance, Guna, Karma,
Constituents, and Habitat:
Names based on Synonyms
Appearance Kapishirshaka, Chitranga, Chinapishta, Churna Parada,
Makshi Vanga, Daitya Raktaka, Manohara, Markata Shirsa,
Rakta, Raktakaya, Rakta Parada, Shukatundaka, Supittaka,
Suranaga, Hansapada, Hansandhri, Hansaka, Hingulu,
Hinguli, Hingula, Kuruvinda.
Guna & Karma Charmanuranjana, Maraka, Maniraga, Ranjaka, Ranjana,
Lohaghna, Ratna Ragakari, Raga Dravya, Vishesa, Barbara,
Sagara, Charmara, Charmaragandhika, Charmarabandha
nam, Charmaravardhana, Uru Charmaka.
Constituents Rasagandha Sambhuta, Rasa Garbha, Rasasthana, Siddhi
Parada, Rakta Parada, Rasodbhava, Rasa.
Habitat Mleccha, Darada, Chinapista
Origin of Hingula:
been described for the origin of Hingula. The Hingula is the Virya of Lord Siva,
which was received by God Agni but due to unbearable intensity he omitted it. The
omitted material fell in 'Darada Desha' and became known as Darada, a synonym of
Hingula.
Mountain as Darada Desa while author of Rasa Prakasa Sudhakara gives Rome
as Darada Desa.
Classification:
Different authors have included Hingula under the various titles. The
classification of all rasa dravyas done generally, according to their usage and
importance in the procedure related with parada. The important rasa texts have
10
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Table No 3 Classification of Hingula according to different Texts:
Sl No Authors A B C D E F G
1 Rasahrudayatantra + - - - - - +
2 Rasarnava - + - - - - -
3 Rasakamadhenu - + - - - - -
4 Gorakshasamhita - + - - - - -
5 Anandkanda - - + - - - -
6 Rasaratnakar - - + - - - -
7 RasaprakashSudhakar - - + - - - -
8 Rasendrasarsangraha - - + - - - -
9 Rasmanjari - - + - - - -
10 Rasendrachintamani - - + - - - -
11 Ayurvedprakash + + - - - - -
12 Bhavaprakash - - + - - - -
13 Rasaratnasamucchaya + - - - - - -
14 Brihatyogtarangini - - + - - - -
15 Rasarajsundara - - - + - - -
16 Rasendrachudamani - - - + - - -
17 Rasajalnidhi - - - + - - -
18 Bharatiyrasashastra - - - + - - -
19 Dhanvantarinighantu - - - - + - -
20 Rajanighantu - - - - + - -
21 Madanphalnighantu - - - - + - -
22 Rasamruta - - - - - + -
23 Yogaratnakara - - - - - + -
24 Kaidevnighantu - - - - - - +
25 Bhavaprakashnighantu - - - - - - +
11
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Hingula Bheda:
Table No 4 Types of Hingula according to different Texts:
Sl
Name of the Text Charmara Shukatunda Hamsapada Anya
No
1 Anand Kanda + + + -
2 Rasendra Chudamani - + + -
3 Ayurveda Prakasha + + + -
4 Rasaprakash Sudhakar + + + -
5 Rasatarangini + + + Kritrim,Khanija
6 Rasamrita - - + Mlecha
7 Rasakamedhenu + + + -
8 Bhavaprakasha + + - -
9 Rasa Ratna Samuchaya - + + -
10 Parada Vignyana + + + -
11 Ayurveda Sarasangraha + + + -
12 Ayurveda Prakasha + + + -
13 Yogaratnakar + + + -
Charmara Hingula:
Shuka Varna i.e. Greenish colour. Adham
Shukatunda Hingula:
Sapeeta Varna i.e. Yellowish colour. Madhym
Hamsapada Hingula:
Uttam
It has Pravala samana and having sweta rekhas on the surface of Hingula. It is
considered to be best for therapeutic purpose. Among these three are having the
12
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Occurrence:11,12& 13
It is obtained from the mines as a natural mineral and also prepared artificially.
In ancient days hingula was available in darada desh at present it can be found at
many places all over the world i.e., Spain (almandine), Italy, Russia, Yugoslavia,
Jechoslovia, Germany (idria mines), Japan, china, USA, Australia, Nepal etc.
hingula is prepared in Surat and Calcutta. The hingula what we get from market is
13.8% of gandaka and trace amount of arsenic, iron pyrite, clay, gypsum, and black
earthy material.14
after this number of texts also mentioned the artificial preparation of Hingula. Here
to paka in mrudangayantra.
loha patra. After paka 1/10 part manashila was added and make mardana & fill in
kachakupi. After filling kept in valuka yantra and subjected to paka karma (mridu,
madyam, teevra).
13
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Grahya Hingula:
Most of the Acharyas opine that the Hamsapada variety is best among the
others.
emM x q uh p : m w h x q l W U : |
Hingula Shodhana:
Table No 5 Grahya laxana of Hingula according to different Authors:
Sl Grahya Author
No Laxanas
BP 18 BPN 19 RPS 20 RRS 21 AP 22 RT 23 RSS 24 PV 25 YR 26 ASS 27
1 Japakusum + + - - + + - + - +
Varnabha
2 Mhojwala - - - - - + - - - +
3 Bharapoorn - - - - - + - - - +
4 ShwetaRekh - - - + - + - - - -
5 Pravalabha - - + + - + - - + -
6 Bimbiphala - - - - - - + - - -
Sadrusha
7 Sumanohar - - - - - - - - - +
8 Uttama + + + + + + + + + -
swaras. 32
6. Ardhrakaswarasa or Lakuchaswarasa.33
14
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Table No 6 Different process according to different Texts:
Sl Name of Author Process
No Pachana Swedhana Mardana Bhavana
1 RSN28 + - - +
2 RPS29 - + - -
3 RRS30 - - - +
4 RT31 - - - +
5 RSS32 - + - +
6 RCH33 - - - +
7 AP34 - - - +
8 RST35 - - - +
9 SSMK36 - - - +
10 YR37 - - - +
symptoms like Klama, Moha, Bhrama, Klaibya, Kusta, Kshinatha, Andatha, Murcha,
Prameha etc.
15
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Shodhita gandhaka should be administered till the complication subsides.
Satvapatana of Hingula:
4 BPN 42 - + - - - +
5 ASS43 - - - - - +
6 AP44 Nimbu Swarasa or Nimba + - - - -
Patra Swaras
7 RST45 Nimbu swarasa - - + - +
8 RSS46 Paribadra or Nimbu swarasa + - - - -
9 RRK 47 Gomutra,Mahishamutra,Tiltail + + + - -
a,AmlavargaKumariswarasa
& Triphalakvat
pharmaceutical study.
In ancient days the only source of Mercury was Hingula (Cinnabar). Since
doshas & believed to possess with the property of jeernagandha gunaha (jeernagandha
all purposes without doing ashtasanskara. Almost all Acharyas have explained about
16
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Hingulakrishta parada with the help of many yantras. The above mentioned yantras
three hours, either with the nimbu swarasa or nimbu patra swarasa, which enables to
reduce the hingula to its fine state of division; By this maximum amount of parada
can be extracted. Nimbu swarasa contain citric acid where as Nimbu patra contains
organic sulphur. The effect of bhavana with these juices has to be evaluated
scientifically, which is a separated entity. It is advised to keep cold pads over the top
of Urdvapatanayantra, by which parada collects over the inner surface of the upper
vessel of Damaru yantra. It is assumed to be free from doshas with this procedure.
mercury was only Hingula (cinnabar). In Spain, Italy etc Parada is extracted by
various methods.
HgS + O2 Hg + O2
By these two methods most part of the parada separates from sulphur and
remained parada is taken out by distillation. For this purpose various types of furnaces
are employed. There is vast change in the methodology and equipments employed for
from various types of doshas. Hence, the same does not need any further samskar for
the removal and could be used even without subjecting it to Astasamskaras and is
claimed to be capable of performing all the action attributed to it. More over
according to Rasaprakash Sudhakar, Parada extracted from Hingula may posses all
Marana of Hingula:
18
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Guna :Ushna Guna49
Veerya :Ushna Veerya49
Vipaka : Katu vipaka49
Doshaghnata :Tridoshaghna, Vatakaphaghna, Kaphaghna, Kaphapittagn.
Sl No Doshaghnata Rasagranthas
1. Vata Basavarajiya, Rasendra Chudamani, Rasendra
Pitta Sara sangraha, RSS, Danwantharinighantu,
Kapha Rasamrita, Rasachandanshu, Rasadhatu prakasha
2. Kapha B.P., A.P., Aryuveda Chintamani, Parada
Pitta samhita, Rasendra Bhaskara, rasoddhara tantra,
Si.Bh.Ma.Ma. Bha.Ra.Sha, Bri YoTarangini,
3. Kapha Rasatarangini
Karma:
Sarvadoshaghna, Agnivardhaka, Rasayana, Balya, Medhya, Kantivardhaka,
Upayog:49 & 50
Swarnapariksanarthaka.
Matra:51
1 ratti (125mg)
Anupan:52
Maricha,Guda, Pipali,Guduchi swarasa, Madhu, Ardraka swarasa, Tambula
Swarasa.
Toxicity of Hingula:
Pathyas etc. are the idea behind the word 'Improper administration'. Such drug will
cause certain diseases to the human body. Many Rasashastra texts specified this -
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
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Basavarajiyam, Ayurveda Prakasha, Yogaratnakara, Parada Samhita, and
Rasatarangini etc.
Some authors have mentioned the antidote to tackle these problems. Rasendra
Bhaskara and some other acharyas advised to follow the procedures used for the
inclining to brown its streak is scarlet to reddish brown. Adamantine to luster prefect
Variety:
1. Cinnabar native This is one of the most important ore of mercury. Chemically
it contains 84% mercury sulphide. It is bright and dark red in colour it contains other
its colour becomes darker like liver colour, such an ore is called as hepatic cinnabar.
3. Meta cinnabar This type contains muddy dust in more percent and that makes
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4. Coral ore This ore especially occurring in Germany and Italy. This ore is in the
form of rose colour earthen material. When mercury sulphide in coral ore is
5. Idrialate The variety called idrialate, always occurs cinnabar at Idria, as white
and crystalline in structure when toward and it is found in impure with clay, pyrite,
trapezohedral crystals. Crystals are also thick tabular. In habit sometimes it occurs as
twins and acicular prismatic grains, in crystal incrustations, granular, massive and
1. Cinnabar is a red or whitish red coloured mineral. This ore is a red crystalline
mass that is easily distinguishable from all other red minerals by its peculiar
mercuric chloride
of the furnace and mercuric oxide so forms decomposes to give mercury and
oxygen.
2HgO 2Hg + O2
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PARADA:
Rasashastra, without which the science of Alchemy Rasashastra perhaps would not
have existed. Considering Soota to be semen of Shiva which was thrown on earth at
various places,54 during the creative conjunction between Shiva and Parvati myth
logically, adds more to its importance. Since Shiva is the first Physician and his
semen parada is considered to be so divine that it destroys diseases, old age and even
Parada in the crude form, in the earth is with the admixture of Naga, Vanga
etc. During the medieval period the dealers sold mercury with these adulterations.
Presently these adulterants are not seen, but Oupadika and Kanchuka doshas are
preferred.
58& 59
Mythological Origin:
Lord Shiva and Parvati were in the process of cohabitation to have a strong
son for the destruction of Tarakasur by whom all Devatas were disturbed. During this
Historical Background:
Rasopanisad quotes that as soul plays an important role in body, like wise
Parada is the soul of Rasashastra and without Parada, existence of Rasashastra could
not be imagined.
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Vedakala:
There is no such direct evidence of Parada in Vedic age. But in Atharvaveda the
reference like
Indicates whenever the Veeshalpaksha lost its life, it enters the other body and
acts like Rasayana for both Swastha and rogi. Here this word Pakshi could be
considered for both Parada and Atma because of their high volatile nature.
Smruti:
Koutily Arthashastra:
highlights the presence of Dhatuvada in Koutilya kala, which is 325 years before
Kristha.
Samhita kala:
In samhitas like charaka and sushruta therapeutic use of parada has been
indicated internally and externally respectively. But Vagbhata has indicated for both
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Nighantu period:
Rasakala:
But the proper utilization of Parada for Dehavada and Lohavada started
from 8th century A.D. onwards. Thereafter, Parada has become an impeccable part of
Rasashastra.
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18 SSMK - + + + - - - + - - - + - -
19 RT 20thcent AD + + + + + + - + - - + + + +
20 PS 20th cent AD + - + - - + - + + + + + + +
21 RSM 20thcent AD - + + - - - + + - - + + + +
22 ASS 20th cent AD - - - - - - - + - - - + + -
and yogas with the same opinion about parada in their text.
60
Vernacular Names:
Sanskrit - Parada
Hindi - Para
English - Mercury, Quick silver
Kannada - Padarasa
Gujarati - Paro
Marathi - Para
Latin - Hydrargyrum
French - Mercure
German - Merkure
Arab - Abuk; Zibakh
Parsian - Simab; Zeebag.
Bengali - Para
Malayalam - Rassam
Telugu - Padarasam
Tamil - Padrasa
Konkani - Padrasa
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61
Synonyms:
2 Parada + + + + + + + +
3 Sootaraja + - - - - - - -
4 Sootama + - - - - - - -
5 Shivateja + - - - - - - -
6 Soota + + + + + + + +
7 Rasa + - - + - - - -
8 Rudraretashy - + - - - - - -
9 Rasaloha - + + - - + - -
10 Maharasa - + - + + + - -
11 Chapala - + - + + + - -
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13 Rasottama - + + - - + - -
14 Hemabija - - + - - - - -
15 Rajaswala - - + - - - - -
16 Trilochana - - + - - - - -
17 Hemanidhi - - + - - - - -
18 Shivaputro - - + - - - - -
19 Lokanatho - - + - - - - -
20 Gnanreto - - + - - - - -
21 Mahanalha - - + - - - - -
22 Rasadhatu - - - + + - - -
23 Shivaveerya - - - + + - - -
24 Shivji - - - + - - - -
25 Shivahvaya - - - - + - - -
26 Rasa - - - - - + + +
27 Raseshwar - - - - - - + -
28 Rasaraja - - - - - - + -
29 Haraja - - - - - - - +
30 Sutaka - - - - - - - +
31 Misraka - - - - - - - +
32 Trinetra - - - - - + - -
33 Roshana - - - - - + - -
34 Swamy - - - - - + - -
35 Harabeeja - - - - - + - -
Meaning of Synonyms:70
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c. Suvarna: Su means good one, Varna means Colour.Actual meaning
2. Various Motions:
a. Khechara: Kha means Sky.Khe means in the Sky and Chara means
3. Dehavada:
a. Amrita: Which never dies (immortal). Implied meaning is with the use of
e. Parata & Parada: One, which helps in completing successful & long life.
g. Rasayana: By definition it means one, which destroys old age, death &
pain.
