270 IEC 1981 1

Tiu chun
IEC
quc t
270
xut bn ln th hai
1981

o lng
phng in tng phn

371158236.doc 1 / 31
270 IEC 1981 2

Vic xem xt li n phm ny

Ni dung k thut ca cc n phm IEC thng xuyn c xem xt li

nhm lm cho chng phn nh ng tnh trng k thut hin hnh.

Cc thng tin lin quan n vic xem xt li ny, n vic xut

bn cc ti liu xem xt li, v n vic cp nht cc ti liu c
th nhn c t cc y ban Quc gia ca IEC v c th tham kho
cc ti liu sau:

Thng bo ca IEC.
Nim gim ca IEC (cng b hng nm).
Danh mc cc n phm ca IEC (cng b hng nm).

Thut ng:

V thut ng chung, bn c tham kho n phm 50 IEC: " T

ng k thut in Quc t " (IEV), c xy dng thnh cc chng
ring r, mi chng x l mt ch xc nh. Bn ch dn chung
cng c xut bn ring. Cc chi tit y v IEV c th nhn c
theo yu cu.

Cc thut ng v nh ngha trong n phm ny hoc l c

trch t IEV, hoc c ph chun c bit theo mc tiu ca n
phm ny.

Cc k hiu bng th v bng ch :

V k hiu bng th, bng ch v cc du hiu s dng chung

c IEC ph chun, xin ngi c tham kho :

- 27 IEC : Cc k hiu bng ch dng trong k thut in.

- 117 IEC : Cc k hiu bng th khuyn nn dng.

Cc k hiu v du hiu cha trong n phm ny hoc l c trch

t 27 IEC hoc 117 IEC, hoc c ph chun ring dng cho n
phm ny.

Cc n phm ca IEC cng do y ban K thut ny son tho.

Xin bn c xem trang ba 3. y c lit k cc n phm ca

IEC do y ban K thut xy dng n phm ny son tho.

371158236.doc 2 / 31
270 IEC 1981 3

Mc lc

Li ni u
Li ta

1. Phm vi p dng
2. Mc tiu
3. nh ngha
3.1. Phng in tng phn
3.2. Cc i lng lin quan n phng in tng phn
3.3. Cng ca phng in tng phn quy nh
3.4. Cc in p lin quan n phng in tng phn
4. Cc mch th nghim v cc dng c o
4.1. Cc quy nh chung
4.2. Cc mch th nghim
4.3. Dng c o.
4.4. Cc phng php pht hin khng in.
5. Cch nh c
5.1. Tng qut
5.2. Xc nh cc c tnh ca dng c o.
5.3. Cch nh c dng c o trong mt mch th nghim
hon chnh.
6. Cc th nghim
6.1. Cc quy nh chung
6.2. Vic gia cng vt th cn th nghim
6.3. Cc quy nh v in p th nghim
6.4. Chn cc quy trnh th nghim
6.5. Vic o trn cc cp v cc vt th cn th nghim c
cc dy qun.
7. chnh xc v nhy ca php o
8. Cc nhiu lon
8.1 Ngun nhiu
8.2. Pht hin cc nhiu lon
8.3. Lm gim cc nhiu lon
8.4. Cc mc nhiu lon
9. Cc quy nh c bit cho vic o phng in
tng phn khi th nghim bng in p mt chiu.
9.1. Tng qut
9.2. Cc i lng lin quan n phng in tng phn.
9.3. Cc in p lin quan n cc phng in tng phn
9.4. Cc mch th nghim v cc dng c o
371158236.doc 3 / 31
270 IEC 1981 4

9.5. Cc th nghim
9.6. Nhiu lon.

371158236.doc 4 / 31
270 IEC 1981 5

Ph lc A.......................................................................... 22

Ph lc B .......................................................................... 23

Ph lc C .......................................................................... 24

Ph lc D ........................................................................... 25

Hnh v.

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270 IEC 1981 6

y b a n k t h u t i n q u c t

o phng in tng phn

Li ni u

1. Cc quyt nh hoc tha c chnh thc ca IEC v cc vn k thut, c

son tho bi cc y ban K thut, trong c i din ca tt c cc y ban
Quc gia quan tm c bit n cc vn , th hin mt s nht tr
Quc t v cc ch c xem xt.

2. Cc quyt nh ny l cc khuyn ngh c tnh Quc t v c cc y ban

Quc gia tha nhn theo ngha .

3. khuyn khch v thc y s thng nht Quc t, IEC mong mun rng tt
c cc y ban Quc gia chp nhn vn bn ca khuyn ngh Quc t ca IEC
v a vo cc th l Quc gia, trong chng mc , m cc iu kin Quc gia
cho php. Mi s khc bit gia khuyn ngh ca IEC v lut l Quc gia t ng
ng, trong mc c th, cn c ch r trong cc tiu chun Quc gia.

li ta

Tiu chun ny c xy dng bi y ban K thut s 42 ca IEC:

"K thut th nghim in p cao".

Cc bn d tho c tranh lun trong cc cuc hp t chc

Helsinki vo nm 1978 v Florence vo nm 1979. Tip sau cuc
hp th hai, mt bn d tho khc, ti liu 42 (Vn phng Trung ng)
31 c trnh cc y ban Quc gia ph duyt theo quy tc 6 thng
vo thng 10 nm 1980.

Cc y ban Quc gia cc nc sau y tuyn b hon ton tn thnh n

phm ny:

Cng ha Nam Phi Ai cp Tn Ty

Lan
c Ty Ban Nha H Lan
c M Balan
o Phn Lan Rumani
B Php Thy in
Braxin Ailen Tip Khc
Canaa Nht bn Th Nh
K Trung Quc Na uy Lin
x
an Mch

n phm khc ca IEC c k n trong n phm ny

IEC 60 - 2: K thut th nghim in p cao

Phn 2. Cc quy trnh th nghim

371158236.doc 6 / 31
270 IEC 1981 7

371158236.doc 7 / 31
270 IEC 1981 8

o phng in tng phn

1. Phm vi p dng

Tiu chun ny p dng cho vic o phng in tng phn trong

qu trnh th nghim bng in p xoay chiu, nhng cc thut ng
chung, cc nh ngha v cc quy nh thng thng cng u c
p dng cho cc th nghim phng in tng phn khi th nghim
bng in p mt chiu. Mt vi c tnh ring v o phng in
tng phn bng in p mt chiu c cho trong mt iu khon
tch ring, cc tham kho cn thit cho iu c th tm c
trong phn cn li ca vn bn. Tiu chun ny ch yu dng lm -
ng li ch o xy dng cc quy nh cho cc thit b c
bit.

Vic o phng in tng phn c tin hnh ch yu :

- xc minh l vt th c th nghim khng phi l ni c phng
in tng phn vt qu mt cng dd quy nh in p quy
nh.
- xc nh gi tr in p m cc phng in tng phn
mc thp nh xut hin khi in p tng, v bin mt khi
in p gim.
- xc nh gi tr ca i lng c chn c trng cho cc
phng in mt in p quy nh.

Cc phng in tng phn c xem xt trong tiu chun ny l cc

phng in trong mi trng cch in, ch c hn ch mt phn
ca in mi c th nghim v ch pht trin trn mt phn cch
in gia cc phn dn in. Cc phng in thng biu hin di
dng cc xung c th c th c pht hin nh l cc xung in trong
mch ngoi ni vi vt c th nghim. Tuy nhin, cng c mt dng
lin tc hn gi l phng in khng phi xung. Cc hin tng ny
thng thng khng th pht hin bng cc phng php o, c m t
trong tiu chun ny.

Cc phng in tng phn cng c th pht sinh trong cc hc

bn trong cch in rn, trong cc bt kh trong mt cht cch in
lng, hoc gia cc lp cch in c c tnh in mi khc
nhau. Chng cng c th pht sinh trn cc nh nhn hoc trn cc
gc nhn ca cc b mt kim loi.

D cc phng in ny ch c nng lng yu, nhng chng c th

gy h hng dn dn cc tnh cht in mi ca cc vt liu cch
in; Tuy vy, cch xc nh v nh gi mt loi h hng nh vy
khng phi l lnh vc ca tiu chun ny.

Vic o cc phng in tng phn trn cc dy cp v cc thit b

c cc dy qun, nh l MBA, my pht in, ng c, rt l phc tp
do c cc hin tng suy gim, cng hng v lan truyn cc sng mang.

371158236.doc 8 / 31
270 IEC 1981 9

Cc quy nh ring v th nghim cho cc dng c nh vy ch c

xem xt mt cch ngn gn.

