Sampling Disributions

Take a look at this example

Student 1 2 3 4 5
Scores: 1 2 3 4 5

If you sampled 2 students, what is their average

score? Is it the same with the population average
score?
If you sampled 2 students, what is the probability
that their score is less than 4?
 Take a look at this example
Sample Elements p

1 Students 3,5 2.0 +3.0/2= 0.5

2.5
2 Students 1,2 1.0+2.0/2= 1

The results of sample 1 are not the same as those of

sample 2 due to sampling variation brought about
by the element of chance which is inherent in random
sampling
All statistics vary from sample to sample and
can therefore be considered random variables
The frequency distributions of these can
be plotted
This is known as the sampling distributions
of the statistics

The sampling distribution of a statistic is the

frequency distribution of that statistics taken over
all possible samples
Why the need to know its properties?

a. Determine the probability of obtaining a

sample statistic with a pre-specified
magnitude from a given population

b. Estimate parameters; and

c. Test hypothesis regarding parameters

Sampling Distribution of the Mean
Sample means vary from sample to
sample even if theyr taken from the
same population

In general, most, if not all of the

possible sample means are not equal to

Sample means tend to cluster around

 Take a look at this example
Respondent 1 2 3 4 5
Scores 1 2 3 4 5

Respondent Sample Class frequency

scores mean 1.5 1
1,2 1.5 2 1
1,3 2 2.5 2
1,4 2.5 3 2
1,5 3 3.5 2
2,3 2.5 4 1
2,4 3
2,5 3.5
3,4
3,5
3.5
4
Within 0.5 of
4,5 4.5
Computation of the mean of the means, , yields
= fixi m= number of samples
m

= (1x 1.5) +(1x2)+(2x2.5)+(2x3)+(2x3.5)+(1x4)/10

=3.0

This is exactly equal to the mean of the population , obtained

earlier
 Properties:
1. Its mean, , known as its expected value, is
equal to the population mean,
=
- it has been proven that the sample
mean,x, is an unbiased estimator of
2. Its standard deviation, known as standard
error of the mean x, is approximately
equal to standard deviation of the
population divided by the square root of the
sample size
x= /n
3. It is normally distributed if the
population from which the samples are
drawn is itself normally distributed
According to Central Limit Theorem- if the
parent population is not normal, the
sampling distribution of the mean
approaches normality as the sample size
increases
How do we apply these properties?

Situation:

If the systolic blood pressure among adults

in Cavite is normally distributed with a
mean of 110mmHg and a standard
deviation of 12mmHg.
Question:
1.What is the probability that a sample of
49 adults will yield a mean that is:
a. Greater than or equal to 112mmHg?
b. Between 112 and 115mmHg?
c. Less than 106mmHg?
2.Within what range will the middle 95% of
the sample means fall?
The formula for z is:
z= x-
/n
Sampling Distribution of Proportions

The sampling distribution of proportion is

the frequency distribution of sample
proportion obtained from all possible
samples of size n
 Properties:
The properties of the sampling distribution of
proportion when the sample size is large, i.e.
both nP and n(1-P) are greater than or equal to 5
are:
1. It is approximately normally distributed
2. Its mean, p is equal to the population
proportion, P
3. Its standard deviation, p, known as the standard
error of proportions, is equal to
p=P(1-P)
n
 Applications of the Sampling
Distribution of Proportions
Making use of the properties, we can:
1.Determine the probability of occurrence
of a sample proportion with a pre-
specified magnitude from a given
population
2.Estimate the population proportion, P
3.Test hypotheses regarding the population
proportion, P
The formula:
z= p-P
P(1-P)
n

Question:
If the cure rate for a new drug is 80%, what is
the probability that at most, 70% of 50
patients administered with the drug will be
cured?
1st determine if the sample size
requirements are satisfied, i.e. that both
nP and n(1-P) are greater than or equal to
5

Solving, we get the following results:

nP= (50)(.8)= 40
n(1-P)= (50)(.2)= 10
Compute:
z= p-P
P(1-P)
n
=0.7-0.8
(0.8)(0.2)
50
=-1.77
From the z table= = 0.0384
Sampling Distribution of the Difference
between Two Means
Sex Females Males
Stud No. 1,3,4,6,8 2,5,7,9
Grade 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 4.0 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0

The mean grade and standard deviation for these

two populations are as follows
Parameter Population of Females Population of Males
Mean = 2.6 = 3.5
Standard error = 1.0 = 1.1

The difference between the two population

means (m=f) is equal to 0.9
Situation:
Suppose one professor wanted to determine the
difference between the mean grade of males and
females (m-f). He randomly selected 2 males,
students 4 and 6 with mean grade of 2.5 and 2
females, students 4 and 6 with mean grade of 3.0.
Another professor could not believe that on the
average males had better grades than females so
he repeated the process and drew female
students 1 and 4 with a mean grade of 2.0 and
male students 2 and 7, with a mean grade of 3.0
 Professor Sample mean of Sample mean of Mean difference
male female
1 2.5 3.0 -0.5
2 3.0 2.0 1.0

Difference between 2 sample means varies from

pair to pair

The statistics (x1-x2) is a random variable therefore

frequency distribution taken over all possible pairs
of samples an be constructed
The sampling distribution of the difference
between two means, (x1-x2), is the
frequency distribution of the difference
between two sample means obtained from
all possible pairs of sample means
 Properties
The sampling distributions of the difference
between two means are the following:
a.It is approximately normally distributed
b.Its mean is equal to the difference of the
two population means (1-2)
c.Its standard deviation, the standard error
of the difference between two means is
equal to
(x1-x2)=
For transforming the sampling distribution of
the difference between 2 means to a
standard normal curve, we use the formula
Sampling Distribution of the Difference
Between Two Proportions
Suppose the parameter of interest for
comparing the performance of male and
female students is the difference in the
proportions with grades higher than or
equal to 2.0 (p1-p2). If the grading system
is such that 1.0 is the highest possible
grade and 5.0 is the lowest possible
grade, then the findings of the 2
professors would have been:
Prof Sample Values P with Grades 2.0 (p1-p2)
Males Females Males Females
1 2.0 3.0 50% 0% 50%
3.0 3.0
2 2.0 1.0 50% 50% 0%
4.0 3.0

Difference between sample proportions varies from pair to pair

The sampling distribution of the difference
between two proportions (p1-p2) is the
frequency distribution of the difference
between two sample proportions obtained
from all possible pairs of sample
proportions
 Properties:
As long as the sample sizes are large enough,
the sampling distribution has for its
properties the following:
a. It is approximately normally distributed
b.Its mean is equal to the difference of the two
population proportions, (P1-P2)
c. Its standard deviation known as the standard
error of the difference between two
proportions is equal to
For transforming to the standard normal
curve we use

z= (p1-p2)- (P1-P2)
P (1-P1)+ P (1-P )
1 2 2

n1 n2
The sample size is said to be large enough if both n1pq and n2pq
are greater than or equal to 5