4. Dhatuvada:
a notion that it has properties of all metals, in mixed form and hence mishraka.
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f. Maharasa: The great liquid.
g. Suta, Sutaka, Sutarat :In Sanskrit the verbal form Su means to produce,
to form.
5. Special Properties:
a. Ananta: Meaning One without end. Implied meaning One that has
b. Amara: Actual meaning is one who never dies; the word is usually used to
mean God. Here the Implied meaning is which has Devine, God like
properties.
achieved in Treatment.
6. Indian Philosophy:
b. Divya: Divine
Occurrence:
found mainly in Darada desha and also in Himalayas in small amount. But now a day,
it is obtained mainly from the mines of Spain, America, Italy, Australia, British
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71&72
Types of Parada:
The varieties of Parada described in different text are based on the 2 factors
1. Depending on the Colour.
2. Depending on the place of Origin.
Table No 14 Types of Parada depending on the Colour:
Vargikarana:
Parada (Mercury) procured from its original sources or from the market may
contain various types of admixtures. Sometimes the Parada is found associated with
some metallic elements in nature, while the profiteers deliberately adulterate it for
commercial purposes. The ancient chemists knew this fact very well and as such
most of the authorities have described impurities of Parada, which run as follows,
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Doshas of Parada
Visa Naga
Vahni Vanga
Mala
Bhumija Girija Varija Nagaja(2) Vangaja(2)
Sl Dosha Karma
No Dosha RM74 RaPu75 RRS76 RPS77 AP78 RT79 RCh80 RSN81 RSS82
1 Visa Mrutyu Mrutyu Marana Mrutyu Mrutyu Mrutyu Mrutyu Marana Mrutyu
2 Vahni Jalana Santapa Santapa Bhaya Daha Tapa Daha Kushta Daha
3 Mala Murcha Murcha Murcha Murcha Ruja Jadya Murcha Udararog Jadata
4 Mada - - - Sphota - - Vispota - -
5 Darpa - - - Siroruja - - Sirobrama - -
6 Naga Galaganda Jadata Jadata - Jadata Vruna Unmad - Vruna
7 Vanga Gulma Aadmana Aadmana - Kushta Kushta Mahashool - Kushta
Dosha
8 Capalya Asthirata - - - Viryanas Bijanasa - - Viryanas
9 Giri - - Jadata - Sphota Sphota Jadata - Jadata
10 Asahyagni - - - - Moha Moha - - Spota
11 Bhoomija - - Kushta - - - Kushta - -
12 Shailaja - - - - - - Vata - -
13 Jalaja - - - - - - Vataroga - -
14 Tamraja - - - - - - Daha - -
15 Ayaja - - - - - - Aasittakrit - -
16 Varija - - Vatavikar - - - Kantaroga - -
Shodhana:
Introduction:
The word Shodhana is originated from the word Shuddha, Which means to
Amrutikarana. The Shodhana process is not only to remove the physical and chemical
impurities of the mineral drugs, but it may also lower the toxicity of the Rasadravyas
RT (5/21) states that for the eradication of diseases from body, Samanya
Before starting the Rasakarma one should think of the Shubha Nakshatra,
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Shubha Dina and worshiping Lord Shankara and Bhairava then the procedures are to
be carried out. Because the studies shown those particular days, time and worshipping
follow these.
Samanya Shodhana:
1. Parada & Sudha raja (Lime powder) should be taken in equal quantity and
Gritha Kumari and parada should be triturated for 3 days, the parada obtained
Ksharadraya for 3 days and washed with water. This parada will be shining
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Table No 17 Shodhana process according to Rasarnava:87
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Samskara:
Samskara. Almost all Rasacharyas opines that, bala, teja, qualities of Parada can be
Parada have been explained, among them. 1st eight are for roganivaranarth and
rasayana. Last ten are rasayana & dhatu vada purpose as indicated below.
and shines like a mid day sun, which resembles with the properties of mercury
explained in modern chemistry texts. Mercury is a silver white liquid metal, with a
slight bluish tinge. In thin films, it transmits violet lit. (Dict of Applied chemistry vol
IV page No 270).
Rasapanchaka:
According to Rasmruta, Rasa Jala Nidhi and Bhavaprakash.
Rasa --- Shadrasa
Guna --- Snigdha, Sara.
Veerya --- Ushna
Vipaka --- Madhura
Karma --- Yogavahi, Rasayana, Ativrishya, Balya, Vajikara, Drushtibal
Doshaprabhava Tridoshagna.
Kanti (Lusture), Balam (Strength of body); these properties of Rasa are only obtained
Aahar:
Musta, Padmamula, Jeera, Ardraka, Hamsodaka these are all Pathya aahar.
Vihara:
Aahar:
Ateemadhyapana,Bhojana,Shayana,Ratrijagarana,Krodha,Kakarashtakagana,
Vihara:
Jalakrida, Ativyayam, Vyavaya (Streesonga Vargya) etc, these are all
Apathyas.
Matra:
According to RPu
Mrutaparada - 2 Ratti
Abrakasatvajarita parada - 1 Ratti.
According to RT
Swarnajarita parada - Ratti.
Vikrantjarita Parada - Ratti.
Vajrajarita parada - Ratti.
Ores of Mercury:
Mercury is available in two forms
1.Native mercury. 2.Ores mercury.
Generally Mercury is found in the form of Ores, the most important Ores are
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Table No 21 Important ores of Mercury:
ordinary temperature, divisible into spherical globules mobile, without any odour or
taste, slowly volatilizing at ordinary temperature. It is insoluble in H2O, HCl and cold
H2SO4. It is soluble in HNO3 and hot H2SO4.It is 13.5 times denser than water and 1.2
times heavier than lead. Its fumes are odourless and invisible.99
Physical Properties:100
Atomic No -- 80
Atomic weight --200.61
Symbol -- Hg
Specific gravity -- 13.595 at 250C
Boiling Point -- 3570C
Freezing point -- 38.90C
Place in periodic table -- Transition elements of d orbital
Configuration -- 2,8,18,32,18,2
Co ordination No -- 4
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Valency -- +1: +2
Occupied outer orbital -- 5d
State -- Metal in liquid form.
Melting point -- -38.870C
English name -- Quick Silver
Latin name -- Hydrargyrum.
Colour -- Shining silvery white
Chemical Properties:100
1. Action of Air: At ordinary room temperature, with low or high humidity mercury
is not at all affected chemically, but when heated above 3500C. It is slowly
2Hg + O2 2HgO
3. Action of Acids:
Hot and strong nitric acid dissolves mercury and produces mercuric nitrate.
Cold and Dilute H2SO4 has no action on mercury but hot and strong sulphuric
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4. Other chemicals action on Mercury:
Mercury form alloys with many metals and these are called Amalgams.
potash solution it gives mercuric sulphide. The color changes slowly from black to
red.
impurities are mixed in the mercury its boiling point changes to lower
temperature.
2. Pure Mercury does not stick to a clean glass, on the contrary impure mercury
3. Impure mercury when shaken for some time in open air forms a thin film of
blackish powder over its surface. This is due to oxidation of the metallic
Pharmacology:102&103
absorbed primarily a vapour through the lungs. Absorbed mercury is lipid soluble and
readily crosses the blood brain barrier and placenta. The half-life of elemental
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mercury is 60 days; inorganic mercury is absorbed through G.I.tract and
Organic mercury is absorbed readily through the intestine and skin. The half-
Absorption:104
Most of the soluble salts of Mercury are absorbed slowly from the intact
mucous membrane of the alimentary tract and produce their systematic effects. The
insoluble mercuric salts however are very sparingly absorbed mercurous chloride and
iodide are known to be absorbed as mercury can be detected in the urine after their
whether they are absorbed at all. The sulphide ion is very inert and it is clear that
unless and until the salt is dissociated into its constituent ions, mercury will not be
able to exert its influence on body tissues. Sulphide of mercury is not used in any of
determine whether this salt is at all made soluble under ordinary physiological
conditions in the gut and whether the mercury ion liberated from this so-called the
tissues can utilize inert combination. Small doses of mercury diminish the amount of
Further administration of small doses of mercury to rabbits, dogs and men causes an
increase in the number of RBCs while the body gains wt and general nutrition is
improved. Larger doses, however, have been found to act in the reverse way by
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Mercury in Syphilis:105
Mercury was formerly the main remedy for the treatment of Syphilis.
Mercury had the advantage that small amount of them could be kept in the circulating
blood almost continuously So that anti Spirochete action could be maintained after
the arsphenamine had been excreted until it would safe to administer another arsenical
injection. This method of the treatment was based on the view, which still prevails,
fluids for a considerable period to ensure destruction of all the spirochetes of syphilis.
use of mercurial diuretics is in edema of cardiac origin. Good results are some
legally it is said that metallic Hg, which is perfectly pure, can hardly be considered
exceptional cases mercury may undergo chemical changes in the body and operate as
is abnormal. Among the compounds of mercury, the chlorides, nitrates are always
The soluble salts of mercury in activate sulphydryl enzymes & thus interfere
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Metallic taste, construction or choking in throught, swollen and grayish,
whitish coating of tongue, hot burning pain nausea vomiting, blood and mucoid
This is more common to those who are exposed to the vapours of dust of
Mercury in factories where mercury & its salts are largely used. Also occurs among
those who have taken internally for a prolonged period of excessive doses of mercury
anterior lens capsule, mercurial tremors detected early in the writing of the patient.
Treatment:
1.Give egg white, milk or animal charcoal to precipitate Mercury.
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Drug Review
with egg white solution or 2% to 5% solution of sodium bi-carbonate.
4. Penicillamine.
5. Demulcents.
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NIMBUKA:109,110,111,112,113&114
Family - Rutaceae
Vernacular Names:
Sanskrit - Nimbuka,
Hindi - Nimbu,
Kannada - Nimbe Hannu,
English - Lemon,
Telagu - Nimma Chettu.
Description:
A strangling, bushy, small tree 3-4 meter high with thorny branches, Leaves-
ovate, Petiole margined or winged flowers small white or pinkish sweet scented
fruit-oblong or ovoid, usually with a nipply shaped extremely bright yellow rind thick
Distribution:
Phyto chemistry:
Citric richer juice 90% and the average amount of citric acid available 3.7%
from 100 cc lemon juice. A pale yellow volatile oil derived either by distillation or by
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Drug Review
Pharmaco dynamics:
Karma:
Uses:
According to modern science, a Medicinal claim includes uses for treatment for high
blood pressure, Dyspepsia, Anemia, Acne, Arthritis, and lemon juice used for making
cells and is involved in many enzymatic reactions. It is required for the development
of cartilage, bone and teeth. It also helps for wound healing, for absorption of iron
from the intestine. It has reducing and antioxidant properties, the vitamin C are
preparation.
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HARIDRA:
Vernacular Names:115&116
Hattavilasini, Gouri.
Vargikarana:118
Ghataka:119
Haridrakanda,Dasamularishta,Asvaghandharista,Kumayasava,Punarnava
Dasangalepa.
Chemical Composition:120&121
matter, Turmeric oil or Termerol. Turmeric oil is thick, yellow viscid oil. In Haridra
5-6% Vortile oil, 24% starch, 30% albuminoides present. Chemical formula is
C21H20O6.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
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sundarata etc.
Pharmacological properties:123
The rhizome of the plant, different fractions and essential oil exhibited a
A) Essential oil from Curcuma longa in different dilutions exhibited potent antifungal
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Drug Review
ACIDS:
Introduction:124
The term acid has become so common and routinely applied to wide variety of
substances. Unfortunately several definitions of acids have been proposed from time
to time and this has confused the concept of acids. Each definition is correct within its
own framework and we should apply the one, which is the most suited under the
given circumstances.
Historical Background:
Going back to the historical development of the subject, acids were earlier
1811, Davy observed that not all acids contain oxygen and proposed hydrogen as the
common constituent of all acids. In 1838 Liebig established protonic concept of acids
1890. The new concept of ionization based on Arrhenius model was the first
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Lewis Definition:
electron-pair donation and acceptance but this received due attention in 1938.
Acc to Lewis, an acid is defined as any molecule, ion or radical that can accept
one or more electron pairs, that is, an acid is an electron pair acceptor.
industry,125
manufacture of sulphuric acid and is one of the most important world industries. It is
2. It boils at 611K when it is found to contain only 98.3% of the acid. Thus boiling
cannot effect concentration beyond 98.3%. Pure 100 percent acid is obtained by
Action of metals
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
Metal like lead, copper, mercury & silver react without concentrated sulphuric acid
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These reactions, the sulphur in sulphate ion So2-4 is reduced and the metal are
Dehydrating nature:
Sulphuric acid dissolves in water with evolution of heat. It form hydrates with
water like H2SO4, H2O, or H2SO4.2H2O etc. Therefore, sulphuric acid can be used as
dehydrating agent it extracts the elements of water (i.e. hydrogen & oxygen) from
Oxidation Reactions:
Action on salts:129
It is a strong acid and decomposes the salts of the more volatile acids, eg:
each case.
and so varied are its uses that it is often called the King of the Chemicals. The early
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Drug Review
4. In dyes and Drugs: The acid is used in the manufacture of coal for dyes and
5. For Pickling: It is used for cleansing metals (removing the oxide layer from
6. In the manufacture of explosive: Dynamite, TNT and pienie acid are obtained
by the action of sulphuric acid and nitric acid mixture on organie compounds.