Tiu chun ny ch yu xem xt cc php o v in ca cc

phng in tng phn; nhng y cng cp n mt vi ph-
ng php khng in.

371158236.doc 9 / 31
270 IEC 1981 10

2. Mc tiu
Tiu chun ny c mc tiu:
- nh ngha cc thut ng c dng;
- xc nh cc i lng thch hp cn o;
- m t cc mch th nghim v o lng c th s dng;
- khuyn ngh mt vi kiu o v mt vi thit b o thch
hp vi cc p dng c bit;
- khuyn ngh cc phng php nh c;
- m t cc quy trnh th nghim;
- ch ra cc phng php cho php phn bit phng in tng
phn cc nhiu lon bn ngoi.

3. nh ngha

3.1. Phng in tng phn

Theo ngha ca tiu chun ny, phng in tng phn l mt
phng in ch pht trin trn mt phn ca cch in gia cc
phn dn in. Loi phng in nh vy c th c hoc khng k vi
phn dn in.
Ghi ch: Thut ng "hiu ng vng quang" i khi c dng ch
phng in tng phn trong cc cht kh bao
quanh mt vt dn in. Thut ng ny khng c s dng cho phng
in tng phn cc loi khc.

Thut ng chung "ing ho" khng c dng ch trng hp ring

ca cc phng in tng phn.

3.2. Cc i lng lin quan n phng in tng phn

3.2.1. Tng qut
Cc phng in tng phn tn ti trong mt vt th c th
nghim, trong cc iu kin cho, c th c c trng bng cch
s dng cc i lng o c khc nhau, nh l in tch, tn sut lp
li v.v... Cc kt qu o nh lng c biu din bng mt hoc
nhiu i lng quy nh.
i vi cc th nghim bng in p mt chiu xem iu 9.
3.2.2. in tch biu kin q
in tch biu kin q ca mt phng in tng phn l in tch
m nu cho tc thi vo gia cc u cc ca vt th c th
nghim s lm thay i ngay tc khc in p gia cc u cc
ca n cng mt lng nh bn thn phng in tng phn .
in tch biu kin c th hin bng picculng
Ghi ch:1. in tch biu kin khngbng gi tr ca in tch thc s c ni
phng in v c th o c mt cch trc tip.
2. Trong thc t, hnh dng ca in p do phng in tng phn
to nn cc u cc ca vt th th nghim c th
khc vi dng ca xung nh c. in tch biu kin
371158236.doc 10 / 31
270 IEC 1981 11

c xem nh l in tch nu c bm vo gia cc u cc ca vt th c

th nghim s cho cng mt s c dng c o nh bn
thn phng in. Trng hp m vt th c th
nghim to ra cc hin tng lan truyn hoc lm
suy gim l cc trng hp c bit, xin xem ph lc C.

371158236.doc 11 / 31
270 IEC 1981 12

3.2.3. Tn sut lp li n
Tn sut lp li n ca cc xung phng in tng phn l con s
trung bnh cc xung trong mt giy do phng in tng phn gy
nn, o c trong mt thi gian xc nh.
Ghi ch:Trong thc t, c th ch xem xt cc xung vt qu mt bin
quy nh hoc nm trong gii hn ca mt di bin quy nh.
Cc kt qu thng c biu din di dng cc ng
cong phn b tch lu ca tn sut lp li theo bin cc phng in
tng phn.
3.2.4. Cc i lng tng th
i vi mt vi mc ch ring, ngi ta dng cc i lng tng th
c c trng bng cch tng cng li sau mt khong thi gian T.
Khong thi gian T thng thng l di so vi thi gian ca mt
chu k in p xoay chiu t vo vt th c th nghim.
Cc i lng c th l:
- dng in phng in trung bnh I,
l tng cc gi tr tuyt i ca cc in tch biu kin
trong mt khong thi gian no , chia cho khong thi gian
;
- lu lng bnh phng D,
l tng cc bnh phng ca cc ti biu kin trong mt
khong thi gian no chia cho khong thi gian y;
- cng sut phng in P,
l cng sut trung bnh c cung cp cho vt th cn th
nghim cc u cc ca n do phng in tng phn gy
nn.
Mun hiu chi tit hn xin xem ph lc B.

3.3. Cng ca phng in tng phn quy nh

Cng ca phng in tng phn quy nh l gi tr ca i l-
ng c trng cho cc phng in c chn trong cc tiu chun hoc
cc quy nh k thut cho vt th c th nghim lin quan mt
in p quy nh.

3.4. Cc in p lin quan n phng in tng phn

Cc gi tr in p trong qu trnh th nghim phng in tng
phn u cho bng gi tr nh chia cho 2 trng hp l in xoay
chiu. Cc gi tr sau y cn c c bit quan tm. Khi th
nghim bng in mt chiu xem iu 9.
3.4.1. in p xut hin Ui ca phng in tng phn
in p xut hin ca phng in tng phn Ui l in p thp
nht m ti cc phng in tng phn c quan st bng thit b
th nghim t vo vt th cn th nghim nng dn ln t mt
gi tr thp hn m ti cc phng in nh vy khng quan st -
c.

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270 IEC 1981 13

Trn thc t, in p xut hin U i l in p thp nht, m ti

cng phng in bng hoc ln hn mt gi tr nh c quy
nh.

3.4.2. in p dp tt (Ue) cc phng in tng phn

in p dp tt cc phng in tng phn U e l in p thp nht

m ti pht hin thy cc phng in tng phn bng thit b
th nghim khi in p t vo vt th c th nghim c gim
t t t mt gi tr cao hn m cc phng in nh vy c th
quan st c.

Trn thc t, in p dp tt U e l in p thp nht m c-

ng phng in tng phn nh hn mt gi tr nh c quy
nh.

3.4.3. in p th nghim phng in tng phn

in p th nghim phng in tng phn l mt in p quy

nh c t vo theo mt quy trnh th nghim m trong qu
trnh vt th cn th nghim khng c c phng in tng
phn vt qu mt cng quy nh.

4. Cc mch th nghim v cc dng c o

4.1. Cc quy nh chung

Trong iu ny, c m t ngn gn cc mch th nghim v dng

c o phng in tng phn khc nhau. D mch th nghim v dng
c o lng c dng ra sao, th cc mch v dng c ny cng phi
c nh c nh quy nh iu 5 v phi tho mn cc i hi
do y ban K thut lin quan quy nh (iu 6 v 7). y ban K thut
lin quan phi quy nh i lng hoc cc i lng cn o. Mi dng
c o i lng hoc cc i lng ni chung c xem l chp
nhn c (cho php). y ban cng c th khuyn ngh vic s dng
mt mch c bit. Tr khi c ch dn khc ca y ban K thut, mt
trong cc mch c cp mc 4.2 v mt dng c o no c
cp mc 4.3 u c chp nhn.

Khi th nghim dng in mt chiu, xem iu 9.

Cc phng php khng in pht hin cc phng in tng

phn khng c khuyn khch dng o nh lng, nhng u c
ch cho cc nhu cu c bit, v d nh nh v ni phng
in, do vy mt vi thng tin c cho mc 4.4 v ch .

4.2. Cc mch th nghim

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270 IEC 1981 14

Phn ln cc mch in dng o phng in tng phn c th

l xut x t mch c bn ny hay khc c minh ho cc hnh 1a ,
1b , 1c trang 54. Cc phng n v cc mch c minh ho cc
hnh 2 v 3 trang 55. Mi mt mch nh vy ch yu gm:

- mt vt th cn th nghim, trong nhiu trng hp, c th xem

nh mt t in Ca (tuy nhin phi xem ph lc C);
- mt t lin lc Ck hoc mt vt th cn th nghim th hai Ca1;
- mt mch o gm tng tr o Zm (v i khi mt tng tr th
hai Zm1) mt dy cp lin lc v dng c o;
- i khi mt tng tr hoc mt b lc Z ngn cn vic cc
xung do phng in gy nn b ngun pha cao p ni
tt li v lm gim cc nhiu lon t ngun a n.
Cc c tnh ring ca cc b tr mch khc nhau c xem xt
phu lc A.
Phng in tng phn trong vt th c th nghim gy ra vic
chuyn cc in tch trong mch th nghim, gy ra cc xung dng
qua tng tr o lng. Cng vi vt th c th nghim v t lin lc,
tng tr ny xc nh thi gian v dng ca cc xung in p o -
c.

Sau cc xung ny c to dng v khuch i cung cp cho

dng c o mt gi tr t l vi i lng in tch biu kin.

