Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Lynn Visson (USA). Is a Puzzlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
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.. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
105062, ,
., . 23, . 5 . . . . .3-
./: +7(495) 9166703
.: +7(495) 9796391
e-mail: rvalent@online.ru
rvalent@yandex.ru
www.rvalent.ru
ISBN 978-5-93439-245-2
16.03.09
800 .
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page=state&id=2640) , -
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- clarity. .
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After the end of the year the income statement
31 accounts (revenue accounts and expense
accounts) will be closed or zeroed out and their
balances will be transferred into the Retained
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90 91 - expense accounts will start the new year with zero
balances allowing the company "to keep score"
. ( for the new year.
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, 2006, 3, -- Balances in the revenue and expense accounts
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http://www.consultant.ru/law/consult/gk/gk2006 their balances to the Income Summary account.
0217/#art3678)
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to zero out income and expenditure accounts ottage
to zero out balances in revenue and expense , -
accounts .
22
A small house, esp. in the country; a small on. -
1 (21) 2009 ..
vacation house cottage ,
American Heritage Dictionary. -
, , Collins Cobuild . -
English Language Dictionary: a small house,
usually in the country. - .
, elite, de luxe luxury cottages -
,
, cottage
, , - . -
, small, nice, little, modest, .. , -
, - , -
- .
. Websters Concise College Dictionary -
cottage .
: a small house, usu. of ,
only one story. 2. a small modest vacation house,
at a lake or mountain resort. Collins Concise , -
Dictionary ottage a small , -
simple house, esp. in a rural area. ,
, - -
, - single- . -
family house/home, detached house ,
residence: single-family residence detached , transfer.
residence. , -
. inter-budget transfers. -
, , , ,
single-family residence construction, inter-budget transfer resolutions
- inter-
budget transfer requests. -
luxury village. , .
, , -
, (to provide, to grant, to allocate)
, luxury village - . , -
. - transfer , -
- .
to make: inter-budget transfers made from ...
subdivision, to ... . -
. , -
Random House Webster Dictionary - . ,
subdivision a portion of land divided into -
lots for real-estate development. , ,
. Oxford Advanced , forms of
Learners Dictionary - inter-budget transfers from the federal budget.
- -
(Am.E) one of the parts of an area of - . ,
land that has been divided up for building houses -
23
, , , -
1 (21) 2009 ..
, :
,
the legal ownership of something, esp. land or
. - property Collins Cobuild English Language
- . Dictionary;
535 -
( ) the legal right to own sth, esp. land or
. , property; the document that shows you have this
right Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary;
-
the formal right of ownership of property -
() - Blacks Law Dictionary;
a persons right of ownership of property -
, Oxford Dictionary
, of Law;
ownership Barron's
, , , Dictionary of Legal Terms.
. -
Barrons Dictionary of Real Estate Terms
.. .. ,
ontract of procurement. , , -
, , :
, evidence that the owner of land is in lawful
. - possession thereof; evidence of ownership.
-
, ,
-
, -
. -
. -
,
agricultural procurement
, Collins
contract.
Concise Dictionary, -
-
title:
-
. a. the legal right to possession of property, esp.
. - real property;
b. the basis of such right;
. - c. the documentary evidence of such right: title
, deeds.
title, - Title
. ownership, possession.
to possess
, . -
title to possess Blacks Law Dictionary
, - to own (, -
- , -
. ,
-
title , to possess, to hold).
24
, - -
1 (21) 2009 ..
, title, Collins Concise .
Dictionary title deed. Title deeds, - ,
Blacks, deeds which constitute or .
are the evidence of title to lands. deed, -
, , , -
: a conveyance of realty; a ..
writing signed by grantor whereby title to realty is (
transferred from one to another ( title, , -
, Blacks ) -
). , -
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. , , -
- , ,
right ( ) title (- , ( , , -
) - ).
, , -
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: ( .)
Vindicatio . Lat. the asserting of a right or title
in or to a thing (Blacks). .
, -
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- , -
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, .
. , - www.arbitr.msk.ru.
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. article_2007_12_16_0241.php?number =305).
305 :
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, , - ) (. 304 ).
25
- ,
1 (21) 2009 ..
, : (1) (2)
, // .
, - : (1) right; title (=right
- -
, of ownership) (2) legal basis, legal grounds.
