CE 514L

SOIL MECHANICS II LAB

Foundation Engineering

GROUT INJECTION
Submitted by:
5CE-A
Sabino, Elhaine Mae L. Tadique. Ramon Janielle B. Uy, Patrick Rupert Y.
See, Reisha Bianca R. Tolentino, Jett Tommy T. Vitug, Chrysvin Wilson H.

I. INTRODUCTION

Grounds which have poor soils that are subjected to heavy loading conditions are often affected by natural
disasters such as landslides or earthquakes, typhoons, and many more. These catastrophes always generate a big impact
when it comes to the situation of concrete in a particular area, hence making injection and grouting as the important
components in the concrete construction industry of the present era.
Grout injection is the practice of filling the voids, cracks, or honeycombs by injecting slurry or a liquid solution
into a soil or rock formation. It uses pressurized concrete for repairing cracks and for strengthening the damaged
concrete or masonry structural members.
Grout is then defined as a plastic material that is able to flow which has a negligible shrinkage to be able to fill
the voids completely and should remain stable without cracking, de-lamination, or crumbling.
There are various types of grouts used for strengthening and repairing concrete and masonry structural members.
The selection of type of grout for particular type of concrete or masonry repair work should be based on the compatibility
of the grout with the original material.

II. BRIEF HISTORY

The traceable record of grout injection can be as early as in the beginning of 1800s.
In the year 1802, the idea of improving the bearing capacity under a sluice by the injection of self-hardening
cementitious slurry was first introduced.
In 1983, the first systematic grouting of rock in the United States of America as performed at the New Croton
Dam, in New York.
In 1960s, jet grouting technique was established
In 1977, the first application of compaction grouting for controlling the ground movement during the
construction of the Bolton Hill Tunnel in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

III. TYPES OF GROUT INJECTION

1. Permeation Grouting

Permeation grouting is defined as a means of impregnating the voids within a soil or rock mass and thereby
replacing water and air from the voids and replacing it with grout, without displacing the soil particles or widening
the existing fissures in the rock. It includes:

Injection of thin grouts into the soil

Once the soil cures, becomes a solid mass
Done usually using chemical grouts
Used for creating groundwater barriers or preparing ground before tunneling
2. Displacement Compaction Grouting

Compaction grouting is the injection of a thick, low mobility grout that remains in a homogenous mass
without entering soil pores. As the grout mass expands, the surrounding soil is displaced and densified. When low
slump compaction grout is injected into the granular soils, grout bulbs are formed that displace and densify the
surrounding loose soils. It is use to repair structures that have excessive settlement.

3. Displacement Soil Fracture Grouting

Soil fracture grouting technique is a displacement grouting

technique in which a learn slurry of cement, soil, and water is injected into
the soil at high pressure to fracture the soil and form root-like or thin lens
shaped zones of grout material in the soil mass. The grout spreads the
entire grout hole causing densification of the soil mass and an increase in
macroscopic strength.
4. Jet or Replacement-Displacement Grouting

In this technique, a special grout pipe called the monitor having

high-speed jets of water or grout is used to erode and excavate the soil.
Thereafter, as the monitor is withdrawn, strong, impervious columns are
produced by mixing grout with the remaining soil.

5. Tube-a-Manchettes

Tube-a-Manchettes (TAM) grouting makes use of sleeved

perforated pipes in grout holes, soils, or completely decomposed rock to
allow grout to be injected at close centers vertically, and re-injected, if
necessary. It is a grouting technique applicable for grouting in soil
formation only, with partial or complete displacement of in-filling ground
water

6. Deep Mixing Methods

Deep Mixing Method is a soil improvement method which is performed to improve the strength,
deformation properties, and permeability of the soil.

7. Compensation Grouting

Compensation grouting, also known as fracture grouting, is the

responsive use of compaction, permeation, or hydro fracture grouting as an
intervention between an existing structure and an engineering operation

8. Rock Grouting

Rock Grouting is the filling or partial filling by grout injection of fissures, fractures, or joints in a rock
mass with grouts without creating new, or opening existing fractures.
IV. GROUTING EQUIPMENTS

Compaction Grouting Equipment

1. Grout mixing system: The grout mixing system should be capable

of thoroughly mixing grout over the specified range. Grout will
either be supplied by transit mix or mixed on site. For each batch of
transit mixed grout, a ticket will be issued by the mix plant stating
the amount of sand, cement, flyash, water, any additives, the time
mixed, amount of water added at the site, and the time the truck has
fully discharged. Any grout over three hours old should be wasted
unless it can be demonstrated that extended hold time has no
detrimental effect. On site mixing systems should be capable of
precisely measuring, recording, and mixing all materials.

2. Grout Pump System: The grout pump shall include a positive

displacement type pump with variable speed capabilities. The grout
pump shall have the capability of injecting grout at a pressure of 800
psi. The pump shall have a minimum capacity of .05 cfm and
maximum of up to 5 cfm. Pumps shall be equipped with remote
controls for operation in vicinity of the probe collar to control the
injection process.

3. Grout Delivery System. The grout delivery system shall consist of

hoses, couplings, and pipes compatible with the equipment used for
this work and shall be capable of withstanding the pressures
delivered by the pump. Pressure gauges shall be provided at the pump discharge and at the top of the
injection pipe to monitor pressure.

4. Pressure Gauges. All pressure gauges shall be adequately protected from the grout with suitable gauge
savers to provide accurate pressure reading on a continuous basis and shall be calibrated to a Master Gauge
prior to use.