4.2.1. Cc c tnh ca mch o lng

Theo di tn o lng, cc mch o c th c phn loi thnh hai

nhm: di tn rng v di tn hp . Di thng ca mch o lng
thng thng do dng c o xc nh.

Cc c tnh ca cc mch o lng c xc nh bi cc thng s

sau:

a) Tn s ct di v trn f1 v f2

Cc tn s ct di v trn f1 v f2 l cc tn s m vi chng p
ng mt in p u vo hnh sin khng i gim i mt lng
cho trc, thng l 3 dB so vi gi tr khng i i vi cc mch di
rng, v 6 dB so vi gi tr nh i vi cc mch di hp.

b) Tn s cng hng f0

Khi mt p ng th hin mt im nhn cng hng (mch

hoc dng c o di hp) tn s tng ng c gi l tn s cng h-
ng f0.

c) Thng di f

i vi cc dng c o di hp cng nh i vi cc dng c o di

rng, thng di c xc nh bi:

f = f 2 - f1
371158236.doc 14 / 31
270 IEC 1981 15

i vi cc php o bng di rng, f thng l cng c ln nh f2,

trong lc li yu hn f0 mt cch ng k khi o bng di hp.

d) Thi gian phn gii cc xung

Thi gian phn gii l khong thi gian ngn nht gia hai xung
k tip nhau to nn mt sai s v bin khng qu 10% do s xp
chng gy nn bi cc xung st gn nhau. Thi gian phn gii t l
ngc vi di i qua ca mch o.

4.2.2. H s chuyn i ca mch th nghim Kc

H s chuyn i Kc l h s dng nhn vi gi tr c c

t cng phng in tng phn tng ng vi i lng o c.
H s chuyn i Kc khng ging nh h s chuyn i Ki ca ring
dng c o (xem mc 4.3.1)

4.2.3. Tng tr o lng

Tng tr o lng thng thng c xem nh mt mch 4 cc m p

ng v tn s c chn sao cho tn s ca in p th nghim
khng th chuyn qua my o. Trng hp l mt tng tr thun tr
th iu ny c th t c bng cch ni mt in cm song song
vi in tr , hoc bng cch ni xen k mt t in ni tip gia
in tr o lng v dy cp lin lc. Tng tr o lng c th c to
nn bi mt in tr, mt in tr v mt t in ni song song
nhau, mt mch ho gii hoc cc thit b lc phc tp hn. Vi cc
mch o bng di hp, tng tr o thng c ho gii vi tn s o
ca my o.
4.2.4. T lin lc
T lin lc phi c mt in cm yu v tn s cng hng ca n
khng c nh hn 3 2.
Ngoi ra, t lin lc khng c l ni pht sinh cc phng in tng
phn quan trng in p th nghim.
4.3. Dng c o.
Cc dng c o phng in tng phn hin c c th c phn
loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Trong cc mc 4.3.1. n 4.3.7 cc
quy nh chnh lin quan n chng u c tm lc li theo cc i
lng cn o (c nh ngha mc 3.2).
Bt lun dng ca ch s do dng c o cho ra sao, vn khuyn nn
dng mt dao ng k, v nh vy s d phn bit gia cc loi phng
in tng phn cng nh gia cc phng in cn o vi cc nhiu
lon bn ngoi.
Trng hp th nghim dng in p mt chiu, xem iu 9.
4.3.1. H s chuyn i ca dng c o ki.

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270 IEC 1981 16

H s chuyn i ki ca dng c o l h s dng nhn vi gi

tr c c t cng phng in c cho vo dng c o
trong khi nh c.
4.3.2. Dng c o in tch biu kin q.
Cc xung dng in gy nn bi cc phng in tng phn to ra
mt tn hiu cc u cc ca tng tr o. i vi cc xung dng
ngn hn, tn hiu l mt xung in p c gi tr nh t l vi
in tch biu kin ca vt th cn th nghim.
Cc xung c th c th nhn thy c trn mt dao ng k c tia
catt v cng ca in tch biu kin c xc nh bng cch
nh c. C th quan st cc xung vi mt chu k qut tuyn tnh
c khi ng, chng hn nh bng cc phng in hoc bng in
p th nghim. Cng c th dng mt chu k qut ellip quay ng b
vi in p th nghim.
ln ca ti biu kin o c trong qu trnh lm th nghim
tht, thng thung c hiu l gi tr tng ng vi cc xung ln nht
pht sinh lp i lp li. Bin ca cc xung ln nht gy nn bi
cc phng in c th o c trc tip trn dao ng k hoc bng
mt dng c o c gi tr nh thch hp.
Thi gian phn gii ca dng c o c th chp nhn nu nh
khng c mt sai s no trong vic o ln do cc xung xp chng
nhau, khi chng cch nhau t nht l 100 s. Cc thi gian phn gii
ngn hn cc thi gian l iu mong mun, nhng chng ch c
th t c vi cc dng c thch hp. Hng s thi gian ca dng c
o gi tr nh cng c th l nguyn nhn gy ra sai s trong tr -
ng hp tn sut lp li cc phng in khng ln.
Ghi ch: 1. Do bn cht ca phng in tng phn hoc do cc thnh
phn dungkhng trong mch o, m cc xung
dng in c th b ko di ra. i vi cc xung di hn,
in tch biu kin vt th cn th nghim t l vi tch phn ca
xung in p.
2. S phn b tn sut lp li cc xung theo bin ca chng c
th xc nh bng cc my m xung (mc
4.3.3).

4.3.3. Dng c o tn sut lp li cc xung n.

Tt c cc loi my m xung hoc my o tn sut lp li hoc
l ch ra s lng tng cc xung trong mt thi gian cho, hoc l
ch ra s lng trung bnh trong mt giy cho tt c cc bin o
c hoc cho mt dy bin cho, c th c s dng o t
l lp li n, min l thi gian quyt nh ca n ngn.
Thng thng mt loi dng c nh vy c mt b gii iu loi
b cc xung nh hn mt gi tr nh trc iu chnh c.
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270 IEC 1981 17

Cn c bin php phng nga trnh phi m mt xung nhiu

ln, nu cc xung n my m l loi dao ng hoc loi c hai
chiu.
4.3.4. Dng c o dng phng in trung bnh I.
V nguyn tc, cc dng c o gi tr trung bnh cc xung dng
do phng in gy nn, sau khi c khuch i tuyn tnh v -
c hiu chnh bng mt cch nh c thch hp s ch gi tr ca
dng phng in trung bnh I, nh c nh ngha mc 3.2.4.
Cn c cc phng nga trnh cc sai s khi pht hin, hoc l
do my khuych i b bo ha ti cc gi tr tn sut lp li n nh,
hoc l do s xp chng cc xung dao ng khi gi tr ca n ln.
4.3.5. Dng c o lu lng bnh phng D.
Cc dng c o gi tr trung bnh ca bnh phng cc bin
phng in trong mt giy s ch lu lng bnh phng D, nh c
nh ngha mc 3.2.4. Php o c th c tin hnh bng cch
cho cc xung c khuch i qua mt thit b chnh lu c p
ng bnh phng v trch thnh phn mt chiu c to nn bng
cch , hoc php o cng c th c tin hnh bng cch cho
cc xung nhn c t b khuch i tuyn tnh qua mt b pht hin
nhit. Cc c tnh bo ha ca my o i hi mt s xem xt
c bit.
4.3.6. B tr cch o cng sut phng in P.
C nhiu loi mch th nghim khc nhau c dng o cng
sut phng in.
Thng thng cc mch ny da trn cch o b mt ca mt vch
trn dao ng k, hoc da trn cc k thut phc tp hn.
Cch nh c ca cc mch th nghim nh vy v cc my o da
trn vic xc nh h s chuyn i cho in p t vo v cho
in tch biu kin.
4.3.7. Vic s dng cc my o nhiu lon v tuyn in o
phng in tng phn.
Cc my o nhiu lon v tuyn in l cc vn k la chn v
tn s. Cc dng c trc y dng o cc nhiu lon gy ra
bi s thu nhn cc tn hiu truyn tin v tuyn. Do cc dng c ny
c cc c tnh ring, nn cc my o nhiu lon v tuyn khng
trc tip ch mt i lng no v phng in tng phn c
nh ngha trong tiu chun ny (mc 32), nhng li cho mt s ch
chung v cng phng in khi chng c s dng trn my pht
hin hu nh nh v khi vic nh c c tin hnh theo mc 5.3.
Xem thm ph lc D.
S ch ca cc dng c ny nhy cm vi tn sut lp li cc xung
phng in. C th dng loi my o ny min l tn sut lp li cc
xung phi cao hn 50 trong mt giy.