8. In storage batteries.
of textiles (Cotton, wool & linen fabrics) rayon. Photographic films, rubber
and tacquers.
Additional Points:131
The sulphur trioxide gas is not absorbed directly by water, because it gives a
dense fog of sulphuric acid particles. A large amount of heat is liberated during
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Drug Review
out because of the formation of syteam. To prepare dilute sulphuric acid solution,
concentrated acid is added slowly to plenty of water with stirring and cooling, if
necessary.
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SAINDHAVA:
It is one among the Lavantraya and also Lavana panchaka.
Vernacular names:132,133&134
Sanskrit -- Saindhava
English -- Rock Salt
Hindi -- Senholon, Sedhalon
Kannada -- Saindhava uppu
Arabic -- Mil - he tabazard
Persian -- Namake sang
Gujarati -- Sindhaluna
Telagu -- Saindhalavanam
Tamil -- Indu Uppu
German -- Natrium Chloricum
Synonyms:
Table No 22 Synonyms of Saindhava lavana:
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22 Sindhubhava - - - - - +
23 Sindhumantaja - - - - - +
24 Vashira - - - - - +
Bheda --- According to Acharya Yadavji Trikamji, The two varieties are stated
Source:142
Found in nature in extensive beds mostly associated with clay & Calcium
Sulphate. To obtain it, holes are dug into these rocks, which soon become filled up
with salt water; the water is evaporated and the salt is left ready for use.
Characters:
white externally and white internally. It has a pure saline taste and burns with a
yellow flame.
1) RASA:
Sr No Rasa ChSm143 SuSm144 AH145 RN146 KN147 MPN148 BPN149 DhN150 RSM151
1 Ishatmadhur + - - - - - - - -
2 Madhur - + + + + Ruchikar + +
2) VEERYA:
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3) VIPAKA:
1 Madhur - + - - - - - - -
4) GUNA:
Sr No Guna ChSm SuSm AH RN KN MPN BPN DhN RSM
1 Laghu - + + - + + + + +
2 Snigdha - + - - + + + + +
3 Sukshma - - - - + - + - -
4 Ushna - - + - - - - - -
5 Shitala - - - - + + - - -
5) DOSHAGHNATA:
Sl No Doshaghnata ChSm SuSm AH RN KN MN BPN DhN RSM
1 Tridhosh Shamaka + + + + - + + + +
6) KARMA:
USES:
2) In Ayurveda it is considered best amongst all the lavanas for internal use.
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Modern Concept:152
Common Salt is found in seawater, in salt wells, island lakes (eg; Sambar in
India & Lake Elton in Russia) & in deposits of rock salts in Himachal Pradesh
(Mandi) and Khewra (Punjab, Pakistan). Rock Salt is duged out or dissolved in water,
if found very deep. The saturated solution is pumped out and evaporated to get the
salt.
Common salt is also manufactured from seawater & water of certain lakes by
evaporated by solar heat and wind when sodium chloride separates out. Seawater is
run into lagoons with beds of clay to prevent percolation & allowed to evaporate, clay
deposits here and the saturated solution is made to flow into other lagoons and
evaporates further when crude salt is deposited & is raked up. The mother liquor
known as bittern may be used for the manufacture of magnesium & bromine.
In cold countries like Russia, seawater is taken into pits where only freezes at
night leaving a concentrated solution. The percentage rise daily till it is 22% & about
Properties:
Chloride present.
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It gives the common reactions of a chloride and soluble sodium ions.
Uses:
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Kupi pakva Rasayana
KUPIPAKVA RASAYANA
Introduction:
Earlier the main aim of Rasa shastra is Lohavada, now given attention to
make the body disease free and healthy. It is Parada that can make body undecaying
and immortal.
The process where Parada & other dravys are processed by heating in a
Sagni Niragni
Those Rasayanas, which are Those Rasayanas, which are prepared
prepared with the help of Agni. without the help of Agni
Ex. Kupipakva Rasayana Ex. Khalviya Rasayana.
When the herbal drugs combine with mercurial compounds or with sulphur,
their activities may last for very longer period. The Rasagranthas clearly indicate that
Parada with its very powerful yogavahi properties, when mixed with other substances
increase their properties immensely and the self-life period for indefinite period.
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Kupi pakva Rasayana
Historical review of Kupipakva Rasayan:
Starts after the rasavada before this there is no reference regarding the Kachakupi.
use of glass bottles, vessels also first time started there and there after it comes
to India. This is the reason why Kachakupi found in the classics after Rasa-
Similarly references of Valukayantra are found from the 9th century. Though
kachakupis, leads them to use saravas or musas for Gandhaka Jarana Process.
Rasarnava:
Gandhaka jarana & Parada marana in 12th century A.D.But No Reference regarding
Anandkand:
which, in only two types the help of kachakupi and valukayantra is taken to prepare
the bhasma.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Kupi pakva Rasayana
Rasaprakash Sudhakara:
Acharya Yoshodhara (13th cent. AD.) in his text Rasaprakasha Sudhakar first
rasa.
Rasachintamani:
"Rasaparthivarasa".
Overall after critical study, one can comes to conclude that process of
Rasayana.
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Kupi pakva Rasayana
Classification:
Types154
c) Ubhayastha
(Find products obtained
from both the sitas)
eg. Makaradhwaja
Procedure of Kupi Pakva Rasayana:
the other hand. Warm ambient near furnace at night in winter season,
examination of fumes & flames expelling out from kupi can be accurately
possible at night. The same thing is regarding the red-hot base (Balarka - Sam)
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Kupi pakva Rasayana
The whole procedure Kupi Pakva Rasayana can be divided under 3 headings.
(A) Purvakarma
(B) Pradhanakarma
(C) Paschat karma
(A) Purvakarma:
During Purvakarma following points should be considered.
i. Collection of appropriate instruments.
ii. Shodhana of ingredients.
iii. Preparation of mixture.
iv. Preparation of Kupi.
v. Filling of Kupi with mixture.
(i) Collection of instruments:
Bhatti:155
The height and width of the Bhatti should be18 angulas, shaped like Ant hill
with a hollow space of 5 Gulpha (20") inside and should have many holes in its lower
portion. There should be an opening for introducing fuel, of about 12 angulas. In the
Bhatti heat of the burning fuel should properly reach the center as well as surrounding
the Valuka Yantra. There should be sufficient air ventilation inside the furnace. An
out let for the fumes should be there from inside. The flame should go up rather
coming down. Bhatti can be made with the fireproof bricks, which minimizes the loss
A Loha bhanda having narrow base and wide mouth depending on the size of
the Kupi (1" taller than kupi) should be prepared with the 2 handles. The
circumferences of Valuka yantra should fit exactly over the hole of the Agnibhatti. It
should fill 5 Adhaka sand and have a central hole of 2 to 2.5 cm at the bottom, which
should be closed with Abhraka patra before keeping the Kupi during heating.
According to Yadavji Trikamji Acharya the depth of the vessel should be 1 Vitasti
pramana.
Valuka:
Sthoola and clean Valuka (Sand) should be filled into the Valuka yantra. At
first 2 3 cm of sand is spread over the Abhraka Patra, which is kept covered over
the central hole, over which Kajjali filled Kupi is kept, and remaining part of Valuka
yantra should be filled with valuka till upto the neck of the Kupi.
Kupi: 157
Kupi made with Hema, Tara, Ayas / Mrittika. Any materials can be used but they
should sustain intense heat. After 10th century when glass bottles were invented it was
used for the medicine preparations. Now a days amber beer bottle of 650ml capacity
with the neck 1 -1 length and moderate thickness with variable colors preferable
green is used.
Advantages:
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Kupi pakva Rasayana
Kapad Mitti:158
As per the textual reference the Kupi, which is used in Valuka yantra, should
be covered with the mud-smeared cloth, which can withstand intense heat. Mud,
which is pandura Varna, obtained in mass, Krishna or Sweta Varna that sustains heat
can be used. Valmika mrittika or potters mud can also be used. It is advised to prepare
kapad mitti from, husk - 2 parts, cotton 1 part, mud 3 parts, fibers, grinded and
kept soaked in water for 7 days and then used to cover the Kupi.
Now a days gopichandana or clay is used for this purpose. The mud-smeared
cloth applied to the kupi from bottom to mouth and should be well dried. Whole
length of the Kupi can be applied with kapad mitti as it prevents breakage of kupi
during heating.
Pyrometer:
important factor. Through Pyrometer, one can regulate the heat supplement for the
drug preparation. Two types of Pyrometer were available - 1. Which records the
temperature over the fuel, 2. Which records temperature of the sand by keeping the
Cork:
complete evaporation of fumes and cessation of flame Kupi mouth is closed with cork
and is called Mudrana or Corking. For this purpose any sticky substance, which gets
hardened with further heating and which can properly fits the mouth of the Kupi, is
used.
mandura rubbed with latex of vata, udumbara and arka for 1 day
Now a days a cork is plugged into the mouth of the bottle, which is wrapped
The raw materials should be identified first for the genuinity and purity. Every
raw material should be purified according to the method prescribed in classics. Again
Equal quantity of Parada churna & Saindava Lavana should be taken according
to the reference and Mardana should be done without using any liquid in the Kajjali.
The Kupi should be filled up to 1/3rd with the kajjali so that there should be
enough space inside the Kupi for melting and boiling of kajjali and also for the
of the Kupi. Such Kupi should be kept exactly at the center of Valuka Yantra, which
is in turn placed in the Agni bhatti and remaining part of the Valuka yantra should be
a) Cotton, dry grass test Cotton or dry grass kept on the Valuka catches fire
b) Rice test When a Paddy or maize put on Valuka it puffs up- tivragni.
A few signs and standards of different heating stages of Kupi Pakva Rasayanas
are mentioned by the ancient scholars for deciding proper pachana of the ingredients,
Kramagni.
Rasayana to another.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Kupi pakva Rasayana
Ist stage Mrudu Agni (150 - 200c):
In this stage of heating Sulphur fumes starts to come out of Kupi mouth.
Material in the Kupi completely gets melted which may be ascertained by inserting
This heat may be maintained for the prescribed time to allow chemical reactions to
start with.
This stage commences from the complete melting of Kajjali and lasts till the
In this stage profuse fumes of Sulphur from the Kupi mouth is obvious.
Deposition of fumes at the neck of the Kupi may cause chocking, which may
Boiling of melted material at the Kupi is ascertained by inserting cold iron rod in the
Maintain moderate heat for the prescribed period to ensure burning of extra Sulphur
in the product.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Kupi pakva Rasayana
IIIrd Stage Tivragni (550 - 600c):
This stage commences from the formation of Sindhura compound and lasts up
occurs in the middle stage, it means when Kajjali is in boiling stage (Honey comb like
takes place, which is called as Sindhura Kalpa. Afterwards as heating persists, this
newly formed compound sublimates and gets condensed at the neck and mouth of the
Kupi.
At the end of middle stage Sulphur fumes catches fire and it takes a form of flame. In
this end stage flame appears. Slowly the height of the flame starts to rise.
When extra Sulphur burns out completely flame disappears and this indicates
Redness starts appearing at the bottom of the Kupi (seen through torch light)
which gets more brightened (Sooryodaya laxana). Sindhura test becomes positive.
Almost disappearance of fumes / flame at the Kupi mouth could be observed which is
When Copper coin is placed on the Kupi mouth, due to Mercury fumes, which
Shalaka sanchalana:162
the Kupi mouth by the fumes. Iron rods of different size and shapes were used. Thin
rods (0.5cm) for cold shalaka test and Thick shalaka (1-1.5cm) for Hot shalaka test
were in use.
During the procedure cold shalaka is used especially for noting the state
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Kupi pakva Rasayana
of Kajjali whether it is in powder form, melted form or in boiling state or in
sublimating compound state. Hot shalaka is used for burning the sublimated Sulphur
deposited at the neck region of Kupi, which may block the Kupi mouth resulting in
All the characteristics of fumes like colour, smell etc must be observed. It
This is also an important factor while preparing Kupi Pakva Rasayana. Time of
starting of flame, its height, colour and its duration are the important features. These
It is important to decide the proper time of corking before that few tests are to
be conducted.
Absence of flame.
Absence of fumes.
Copper coin test should be positive.
Appearance of Redness in the bottom of Kupi (Sooryodaya lakshana)- positive.
Dry grass test should be positive.
If a Sheeta shalaka is introduced into the Kupi, a white dense fume appears,
White coating in Rasapushpa etc. This is called positive Sheeta shalaka test a
region to make it cool as the sublimating compound can get well condensed in the
Method of corking:165
Cork made up of stone or wood or mud is kept over the mouth of the Kupi and
then it is covered with the cloth smeared with clay / Multani mitti. For the sealing
purpose chalk powder (Khatika), Guda (jaggery), Madhu (honey) etc can be used.
After heating for prescribed period, Bhrasti is left for self-cooling during when
First sand should be removed from the Valuka yantra and then the Kupi is
removed carefully. Kapadmitti layers are carefully scraped out, Kupi is cleaned with
wet cloth. Level of the product inside the Kupi is observed and marked.
A thread soaked in Kerosene or Spirit is tied just below (2-3 cm) or above the
level of the product and fire is set. Kupi is kept horizontal and rotated so that whole
thread gets completely ignited. Little of cold water is sprinkled over it or Kupi can be
wrapped with a wet cloth, then the Kupi breaks into 2 equal halves at desired level.