,
, . title,
() , ,
. - . ,
(. 265 ), entitlement, to be entitled =
(. 294 ), -
(. 296 ). - to have a right to sth, title -
. ,
(. 216 ), - , title.
(- ()
) (. 338 ), , - , -
: (. 34 ), title: title examination,
(. 35 ), - title search, , -
(. 36 ), (. 40 ), -
(. 47 ), - , -
(. 53 ) .. .
(..
: ) legal
- possessor/holder,
. , entitled possessor.
, - www.businessdictionary.com
, legal possessor:
.
, . . . Legal entity that has the legal right to possess a
- property while another entity (the legal owner)
, , , retains its title.
, -
- legal owner legal
. (http://arbitr. possessor . -
msk.ru/upload/knigi/article_2007_07_ , legal owner legal possessor c-
18_0014.html) , ,
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26
. , ,
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, - -
: , ( . novatio -
, , , - , ). -
, . ,
- , novation, -
, -
:1 , , .
. -
17 1998 . N 976- . -
, 414 -
.
- , -
, - , -
,
, -
:
.
1.
-
: Barrons Dictionary of Legal Terms
. novation :
2.
, : Substitution of another party for one of the
original parties to a contract, with the consent of
2.1. , - the remaining party. The old contract is then
; extinguished, and a new contract, with the same
2.2. content but with at least one different party, is
; created.
2.3. -
;
. ,
2.4. -
.
,
-
3. , -
: .
;
-
; (
), (
, - ). -
, . ( )
.
1 Oxford Dictionary of Law -
, : - novation,
-
. :
constructed facility. ,
, , - the substitution of a new contract for one
, already existing.
, .
. Barrons Dicitionary of Real Estate Terms
, territory not novation , -
subject to development area not subject to development. :
, -
.
27
1. a 3-party agreement whereby one party is , -
1 (21) 2009 ..
28
(-
1 (21) 2009 ..
, , ). )
- ()
, -
. -
- -
. -
, - ,
, , ,
, -
- (-) .. -
novation
substitute, substituted, substitution. - ( , trademark
,
, , ), -
-, -
. , franchiser franchisee
-
- ,
.
, - - -
- .
. - ,
road show, -
, , , .
, -. ,
- -. -
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) - , -
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, - , -
franchise agreement, , -
, -
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29
,
..
- growth rate?
, , -
, .
- growth rate ( -
- ). C-
,
: -
- ,
. , 100%! ,
, .
- , -
, -
, - , ,
- , -
. : X=Y1/Y0,
, Y1,Y0
, - . -
. ,
: 120 , 80, -
growth rate 1,5.
, 100% (
, , -, - 150%).
; - 1
operating , , 100 % (
, 50%).
-
; , (Oxford Dictionary of Business and
, fixed Management) growth rate
assets , amount of change over a period in some of the
, financial characteristics (
-
. ...).
30
, - )
1 (21) 2009 ..
50% rise, spike, surge .
.
Operating ? -
, ,
growth rate . -
.
- -
- . -
- (The Anderson , -
School at UCLA), growth ratio is the ratio of operating revenues, operating
ending quantity to the beginning quantity ( - expenses, operating profit,
120/80 = 1,5 -
). - ,
, growth rate is the growth ratio less one; -
, , , (, , ).
growth rate = 1,51= 0,5 50% .
9/99
, , . ,
, growth ratio 6 1999 . 32. ( -
, a growth rate . - 18.09.2006), -
, : -
,
1, ( -
100%. . -
- , -
).
,
, operating? -
,
, , : operating
, -
a 7.1% increase in
-
grew 28.2% y-o-y
.
rose 13%
(Multitran) -
a 6.5 % rise in
, operating
- revenue -
- , -
, - : operating expenses
, : , -
: spike, jump, surge, -
leap, rally
.
, -
1 100% ( -
31
9/99 (. 7): operating
1 (21) 2009 ..
, - , -
, - , , -
, , -
, .
? ,
; - . , -
( - , operating
); revenue, on-line
- www. answers.com:
, -
Operating revenue means net sales plus other
. - regular income sources related to the normal
business operations of the entity (e.g., lease income
, if a major activity).
, -
, - , -
- ( , , -
5
).
9/99
. ,
operating?
- operating
,
(International Accounting Terms -
Dictionary) : ( ,
-
Operating describing expenses and revenue ), , .
associated with a companys main line of business.
9/99 . 5,
, , , -
.