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270 IEC 1981 18

4.4. Cc phng php pht hin khng in.

Cc phng php khng in pht hin phng in tng phn
bao gm c cc phng php m hc v quang hc v vic quan st
cc hu qu do phng in gy nn trn vt th c th nghim.
Cc phng php ny thng thng khng ph hp vi cc php o
nh lng cc phng in tng phn, chng ch yu c dng
xc nh v tr cc phng in.
4.4.1. Cch pht hin bng m hc
Cc th nghim v nghe c tin hnh trong mt bung c t ting
n c th c dng nh l phng tin pht hin cc phng in
tng phn.
Cc php o m hc khng ch quan thng c tin hnh vi cc
micr hoc cc b chuyn i v dao ng k, cng c th c ch,
c bit l trong vic xc nh v tr cc phng in tng phn.
Cc micr c la chn hng v c nhy cao trong lnh vc tn s
siu m rt hu ch trong vic xc nh v tr cc phng in do
hu qu ca vng quang trong khng kh. Cc b chuyn i kt hp
vi cc dao ng k catt cng c th c s dng xc nh v
tr cc phng in tng phn trong cc vt liu ngm trong u nh
l MBA. Cc thit b c th c b tr trong hoc ngoi thng
ng du.
4.4.2.. Cch pht hin bng nhn hoc quang hc.
Vic quan st bng mt nhn c tin hnh trong mt bung ti,
sau khi mt thch nghi vi bng ti, v nu cn, bng mt ng
nhm c m ln. Cng c th tin hnh ghi li bng nh, nh ng th-
ng phi vi thi gian lu hn. Vi cc yu cu c bit, i lc phi
dng cc my nhm, nh hoc cc my tng cng hnh nh.
4.4.3. Quan st cc vt
Cc vt do phng in li c th cho cc thng tin c ch v v
tr v s pht trin ca phng in khi tin hnh kim tra sau th
nghim. Vic quan st ny c th thun li khi dng tia cc tm.
4.4.4. Dng kh ha tan trong du
Phng in tng phn trong cc thit b c cch in bng du
c th pht hin c bng cch phn tch cc cht kh ha tan trong
du. y thng l hin tng chm, v cch o ny khng c s dng
trong cc th nghim in mi bnh thng.

5. Cch nh c
5.1. Tng qut
Cch nh c gm hai thao tc tch bit nhau; mt nhm xc
nh mt cch y cc c tnh ca bn thn thit b, bao
gm c cch nh c chi tit, phi c tin hnh sau mi cng vic
sa cha ln, hoc t nht mt nm mt ln; thao tc th hai l cch

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270 IEC 1981 19

nh c mt mch th nghim hon chnh my tin hnh o c

mt cch c h thng trc mi mt th nghim, tuy nhin, tr khi th
nghim c tin hnh cho nhiu vt th ging nhau; trong trng hp
ny vic nh c c th tin hnh theo cc khong cch thch hp
theo quyt nh ca bn s dng. Cch nh c ny phi bao gm c
vic kim tra xem dng c o c s dng trong mch th nghim c
kh nng o cng phng in nh nht do y ban K thut lin
quan quy nh khng (mc 6.1).

371158236.doc 19 / 31
270 IEC 1981 20

mt vi phng php nh c c m t cc mc 5.2 v 5.3; cng c

th s dng mt s phng php khc, nu nh chng minh c hiu
lc ca chng.
5.2. Xc nh cc c tnh ca dng c o.
Vic xc nh cc c tnh v vic nh c dng c o phi c
tin hnh trn mi gam o lng, trong cc iu kin chun, theo quy
nh ca nh ch to, hoc ca cc tiu chun c p dng.
Tng tr o lng Zm v cc dy cp lin lc l cc phn hp thnh
ca cc dng c o cn c xt n trong vic nh c.
Cc c tnh sau y cn c xc nh.
- S dao ng ca h s chuyn i ki theo bin khc nhau
mt tn sut lp li yu (c 100 trong mt giy).
- Thi gian phn gii ca cc xung nhn c bng cch t cc xung
khng i vi tn sut lp li tng dn.
- Tn s ct di v trn 1 v 2 .
- n nh v chnh xc ca cc thit b nh c.
Cc c tnh ny c th xem l chp nhn c, nu trong mt
nm gi tr ca chng khng thay i qu mt vi phn trm. Trong
trng hp ny vic nh c thng khng cn phi tin hnh theo cc
khong thi gian ngn.
Gii hn sai s cho php cc i i vi cc dng c o phng in
tng phn thng l cao hn so vi cc dng c o khc.
5.2.1. Vic nh c cc dng c o in tch biu kin q.
Vic nh c xc nh h s chuyn i ki ca mt dng c
o in tch biu kin ca cc phng in n l c tin hnh
bng cch cho i qua tng tr o lng Zm cc xung ngn v dng
in, v in tch thch hp no , nhnng bit q0.
Cc xung nh vy c th nhn c t mt my pht cho, cc nc
in p hnh ch nht c bin U o ni tip vi mt t nh c C o
bit. Trong cc iu kin , xung nh c tng ng mt phng
in c bin ;
q o = U o Co
Trong thc t, c th l khng th sn ra cc nc in p l tng
v, mc d cc dng in p khc c thi gian tng chm hn v thi
gian suy sp hu hn vn c th a vo cng lng in tch, cc p
ng ca mch pht hin vn khc nhau do s khc nhau v thi gian
ca cc xung dng in tng ng.
Nc nh c phi c thi gian tng lm sao cho thi gian ca xung
dng in i qua Co phi ngn so vi 1/2 v thi gian tng khng
c vt qu 0,1 s. Thi gian gim khong 100 s n 1000 s
thng thng l ph hp.
t cc xung nh c c thi gian tng nh, ngi ta thng dng
cc my pht nh c cp ngun bng cc pin v dng cc bn dn
hoc cc rle c tip im bng thy ngn. Khi khng th kim tra

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270 IEC 1981 21

mt cch ring bit cc thng s chnh (U o, Co) ca my pht xung,

th vic kim tra chc nng phi c tin hnh bng cch so snh vi
mt mch gm mt my pht cc nc in p ni ni tip vi mt t
c in dung bit. Cn phi c bin php phng nga bit
chc l vic o in dung khng b cc in dung k sinh lm
nhiu.

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270 IEC 1981 22

5.2.2. Cch nh c cc dng c o cc i lng tng th.

C th s dng mt my pht ging nh my c m t mc 5.2.1
cung cp cc xung c in tch v tn sut lp li bit cho
vic dnh c cc dng c o dng in trung bnh hoc lu lng
bnh phng. Mt quy trnh nh c c cho ph lc B.

5.3. Cch nh c dng c o trong mt mch th nghim

hon chnh.
Vic nh c mt dng o trong mt mch th nghim hon chnh
l xc nh h s chuyn i K c tng ng vi vt th cn th
nghim c ni vo. H s ny chu nh hng ca cc c tnh ca
mch in. Vic nh c phi c lp li cho mi vt th mi cn c
th nghim, tr trng hp mt dy th nghim tng t c tin hnh
trn cc vt th m in dung khng chnh lch nhau qu 10 % ca
gi tr trung bnh. Cch nh c ny ch cn lm cho mt gi tr
hoc mt s t gi tr ca i lng cn o.
Cch nh c ny c th c s dng kim tra gi tr cc tiu
ca cng phng in o c. Gi tr cc tiu y chu nh hng
ca mc nhiu lon v cc c tnh ca mch (iu 8).
Vic nh c dng c o in tch q c ni xen vo mt mch
hon chnh phi c tin hnh bng cch cho thm vo gia cc u
cc ca vt th cn th nghim cc xung ngn v dng in, nh
c biu din cc hnh 4a v 4b trang 56. Trng hp mch th
nghim c biu din hnh 4b th iu quan trng phi lu l
cc kt qu c th c sai s, nu nh cc xung nh c c t vo
gia cc u cc cao p v v my.
Cc xung nh c nhn c theo phng php c m t mc 5.2
phi tha mn cc yu cu cho trong mc . Vic nh c mch th
nghim hon chnh thng c tin hnh khi mch khng mang
in, bng cch dng mt t in h p thay cho C o. Do , Co phi
c tho ni trc lc cho in p vo mch. cho vic nh c vn
cn hiu lc, iu cn thit l in dung nh c khng vt qu
khong 0,1 (Ca + CK) . Xung nh c khi tng ng vi mt
phng in c bin q o Uo Co. Trng hp cc vt th cn th
nghim ln, cao hng nhiu mt, t in bm vo C o phi c b tr
gn u cc cao p ca vt th cn th nghim. Khi c cc in
dung k sinh C5 (xem hnh 4) gia im ni ca C o vi my pht cc
nc in p v u cc cao p cng c th c cc sai s, tr khi cc
in dung ny l khng ng k so vi C o. Mc d thng di b gii
hn bi bn thn mch c xt n khi nh c, vn nn trnh s
hn ch . Do , tn s cng hng o ca mt b pht hin di
hp phi tha mn quan h:
o 0,3 n

iu c th c kim tra bng php tnh, trong :

1
fn =
2 LC
371158236.doc 22 / 31
270 IEC 1981 23

Co C K
C=
Ca C K

L = (a (h1 + l + h2): h1 v h2 l chiu cao ca vt th cn th nghim

v ca t lin lc, cn l l chiu di ca dy ni chng vi nhau.

a = 10-6 H/m.