The product, which is either Talastha or Galastha from the broken Kupi, is collected,
The ingredients of the Kajjali can make judgment about the colour and shape
of the crystal of Sindhura. Similarly smell and colour of flame are the basis for the
crystallographic study and clinical study are done for confirmatory evidences of the
Sindhura.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Kupi pakva Rasayana
25 Sq inch
6
6
Iron Bars
12
10
8
7 7
Earth
8
7 13
28 Sq inch
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Rasakarpoor:
therapy are available in Vedic period. The available literature of Rasashastra does not
reveal the exact history of Rasakarpoor. The name Rasakarpoor appeared only after
Definition of Rasakarpoor:
Rasakarpoor comprises of two words viz Rasa and Karpura. We shall look
Rasa:
the capacity to dissolve or absorb all the metals in it and also can overcome old age,
Karpoora:
Nirghandha yogas are found. Rasendra sara sangraha is the first text in which
Nirgandha type of Kupipakva kalpana described. As on today there are two most
common Nirgandha yogas are found in Rasa classics viz Rasakarpoora and
Rasapushpa.
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Drug Review
Synonyms:
Vedic period, Smruti, Koutilya Arthashastra, Samhita period we does not have any
Rasakala: - Few are of the opinion that the exact time of Rasakarpoora can be traced
Rasakarpoora, was known to siddhas of 8th century A.D. However, this will not solve
the problem as these instruments were used for other purposes also.
If one considers the time of the text in which first reference of the
Rasakarpoora is available, then it will be very easy to say when exactly the
rasa nirmana writes that an arab prepared Rasakarpoora by using Parada and several
other drugs through Damaru Yantra in 8th century A.D. But according to his another
book Bhasma Vijnana, the date of the Rasakarpoora is 12th century A.D. It is named
sudhakar (12th ). The term Rasakarpoora is first used in Rasendra chintamani (14th
century A.D). Then onwards the other various Rasashastra texts have explained
There are about 40 references about Rasakarpoor in Rasa texts. Most of the
acharyas after 12th century have explained about the Rasakarpoor with little bit
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Table No 24 Different methods of preparation explained by different Texts:
Sl
Author/Reference Ingredients / Quantity Yantra
No
RPS / Chapter3, Sloka Hingulotth Parada 32 Tola, Gairik, Khatika,
Saindhava lavana, Shodhita Kaseesa each 16 Damaru
1 No 6-9, Page No 53,
Tola, Shodhita Spatika 32 Tola. Yantra
Ghanasararasah
RaChi / Chapter 2, Sloka
Parada & Saindhava lavana, Parada, Valuka
2
No 25, Page No15-16. Marakagana Parada, Yantra
Equal Qty of Parada, Tankana, Madhu,
RSS/ChapterNo1, Sloka Damaru
3 Lakshaa, Unabhasma. Bhavana dravya
No 77,Page No 22 Yantra
Brungaraj swarasa.
RSS/Chapter No1, Sloka Parada, Kaseesa, Saindhava lavana and Lavana
4
No 78-79,Page No22-23. Bhavana dravya Sehunde swarasa Yantra
RPu/ Sloka No 197-196, Equal quantity of Parada, Shodhita Kaseesa, Damaru
5 th
Saindhavalavana & 1/20 part navasadara
Page No 95-96 Yantra
Shodhita Parada 30Tola, Navasadhara, Spatika
each 15 Tola, Tankana, Saindhavalavana each 8 Damaru
6 ASS/ Page No 198 Tola, Sarjikshara 10 Tola, Kaseesa 5Tola, Yantra
Yavakshara 2 Tola, Somala 1 Tola,
BP/PoorvaKhanda, Shodhita Parada, Choorna, Isthika, Kathika,
Damaru
7 Sloka No184-189, Valmika Mruttika, Saindhavalavana each 1 part
Yantra
PageNo 846-847 & Gairika 2 part
Shodhita Spatika, Navasadhara, Kasisa,
RSM/Chapter No 1, Saindhavalavana, Sorak, Tutthya & Tankana, Valuka
8
Page No 24-25. Parada each equal quantity & Shodhita Malla 2 Yantra
Karsha.
Equal Qty of Hingulotha Parada, Tankana,
RMJ/Chapter No 1, Madhu, Lakshachoorna, Una Bhasma & Valuka
9 Bhavana dravya Brungaraja swarasa.
Sloka No 40. Yantra
Shodhita Parada 1 part, Gandakamla 1.5 part has to be taken in glass vessel,
kept it over a tripod, subject to heat till parada becomes choorna form &
Gandhakamla should get evaporated. This choorna kept in Kachkupi & adding equal
Pariksha:169
Iron pan and put a drop of water on it. Then add a pinch of Rasakarpoor on that drop.
After a moment throw away the water drop and if there is blackening at the site of the
Lakshana:
Keshar and give Bhavana with water subjected to Mardana until become
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Matra:
According to Rasendrasarasangraha 1- 2 Gunja is common matra.
For Virechana --- 2 Ratti,
Vireachana (Balaka) --- 1/4 Ratti
Hikka --- 1/8 Ratti
Avashyakatanusara --- 1/20 1/30 Ratti
According to 1. Rasatarangini --- 1/64 to 1/32 Ratti.
2. Rasendrapurana --- 3 to 3/2 Ratti.
3. Ayurveda Prakash --- 3 to 3/2 Ratti.
4. Rasaratna samucchaya --- 3 to 6 Ratti.
5. Bharatiya Rasashastra --- 1/4 to 2 Ratti.
Anupana:
Table No 25 Different types of Anupana of Rasakarpoor:
Sl Author
Anupana
No AP170 RT171 RSM172 BP173 RaPu174 BRRS175 Dole176
1 Guda + - - - + - -
2 Dugdha + - - - - - -
3 Nagavalli + - + + - - -
4 Navaneeta - + - - - - -
5 Jatirasa - - + - - - -
6 Gruta - - + - - - -
7 Lavanga - - + + - - -
8 Chandana - - + - - + -
9 Swarnakshirimula - - + - - - -
10 Tvak - - - - - - +
11 Devakusuma - - - - - + -
12 Kasturi - - - - - + -
13 Jala - - - + - - -
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Patya:
Dugdha, Dadhi, Gruta, Madhu, Sharkara are taken in heavy quantity. Shali, Yava,
Dhanya, Haridra, Saindhava lavana, Ardraka Swarasa and Hamsodaka. These pathyas
Apathya:
Indication:
Table No 26 Different indications mentioned by different Texts:
Sl Name of Author
Indication 177 178 179
No RPS AP RSM BRRS180 BP181 YR182 RT183 RK184
1 Bahoobhothvisha
- - - - - - + -
paha
2 Tvachagataroga - - - - - - + -
3 Atisara - - - - - - + -
4 Ruchivardhana - - - - - - + -
5 Kruminashana - - - - - - + -
6 Pravahikahara - - - - - - + -
Phiranga /
7 - + + - + + + +
Upadousha
8 Kushta + + - - - - + -
9 Kandu - - - - - - + -
10 Agnidipaka - + - - + - + -
11 Vrunanashaka - - - - - - + -
Sankramakarogan
12 - - - - - - + -
ashaka
13 Sarvarogahara - + - - - - - -
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
14 Kantivardhaka + + - - - - - -
15 Veeryabalavrudhi + - - + + - - -
16 Tridoshanashaka + - - - - - - -
17 Vishahar - - - + - - - -
18 Raktavikarhar - - - + - - - -
19 Kshayanashaka - - - - - - - +
20 Udararoghar - - - - - - - +
in Andra Pradesh. Rasakarpoor is used as a home remedy right from infants to old
a common remedy for diseases like Sandhivata, Swasa, Kasa and Sutikopadrava.
Dosh:
When Rasakarpoor is taken continuously for longer period and in large dose,
Dosh Nivarana:
followed.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
According to Rasayogasagara
Gargling with the Kwatha of Babbula or Badaratwak along with Kankshi and
Tutta.
Yoga:
taken in each 1 masha, mix with 1 ratti Rasakarpoor and mardana with
Kesharadhi gutika: Rasakarpoor, Ela, Lavanga, Trikatu, Javitri all are taken in
equal quantity. Make powder and bhavana with Ardraka swarasa, subjected to
mardana. Afterwards make vati of 4 Masha Pramana, take along with Madhu
and Ghruta.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
Mercurial salts:185
Two varieties of Mercurial salts are there viz. Mercurous chloride (HgCl
orHg2Cl2) and Mercuric chloride (HgCl2). These salts can be prepared by sublimation
process.
Definition of Sublimation:
Sublimation is the process of converting a solid directly into its vapour and
condensing the vapour into solid state having the same composition. The substance
Mercuric chloride:
Toxic dose:
rarely proves fatal. Doses of 1gm cause death in about 50% of cases and more than
1.5 gm in nearly all cases. Acute mercury intoxication has been described after using
Uses187:
Inorganic mercury compound have been used in medicine for centuries, but
their use has been greatly reduced because of their toxicity. Mercuric chloride was
used as a laxative and applied topically as an antibacterial agent. It was also used in
Absorption:
Vaginal: - In vaginal, jellies are easily absorbed and retained in the body.
Distribution:
to albumin in the plasma (in combination with sulphydryl groups), the other half
enters red blood cells. It is then rapidly distributed to the tissues and within a few
hours the highest concentration is found in the kidneys. The liver, blood, spleen,
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
respiratory mucosa, small and large intestine, skin, salivary glands, heart, brain and
Mercury compound is stored in the bone, bone marrow and liver for a short
time. A special affinity for absorbed mercury in the frontal and basal cerebral regions
of the brain has been noted. A week after exposure 85-95% of all Mercury in the body
is stored in the kidney with continued absorption the concentration in the kidney
increases. Further absorption results in higher levels in other organs without affecting
renal levels.
The concentration of mercury in hair is about 300 times that in the blood, and
the most recent growth of hair reflects past blood mercury levels.
All forms of mercury cross the placenta to the foetus. Foetal uptake of
elemental mercury in rats has been shown to be 10-40 times higher than uptake after
vapour.
Biological Half-life:
mercury or mercury vapour the biological half-life is linear with a range of values
from 35-90 days. The biological half-life is different for different organs. A fraction
of the absorbed mercury will remain in the body for a longer time.
Elimination:
Excreted mainly in the urine but considerable amounts are also passed in the
faeces through secretion by the gastro intestinal tract, particularly in the colon, bile,
Kidneys: - 50% of the dose had a half time of 30 days and was excreted in the urine
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Drug Review
following renal accumulation. The remaining 15% with a half time of 100 days was
mercury nitrate.
chloride then sublimes and condenses in the form of small rhombic crystals.
calcined green vitriol common salt and nitre, describes the preparation of
mercuric chloride.
chloride in 1716 AD. And P.L.Soni in his book Inorganic chemistry also
Mixing the sulphate intimately with common salt and subjecting the
conducted in a glass flask buried in a hot sand bath. When the decomposition
is accomplished, the sand is removed from the upper half of the flask and
temperature raised. So that the chloride HgCl2 produces and condenses in the
pulse.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Review of Krimi
Krimi
find the reference regarding exogenous cause as a major one. Among these Agantuja
our texts we get vast explanation.188 Another fascinating fact is that our ancient seers
were not only having the idea of 20 types of disease causing organisms but also
another type called Sahaja krimi which are said to help the body to maintain its
These krimis are classified into four major types based on habitat, which grow
in feces, mucus, blood and nonfecal excreta.189 The main features of which are
krimi to helminthes, other visible and microorganisms viz viruses, bacteria & others,
which can be substantiated from the symptoms of each type of krimi manifestation as
Our ancient scientists were well versed with the knowledge of spread of
diseases i.e. infectious disease / epidemic disease concepts. These types of diseases
are termed as Oupsargika roga, which includes Jwara, Rajayakshma, Kushta and
evident that there will be contamination to the healthy being resulting in dieses
manifestation. The mode of spread is by Prasanga (Sexual coitus- STD HIV etc),
Gatra sparshaja (touch of body-Leprosy and other skin diseases etc), Nishwas (TB,
rhinitis & other RTI etc), Sahabhojana Taking food and drinks, (Typhoid, cholera,
Amabiosis etc) Asana, Vastra, Maala and Anurlepana (Contact dermatitis fungal
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Review of Krimi
infection etc).
curative source. The removal may be manual as for organism like lice. In some
katu and tikta medications and other agents opposite to kapha. Prophylaxis in
nidana.
locally. Also the fumigation was a routine process for cleansing shalyagara, sutikagar,
microorganisms of present era can be equated with Krimi of old Indian system of
medicine.
For the convenience of present study, we have selected most prevalent disease
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Review of Krimi
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Micro Organism
Micro Organisms:
bring about many changes some desirable and others undesirable. The diversity of
History:
History is the achievements of men, people whose names have been forgotten
and whose accomplishments have been lost in the longer and deeper shadows made
Many explanations have offered for the origin of life on earth. One of the
more acceptable of these proposals suggests that life originated in the sea following
compounds, which precipitated, into the sea, where they accumulated. These organic
form peptides, polypeptides and other more complex organic substances which served
Microorganisms are the major causative factors for many infectious diseases.
The agents of human infectious diseases belong to five major groups of organism, viz
Louis Pasteur 200 years later to discover the involvement of these creatures in
fermentation reactions and allowed Robert Koch, Theobald Smith, Pasteur and many
others to discover the association of microbes with diseases. Koch is remembered for
his isolation of the bacteria that cause anthrax and tuberculosis. For this important
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Micro Organism
contribution to the creation of the science of the microbiology own him the 1905
Nobel Prize.
thrilling achievements. We have won many battles with microorganisms and have
learned not only to make them work for use but also to control some of those that
Bacteria:
Bacteria share a unique place in the world of living organisms. Bacteria are
diameter.
The shape of a bacterium is governed by its rigid cell wall. Typical bacterial
cells are spherical (cocci), straight rods (bacilli) or rods that are helically curved
(Spirilla). Although most bacterial species have cells that are of a fairly constant and
characteristic shape, some have cells that are pleomorphic i.e. that can exhibit a
variety of shapes.
Gram +ve and Gram ve bacteria can be identified by the cell wall structure. Cell
wall is the outermost component common to all bacteria. It is elastic and pores and is
freely permeable to solute molecule of less than 10000 molecular weight. It is about
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Micro Organism
The structure, chemical composition and thickness of the cell wall in Gram +ve
bacteria. Some Gram +ve bacteria also have a layer of teichoic acid outside the
periplasmic space, which is the site, in some species of enzymes (e.g. - lactamases),
Incidence:
Staphylococcus aureus:
clusters. The organisms are non motile and non-sporing, they can grow
aerobically or anaerobically.