, , -
- operating , :
revenue . Operating 1) -
(
. )
, - ;
(Oxford Dictionary of Business and 2) , -
Management) operating , -
profit/loss: -
;
Operating profit/loss profit or loss made by a 3)
company as a result of its principal trading activity.
,
, -
(1, 2, 3)
. -
, -
().
32
( - Non-operating describing expenses and
1 (21) 2009 ..
- revenues resulting from activities that are only
) incidental to a companys main line of business.
, , -
, -
. .
(1)
,
operating revenues, - , -
.
, - YourDictionary.com:
, - Non-operating revenues- revenues that are not
. . derived from a companys operating activities.
www.ecsocman.edu.ru: These may include revenues from investments, such
as dividends earned on stock held in other
perating revenue - companies, or income from notes or credit
, ( , - extended to customers.
- , -
, , .
). , -
,
.
operating revenues -
-
, . , -
-
, .5 10/99
. - , -
operating expenses, .
www.answers.com - , -
a category of expenditure that a (non-operating revenues -
business incurs as a result of performing its ) .
normal business operations ( , -
fixed assets?
-
). -
, - -
fixed assets -
(- ,
-
, - .
), , -
non-operating revenues and expenses. (fixed assets) -
- ,
(International Accounting Terms , , -
Dictionary) : , , fixed assets
,
33
- Statements),
1 (21) 2009 ..
- 2238/2004 29 -
- 2004 , ,
.
- - -
non-current (This Standard uses the term
, - non-current to include tangible, intangible and
-, financial assets of a long-term nature).
Fixed assets, non-current
- .
. ,
, - , , -
www.ofm.wa.gov -
. fixed assets capital
fixed assets, :
assets , -
Fixed assets refer to the capital assets
. .19 - Capital assets assets that meet the states
capitalization policy such as land, improvements
to land, easements, buildings, leasehold
4/99 , - improvements, vehicles, machinery, equipment,
- works of art and historical treasures, infrastructure,
and all other tangible or intangible assets that
() are used in state operations and that have initial
useful lives extending beyond one year.
. .20
( .
, ;
, .
, -
,
(- , , -
) (). , , ,
, ,
(Oxford , , ,
, -
Dictionary of Business and Management) -
- ,
fixed assets:
).
Fixed asset an asset of business intended for
continuing use, rather than a short-term current , fixed assets
asset. -
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. ., 1984. . 311.
. .. , 2. .. . ., 1975.
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- . ., 1976; 2- ., 1980; 3- ., 2006. -
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59
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1 (21) 2009 ..
. // . - . ., 1978.
, 2003. 20. .. : -
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1975. 2003.
11. .. (- 21. .. .
). ., 1990. http://sternin.adeptis.ru/articles2_rus.html [-
12. .., .. : , ], 2007.
. ., 2003. 22. ..
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- 23. .. . .,
: . . . . ., 1982. 1973.
14. .. . 24. .. : , -
., 2000. , . ., 1988.
15. - .. - 25. Malblanc A. Stylistique compare du franais et
. ., 1996. de lallemand. Paris, 1961.
16. .. ( - 26. Vinay J. P., Darbelnet J. Stylistique compare du
). franais et de langlais. Mthode de traduction. Paris,
, 1975. 1958; . : J. Vinay, J. Darbelnet. Comparative
17. .., .. - Stylistics of French and English. / Trans. and ed. by Juan C.
. ., 1964. Sager and M.-J. Hamel. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 1995.
18. ..
. ., 1974; 2- ., 2004. -
2- .
. 35
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73
"Is a Puzzlement"
Lynn Visson
That awkward and ungrammatical phrase age of five. As a result, I was raised speaking
is a puzzlement has remained engraved in my Russian, French and German. The
mind since the first time I saw the musical The surrounding environment, however, ensured
King and I in New York many years ago. that English was my native language.