371158236.doc 23 / 31
270 IEC 1981 24

Ghi ch: 1. Nu tnh ton cho thy rng c mt tn s cng hng gn vi

tn s o th nn o p ng ca mch theo
tn s. Khng c c mt s thay i ln no v h s
chuyn i KC khi cho tn s o bin thin trong gam tn o .
2. Trng hp cc vt th cn th nghim c phn b khng i (v
d nh cc dy cp) c th phi cn n cc k
thut nh c c bit, xem ph lc C.

6. Cc th nghim
6.1. Cc quy nh chung
Mun t c nhng kt qu c th ti to trong cc th nghim
v phng in tng phn, cn kim tra cn thn cc yu t lin quan
n n.
Cc iu khon sau y a ra cc quy nh p dng cho bn
thn vt th cn th nghim v c in p th nghim. C th c
cc quy nh b sung ca y ban K thut lin quan i vi cc iu
kin v phng php th nhim c bit. y ban ny cng phi quy
nh i lng cn o v gi tr cn thit ca cng nh nht ca
phng in tng phn c th o c. Cn tham kho mc 8.4 c
cc thng tin v gii hn thc t ca cng nh nht c th o c.
i vi cc th nghim dng in p mt chiu, xem iu 9.
6.2. Vic gia cng vt th cn th nghim
Trc khi c a vo th nghim, vt th phi qua cc quy trnh
gia cng do y ban K thut lin quan quy nh.
Tr khi c quy nh khc, b mt ca cc cch in phi sch v
kh, v rng m hay s nhim trn cc b mt cch in c
th l ngun gc ca cc phng in tng phn. Ngoi ra vt th
cn th nghim phi nhit mi trng trong qu trnh th
nghim. Vic p t ngay tc khc cc cng bc c kh, nhit v
in vo trc lc th nghim c th lm nh hng n cc php o
phng in tng phn. Mun m bo hiu qu tt, c th cn c
thi gian ngh gia thi im t cc cng bc vo v thi im
th nghim phng in tng phn.
6.3. Cc quy nh v in p th nghim
i vi cc th nghim phng in tng phn bng in xoay
chiu, in p th nghim v tc bin thin ca n phi ph hp
vi cc quy nh tng ng ca n phm IEC 60-2 K thut th
nghim in p cao. Phn 2. Cc quy trnh th nghim tr khi
c quy nh khc.
6.4. Chn cc quy trnh th nghim
Trch nhim ca y ban K thut lin quan l phi quy nh cc
quy nh p dng cho cc loi th nghim ring v cc vt th cn
th nghim. Quy trnh ny bao gm cch gia cng s b, cc mc
tn s v in p th nghim, cch v thi gian t in p vo,
cng nh quan h gia th nghim o phng in tng phn vi cc
loi th nghim in mi khc.

371158236.doc 24 / 31
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gip cho vic chun b cc quy nh c d dng, cc

mc 6.4.1 v 6.4.2 c a ra ba v d v cc cch thao tc p dng cho
trng hp dng in xoay chiu.
6.4.1. Xc nh in p xut hin v dp tt cc phng in tng
phn.
t vo vt th cn th nghim mt in p nh hn nhiu so vi
gi tr ngng v tng dn n ln cho n khi phng in vt qu mt
cng quy nh khng ln. in p th nghim tng ng vi cng
quy nh l in p xut hin ca phng in tng phn.
Khi tng tip in p ln khong 10 % na, sau gim n xung
n mt gi tr m ti phng in li nh hn cng quy
nh trn.

in p th nghim tng ng vi gii hn l in p dp tt cc

phng in tng phn. Cn lu l vi mt vi h thng cch in,
in p dp tt c th chu nh hng ca thi gian duy tr in p
ln hn in p dp tt; trng hp m vic o in p xut hin v
dp tt phi lp li, th c hai in p u c th b nh hng.
Tuy nhin, khng mt trng hp no in p t vo c vt qu
in p chu ng nh mc ca dng c cn th nghim. Cn lu
l vic t li cc in p gn bng in p chu ng nh mc
l mt nguy c gy h hng cho cc thit b in cao p.
6.4.2. Xc nh cng phng in tng phn mt in p th
nghim quy nh.
a) o khi khng c cng bc t vo trc
Cng ca phng in tng phn th hin bng i lng quy
nh c o mt in p quy nh, c th cao hn nhu so vi
in p xut hin phng in tng phn gi nh. in p c tng
ln dn dn t mt gi tr khng ln n gi tr quy nh, ti n
c duy tr trong mt thi gian quy nh. Cng phng in tng
phn c o vo cui thi gian , sau in p c gim xung
v ct ra.
i khi cng phng in tng phn cng c o trong thi gian
tng hoc gim in p hoc trong sut thi gian th nghim.
b) o cc cng bc t trc
Theo quy trnh th hai ny, th nghim c tin hnh bng cch
tng in p th nghim t mt gi tr nh hn in p quy nh
cho th nghim phng in tng phn n mt in p quy nh
khc cao hn in p trn. in p y c duy tr trong mt thi
gian quy nh v sau c gim xung t t cho n in p th
nghim phng in tng phn.
mc ny in p c duy tr trong mt thi gian quy nh, v c-
ng phng in c o trong mt khong thi gian cho vo
cui khong thi gian trn.

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6.5. Vic o trn cc cp v cc vt th cn th nghim c cc

dy qun.
Trong ph lc C c nu ln mt vi hng dn v vic o phng in
tng phn trn cc dy cp v cc vt th cn th nghim c cc
dy qun.

7. chnh xc v nhy ca php o

Phng in tng phn thng l cc hin tng chu nh hng ln ca
nhiu thng s, v do hiu qu ca th nghim l khng ln. Cc
php o phng in tng phn cng c th c cc sai s ln hn cc
loi php o khc c tin hnh khi th nghim in p cao. iu
ny cn c lu khi quy nh phng in tng phn trong th
nghim nghim thu.
Cc php o cng c th chu nh hng ca ting n nn, ting
n ny phi yu c th lm cho php o phng in
chnh xc (thng thng khng vt qu 50 % mc phng in tng
phn quy nh cho php).
C th khng tnh n cc xung m bit chc l do nhiu lon
bn ngoi gy nn. Khi cng phng in tng phn quy nh
cho th nghim nghim thu thit b l khng ln ( 10 pC) th c th
chp nhn ting n nn n 100 % gi tr quy nh.

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Ghi ch: Bin phng in nh nht c th o c trong cc th

nghim cho thng b hn ch bi cc nhiu lon. Tuy
nhin u m cc nhiu lon c th c loi tr
mt cch c hiu qu bng mt mn chn thch hp, hoc bng mt
mch th cn bng, th cc gii hn thng c xc nh
bng mc ting n ni b ca bn thn dng c v
bng gi tr ca cc thng s ca mch th nghim, c bit l C a, CK, Zm
v tt c cc in dung con ni song song vi Z m . Ni chung, bin
ti thiu o c tng ln khi cc gi tr C a, Cm, 1/Zm
tng v theo t s Ca/CK. Vic s dng my bin p
thch nghi c th lm tng t s tn hiu/ting n ca php o i vi cc tr-
ng hp khi in dung ca vt th th nghim rt nh hay rt ln.