Jet Grouting Equipment

1. Jet-Grouting Machine - provides a wide model range of powerful

machine with feed stroke up to 6 meter. Compact design, easy
transportation, ready for operation in a short time, and high
maneuverability. Each model can be delivered as JG-type (Jet
Grouting), HT-type (Soil Mixing) or K-type (Pipe piling) further more
combinations are possible. Process Data management and Data
recording system enables precise control of JG operation and
contributes to quality management.
 2. Jet-Grouting Pumps - is a high precision triplex plunger pump which
s provides stable slurry discharge without pulsation.

3. Automatic Mixing Plants An automatic slurry mixing equipment. Automatic weighing (load cell) for cement,
water and admixture volumes. Mixer rotation is inverter controlled and can adjust to comply with the applied
materials.

Jet-Grouting Layout:

V. ADVANTAGES/ LIMITATIONS

Advantages

Precise treatment
Fast installation
Can be performed in very tight access and low headroom
No waste spoil disposal
Wide applications range
Nondestructive and adaptable to existing foundations
Economic alternative to removal and replacement or piling
 Time tested and proven
Site batching allows for necessary adjustments on the fly to maximize results

Disadvantages/Limitations

The in situ vertical stress must be sufficient to enable the grout to displace the soil horizontally (if ground surface
heave occurs densification will be minimized).
The grout injection rate should be slow enough to allow pore pressure dissipation.
Sequencing of grout injection is also important.
Soils that lose strength during remolding (saturated, finegrained soils; sensitive clays) should be avoided.
Greater displacement will occur in weaker soil strata. Exhumed grout bulbs confirm that compaction grouting
focuses improvement where it is most needed.
Collapsible soils can usually be treated effectively with the addition of water during drilling prior to compaction
grout injection.
Stratified soils, particularly thinly stratified soils, can be cause for difficult or reduced improvement capability.

VI. APPLICATIONS

1. Permeation Grouting
This method describes the process of filling joints or fractures
in rock or pore spaces in soil with a grout without disturbing the
formation. In permeation grouting, sandy soil is densified by injecting it
with a special liquid material. This material permeates the space between
the granular soils and thus locking them together. In some cases, certain
depth zones of the strata are targeted. Cementious ultra fine grouts and
chemical solutions are designed for the application.

Typical uses of permeation grouting include:

Adding bearing capacity to soils to achieve higher loads

Earth retention during excavation along a structure/pit
Obstructing water movement through soil

2. Compaction Grouting
Compaction grouting is the injection of a thick, low mobility
grout that remains in a homogeneous mass without entering soil pores.
As the grout mass expands, the surrounding soil is displaced and
densified. A conceptual drawing of compaction grouting is shown below
 Typical uses of compaction grouting include:

3. Soil Fracture Grouting

Soil fracture grouting technique is a displacement grouting technique in
which a learn slurry of cement, soil, and water is injected into the soil at high
pressure to fracture the soil and form root-like or thin lens shaped zones of grout
material in the soil mass. The grout material spreads all around the grout hole
causing densification of the soil mass and an increase in its macroscopic strength.

Typical applications of soil fracture grouting process are:

Reduction or reversal of differential settlement

Reduction or reversal of total settlement
Prevention of the settlement of buildings as tunneling is carried out

4. Jet Grouting
Jet grouting is a construction process using a high kinetic energy jet of
fluid to break up and loosen the ground, and mix it with a thin slurry. It is not truly
grouting but rather a hydrodynamic mix-in-place technique producing a soil-
cement material.
Jet grouting makes use of three physical processes, either singly or in
combination: the very high speed jet loosens the soil, the jetting fluid washes some
of the soil to the surface, and the slurry adds a binder to the soil mix.

The sequence of work is usually as follows:

A small (100-200mm dia.) hole is drilled to the required depth,

A high pressure (several dozen MPa) fluid is pumped through one or more small (1-10mm) nozzles on a
monitor at the foot of a 70-100mm dia. drill string,
The drill string is slowly raised and rotated to form a column of soil cement.
During jetting, material in excess of the soil cement mix must rise freely to the hole collar (to prevent the
excess material fracturing and disturbing the surrounding ground). It is removed from site as it emerges.

The result (diameter, composition and strength of the columns) is dependent on drill string rotation and
raising speeds, jet pressure and flow, grout mix; soil type, grain size distribution, composition and compactness;
and jet configuration (single, double or triple jet set-up).
 THE PRINCIPLE METHODS

a. Single Jet
In the single jet configuration, the jetting fluid is grout which performs the three functions of
loosening the soil, removing the excess, and providing the binder.
A significant proportion of the kinetic energy of the jet is lost through friction in the soil suspension
and the excess material may become too viscous to rise freely to the whole collar.

b. Double Jet
If the very high velocity grout jet is sheathed in a cone of air, the radius of action of the jet in the
same soil is substantially increased.
In the double jet configuration, the air improves performance in removing in situ soil by acting as
an air lift.

c. Triple Jet
In the triple jet set-up, soil loosening and removal is effected by water and air jets together,
independently of the incorporation of the binder, which is delivered by a simultaneous jet of low pressure
grout (at a few MPa) emerging from a low nozzle.
The high pressure pump and circuit in the triple jet configuration carries only water. There must
also be a second, low pressure grout pump, and a three-line drill string.

*Jet grouting is typically used for columns in almost all types of soil.

5. Rock Fissure Grouting

Rock fissure grouting is the use of a hole drilled through the
fissures and joints of a rock mass to allow grout to be injected at close
centers vertically and re-injecting, if necessary.

Application of Rock Fissure Grouting:

Sealing rock mass underneath and at ends of dams to prevent

seepage or leaking of the reservoirs.
Sealing rock mass above and underneath a rock tunnel to prevent
water seepage into the excavated tunel.
Cementing fractured rock mass. Its main application is in the field
of water stopping, especially in tunnel excavation project.