IES - Cathodic Protection Basic Presentation

CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR
PETROLEUM STORAGE TANKS
IES INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES

H # 64, R # 4, Block-C, Mirpur-12, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
Tel.: +8804477972245, Cell: 01755 585087, 01711 834576
Email: iesbd2000@gmail.com, info@iesndt.com
September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 1

ABBREVIATIONS
AC- Alternating Current
DC- Direct Current
CP Cathodic Protection
CSE- Copper/Copper Sulphate Reference Electrode
ICCP Impressed Current Cathodic Protection
TRU Transformer Rectifier Unit
mV Millivolt
V Volt
NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers
DCVG - Direct Current Voltage Gradient
CIPS - Close Interval Potential Survey

HOW IES HELPS
IES INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES offers all aspects of Cathodic Protection
services for buried Pipework, Tank, Vessel, Jetty etc. that include Design, Supply of
Materials, Testing and Inspection, Installation, Pre-commissioning, Testing &
Commissioning, Maintenance and Troubleshooting.

WHEN IT GOES WRONG - Why We Have CP!






CORROSION BASICS
DEFINITION :
Corrosion is the degradation or destructive attack of a metal by chemical or

electrochemical reaction with its environment.
Return of metal to its low energy oxide form in which it originally existed as an ore with
complete loss of metallic properties.
Understanding corrosion and CP requires a basic knowledge of chemistry and

electrochemistry.
Understanding corrosion and CP requires a basic knowledge of chemistry and

electrochemistry.

CORROSION BASICS

CORROSION BASICS
Corrosion Process
ENERGY ENERGY
STABLE IN OUT
UNSTABLE STABLE
ORES IRON RUST

HEMATITE ( Fe2O3 ) Fe Fe2+ +2e- ( Fe2O3 )

CORROSION BASICS
Cause of Corrosion-Natural (Electrochemical) Reaction :
Virtually all hazardous liquid and natural gas transmission pipe and storage tanks in service today
is made from steel. This steel when not otherwise protected and exposed to oxygen and/or water
can corrode. Corrosion can result in small holes in the pipe, or loss of pressure-carrying capacity.
Corrosion is the electro-chemical reaction of a metallic material with its environment. Pipe/storage
tank environments include soil, water, air, and even the contents of the pipe/tank itself.
In all electrolytes (the ground, rain water, river or sea water, moisture in the air or transported
product), metal atoms from the structure go into solution as electrically charged ions. The
movement of the ions causes a flow of electrical current from the metal to the electrolyte (ground or
water). This process causes loss of metal from the metal surface, and is commonly recognized as
rust.

CORROSION BASICS
Cause of Corrosion-Electrochemical Mechanism :
The corrosion process involves the removal of electrons (oxidation) of the metal ions and the
consumption of those electrons by some other reduction reaction, such as oxygen or water
reduction.
The rust on iron does not form by the direct action of oxygen on iron. It forms by an electrochemical
process in which Fe is oxidized to form hydrated ferric oxide Fe2O3.H2O in one region of the metal
surface and oxygen is reduced in another region. The iron surface and droplet of water on the
surface form a tiny galvanic cell. The different regions of metal surface acts as anode and cathode
and the aqueous phase acts as an electrolyte. In this galvanic cell Fe is oxidized to Fe2+ in the
region called anode region and Oxygen is reduced near the edge of the droplet of another region
called cathode region.
CORROSION BASICS
Component of Corrosion Cell :
Anode:
The electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs. Electrons flow away from the
anode in the external circuit.
Cathode:
The electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction is the principal reaction. Electrons flow
toward the cathode in the external circuit
Electrolyte:
A chemical substance containing ions in an electric field
Metallic / Electronic Path:

The direct metallic couple between the anode and the cathode

CORROSION BASICS
Electro-chemical (Corrosion) Cell :
CATHODE Cu Fe ANODE
+ ve -ve

CORROSION BASICS
CATHODE Cu Fe ANODE
+ ve -ve

CORROSION BASICS
CATHODE Fe ANODE
Cu
+ ve -ve
-
+ OH
H
+
H
-
OH
ELECTROLYTE
CORROSION BASICS
Icorr
CONDUCTOR
CATHODE Fe ANODE
Cu
+ ve -ve
e-
-
+ OH
H
+
H Fe+
-
OH
ELECTROLYTE
CORROSION BASICS
+ve to ve - DIRECTION OF CURRENT FLOW
Icorr
CONDUCTOR
CATHODE Cu Fe ANODE
+ ve -ve
e-
-
+ OH
H
+
H Fe+
-
OH
ELECTROLYTE
CORROSION BASICS
Icorr
CONDUCTOR
CATHODE Cu Fe ANODE
+ ve -ve
e-
+ -
H+
H OH
+
H Fe+
- -
OH OH
ELECTROLYTE
CORROSION BASICS
Icorr
CONDUCTOR
CATHODE Fe ANODE
e-
Cu
+ ve -ve
e-
+ -
H+
H OH
+
H Fe+
Fe+
- -
OH OH
ELECTROLYTE
CORROSION BASICS
Icorr
CONDUCTOR
CATHODE Fe ANODE
e-
Cu
e-
+ ve -ve
e-
+ -
H+
H OH
+
H Fe+ Fe+
Fe+
- -
OH OH
ELECTROLYTE
CORROSION BASICS
Icorr
CONDUCTOR
CATHODE Fe ANODE
e-
Cu
e-
e- H+
+ -
H OH
+
H Fe+ Fe+
Fe+
- -
OH OH
ELECTROLYTE
CORROSION BASICS
SOIL ( ELECTROLYTE ) Typical Corrosion Cell :
STEEL AT ANODE ( OXIDATION )