8. Cc nhiu lon

8.1 Ngun nhiu

Cc nhiu lon c th giao thoa vi cc s ch ca cc dng c o
phng in tng phn c phn thnh hai loi.
Cc nhiu lon pht sinh k c lc mch th nghim khng c cung
cp ngun. Cc nhiu lon c th n t thao tc trong cc mch
khc, t cc my c c gp, t cc th nghim in p cao c tin
hnh cc ni ln cn, t cc pht x v tuyn in v.v... chng hn,
bao gm c ting n ring ca bn thn dng c o. Cc nhiu lon
cng c th pht sinh khi ngun cung cp c ni vi mch th
nghim, nhng vi in p bng khng.
Cc nhiu lon ch c th c khi mch c cung cp ngun, nhng
khng pht sinh trong vt th cn th nghim. Chng thng tng ln
cng vi in p th nghim. Cc nhiu lon c th bao gm
chng hn cc phng in tng phn trong MBA th nghim, trn cc
dy dn cao p, trong cc s xuyn (khi cc s ny khng thuc vt
th cn th nghim) hoc cc nhiu lon do cc tia la gy nn bi
cc vt th bn cnh ni t khng tt. Cc nhiu lon ny cng c
th pht sinh bi u ni khng hon ho gia cc linh kin in
cao p, v d nh phng in gia cc mn chn v cc dy dn
in cao p khc ch c ni vi cc mn chn khi tin hnh th
nghim m thi. Cc nhiu lon cng cn c th sinh ra bi cc hi
bc cao ca in p th nghim trong thng di ca thit b o. Cc
phng in tng phn hoc cc tia la tip xc trong ngun cung
cp in h p cng c th sinh ra cc nhiu lon, nu chng c
chuyn qua my bin p th nghim, hoc qua cc u ni khc
n mch o lng.
Trng hp cc nhiu lon khi th nghim bng in mt chiu, xem
iu 9.
8.2. Pht hin cc nhiu lon
Cc ngun in p c lp c th pht hin c qua vic c
dng c o khi mch th nghim khng c ngun cung cp. Ga tr
c c trn dng c o l s o cc nhiu lon .

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Cc ngun nhiu lon ph thuc vo in p cng c th c pht

hin theo cch sau: vt th cn th nghim hoc c ly ra, hoc
c thay th bng mt t tng ng khng c phng in tng
phn ng k; mch cn phi c nh c li theo quy trnh c nu
mc 5.3; khi mch c cung cp in vi in p th nghim c
gi tr y.
Nu mc nhiu lon vt qu 50 % mc phng in cc i cho
php i vi vt th cn th nghim, cn phi p dng cc bin php
gim bt nhiu lon. tin hnh vic c th dng mt hay
nhiu bin php c m t mc 8.3. S l sai lm nu em mc
nhiu lon tr i gi tr cng cc phng in tng phn o c.
Vic dng dao ng k lm dng c ch th s gip nhn vin vn
hnh phn bit c cc phng in tng phn pht sinh trong vt
th cn th nghim vi cc nhiu lon bn ngoi, nh l ting n nn.
Cch ny i khi cng cho php xc nh c cc loi phng in.
Cc phng php pht hin khng in (mc 4.4) thng l hu ch
xc nh v tr ca hiu ng vng quang trn cc dy dn in
p cao, hoc l u trong vng th nghim. Cc phng php
cng c th l mt bin php c lp khng nh l trong
vt th cn th nghim c phng in tng phn.

8.3. Lm gim cc nhiu lon

8.3.1. Phn tng qut
C th lm gim cc nhiu lon bng cch ni t mt cch hp l
tt c cc cu trc dn in gn vng th nghim v bng cch lc
cc li cung cp cho cc mch th nghim v o lng. Cch lm gim
tt nht s t c khi cc th nghim c tin hnh trong mt bung
bc kim , trong cc u ni in c tin hnh qua cc b lc
trung gian hu hiu. Cng c th lm gim nhiu lon nhiu hn
na bng cc phng php c m t cc mc 8.3.2 v 8.3.3.
8.3.2. Mch cn bng
Vic s dng mt mch cn bng hnh 1C trang 54 thng cho
php nhn vin quan st phn bit c cc phng in trong vt
th cn th nghim vi cc phng in trong cc phn khc ca
mch, hoc vi ting n nn v cng kh cc ting n .
8.3.3. Qu trnh x l v hi phc in tr ca cc tn hiu
Ni chung, v c bit l trong cc iu kin cng nghip,
nhy v o lng b gii hn bi s c mt cc nhiu lon. Cc phng
php in tr khc nhau c th c s dng tch bit nhau, hoc t
hp, cho php tch tn hiu thc do phng in tng phn gy nn
khi cc nhiu lon. Cc phng php ny ch c th s dng vi mt
s cn thn c bit. Mt vi phng php c m t sau y:
a) Phng php la chn thi gian

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Dng c o c th c mt ca c ng hoc m theo mt trnh

t chn trc, cho php hoc l chuyn tn hiu i, hoc l chn n
li.
Nu cc nhiu lon pht sinh theo cc khong thi gian u n,
ca c th ng trong cc khong thi gian . Khi th nghim bng
in p xoay chiu, cc phng in thc c th ch xut hin trong
mt s khong thi gian xc nh so vi chu k ca in p th
nghim. Tnh cht c th c dng ch m ca trong cc
khong thi gian . Phng php la chn thi gian c bit c ch
i vi cc th nghim dng in mt chiu, khi in p th nghim
nhn c bng cch nn in p xoay chiu.
b) Phng php la chn cc tnh
Cc tn hiu t vt th cn th nghim n c th phn bit c
vi cc nhiu lon ngoi mch th nghim n bng cch so snh
cc tnh ca cc xung i qua cc in tr o lng Zm v Zm1 hnh
1C. Mt thit b lgic tin hnh vic so snh v iu khin ca
ca dng c o c m t im a) trn y cho cc xung c
cc tnh ng i qua, cng c ngha ch l cc xung xut pht t
vt th cn th nghim.

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c) Cch ly trung bnh cc xung

Nhiu nhiu lon trong mt cng trnh cng nghip c tnh cht
ty tin, cn cc phng in thc li pht sinh cng gn mt thi
im trong chu k in p th nghim. Do c th gim bt mt
cch ng k mc nhiu lon tng i tht thng bng cch dng cc
k thut hin i ly trung bnh mt tn hiu.
d) Chn tn s
Cc nhiu lon pht x v tuyn in ch gii hn cc di tn s
ri rc, nhng cng c nh hng n cc b pht hin di rng, nu
nh tn s chuyn nm trong di thng ca dng c o. gim loi
nhiu lon ny, c th lm gim h s khuych i ca my khuych
i dng c o bng b lc ct di iu hng tn s pht sinh
nhiu lon. Cng c th dng cc dng c o di hp c iu hung
tn s ti mc nhiu lon l khng ng k.
8.4. Cc mc nhiu lon
Khng th cho mt gi tr chnh xc no v ln cc nhiu lon,
nhng lm hng dn chung, c th cho rng cc nhiu lon tng -
ng vi cc phng in vi trm picocolng thng gp trn cc mt
bng th nghim cng nghip c kch thc hnh hc ln. Bng cch s
dng cc mch th nghim tng ng c th lm gim bt mt cch
ng k cc loi nhiu lon nh trn.
Trong cc phng c mn chn kim loi, ni m cc cu trc dn
in c ni vi mn chn tt, v ni m cc bin php phng
cn thit c p dng loi tr cc nhiu lon t ngun cung cp v
t cc li in khc n, th gii hn d v o lng l gii hn ca bn
thn mch th nghim hoc l gii hn do cc thiu st nh trong h
che chn, trong h ni t hay h thng lc. i vi cc p dng thc
t, hin nay t c mc nh nht c th o c l 1pC.

9. Cc quy nh c bit cho vic o phng in tng phn

khi th nghim bng in p mt chiu.
9.1. Tng qut
C nhiu s khc nhau ng k gia cc hin tng phng in
pht sinh khi th nghim bng in mt chiu v khi th nghim
bng in xoay chiu, c bit l i vi cc cch in rn, lng
hoc hn hp. i vi cch in kh, th cc khc bit c th
khng ng k.
Mt vi s khc bit c th tm tt nh sau:
Tn sut lp li khi dng in mt chiu c th nh hn, v
khong cch gia cc xung c th khi dng in mt chiu c xc
nh bi hng s thi gian in ca cc vt liu c s dng, cn khi
dng in xoay chiu, th khong cch trn c xc nh bi tn s
ca in p th nghim.