Most Staphylococci are non pathogenic and are called Stapha albus because
they usually produce white colonies on culture. Stapha albus usually causes
infection only the resistance of the patient is lowered and even then their
virulence is low.
The pathogenic staphylococci are called stapha aureus because they usually
produce golden colonies and culture. They are parasites occurring on the skin
organism is Pyogenic.
epidemidis and Staph Saphrophyticus. Of the three, Staph aureus is the most
Staph aureus has several important cell wall components and antigens, which includes
Protein A: A is the major protein in the cell wall. It is an important virulence factor,
since it binds to the Fc protion of IgG, preventing the binding of complement. Protein
A is useful in the clinical laboratory because it binds to IgG and can be used to
Teichoic acid: Teichoic acids are polymers of ribitol phosphate Antibodies to tichoic
permit the phase typing of strains for epidemiological purposes. Teichoic acids
Transmission:
human flora. Staphylococcus aureus is often found in the nose and sometimes on the
skin, Staphylococcal infections are shedding from human lesions and fomites
production (e.g. Family members with boils) and a compromised immune system.
Pathogenesis:
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infection is an obsess. (e.g. Furuneles and boils), but organisms may disseminate via
Several important toxins and enzymes are produced by Staph aureus. (Enterotoxin,
Clinical Findings:
into two groups: inflammatory and toxin- mediated. In the following list, the first six
are inflammatory in origin whereas the last two are toxin- mediated.
enterotoxin, which preformed in foods and hence has a short incubation period (1-
8 hrs) and Toxic shock syndrome, which includes fever hypo tension, a rash that
Laboratory Diagnosis:
Smears from local lesions or pus reveal Gram +ve cocci in grapelike clusters.
Cultures yield white or golden yellow colonies that usually beta- hemolytic, Staph
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Treatment:
90% or more of Staph aureus strains are resistant to penicillin, which should
be used only if the organism is shown to be sensitive. Staphy aureus strains resistant
i.e. they can be inhibitated by antibiotics but are not killed (MBC/ MTC ration is very
enzymes that degrade the organisms. Tolerate organism should be treated with a drug
combinations.
Prevention:
Cleanliness, frequent hand washing and ascetic management of lesions help to control
spread of Staphy aureus. Dissemination from they nose and skin of carrier can be
is difficult to arrest all together. Shedders may have to be removed from high risk
Streptococcus pyogenes:203,204&205
forming coccus that occurs in chains or in pairs of cells. Individual cells are round-to-
ovoid cocci, 0.6-1.0 meter in diameter. Streptococci divide in one plane and thus
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order to grow. Nutritional requirements are complex, including several amino acids
and vitamins.
Most Streptococci are parasites of humans and animals and several species
are pathogenic. There are many species of streptococci, few examples follow-
Strepto pyogenus, Strepto mutons, Strepto faecalis, Strapto lactease and Strepto
Clinical manifestations:
septicaemia.
Clinical manifestations:
bacterial cause of Sore throat, Skin and Tissue infection, Bone and joint infection,
Laboratory Diagnosis:
the normal flora and cannot be visually distinguished from the pathogenic
streptococci pyogenes. However, Stained smears from skin lesions or wounds that
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All group a streptococci are susceptible to penicillin G, but neither rheumatic fever
nor AGN patients benefit from penicillin treatment after onset. Endocarditis caused by
persons who have had rheumatic fever is important to prevent recurrence of the
disease. There is no evidence that patients who have had AGN require similar
penicillin prophylaxis.
Gram ve Bacteria:206,207&208
Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
curved rods. They are typically motile by means of one or more polar flagella.
These bacteria widely distributed in soil and water several species are
pathogenic of humans or animals some cause spoilage of meat and other foods.
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Pseudomonas is able to grow in water containing only traces of nutrients, eg; Tap
disinfectants; this accounts in part for their role in hospital acquired injections.
P.aeruginosa can be spread through fecal material. Also P.aeruginosa has been
diagnosis (1) Pyocyanin, which can colour the pus in a wound blue and (2) Pyoverdin,
a yellow green pigment that fluoresces under ultraviolet light, a property that can be
slime layer, which gives their colonies a very mucoid appearance. The slime mediates
adherence of the organism to mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and prevents
Characteristics:
Its metabolism is respiratory and never fermentative, but it will grow in the
concentration of salts and dyes, weak antiseptics and many commonly used
antibiotics. It can grow at 420C produces a bluish pigment and a greenish pigment.
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of people carry it in the normal flora of the colon. It is found on the skin in moist
areas and can colonize the upper respiratory tract of hospitalized patients and urinary
hospitalized patients, eg; those with extensive burns, in whom the skin host defences
are destroyed; those with chronic respiratory disease (eg; cystic fibrosis), in whom the
normal clearance mechanisms are impaired; those who are immuno suppressed; those
with neutrophil counts of less than 500/ lt; and those with in dwelling catheters. It
Clinical findings:
predominate. From these sites, the organism can enter the blood, causing sepsis.
Patients with P.aeruginosa sepsis have a mortality rate of over 50%. A severe
external otitis and other skin lesions occur in users of swimming pools and hot tubs in
Treatment:
tailored to the sensitivity of each isolate and monitored frequently; resistant strains
can emerge during therapy. The treatment of choice is penicillin e.g. Ticarcillin or
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Prevention:
above 500/lt, remaining indwelling catheters promptly, taking special care of burned
skin and taking other similar measures to limit infection in patients with reduced host
defences.
Escherichia Coli:209&210
E coli is the Gram ve rod sepsis. It causes food borne illness. An estimated
73000 cases of infection and 61-death occur in the U.S.A. each year. Some strains are
harmless and live in the intestine of healthy humans and animals, some strains
lower portion of the intestine of humans and warm-blooded animals were it is part of
the normal flora. Some strains can cause gastro- enteritis and others can cause urinary
tract infections.
Pathogenesis:
ability to cause diseases, pili, a capsule, endotoxin and two exotoxins (enterotoxins).
The first step is the adherence of organism to the cells of the jejunum and
ileum by means of pilithat protrude from the bacterial surface. Once attached the
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bacteria synthesize enterotoxins (exotoxins that act in the entric tract), which act on
the cells of the jejenumand ileum to cause diarrhea. The enterotoxin producing strains
do not invade the intestinal mucosa but some strains of E coli are enteropathogenic
and cause diseases by invasion of the epithelium of large intestine caseing bloody
diarrhoea.
2. Systemic infection:
The other two structural components, the capsule and the endotoxin, play
a more prominent role in the pathogenesis of systemic, rather than intestinal tract,
Clinical findings:
E coli causes a variety of diseases both with in and outside the intestinal
tract. It is the leading cause of communite acquired urinary tract infections. Ascending
Treatment:
Prevention:
certain infections caused by E coli and other organisms. For example, the incidence
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of urinary tract infections can be lowered by the judicious use and prompt with drawl
uncooked foods and unpurified water while traveling in certain countries is also
advisable.
Fungal organism:
saprophytes, parasites or commensals. Most of them are found over decaying organic
material and in the soil. This is an independent group of organisms, differing higher
plants in structure, nutrition and reproduction between 50,000 to 1,00,000 species are
The fungi are group of eucaryotic organisms that are of great practical and
Fungi compromise the moulds and yeasts. Yeasts grow as single cells that
reproduce by asexual budding. Moulds grow as single cells that reproduce by asexual
budding. Molds grow as long filaments (hyphae) and form a mat (mycelium). Some
hyphae form transverse walls (septate hyphae), whereas others do not (non septate).
Several important fungi are thermally dimorphic; i.e. they form different
structures at different temperatures. They exist as moldsin the saprophytic, free living
Most fungi are obligate aerobes; some are farultative anaerobes; but none are
obligate anaerobes. All fungi require a performed organic source of carbon, hence
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their frequent association with decoying matter. The natural habitat of most fungi is,
peptidoglycan synthesis. [Apart from C.albicans, the geneus candida includes over
100 species, most of which are neither commensals nor parasites in man]
Candida Albicans:214&215
Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus, i.e. it can take two forms. Most of
the time it exists as oval, single yeast cells, which reproduce by budding. Most yeast
does not produce mycelia (a mass of branching, threadlike hyphal filaments), but
Candida has a trick up its sleeve. Normal room temperatures favour the yeast form of
the organism, but under physiological conditions (body temperature, pH, and the
chains of cells, are also common. In the video, you can see yeast cells and a few
elongated cells, which have begun to grow into a hypha. It measures about 2 to 6mm
3 to 9mm in size.
Transmission:
colonization of oropharynx, GIT and vagina. When local or systemic host defenses are
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impaired, disease may result. Overgrowth of candida albicans in the mouth produces
high pH, diabetes or use of antibiotics. Skin invasion occurs in warm, moist areas,
which become red and weeping. Fingers and nails become involved when repeatedly
institutions are commonly affected. Thickening or losses of the nail can occur.
steroids can create conditions in which candida albicans can cause disease. This
Laboratory Diagnosis:
microscopically. Such specimens grow typical yeasts when cultured Germ tubes form
in serum at 370C, which serves to distinguish candida albicans from most other
candida species.
Aspergillus flavus:216&217
Aspergillus flavus are wide spread in nature, being found on fruits, vegetables
and other substance, which may provide nutriment. There are about 900 species in
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genus, only a few species are constantly associated with human disease. Some
Aspergillus flavus species exists only as molds, they are not dimorphic. They
have septate hyphae that form v-shaped (dichotoms) branches. The conidiophores or
fertile hyphae arise from foot cells, which may also septate or nonseptate. At the apex
conidiophore inflates to form vesicle. Conida are of various coloures and quite
characteristic of the species; the most common colours are black, brown and green.
Transmission:
Their molds are ubiquitous and can be isolated from all environments. They
Aspergilli grow in high concentration of sugar and salt, indicating that they
can extract water required for the growth from relatively dry substances.
Aspergillus flavus growing on cereals or nuts produces aflatoxins that may be
carcinogenic or acutely toxic. Aflatoxins are coumarine derivatives are identified as
kinds B1,G1,B2,G2,B29 and G29 in decreasing order of toxicity.
Aspergillus flavus that cause liver damage and tumers in animals and are suspected of
causing hepatic carcinoma in humans. Aflatoxicins and ingested with spoiled grains
and peanuts and are metabolized by liver to the epoxide, a potent carcinogen.
Treatment and Prevention:
There is no specific means of prevention.
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Cefotaxime:
These are safe and reliable antibiotics produced by a species of marine fungus,
has a low toxicity. The nuclear of the Cephalosporince resembles that of penicillin.219
bacteria than those of the second generation, but more active against Gram ve
that of penicillin but the concentration in the eye and the C.S.F is poor.
concentrations are achieved in the urinary tract. As with penicillins, renal tubular
blocking with probenecid increases the plasma levels significantly. The renal
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Drug Review
Adverse reactions:221
SGOT, SGPT.
Contra indications:
Dosage:222
Neonates: 50 mg / Kg /day.
Fluconazole:
derivative. It is effective both oral as well as IV route. It is highly soluble in water and
readily penetrates into the CSF. It is used in the treatment of local and systematic
candida and cryptococcal infections. The drug may cause nausea, gastrointestinal
antifungal drug.223&224
Therapeutic uses:
in plasma are essentially the same, whether the drug is given orally or intravenously
Dose regimen:229
by 100mg once daily. Maximum 400mg/day. Vaginal candidiasis; 150mg once oral
dose. Deep seated candidiasis; 400mg on first day then 200mg once daily for 4 weeks
400mg on first day followed by 200mg once daily. Maximum 400mg/day for 10-12
Contraindication: Hypersensitivity
Side effects:230
The common side effects are nausea, headache, pain in abdomen and
even a single dose taken by a pregnant woman can lead to birth defects in infants. The
dose has to be regulated and should be decreased in patients with renal impairment.
Advantages:231
The advantage of Fluconazole over other antifungal is that it has high water
Antimicrobial activity:
Introduction:
Microorganisms are not visible to naked eye but they are present everywhere.
These are present in soil, air, water, and food. Among them some Microorganisms are
ubiquitous in distribution, some are harmless and useful, but some are harmful to
environment, as they may cause diseases and allergies. Some agents destroy the
microbes; where as others only inhibit their growth. In general these agents are called
be synthesized.
Selection of these agents (drugs) from the literature were made on the basis of
their use in the treatment of infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, skin
diseases etc.
utilized for demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of different medicinal drugs. Any
subtle change in the antibiotic molecule, which may not be detected by chemical
microbiological assays are very useful for resolving doubts regarding possible change
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the antibiotic having a known activity. Many methods are employed for the evaluation
Screening techniques:
1. Disc diffusion method.
2. Serial dilution method.
3. Solid dilution method.
4. Ditch plate technique.
5. Gradient plate technique.
6. Cup plate technique.
performed with the help of 8 mm discs prepared of Whatman filter paper. The discs
impregnated with specific quantities of drug and applied on the surface of agar plates,
which is already inoculated with test organisms. After proper incubation zone of
incorporated in to broth and the tubes inoculated with test organism are incubated.
concentration (MIC).
instead of broth. The agar containing the substance under test is subsequently poured
into a petridish then incubated and observed for any failure of growth. It has the
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advantage for any one concentration of the test substance, several organisms may be
tested.
semisolid formulation is placed in a ditch cut in a nutrient agar plate. Various test
organisms are then streaked across the agar at right angles to the ditch. After a
quickly. Its main use, like that of agar cup test, is for semisolid formulations. E.g.
infinitely between zero to a given maximum. It consists of an agar plate with two
layers of agar. The nutrient agar is melted mixed with the tests solution and the
mixture poured into a sterile petri dish and allowed to set in the form of wedge. A
second amount of agar is poured on to the wedge and allowed to set with the petri
dish flat on the bench. The plates are incubated over night to allow diffusion of drug
and to dry the surface. The test organism must be streaked in a direction running from
the highest to the lowest concentration. In this way up to six organisms may be tested.
pour the inoculated medium into petri dishes or large rectangular plates to
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surface.
that no significant growth or death of the test organism occurs before the
dishes or plates are used and that the surface of the layer is dry at the time
of use.
c) The test solution may be placed in a small cup sealed to the agar surface in
d) After they are incubated for a specified period then plates were observed
Culture Media:234
Culture media gives artificial environment stimulating natural conditions
factors are required. The consumable represents the essential food or nutritional
requirements. They include sugars, starch, protein, vitamins, trace elements, oxygen,
carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The main environment determinants of microbial growth
are pH and temperature. In short the requirements for the microbial growth are listed
as below
1. Energy Source.
2. Carbon Source.
3. Nitrogen Source.
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can grow in a medium containing only inorganic compounds where as others require a
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Antimicrobial Review
medium containing organic compounds (amino acids, Sugar, Vitamins). Some require
complex natural substance (peptone, east, blood cells or blood serum). Some
only in a living host or cells. The host serves as a very complex medium for such
Simple media:235
peptone, meat extract, Sodium chloride and water, Nutrient broth is used to culture the
bacteria.
facilitates the growth of fungi but is not optimal for the growth of bacteria.