(Frankly, it sounded very much like the kind of In addition to their native Russian, my
thing my father might have said, all the more so parents had an excellent command of French
since both he and Yul Brynner, the actor playing and German. By the time I was 12, though, I
the King of Siam, were native speakers of was the resident expert on any questions
Russian.) Alone on the stage, the King muses involving the proper use of English. I rather
aloud that is a puzzlement why the arrival of enjoyed the role of English arbiter in return for
his childrens English governess has led to the all the times I had to turn to them regarding the
upheavals and moral breakdown now plaguing mysteries of Russian and French. That
his court. Annoyed and angry, he persistently understanding concerning the unquestioned
mangles the governesss native language. Yet she division of linguistic expertise was a given in our
keeps on patiently and politely correcting him, family. And the tradition kept on going. In the
for she realizes that King Chulalongkorns 1970s my father wrote his memoirs of his years
mistakes in English are the result of his countrys as Director of Exhibitions at New Yorks
centuries of isolation from Western civilization. Wildenstein Gallery, and since his written
But today what is an educated American or English was not on the level of his spoken
Englishman to do when a foreigner with a fairly English, he was counting on my editing the
mediocre command of English takes it upon book. Following his death shortly after
himself to correct a native speakers use of completing the manuscript, I reworked the
English? Grin and bear it? Argue? These are text, which was subsequently published in the
questions that have haunted me since US and in Russia.
childhood. My parents, who were part of the My knowledge of Russian, however, was
first wave of Russian emigres who left during uneven. The fact that I never attended school in
the years preceding and following the 1917 Russia made itself felt whenever it came to
revolution, first lived in Sweden, Denmark and putting pen to paper, or Cyrillic text to a PC.
Germany, then settled down in France, and in Though I am relatively confident of my ability
1941 were forced to move once again, this time as a nearly bilingual cow to moo in Russian till
to America. When I arrived on the scene shortly my fellow bovines come home, to this day I am
afterwards, my parents, like most of their careful to submit all my writings in Russian
friends and contemporaries, took it for granted intended for publication to the watchful eye of
that any child would do what they had had to a native speaker who is either an academic
do, i.e., become fluent in four languages by the colleague or a professional editor.
74
On the other hand, some 40 years devoted outposts in all areas of the Russian language.
75
Yet and this is important in seeking an the notion that this was a good thing, and in
1 (21) 2009 Lynn Visson
answer to the puzzlement during those fact a very good thing. The next logical and
same decades in which dusty, arcane English pragmatic though rather dubious step was
was being handed down in Russian schools and to posit that Russian interpreters (i.e., native
colleges, the country saw a flowering of speakers of Russian) could do a better job than
superbly qualified English-Russian translators, native speakers of English in interpreting from
who both did outstanding theoretical work and Russian into English.
provided brilliant renderings into Russian of There have, of course, been exceptions to
world classics. The poetry of Burns as the into native is better rule, in the form of
translated by Marshak, Shakespeare through some brilliant and virtually bilingual Russian
the lens of Pasternak, or Salingers Catcher in (and a few US) interpreters who could work
the Rye as transformed by Rita Rait-Kovaleva, into both languages. Oleg Troyanovsky, Viktor
are classics of the art; many English-language Sukhodrev, Boris Belitsky, Yurii Klebnikov and
translations of the Russian classics pale in Bill Krimer were a few of these stars of the
comparison. The architecture and art of interpretation world.
translation as practiced in Soviet Russia raised The closed nature of Soviet society and the
the bar to a level that was admired by translators desperate need for individuals with an excellent
worldwide. There was a very good reason for knowledge of English spurred Russian
this; in an era where a joke told to the wrong teachers, editors, translators and interpreters to
person could lead to a twenty-year prison perfect their English-language skills and
sentence or worse, translation was an doggedly cling to their chosen profession. No
ideologically safe haven. As compared to many wonder they valued it so highly. This was their
other activities, translating classical Greek or passport to excellent jobs, trips abroad, the
Roman, or even nineteenth-century English chance to purchase foreign goods, read
poetry, was relatively innocuous. literature in English and legitimately engage in
While translators were penning their way to contacts with foreigners. Even when the society
creative heights, interpreters were struggling. In opened up, this attitude remained. Many of
addition to the shortage of native speakers those who had clambered up to the peak of the
capable of teaching and writing good English English-language establishment firmly dug in
there was a near-total dearth of native speakers their heels and refused to descend from those
of English capable of interpreting, let alone of heights or to allow native English speakers to
doing simultaneous interpretation. As a result, join them there. These foreigners were
Russian-born interpreters were obliged to trespassers, and that Russian monopoly on
interpret both from English into Russian and English was not going to cede its position lightly.