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Vic phn b in p gia cc vt liu to nn cch in c xc

nh bi in tr sut khi in p khng i, nhng n ph thuc
ch yu vo cc hng s in mi trong khi in p bin thin.
Sau mi thay i in p, d l tng hay gim, c hin tng phn
phi li in tch vi thi gian thng kh di. Trng hp i cc tnh
hin tng xy ra cng nh vy.

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Hnh vi ca vt th cn th nghim xt v mt phng in tng

phn cng c th chu nh hng ca cc thng s nh nhp nh
sng ca in mt chiu v nh hng ca nhit mt cch ng
k.
V cc hin tng ny, cc thng tin b sung sau y c nu trong
cc iu 3 v iu 8.
9.2. Cc i lng lin quan n phng in tng phn.
Ni chung, cc i lng nh in tch biu kin q v tn sut lp li
n cng c th p dng cho th nghim bng in p mt chiu. Tuy
nhin, cha c kinh nghim g trong vic s dng cc i lng tng
th cho cc th nghim nh vy.
9.3. Cc in p lin quan n cc phng in tng phn
Gi tr ca in p mt chiu dng cho cc th nghim phng
in tng phn c cho bng gi tr trung bnh.
9.3.1. in p lm xut hin hay dp tt cc phng in tng phn.
in p lm xut hin v dp tt cc phng in tng phn c th
kh xc nh khi th nghim bng in mt chiu, v cc hin tng
ny ph thuc vo cc yu t nh s phn b in p khi dng in
in p bin thin.
Trong mt vi iu kin, c th phng in tng phn t duy tr
c sau khi ct in p th nghim. Hin tng ny c th quan st
c ch yu trong cc cch in rn, lng hoc hn hp.
9.3.2. in p th nghim phng in tng phn
in p th nghim phng in tng phn c xc nh theo cng
cch nh khi th nghim dng in p xoay chiu. Thng thng ngi ta
ch xem xt cc phng in c tn sut lp li vt qu mt gi tr
no . Tuy nhin vic c cc xung ring l khng thng xuyn nhng
c bin b ln c th c mt tm quan trng.
9.4. Cc mch th nghim v cc dng c o
Cc mch th nghim v dng c o s dng cho cc th nghim
bng in xoay chiu thng thng cng p dng cho cc th nghim
bng in mt chiu, nhng khuyn nn hon chnh php o ny
bng cc thit b m xung.
Khi tn sut lp li n khng ln, vic s dng mt thit b m
phn loi cc phng in thnh cc gam khc nhau c bin iu
chnh c cho mi khong thi gian c th l vn hu ch.
9.5. Cc th nghim
9.5.1. Cc quy nh v in p th nghim
i vi cc th nghim phng in tng phn bng in mt
chiu, in p th nghim v tc bin thin ca n phi ph hp
vi cc quy nh tng ng ca n phm IEC 60-2 tr khi c quy nh
khc ca y ban K thut ph trch vn .
9.5.2. Chn cc quy trnh th nghim
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Cc quy trnh c m t trong trng hp th nghim bng in

xoay chiu xc nh in p lm xut hin v lm tiu tan cc
phng in thng thng khng p dng cho cc th nghim bng
in mt chiu v cng bc t vo in mi khi in p tng v
gim khc vi cng bc c trong cc thi k m in p khng i.

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Khng c phng php no c tha nhn chung cho vic o cng

phng in tng phn in p mt chiu. D phng php c
dng l nh th no, vn cn ghi nh l cng phng in tng phn
vo lc bt u t in p vo v sau mt thi gian di chu cng
in p th nghim y l khc nhau.

9.6. Nhiu lon.

Cc thng tin cho iu 8 cng p dng cho cc th nghim bng

in p mt chiu. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny cng c th quan
st thm mt loi nhiu lon c bit, c lp i lp li nhiu ln,
gn lin vi vic c dng in i qua trong cc phn t nn in
ca ngun in p mt chiu.

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Ph lc A

Cc mch th nghim

Cc mch th nghim c s dng o phng in tng phn

bao gm mt tng tr o lng hoc ni ni tip vo gia vt th
cn th nghim v t, hoc ni vo cc u cc ca vt th cn
th nghim qua mt t lin lc thch hp. Vi cch ni ni tip mt
phn cc dng in gy nn bi phng in tng phn c th i ra
ngoi tng tr o lng nu nh vt th cn th nghim khng c b
tr trong mt ci hm c th thu gom mi dng in li v buc
chng phi i qua tng tr o lng.
C ba loi mch c bn lm xut x cu to cc mch pht hin v
o lng phng in tng phn khc. Ba mch c minh ha bng
cc hnh 1a, 1b, 1c c m t tm tt nh sau:
Hnh 1a.
Trong mch ny, tng tr o lng c ni xen vo nhnh ni t
ca t lin lc. u im ca mch ny l cho php tin hnh th
nghim cc vt th c mt u cc c ni t, vt th cn th
nghim c ni trc tip vo gia ngun in p cao v t. Tng
tr Z t gia vt th cn th nghim v ngun in p cao cho
php lm suy gim cc nhiu lon t ngun in p cao n. N
cng lm tng nhy ca php o bng cch chn cc xung t vt
th cn th nghim n v c th i r qua tng tr ca ngun.
Hnh 1b.
Trong mch ny, tng tr o lng c ni xen vo nhnh ni t
ca vt th cn th nghim. Mun vy pha in p thp ca vt
th cn th nghim phi c cch ly khi t.
Ghi ch: Mt mch i khi c s dng tng t vi mch cho hnh
1b, nhng y vai tr ca t Ck li do cc t k sinh
m nhn. Mch ny c th l thch hp nu in dung
ca vt th cn th nghim nh so vi in dung k sinh so vi t. Cng c
th thch hp nu in dung ca u cc MBA th nghim t
nht l cng c vi in dung ca t Ca, min l khng c
Z.
Hnh 1c.
Mch gm c mt mch cn bng trong dng c o c ni vo
gia cc tng tr Zm v Zm1. Vt th cn th nghim v t lin lc, c
hai phi c pha h p cch ly t. Cn in dung ca chng khng
nht thit phi bng nhau, nhng tt hn l chng phi c cng c
ln, v c cc kt qu tt nht th cc h s tn tht in mi
ca chng phi gn bng nhau, c bit l v mt bin thin ca
chng theo tn s.
u im ca mch ny l gim c cc nhiu lon bn ngoi. Mun
tin hnh vic iu chnh , c th ni mt mch phng in
nhn to vo gia u cc in p cao v t v cho thay i cc

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tng tr Zm v Zm1 sao cho s ch ca dng c o phi c gi tr nh

nht.
C th t cc t s gim t 3 (i vi cc mu th hon ton khc
nhau) n 1000 v hn na (i vi cc mu th ging nhau v c
che chn tt).
Hnh 2.
T cc mch c bn trn c th to nn cc mch khc nhau, mch
lp rp c minh ha hnh 2 p dng cho cc vt th c trang b
c cc s xuyn phn phi in dung tng ng vi mch hnh
1a, ch tr vic in dung ca s xuyn c thay th t lin lc Ck.

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Nu s xuyn c mt im trch, th tng tr o lng c ni

vo . Trong trng hp ny c mt in dung kh ln C m c ni song
song vi tng tr o lng v c th tc ng n nhy ca php
o.

Hnh 3.

Hnh ny l mt mch th nghim, trong in p th nghim

c gim bt trong vt th cn th nghim chng hn nh mt MBA lc
hay mt my bin in o lng.

V nguyn tc, mch ny tng ng vi mch c cho hnh 1 a

trang 54.

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Ph lc B

Cc i lng tng th

Cc i lng tng th u c lin quan n in tch biu kin q

v tn sut lp li n theo cc cng thc sau y, trong T l
khong thi gian tham kho:
Dng phng in trung bnh:

1
I=
T /q1 / / q2 / ........ / qn /
Dng phng in trung bnh I c th hin bng Culng trong
mt giy hoc bng Ampe. Trong mt vi trng hp, khong thi gian
trn l mt chu k v i lng ny c gi l: in tch biu kin
tng trong mt chu k.

Lu lng bnh phng D:

1 2
D= q q 22 ............q n2
T 1

Lu lng bnh phng c th hin bng (Culng) 2 trong mt giy.