Fungi can be cultivated by the same general culture methods used for bacteria.
Most of them grow slowly than bacteria. But to avoid the possible bacterial
contamination, it is good practice to use specific media for fungal culture namely
Potato Dextrose agar media is suitable for fungal culture as it has got low pH
and relatively high concentration of sugar, tolerated by Fungi but are inhibitory to
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Antimicrobial Review
about 100 years ago, has not been replaced by any other agent. Agar is as important
The earliest solid medium was cocked cut Potato used by Robert Koch. This
but it was not suitable as gelatin is liquefied at 240C and also by many proteolytie
bacteria. The solution to this problem was provided in 1883 by a German House wife
Frau Hesse.Her husband was one of the investigators in Kochs laboratory. She
suggested her husband on use of agar, who had seen her mother using it for making
jellies.
From then agar is universally used for solidification Agar is obtained from
contains verifying amounts of inorganic salts and small quantities of a protein like
substance. It has virtually no nutritive valve and is not affected by growth of bacteria.
Its unique property is that it melts at 980C and usually sets at 420C depending on agar
5. The media was shaken well and poured to respectively labeled sterile
petriplates.
6. After solidification the medium was bored with the help of sterile cork
borer at equidistance to each other.
7. Standard and trial solutions are applied up to 3/4th of the hole with the help
of insulin syringe.
8. The plates were kept in a refrigerator for 2 hrs for the diffusion of the drug
into the media.
9. After 2 hrs, the plates were kept in an incubator. Bacteria 370C for 18 24
hrs. Fungi are kept in room temperature for 270C for 42 72 hrs.
10. The plates were observed for the appearance of zone of inhibition measured
in mm.
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from raw drugs. Practical experience is most essential for vaidya as described by
In Rasashastra, it is described that Rasa Shastrajna must have the quality of Kushala
The Rasashastra has got its own place and importance. Since Rasashastra deals
with metals & minerals which are harmful to body if used in improper or impure state.
To avoid these complications Vaidya should be perfect not only theoretically also
practically i.e. in preparing good quality medicine to fight against to the respective
The following methods have been carried out for detailed study of preparation
of Kupipakva rasayan.
1. Hingula Shodhana
2. Hingula Satvapatana.
3. Parada samanya shodhana.
4. Preparation of Parada Choorna
5. Preparation of Rasakarpoor.
Collection of Raw Materials:
Raw drugs, which are having similar Grahya laxanas as mentioned in the
text, were collected from the market.
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Drugs: -1.Hingula: It was collected from market, which was dark red in colour,
heavy with silvery white shining lines on the surface.
2.Nimbuka: It was collected from market.
Hingula shodhana
Practical No 1:
Name of the Practical : Hingula shodhana
Date of Commencement : 01/08/2005
Date of completion : 18/08/2005
Reference : 9/16-17, Page No 202, Rasatarangini.
Material : Ashodhita Hingula 500 grams.
Nimbu Swarasa -- 1060 ml.
Equipments : Khalva Yantra, Knife, Juice extractor.
Method : Bhavana and Prakshalana.
Procedure:
500 gms of Hingula was taken and finely powdered in Kalva yantra.
Required quantity of Nimbu Swarasa was extracted from the Lemons with the
For the first Bhavan the sufficient quantity of Nimbu Swarasa to immerse
The mixture was subjected for continuous and cautious mardana till the
When the powder was totally dried up, it was considered as the completion of
first Bhavana.
to mardana.
The same process is repeated for 6 times and total 7 Bhavanas are given.
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Observations:
Hingula was in solid form with glistening white/ Mercurial lines.
The colour of Ashudha Hingula is shining dull red, which was changed after
every Bhavana.
and later it was washed in steel vessel with water thoroughly and allowed to
settle.
Settling of Hingula at the bottom took 6 hours, after which the water decanted.
Precautions:
Khalva Yantra should be clean and dry.
The quantity of Nimbu Swarasa taken for every Bhavana should be sufficient
Mardana should be carried out until the mixture gets dried for each Bhavana.
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At the end of each Bhavana, Mardana should be done slowly as the mixture
become sticky.
When the mixture was completely dried up by mardana, then it is called as the
completion of one Bhavana and fresh Nimbu Swarasa should be added for the
next Bhavana.
until it loses its snigdhata and amlatva and attain ujjwala varna.
Results:
Initial quantity of Hingula - 500 grams
Final quantity (After shodhana) - 541 grams
Quantity after Prakshalana - 536 grams
Quantity gain - 36 grams
Probable cause of weight gain: Due to the addition of solid contents present in
Nimbu Swarasa.
Hingula shodhana
Practical No 2:
Name of the Practical : Hingula shodhana
Date of Commencement : 26/08/2005
Date of completion : 10/09/2005
Reference : 9/16-17, Page No 202, Rasatarangini.
Material : Ashodhita Hingula 500 grams.
Nimbu Swarasa -- 1050 ml.
Water
Equipments : Khalva Yantra, Knife, Juice extractor,
Method : Bhavana and Prakshalana.
Procedure:
Same as in Practical No 1
Observations:
Same as in Practical No 1
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Hingula Chakrika
Practical No 3:
Name of the Practical : Hingula Chakrika
Date of Commencement : 19/09/2005
Date of completion : 03/11/2005
Reference : 5/38 - 39, Page No 82 - 83, Rasatarangini.
Material : Shodhita Hingula 800 grams.
Nimbu Swarasa -- 200 ml. Cold Water
Equipments : Khalva Yantra, Knife, Juice extractor,
Procedure:
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prepare chakrika.
It took 8 hrs.
Observations:
1) The red colour powder of Hingula became brick red after adding the Nimbu
with smooth surface and it was observed that weight of Hingula was reduced
Precaution:
Wastage has to be minimized and mardana was uniform.
Hingula Satvapatana
Practical No 4:
Name of the Practical : Hingula Satvapatana
Date of Commencement : 10/10/2005
Date of completion : 13/10/2005
Reference : 5/38 - 39, Page No 82 - 83, Rasatarangini.
Material : Chakrikas 400 grams.
Cold Water
Equipments : Two equal sized mud pots, Gopi chandana, Agni
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were taken. Chakrikas were placed in Urdwapatan (Damaru) Yantra and subjected to
moderate heat for 8 hours. The upper pot was kept cold by repeatedly replacing with
cold cloth pad. After shwangasheet, on the next day sandhi bandhana was carefully
removed, 2 pots were separated, parada with its globules were collected from the
upper pot by scrapping with a cloth. Parada was washed with water and filtered
Observations:
Table No 31 Observations during Hingula Satvapatana
2) The wet cloth pad was frequently changed as it gets dried during the procedure.
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4) When the sandhi bandhana was opened after swanga sheeta, the Parada globules
were found in the central portion of upper pot and in the lower pot about 82 grams
Precautions:
1) Completely dried Chakrikas were kept in Damaru Yantra. Sandhi
2) While heating upper pot was kept cool by placing wet pad over the pot.
Results:
Initial quantity of Hingula -- 400 grams
Quantity of extracted Parada -- 212 grams
Gained Parada( % ) -- 53 %
Quantity of Residue -- 82 grams
Loss of Parada( %) -- 17 %
Probable cause of weight loss:
a. Some quantity of Parada remains in the pores of Damaru Yantra.
b. Due to various Gatis of Parada.
Hingula Satvapatana
Practical No 5:
Name of the Practical : Hingula Satvapatana
Date of Commencement : 17/10/2005
Date of completion : 20/10/2005
Reference : 5/38 - 39, Page No 82 - 83, Rasatarangini.
Material : Chakrikas 380 grams.
Cold Water
Equipments : Two equal sized mud pots, Gopi chandana, Agni
chullika and Cloth pad.
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Observations:
Table No 33 Observations during Hingula Satvapatana
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Parada Shodhana
Practical No 6:
Name of the Practical : Parada Shodhana
Date of Commencement : 19/12/2005
Date of completion : 21/12/2005
Reference : 5/40 - 42, Page No 82-83, Rasatarangini.
Material : Hingulotha Parada 400 grams
Haridra Choorna 25 grams
Equipments : Khalva Yantra, Vastra, Conical flask, cloth.
Method : Mardana
Procedure:
1) 400 grams of Hingulotha Parada and 25 gram of Haridra choorna were mixed.
Observations:
1) After one hour Mardana a very little quantity of Parada started disintegrating
2) When Haridra Choorna was done mardana with Parada for about 2 hours, the
5) After 8 hours Haridra powder was very dark brown colour and shining.
7) After 20 hours mixture was filtered with the help of four-fold cloth.
Precautions:
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Results:
Initial quantity of Parada -- 400 grams
Final quantity of Parada -- 395 grams
Quantity loss of Parada -- 5 grams
Probable cause of quantity loss:
1. Expelling out from the Khalva Yantra.
2. Due to filtration.
Preparation of Kupi
Practical No 7:
1) A clean and dry amber glass bottle was taken and paste of Gopi chandana was
64 cms in length was applied over the kupi such that both ends of the cloth
3) Such type smearing the mud cloth at stretch covering whole kupi helps in
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Methodology
Observations:
the kupi.
2) Paste of mud was prepared by adding little water as per the requirement.
Precautions:
2) Adequate quantity of water was taken to prepare the gopi chandana paste.
4) The bottle was completely allowed to dry after each covering while applying
the multani mitti paste smeared cloth, the mouth of the kupis were kept closed
2) Another sharava is taken, which was filled with valuka up to 3/4th part.
3) Shodhita Parada yukta pingani kalva yantra was kept on valuka bharita
sharava.
5) Pingani khalva yantra was kept on gas stove and mandagni was given i.e,
starting heat is 800C and increase this temp gradually up to 1500C. This temp
6) The mixture in the pingani khalva was stirred continuously with the help of
7) The mixture became white powder and the fumes were completely
diminished.
9) White colour, very shiny and crystalline Parada choorna was collected in an
airtight container.
Observations:
3) After 4 hours, the mixture in the pingani khalva yantra became paste and light
brownish colour.
4) After 8 hours, some portion of the material was turned into crystals and the
5) After 12 hours, the material became completely globules and attained light
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7) After 23 hours, all paste was converted into white crystals. At this time the
9) After 25 hours, white fumes were diminished (Decreased) and less irritative.
12) After 27 hours, the fumes completely disappeared and kept as it is for 1 hour.
13) The end product was white in colour, smooth and Shiny.
14) The quantity of the end product Parada choorna was 450 grams, after the
Precautions:
4) The mixture was stirred only with the help of glass rod.
Results:
Parada -- 300 grams
Conc H2SO4 -- 450 grams
Obtained end product -- 475 grams
Total quantity -- 275 grams.
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1) Poorva Karma:
The following measures were carried out in this phase of the study.
b) Preparation of Prematerial:
ii. Take Parada Choorna 50 grams and add equal quantity of Saindhava
lavana.
iii. The prematerial was prepared and weight was 100 grams.
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Methodology
c) 100 grams of prematerial was cautiously filled into the Kacha Kupi occupied
First gopichandana smeared cloth was covered the whole at half of the
Valuka yantra and sand was spread uniformly over it of about 3 angulis. Now
Kupi filled with prematerial was kept over the sand at the center and
remaining part of the yantra should be filled with sand up to the neck of the
Kupi. Care should be taken while putting the sand as it may contaminate the
ingredients inside the Kupi for which it is duly corked. The cork was
2) Pradhana Karma:
The Kupi in Valuka yantra was heated for 12 hours in 3 stages of graded
The temperature was recorded with the help of Digital Pyrometer by inserting
the thermocouple in Valuka yantra; the tip was kept nearer to the bottom of
Kupi.
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Methodology
After Kupi paka lakshanas the corking of Kupi mouth was done with the help
of Ishtika cork, which was sealed with cloth smeared with multani mitti.
c) Sita salaka are introduced into the kupi, which had not the white
Valuka yantra with Kupi was allowed for swanga sheeta for one day and was
Observations:
The Kupi pakwa was done for 12 hours continuously in Kramagni and the
shalaka test.
4) At 3rd hour fumes started coming out from mouth of the Kupi along with that
little amount of watery vapours were seen when tamra patra was placed at the
mouth.
5) At 4th hour fumes are very thick and shalaka introduced now to clear the
6) At 8th hour watery vapours and fumes were completely disappeared; it is the
7) Corking was done with cork and wrapped with two layers of Mrutkapat.
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Methodology
8) Agni was increased. The temperature is ranging from 3000C to 4000C and the
9) After 12 hours agni was stopped and valuka yantra was allowed to cool by
itself (Shwangasheeta).
10) It took nearly 12 hours for self-cooling i.e, after 24 hours, the Rasakarpoor
Precautions:
1) Prematerial was mixed with saindhava lavana and mardana done for half an
2) Valuka Yantra should be placed firmly over the rim of the stove and
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Methodology
pyrometer.
6) Care was taken while inserting the shalaka so that it does not touch the bottom
of Kupi.
8) Fumes should not be inhaled and this was avoided by wearing facemask.