Russian into English. Practice worked its way Perestroika unquestionably gave a major and
backward into theory. While in the West and irreversible jolt to the Russian English-language
in particular in international organizations teaching and translation-interpretation elite.
such as the UN interpretation for the most Foreign language-teaching books began to be
part was done from the foreign into the native published in Russia. Native English speakers
language, Russian theoreticians touted the were hired as teachers and editors (along with a
benefits of interpretation from the native into very few translators and interpreters, who could
the foreign language. The de facto shortage led hardly service the entire countrys needs), and
to theoretical underpinnings for the Russian specialists in English found it vastly
assumption that native into foreign is better, easier to go abroad for training and maintenance
though anyone who has ever had to listen to a of their language skills.
non-native speaker of English struggle to Nevertheless, the effect of decades of
interpret from his or her native language into a isolation has left a strong stamp on Russian
foreign language is most unlikely to agree. As a speakers of English. Years of studying English
result of being forced to work from Russian into with teachers who had no contact with native
English, many Russian interpreters accepted speakers of English, and of learning from the
76
ideologically sanitized world of outdated opinion and I have mine. That attitude seems
77
A few months ago native English speakers Russian who has remained relatively immune
1 (21) 2009 Lynn Visson
working at the English-language The Moscow to the surrounding linguistic milieu) did not
Times were told that some of the awkward hesitate to correct my translation of the late
phrasing in the English texts of Russian authors Mrs. Smirnova to the passed over Mrs.
reflected distinctive features of their specific Smirnova, and the advice of Dr. Ivanov to
style and was not to be corrected. Thats for a the advices of Ivanovs. Only the solemn
start. I wish these had been isolated incidents, promise practically an oath extracted from
but far from it. A recent issue of an academic the author by our editor to the effect that there
journal published by a major Russian would be no more such corrections allowed
educational institution had a page of English me to finish work on the manuscript.
titles of articles spiked with grammatical and While working with another Russian author
spelling errors. When I pointed this out to the on the English text of his article, which was
editor, he was incredulous. That cant be, he filled with incorrect English usage, I was
remonstrated. These were translated by one of constantly informed that all these forms were
our English teachers. Point made. I had in the dictionary (which dictionary?) and were
questioned the Popes command of Latin. therefore by definition correct. Never mind that
I am not about to trot out the old hackneyed dictionary forms a) may be outdated and b)
argument that the native speaker is always must be used correctly and in the appropriate
correct. Native speakers, as we all know, can linguistic-cultural context. That was fairly
make mistakes both in speaking and in writing irrelevant, though, since, of course, he knew
their native languages. There are linguistic slips, English better than I did. That was a given.
changes in usage, incorrect usages. Two eagle- Things are not much better for interpreters.
eyed Russian editors and proofreaders have Some of the Russian delegates at international
found various typos and slipups in various meetings are devoted aficionados of the sport of
English texts of my books and articles, and I am catch the interpreter. This game is played by
most grateful to them for that. As a member of monitoring every syllable uttered by the English-
the editorial board of a Moscow journal, I have language interpreter and making as many
on occasion called the editors attention to corrections as possible. Of course, any
various spelling and grammatical errors in the interpreter with whatever language
Russian texts of articles submitted for combination can make a mistake. There is no
publication, and have caught a Russian editor such animal as an infallible interpreter, and a
using the wrong declensional form for a delegate has every right to correct a real mistake.
numeral. But I also have had to stand firm to But this requires that the Russian delegate
keep 20th-century standard English phrases possess an excellent knowledge of the language
from being corrected by zealous Russian into which the interpreter is working. An
editors into Dickensian English parlance. How American interpreter was once interpreting a
would a Russian speaker feel if his modern delegate who kept using the word .
Russian prose were corrected by an English Tired of repeating fears and apprehensions,
speaker to sound like Sumarokov? In the the interpreter referred to misgivings. After a
overwhelming majority of cases, though, the moment of deathly stillness during which the
native speaker serves as both the standard and interpreter (as so often happens) waited with
the judge of correct usage. thumping heart for the axe to fall the delegate
I recently translated a book by a proudly announced, Is mistake in the
distinguished Russian historian. Due to his interpretation. We are not giving anything away.
highly limited knowledge of English, our entire What delegate wants, delegate gets.
correspondence and all our telephone Russian delegates who insist on English
conversations were conducted exclusively in cognates as translations for words such as
Russian. The learned gentleman, (who in fact or are in fact
had been living in the US for quite a few years obliging the native speaker of English to come
and is one of the rather few examples of such a out with incorrect renderings. Moreover, an
78
English translation of a Russian text given to an the rules of Russian grammar. That is natural,
79
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84