Vic nh c cc dng c o I hoc D c ni xen vo mch th

nghim hon chnh c tin hnh mt cch tng t nh cch c m
t 5.3 dng o in tch q. Tn sut lp li ca my pht phi
nh hn di thng ca dng c o. Yu cu ny thng c tha mn,
nu tn s ny tng ng vi khong cch gia cc xung ln hn thi
gian phn gii, nhng iu kin ny khng cn thit i vi php o
lu lng bnh phng. Gi tr ca tn sut lp li ngoi ra cn phi bit
trc. Nu cc xung l do t mt ni in p ch nht c tn s c
bn fg v nu cc xung dng in dng v m c s dng, th tn
sut lp li n s l 2 fg.

Trong cc iu kin , s c ca dng c s tng ng vi mt

dng phng in trung bnh.

I = 2 g Uo Co

v vi mt lu lng bnh phng:

D = 2 g (Uo Co)2

Cng sut phng in P:

1
P = q1 .U 1 q 2 .U 2 .......... q mU m
T

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Trong U1, U2....Um l cc gi tr tc thi ca in p th nghim

ti thi im pht sinh cc phng in q1, q2 .... qm.

Cng sut phng in c tnh bng Wtt.

Ph lc C

Cc php o trn cc dy cp v cc vt th cn th nghim c cc

dy qun

V nguyn tc, mt mch no trong cc mch th nghim c

m t ph lc A c th c s dng cho nhiu vt th cn th
nghim c cc dy qun v cho cc dy cp, ngha l cho cc vt
th cn th nghim c cc phn t in dung v in cm phn b
ri rc. i vi mt vi loi trong cc vt th y, in p th nghim c
th gim bt, v d nh dy qun cao p ca MBA c th c kch
thch t dy qun h p (hnh 3 trang 55).

Vic nghin cu chi tit cc php o phng in tng phn trn

cc vt th c cc phn t phn b ri khng thuc lnh vc ca tiu
chun ny. Tuy nhin, cc im sau y vn c mt tm quan trng
c bit v c cc y ban K thut tng ng quan tm.

Cc hin tng suy gim

Do c cc hin tng suy gim trong cc dy qun hoc dc theo

dy cp m bin ca mt i lng c ghi ti u cc ca vt th
cn th nghim c th khc vi bin tng ng vi im pht sinh
phng in.

Hin tng cng hng, phn x

i lng ghi c mt u cc ca mt dy qun hoc mt dy

cp c th b thay i do cc hin tng cng hng hoc do phn x
cc u mt. iu ny c tm quan trng c bit nu di thng
ca my o c dng l hp. Cc hin tng phn x (xy ra trong cc
dy cp chng hn) c th c tnh n nh cc k thut nh c
c bit, nh l s dng mt my pht xung kp.

c tnh ca tng tr.

Mt vt th cn th nghim c dy qun khng c xem nh l mt

in dung n gin Ca, m thng c cc c tnh ca mt tng tr
sng, thng thng c ni song song vi mt t in c gp li.

Xc nh v tr cc phng in

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C th dng nhiu phng php xc nh v tr cc phng in

tng phn trong cc vt th c th nghim c dy qun hay trong
dy cp. Mt vi phng php y da trn cc php o ng thi ti
hai u cc hay nhiu hn ca vt th c th nghim. Cc phng
php khng in (mc 4.4) cng c th c s dng.

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Ph lc D

Vic s dng cc my o nhiu lon v tuyn in

o cc phng in tng phn

Cc yu cu lin quan n cc dng c thng dng o nhiu

lon v tuyn in u c nu ln trong nhiu bn quy nh khc
nhau.
p ng ca cc dng c ny thng thng c xc nh bng cc b
lc thng di c iu hng, m di thng hp c b rng quy nh
v tn s gia di bin thin v bng mt mch o gi tr gn nh
m hng s thi gian np in l 1 v hng s thi gian phng in
l 2 c cc gi tr quy nh. Dng c ch th l mt dng c c
khung chuyn ng c tt dn ti hn v hng s thi gian c l
3 .
Cc c tnh ca dng c ny lm cho n ch yu p ng cho
in tch ca mt xung dng c a vo dng c . Do c mt
mch o hu nh nh ca dng c ny m cc xung c cng in
tch nhng c tn sut lp li cao hn dn n mt s ch cao hn.
S c Ur ca dng c o ph thuc ng thi vo bin
phng in tng phn q v tn sut lp li n. i vi cc xung ngn
lp li u n, h s chuyn i k i ca dng c c tnh theo
biu thc.
1
k1 =
( N ) . Z m
Trong :
(N) l hm khi tuyn ca N (xem hnh 5 trang 56)
l b rng ca di thng ca dng c
Zm ga tr ca mt tng tr o lng thun tr.
q c th nhn c theo quan h: q = kS. U2 v kC t l vi ki v c
xc nh trong qu trnh nh c ca mch th nghim hon chnh.
Nh vy s c c th xem nh l gn t l vi bin phng in q
v b rng ca thng di ca dng c. Trn thc t, s c c th
khng t l vi tng tr Zm, nu tng tr l mt in dung hoc mt
in khng k sinh. H s (N) khng c p dng mt cch cht ch
nu nh cc xung phng in khng c phn b u n theo
thi gian.
Mt trong cc dng c nh vy c thit k nh l mt vn k hu
nh nh c m t trong n phm CISPR-16: Cc quy nh ca
CISPR dng cho cc dng c v cc phng php o cc nhiu lon v
tuyn in. Bn quy nh ny quy nh mt di thng l 9 kHz
6dB v hng s thi gian 1 = 1 ms, 2 = 160 ms v 3 = 160 ms. i vi
vic o cc nhiu lon v tuyn in dng c c nh c bng cch
dng mt in p hnh sin tn s m dng c c iu hng,
cn in p nhiu lon th c biu th mt cch quy c nh l gi tr
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hiu dng ca in p tng ng hnh sin. Vic t vo u vo

ca dng c cc xung ngn v khng i l 0,158 vs c tn sut
lp li l 100 trong mt giy cng cho cng s c nh l mt tn hiu
u vo hnh sin tn s iu hng c gi tr hiu dng l 1000
v. S bin thin s c ca dng c ny theo tn sut lp li N c
minh ha hnh 5.
n phm CISPR c cp n trn y cho cc quy nh v
vic s dng dng c ny o cc nhiu lon v tuyn in do
thit b cao p gy nn.

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Ti y c m t hai mch th nghim v nguyn l l ph hp vi

cc mch th nghim cho hnh 1a v 1b trang 54, v cng c th
c s dng o cc phng in tng phn, vi mt vi iu ch
.

Cn lu l ng cong ca hnh 5 trang 56 ch p dng cho cc

xung cch u nhau. Do , nu mt dng c o cc nhiu lon v
tuyn c dng o cc phng in tng phn, th thit b
phi c nh c v kim tra trong mt mch th nghim ring theo
mc 5.3. V vy khuyn ngh l nn t cc xung 90 vi tn sut
lp li u n gn bng hai ln tn s ca in p th nghim.

iu ny cho php s dng dng c o o cng cc phng

in trong mt th nghim thc gn in p ngng khi s xung
trong mt chu k ni chung l nh. Bin ca phng in tng
phn trong cc iu kin s nhn c mt cch gn ng bng
cch nhn q0 vi t s c ca dng c trong qu trnh th nghim
v trong qu trnh nh c. Quan h ny vn cn gi tr trong mt
di gii hn ca tn sut lp li khi m s bin thin s c do h s
(N) khng ln.

Khi cc php o c tin hnh bng mt dng c o nhiu lon v

tuyn in th bo co th nghim phi bao gm cc s c
nhn c tnh bng micrvn v cc ga tr ca din tch biu kin
tng ng tnh bng picoculng c suy ra t cng vi cc thng
tin thch hp lin quan n vic xc nh h s chuyn i, nh l
cch nh c, tn sut lp li cc xung, tn s ca in p th
nghim v.v....

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V tr khc c th c i vi Zm.

Hnh 1a. Tng tr o lng ni ni tip vi t lin lc

Hnh 1b. Tng tr o lng ni ni tip vi vt th cn th nghim.

Hnh 1c. S ca mt mch cn bng

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Hnh 1. Cc mch th nghim c bn dng cho vic o lng cc

phng in tng phn

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Hnh 2. Mch th nghim cho mt php o c tin hnh

im trch ca mt s xuyn.

Hnh 3. Mch th nghim cho vic o cc vt th cn th nghim t

kch thch.
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Hnh 4 a Hnh 4b

Hnh 4. Cc cch u ni nh c mt mch th nghim hon

chnh.

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Hnh 5. Bin thin ca s c (N) ca mt my o nhiu lon v

tuyn in CISPR
theo tn sut lp li N dng cho cc xung khng
i.

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