9) Istika cork was scrapped properly in such a way that it was not too loose or
tight so that it should fit exactly to the inner surface of the mouth of the Kupi.
10) The sand was removed up to 4 angulis from Kantha Bhaga before corking.
stopped.
11) The Valuka yantra was allowed for self-cooling over the gas stove.
3) Paschat Karma:
After complete cooling, Valuka yantra was removed from the Gas stove.
Jute dipped in kerosene was tied to the Kupi 2-3 cm below the level of
sublimated product and ignited. When the whole thread gets burnt off. It was
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Methodology
From the neck region Rasakarpoor was collected, scrapping with the help of
Observations:
1) The colour of the outer layer of the Kupi was orange red in colour except 4
anguli from the neck, which was black when removed from the Valuka yantra.
Precautions:
3) No force was applied to break the Kupi and avoid mixing of glass pieces with
Results:
Prematerial --- 100 grams.
End Product --- 45 grams.
Residue --- 40 grams.
Loss --- 15 grams.
Probable cause of quantity loss:
1. Due to the Moisture contents of prematerial.
2. Due to temperature.
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Methodology
450
350
300 300
Temp (in 0C)
266
250 250
200 200212
180
150 148
100
80
50 50
30 28
0
1
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Time (in Hours)
Practical No 11:
Name of the Practical : Rasakarpoor Nirmana vidhi.
Date of Commencement : 14/03/2006
Date of completion : 16/03/2006
Procedure:
Same as in Practical No 9
Observations:
Same as in Practical No 9
Precautions:
Same as in Practical No 9
Results:
Prematerial --- 100 grams.
End Product --- 32 grams.
Residue --- 45 grams.
Loss --- 23 grams.
Practical No 12:
Name of the Practical : Rasakarpoor Nirmana vidhi.
Date of Commencement : 18/04/2006
Date of completion : 20/04/2006
Procedure:
Same as in Practical No 9
Observations:
Same as in Practical No 9
Precautions:
Same as in Practical No 9
Results:
Prematerial --- 100 grams.
End Product --- 35 grams.
Residue --- 46 grams.
Loss --- 19 grams
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Methodology
Practical No 13:
Name of the Practical : Rasakarpoor Nirmana vidhi.
Date of Commencement : 24/04/2006
Date of completion : 26/04/2006
Procedure:
Same as in Practical No 9
Observations:
Same as in Practical No 9
Precautions:
Same as in Practical No 9
Results:
Prematerial --- 100 grams.
End Product --- 46 grams.
Residue --- 37 grams.
Loss --- 17 grams
Rasakarpoor was prepared five times. The quantity of prematerial & the
procedure was same in each practicals but the quantity of Rasakarpoor varies.
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Methodology
Analytical Study:
Introduction:
Where science is challenged with the questions what and how, the discipline
of analytical science dares to solve the mysteries. Though put to practice rather
retrograde for the faculty of Ayurveda, the initiation of utilizing these modes of
of the mineral, herbal and animal drugs, somewhat tallies with modern counter part.
different levels. The increasing need for drugs have made it incumbent that some sort
The need has also been felt for statutory control to ensure standards of Ayurvedic
drugs in the modern sense. Physical and chemical analysis of any drug should be
know to the confirm the genuinity and safety before experimented and administration
in human beings.
In the present study sample is collected after the completion of the preparation
Bangalore Test House and same physical analysis is carried out in J.T. College of
Pharmacy, Gadag.
1. Organoleptic characters:
2. Loss on drying:
to 1100C and again weighed. The difference in weight was noted and calculated the %
loss on drying.
Result: 16.80 %
Take about accurate 2-gram ground drug in a previously tared silica dish,
previously ignited and weighed. Scatter the ground dry in fine even layer on the
bottom of the dish. Incinerate by gradually increasing the heat not exceeding dull red
heat (4500C) until free from carbon. Cooled and weighed. Calculated the % of ash
Result: 0.19%
Boil the Ash obtained in the process described under determination of total ash
for 5 minutes with 25 ml dilute hydrochloric acid. Collect the insoluble matter on a
filtered Whatmann no 42, ash less filter paper and wash with hot water. The residue
was taken in a crucible, dried and ignited. The % of acid insoluble ash was calculated
Result: 0.02%.
5. Determination of pH:
solution was prepared, as a sample was dry and in the form of powder. The powder of
the Rasakarpoor taken accurate one gram of the sample was weighed and dissolved in
6. Solubility:
the solvents. When the sample did not dissolve, an excess of solvent by 10 ml
quantity up to 100 ml was added and noted that was soluble in water (1 gram of
1000 ml alcohol).
Water -- Soluble
Alcohol -- Soluble
It can be possible to use the ordinary microscope for particle size measuring in
the range of 0.2 meters to about 100 meters. According to microscope method the
fine powder was sprinkled on the slide covered with covering slip and placed on a
coinciding with the lines of both ocular micrometer and stage micrometer and
SM / OM 10 = m
In the next step the stage micrometer was removed and mounted slide was
placed on a mechanical stage and focused. The particles are measured along with the
arbitrarily chosen fixed lines covered by the particles using the standard value.
8. Flow property:
Rasakarpoor is a fine powder, there fore to maintain the actual dose and for
Angle of repose: It is maximum angle that can be obtained between the free
standing surface of a powder heap and the horizontal plane ie tan Q = 2h/D
This test involves the hollow cylinder half is filled by Rasakarpoor with one
end sealed by transparent plate. The cylinder is rotated about its horizontal axis until
the powder surface cascades. The curved wall is lined with sand paper to prevent
preferential slip at this surface. If the value comes between 200 400 indicates
9. Flow rates:
A sample indication of the ease with which a material can be induced to flow
Rasakarpoor. The level of the Rasakarpoor should be noted. Then at a height of 2 cm,
continuous 10 tapings should be done, after that the level of the Rasakarpoor in the
cylinder is once again noted and the value I is calculated with respect to the Vo and V
Result: Rasakarpoor = 27 %
Procedure:
and 0.5 ml of solochrome black indicator. Titrate the solution with 0.05 M Zinc
Sulphate until the blue colour changes to Purple (do not overshoot the end point), add
3 gms of Potassium iodide, swirl to dissolve. Allow to stand for two minutes. Then,
continue the titration with Zinc sulphate solution to the same end point as before.
Each ml Zinc sulphate solution to the same end point as before. Each ml Zinc sulphate
in sufficient distilled water. Add 0.1 ml of potassium chromate and titrate the solution
with 0.1 M silver Nitrate until the colour changes to reddish brown.
Calculate the % of chlorine in the sample. The factor for converting silver
Eschka Mixture: - Mix two parts calcined magnesia with one part of
Procedure:
accurately the approximate quantity of the sample material and mix it immediately
with 2 gms of Eschks mixture and put evenly on the previously weighed Eschks
mixture. Level the contents by tapping gently on a bench. Cover this uniformly with
0.5 gm of Eschka mixture. Place crucible in the muffle furnace. Raise the temperature
from room temperature to 8000C 250C in about one hour and then heat for further
90 minutes.
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Methodology
Transfer the ignited mixture completely as much as possible from the crucible
about 50 ml of hot distilled water and add the washings to the contents of the beaker.
Then test the supernatant liquid for complete precipitation by adding a few
of the reagent, allow the precipitate to settle as before and test again, repeat this
precipitating agent has been added, keep the covered solution hot, but not boiling for
should settle and a clear supernatant liquid should be obtained. Test the latter with a
Filter the solution through an ash less filter paper (Whatmann No 42.) wash
the precipitate with small portion of hot water. Dry the paper and place it in a silica or
weighed. Gradually increase the heat until the paper chars and volatile matter is
expelled.
Do not allow the paper to burst into flame as mechanical loss may thus ensue.
When charring is complete, raise the temperature of the crucible to dull redness and
burn off carbon with free excess of air. When the precipitate is white ignite the
crucible to red heat for 10 15 minutes. Allow the crucible to cool in air, transfer it to
desiccators and when cooled, weigh the crucible and contents. Repeat until constant
To,
Dr. SUVARNA P. NIDAGUNDI
P.G. Scholar, Dept of Rasashastra,
D.G.M.A.M.C, GADAG.
2. Size of Particle:
Sample Arithmetic Mean
Rasakarpoor 11.48meter
4. Ash Content:
Sample (Rasakarpoor)
Total Ash 0%
Acid Insoluble Ash -
Water soluble Ash -
5. pH and Solubility:
SL No Test Results
1 PH 4.5
2 Solubility Soluble in water & Acids
V.K.Chandur. Suresh.H.M.
(Dept of Pharmaceutics) (Dept of Pharmacognasy)
Methodology
To test whether the contents of the container of Bhasma /Sindhura is the same
that is claimed of its label. In other words to verify the quality of the
Bhasma/Sindhura etc.
Definition:
examination is put on one of the chemical reacting papers, a spot with a series of
changes in colour and pattern will appear. It is the study of this spot and colour at
three successive phases spreading over three different time intervals is known as the
Material Required:
1) Reagents.
2) Whatman paper No 1.
3) Glass rod, Vessel, Tray glass Capillary.
4) Centrifugal & Semi-micro test tubes.
Procedures: It includes the following steps
a) Preparation of Reagents.
b) Preparation of drug solutions
c) Preparation of chemical reacting papers.
d) Direction for preparing the solutions.
e) Spotting and its observations.
a) Preparation of Reagent
Table No.37 Preparation of Reagent
To Prepare 30 ml 100 ml
Conc. Acid Distilled water Conc. Acid Distilled water
5N HNO3 10 ml 20 ml 35 ml 65 ml
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Methodology
Preparation of Aquaregia:
Take 0.25gm of Rasakarpoor sample into a test tube and add 0.5ml of 5N
HNO3.
Take 0.25gm of Rasakarpoor sample into another tube and add 0.5ml of
distilled water.
Take 0.25gm of Rasakarpoor sample into another tube and add 0.5ml of
aquaregia.
Heat the sample after adding the reagents, after the solution is cooled, it has to
Allow sufficient time to react with drug and to settle all the sediments at the
bottom of the test tube till a clear solution is seen above the sediment.
Take Whatman filter paper No 1 is suitable for this purpose. Cut the paper into
Prepare the solutions according to the specific % given to the different papers.
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Methodology
To prepare 10% Potassium Iodide Paper, take 10gm of Potassium Iodide and
mix with 100 ml of distilled water stir continuously until potassium iodide
dissolves.
I) With 5N HNO3
Ist prepare the 5N HNO3 reagent and 10% Potassium Iodide Paper.
Then treat the 10% Potassium Iodide Paper with 2 drops solutions
further turns white with moderate deep brown periphery. Before the end of
first phase one or two tiny and irregular dark particles form in the center of
the spot.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Methodology
2nd Phase: It is called delayed reaction. The brown periphery widens merging with
its out side brown area and reducing the white space. The tiny and
3rd Phase: It is called late reactions. The formation of dark tiny particles in the
first phase which become brick red in the IIIrd Phase along with the
1st Phase: A very minute periphery of joint blackish colour with clear white
2nd Phase: Develops two or three dark, irregular and tiny particles.
3rd Phase: There were no further changes observed from 1st Phase. Only dark,
1st Phase: Immediately a dark brown spots forms. It further turns to white with
moderate deep brown periphery and another circle was dark red irregular
shape.
2nd Phase: The brown periphery widens merging with its outside dark brown area
and reducing the white space. In the center orange colour irregular spot was
present.
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Methodology
3rd Phase: Central pale brown spot with dark brown periphery between the two
Precautions:
1. Centrifuge test tubes were used to prepare solutions and transferred the solution in
2. While adding the reagent or preparing Aquaregia, the respective bottle must be
hold above the level of eyes / head to allow the fumes that came out of the
4. The narrow end of the dropper, just below the surface of the solution was
introduced into the solution and the solution of the sediment not disturbed.
5. The center of the paper should not be hold to avoid level slightest folded or
6. Put a drop of the solution on the chemical reacting paper one centimeter from
7. 2nd drop was put immediately and exactly over the 1st drop to make a spot.
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Methodology
7) Measuring glass
Analysis for the presence of Hg++ and Cl ions was carried out by the following
tests:
Take Rasakarpoor soln and add dilute HCl, pass H2S gas. The solution turns to
black PPT. The black PPT indicates Mercury ions (Hg++) may be present.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Methodology
Prepared Rasakarpoor soln was taken in a test tube and add silver nitrate
Mercuric chloride is a covalent compound and does not give the usual
reactions of the chloride ions. Viz formation of hydrogen chloride with concentrated
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Methodology
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY:
There may be wide variations in the susceptibility of different strains of
the same bacterial species to antibiotic. Several technologies are now available for
method, Serial dilution methods, Solid dilution method Ditch plate technique,
Anti microbial activity was carried out by Cupplate method and the following
Materials:
1) Drugs:
a) Rasakarpoor b) Cefotaxime c) Fluconazole
2) Micro organism:
a) Staphylococcus aureus b) Streptococcus pyogenes.
c) Escherichia coli d) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
e) Candida albicans f) Aspergillus flavus
3) Media Ingredients:
a) Potato dextrose agar b) Nutrient agar
c) Nutrient broth d) Alcohol
4) Equipments:
a) Autoclave b) Incubator
c) Test tubes d) Petriplates
e) Conical flasks f) Cork borer
g) Cotton h) Vernier caliper
i) Mask & Glows
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Methodology
Method:
Cup-Plate Method:
In this technique the test solution is placed in contact with agar, which is
are observed. The cups were made aseptically with cork borer having 8mm diameter
Procedure:
The complete procedure was carried out in 3 stages for both Antibacterial and
Anti Fungal activity of standard and tested drugs. All the chemicals used were of
High media company U.S.A and the glasswares used for study are sterilized by the
STAGE I
Preparation of inoculum.
Preparation of solutions of different drug concentration (Standard & Tested).
STAGE II
Preparation of agar media.
Inoculation of test organisms.
Application of solutions (Standard & Tested).
Incubation.
STAGE III
Reading of zone of Inhibition.
Interpretation of Results.
STAGE I
Preparation of Inoculum for bacteria:
2 gm +ve & 2 gm -ve bacteria were choosen for present study. Bacterias
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Methodology
Sl No Ingredients Quantity
1 Peptone 5gms.
2 Beef extract 3 gms
3 NaCl 5 gms
4 Distilled water 1000 ml
5 pH 7.2 0.4
Required quantity of Nutrient broth was prepared as per the standard composition.
Nutrient broths were taken in four conical flasks and are sealed with alluminium
After complete cooling 0.1ml of selected bacterial cultures were inoculated and
shaken well.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Methodology
Sl No Ingredients Quantity
1 Peptone 200 gms.
2 Dextrose 20 gms
3 Agar 15 gms
4 Distilled water 1000 ml
5 pH 5.6 0.2
The Rasakarpoor solutions were prepared with 50 gm/ml and 100 gm/ml
concentrations and are labeled as T1 & T2 respectively. The samples were prepared in
distilled water.
The standard drug Cefotaxime solutions were prepared with 50 gm/ml and
100 gm/ml concentrations and are labeled as S1 & S2 respectively. The solutions
The fluconazole was selected for antifungal activity as standard drug. The
solutions were prepared with 50 gm/ml and 100 gm/ml concentrations and are
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Methodology
STAGE II
Agar media was used for both antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Sl No Ingredients Quantity
1 Peptone 5 gms.
2 Beef extract 3 gms
3 NaCl 5 gms
4 Agar 15 gms
5 Distilled water 1000 ml
6 pH 7.4 0.2
Required quantity of Agar media was prepared as per the standard composition of
HIMEDIA REF MOO1.
The pH was maintained at 7.4
It was essential for solidification and media has to be sterilized by autoclaving 15
lbs / sq inch for 15 min.
Preparation of Inoculum:
Sterile Nutrient agar media was cooled to 450C and mixed with 20% of
Sterile Nutrient agar medium was cooled to 450C and mixed with 20% of
Applications of solutions:
preparation. After solidification of the media 4 holes are made at equal distance with
the help of sterile cork borer (8 mm diameter). These wells are used to inoculating
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Methodology
Ensure that the layer of media is uniform in thickness, by placing the plate on a level
surface. All the procedure was carried out under aseptic conditions by using Laminar
airflow.
Incubation:
After introduction of Test and Standard drugs, the plates were placed in a
refrigerator at 80C - 100C for diffusion of drugs into the media. After two hours of
cold incubation, petriplates are transferred to Incubator and maintained at 370C 20C
for 24 hrs for bacteria. The fungal petriplates were incubated at 270C 20C for 48 hrs.
After the incubation period, the petriplates were observed for zone of
Observations:
Bacterial culture was incubated at 370C 20C and fungi at 270C 20C
Zone of inhibition was measured by Vernier caliper
While mixing bacterial are fungal cultures, the temperature of Agar was
maintained above 450C
Inoculated media poured into the petriplates to a depth of 3 to 4mm & place
and platform to get uniform spreading of the media.
The growth of the bacterial & fungal cultures were indicated by the turbidity
of the media
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Methodology
Precautions:
1. pH of all the media was accurately maintained for normal ions uptake by
microorganisms.
2. Petridish, conical flask etc were properly sterilized by autoclaving at 15lbs/sq
inch for 15 minutes.
3. Activity was conducted by using gloves & mask and it was carried in the
Laminar airflow.
4. Zone of inhibition was recorded by placing the petriplates on colony counter.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Results
Antibacterial activity:
Tested drug Rasakarpoor (T1& T2) shows less activity as compared with the Standard
40
Zone of Inhibition in mm
34.33 34.88
35
30 27
25 22
20
15
10
5
0
S1 T1 S2 T2
Std & Tested Drug
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Results
drug Rasakarpoor (T1& T2) shows less activity as compared with the Standard drug
40 37.16
Zone of Inhibition in mm
35
28.5 29.33
30 26
25
20
15
10
5
0
S1 T1 S2 T2
Std & Tested Drug
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Results
Above table shows, in 50gm/ml & 100gm/ml concentration the Tested drug
Rasakarpoor (T1& T2) shows good activity as compared with the Standard drug
Graph No 4 Results of Standard and Tested drug over the Escherichia coli:
40 35.16
Zone of Inhibition in mm
35 30.33 30.16
28
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
S1 T1 S2 T2
Std & Tested Drug
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Results
Tested drug Rasakarpoor (T1& T2) shows less activity as compared with the Standard
45 41.16
Zone of Inhibition in mm
40 37.66
35
30 25.66
25 20
20
15
10
5
0
S1 T1 S2 T2
Std & Tested Drug
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Results
Antifungal activity:
Above table shows, in 50gm/ml & 100gm/ml concentration the Tested drug
Rasakarpoor (T1& T2) shows good activity as compared with the Standard drug
Fluconazole(S1& S2).
Graph No 6 Results of Standard and Tested drug over the Candida albicans:
Candida Albicans
35 32
Zone of Inhibition in mm
29
30
23.5
25 21.66
20
15
10
5
0
S1 T1 S2 T2
Std & Tested Drug
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Results
Tested drug Rasakarpoor (T1& T2) shows good activity as compared with the
Graph No.7. Results of Standard and Tested drug over the Aspergillus Flavus:
Aspergillus Flavus
35 31.5
Zone of Inhibition in mm
28.66
30
25 20.66
19.33
20
15
10
5
0
S1 T1 S2 T2
Std & Tested Drug
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Results
Table No.47. Efficacy of standard and tested drug against gram +ve & gram
ve organisms:
The results reveals that the organisms have shown varied response to
given less response to all organisms in both the concentrations except E Coli.
Antifungal activity:
Table No.48. Efficacy of standard and tested drug against Fungal organism:
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Results
Note:
In the present study 2 gms +ve organisms viz Staphylococcus aureus MTCC
87, Streptococcus pyogenes 2 gms ve organisms viz Escherichia coli MTCC 46,
organisms and the mean value of zone of inhibition was obtained by the six values of
each concentration of standard and tested drug. The mean value was calculated which
represents accurate zone of inhibition for both standard and tested drug mean values
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Discussion
Discussion:
answers are outcome of the current study which are discussed as underneath-
Twachagatarogas etc,
It is not in vogue of clinical practice because of its toxicity. But some states in
South India like Andra pradesha etc it has captured wide marketing, than any
other drugs and routinely used as a home remedy by the peoples for many
Infectious diseases with proper dosage, duration, kala and anupana which has
made it popular
By observing all these points it can be used in day to today clinical practice
with proper dosage and a better choice among the Rasa yogas.
Thus its our responsibility to spread its effectiveness in other parts of the
Pharmaceutical study:
Shodhana process:
detoxification, it is a complex of organic acids like Citric acids & Mallic acid,
which reacts with unwanted materials & form a complex, soluble in water
.Bhavana procedure helps in reducing the size of the Hingula particles into
finer state, which helps in extraction of Parada from each part of it.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Discussion
Hingula Satvapatana:
On the basis of results obtained during two procedures, the average yield of
Parada was around 52.2%. Loss may be due to the following reason
It reacts with oxygen, forms Mercury and sulphur dioxide, other impurities
settle in the bottom. The Parada was condensed at the inner side of upper pot.
HgS + O2 Hg + SO2
activity.
Parada Choorna:
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Discussion
sulphur dioxide.
as paradachoorna. These two are white in colour, shiny and crystal like appearance.
During the preparation proper care is taken, not to inhale the fumes, as it is poisonous.
Preparation of Rasakarpoor:
proper compound.
procedure.
The kupi was filled with 100gms of prematerial that acquired lower 1/5th
For valuka Yantra, Mud pot was used. It was rapped with 3-4 layers of
Inside the valuka Yantra sand was spread up to 3 angulas to avoid the direct
touch of kupi to Yantra. It was placed firmly at the center without slant.
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Discussion
The remaining portion of Yantra was filled with valuka. It renders resistance
To measure the temperature at the base of the Kupi the thermocouple of the
pyrometer was placed in valuka Yantra at the level of the bottom of the Kupi,
Shalaka sanchalana:
initial stage and in the final stage before corking to test whether the compound is
formed.
This was ascertained by Copper coin test. The evaporation of Parada can also be
Corking time:
Shwangsheeta:
Agni is stopped; Valukayantra retains the temperature for many hours, which might
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Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Discussion
Kupi Bhedhana:
While doing the Kupibhedhana thread has to be tied in a single circle to avoid
improper breaking of kupi, which may lead to mixing of product with the glass piece.
pattern & time duration was same but the quantity of end product is varied.
The chemical reaction taking place during the preparation can be said as
below,
Anthardhooma method:
Preparation of Rasakarpoor was also done by this method for 2 times. The
appearance
174
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Discussion
The yield obtained was an average 20%. Here the evaporation of fumes and
water vapors were profuse through the pores of pot. Irritating odour was
Rasakarpoor.
inorganic salts of mercury in small quantities or lethal to several gram +ve & gram
ve organisms.
Mercuric chloride absorbed from the intact mucus membrane of the alimentary
inhibiting sulphydryl enzymes of bacterio cells. Thus it interferes with the cellular
metabolism and function. The small dose of Rasakarpoor is advocated (1/64 to 1/32
175
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Discussion
Analytical study:
This part exposes the hidden facts about the final product when it was
Shodhita hingula:
Organoleptic characters: It is a red in colour, odourless and fine in touch. The verna
red colour.
Gandhaka is 8.06%. The values of Hingula are slightly less when compared to the
Rasakarpoor:
fine in touch. The reports of the analysis match with the characters explained for
Loss on drying: 16.80% reveals the presence of moisture in the Rasakarpoor. Which
airtight container.
Total Ash: 0.19% indicates the presence of minimal amount of organic matter in the
final product.
Acid insoluble Ash: 0.02% suggests that the final product almost soluble in acid.
Determination of pH: Report shows that pH was 4.40, which suggest that
Rasakarpoor is acidic in nature. Drugs get easily absorbed in acidic media. Hence
Rasakarpoor absorbs and enters into the system and produces quick results.
Solubility: Reports reveals that it is completely soluble in water and alcohol, slightly
soluble in chloroform.
176
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Discussion
which was done with the help of microscope. Size of Rasakarpoor is 11.48meter. By
this test it known that Rasakarpoor particles are fine in nature. The rate of absorption
is directly proportional to the particle size of the drug, finer the particles better the
absorption. As the Rasakarpoor particle size is fine the absorption will be quick.
Flow property and flow rate: Since the drug was in powder form it was tested for
flow property. It suggests necessity of any adjuncts for proper flow of drug during
The result shows that the Flow property was good and Flow rate was moderate
preparation.
N.P.S.Test:
Rasakarpoor.
In the present study 5N HNO3, Distilled water and aquregiea were used as a
reagents. It was carried out in three phases to identify the sample of Rasakarpoor.
177
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Discussion
With 5N HNO3: Brown periphery around the brick red spot was observed in all
phases, this brown colour was because of iodine papers. All the brick red irregular
With distilled water: - Minute periphery and slight blackish colour two or three dark,
With aquaregiea: - Pale brown spot with dark brown periphery between two pink
Overall brown periphery around brick red spots and two pink colour spots
Antimicrobial Activity:
for evaluation of antimicrobial activity of a drug. In the present study cup plate
Two gram +ve, Two gram ve bacterias and two fungai were selected for the
environments. These are the major causative factors for many infectious
etc.
study Nutrient broth is chosen as a culture media for bacteria and Potato
dextrose agar media for fungai. These two are the basic media for cultivation
of respective organisms.
178
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Discussion
Agar universally used as a solidifying agent, it common for bacteria & fungi,
which has not been replaced by any other agent from 100 years.
concentrations.
From the results, all the bacteria have shown antibacterial activity against
Rasakarpoor except E-coli organism all other tested organism have shown less
strains, which are used for the present study. It is clear that Rasakarpoor has
Rasakarpoor has shown lesser activity, but has a definite comparable activity
infectious conditions.
Rasakarpoor has much better antifungal activity than the proven drug
179
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Conclusion
Conclusion:
Rasayana.
1. Pharmaceutical study:
Parada shodhana with Haridra choorna and Hingula Shodhana with Nimbu
2. Analytical study:
specified.
3. Experimental study:
The selected microorganisms are causative agents for many common infections
Antimicrobial activity.
It has less antibacterial activity, but in E-coli organism significant result exhibited.
180
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Conclusion
Limitations:
181
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Summary
Summary:
analysis of Rasakarpoor and its Antimicrobial activity deals with topics such as
Conclusion.
Introduction:
Microorganisms were explained. The need and importance of present study was
explained.
Objectives:
Review of Literature:
Drug review:
conc sulphuric acid were explained in detail. Different opinions of these drugs about
Disease review:
Krimi according Ayurvedic classics and its modern aspect were explained.
The evolution and different procedures of the antimicrobial activity were explained in
brief.
182
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Summary
Methodology:
Pharmaceutical study:
and Rasakarpoor.
Analytical study:
Shodhita hingula:
and Sulphur.
Rasakarpoor:
Chloride. Other procedures like pH, Solubility, Flow property, Flow rate, Fineness
Experimental study:
Antimicrobial activity:
-ve and two fungi were taken. For standard drug and Rasakarpoor, solutions
100gram/ml.
Observations were made carefully and the necessary precautions were taken.
183
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Summary
Results:
The results reveal that in antibacterial study, the organisms have shown varied
fungal activity organisms have shown significant results. The results were interpreted
scale.
Discussion:
satvapatana and their importance were discussed elaborately. Kupipakva rasayana and
the preparation of Rasakarpoor and the precautions taken during the preparation were
also discussed. The analytical, experimental studies results were also discussed.
Conclusion:
184
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
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200
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Annexure
Annexure
Slokas
a Wlas
mUS vkl
___________________________________________________________ 201
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity
Annexure
UxMmU lqh
(UxiUlah, wwOxiUla: 65-71)
UxMmU ah:
UxMmU q
___________________________________________________________ 202
Preparation, physico chemical analysis of RASAKARPOOR and its antimicrobial activity