Fe Fe2+ + 2e-
- 0.6 V Ea
Ia
e-
- 0.4 V Ec

CORROSION BASICS

Fe Fe2+ + 2e-
- 0.6 V Ea AT CATHODE ( REDUCTION )
2H++2e- H2
Ia O2+2H2O+4e- 4OH-
Fe3+ +e- Fe2+
e-
- 0.4 V Ec

CORROSION BASICS

Fe Fe2+ + 2e-
2H++2e- H2
Ia O2+2H2O+4e- 4OH-
Fe3+ +e- Fe2+
e-
V Ea - Ec
- 0.45 V Ec Ia = R= R

CORROSION BASICS

Fe Fe2+ + 2e-
2H++2e- H2
O2+2H2O+4e- 4OH-
Fe3+ +e- Fe2+
e-
V Ea - Ec
- 0.5 V Ec Ia = R= R

WHY CORROSION IS IMPORTANT TO
COMBAT?
Corrosion Effects:
World is loosing 2.2 trillion $ every year equivalent to 3% of worlds
GDP.
Watching corrosion is like watching grass grow slower in motion, but it

definitely grows, and it grows in such an extent, that one day, it will
become disaster and starts giving sleepless nights to operators of plants,
pipelines and other structures those are affected by corrosion.

WHY CORROSION IS IMPORTANT TO
COMBAT?
Consequences:
Product Loss
Severe environmental Effects
Cost of rebuilding structures
Downtime
.. And many more.
Thus, it is very important to learn corrosion, its effect and implementation of

methods that are available to prevent corrosion.

TYPES OF CORROSION IN TANKS
External Corrosion:
General & Pitting Corrosion: The two most common types of corrosion relative to tank
bottoms are general and pitting corrosion. In general corrosion, thousands of microscopic
corrosion cells occur on an area of the metal surface resulting in relatively uniform metal
loss. In pitting corrosion, the individual corrosion cells are larger and distinct anode and
cathode areas can be identified. Metal loss in this case may be concentrated within
relatively small areas with substantial areas of the surface unaffected by corrosion.

External Corrosion:
Metal Composition: The composition of the metal is a factor in determining which areas on a
metal surface become anodes or cathodes. Differences in electrochemical potential between
adjacent areas can result from uneven distribution of alloying elements or contaminants within the
metal structure. Corrosion can also be caused by differences between weld metal, heat affected
zone, and parent metal.
Electrolyte Composition/Salt Concentration: Soil characteristics substantially affect the type
and rate of corrosion on a structure in contact with soil. For example, dissolved salts influence the
current carrying capacity of the soil electrolyte and help determine reaction rates at the anodic
and cathodic areas. Moisture content, pH, oxygen concentration, and other factors interact in a
complex fashion to influence corrosion.

External Corrosion:
Oxygen Concentration: Physical and chemical properties of the electrolyte also influence the
location of cathodic areas on the metal surface. For example, differing oxygen concentrations between
areas on a steel surface may generate differences in potential. Areas with lower oxygen concentrations
become anodic and areas with higher oxygen concentrations become cathodic. This can cause corrosion
in areas where clay or other debris contact a steel tank bottom on a sand cushion or where a tank is set
on two different types of soil.

External Corrosion:
Galvanic Corrosion: Galvanic corrosion occurs when two metals with different compositions (thus
different electrolytic potentials) are connected in an electrolyte (usually soil). Current will flow from the more
active metal (anode) to the less active metal (cathode) with accelerated attack at the anode. For example,
galvanic corrosion can occur when a bronze check valve is joined to carbon steel piping or where stainless
steel or copper pipe is connected to a carbon steel tank. In the pipe/steel tank example, the pipe becomes
the cathode and the steel tank is the anode. Since current takes the path of least resistance, the most
severe corrosion attack will occur in the area on the steel tank immediately adjacent to the pipe as shown in
Figure. The extent of such a problem is dependent on several factors. The most significant factor is the
relative areas of the cathode and anode and the relative position of the two materials in the galvanic series.

External Corrosion:
Stray Current Corrosion: Stray currents (also known as interference currents) travel through the soil
electrolyte and on to structures for which they are not intended. Usually, the affected structure collects the
interference currents from the electrolyte; the source of these currents is not electrically connected to the
affected structure. As shown in Figure , stray current may enter an unprotected tank bottom and travel
through the low resistance path of the metal to an area on the tank closer to the protected structure
(pipeline). At this location, the current discharges back into the electrolyte (soil) at point B with resultant
metal loss. The most common, and potentially the most damaging, stray currents are direct currents. These
currents are generated from grounded DC electric power systems including electric railroads, subways,
welding machines, impressed current cathodic protection systems, and thermoelectric generators.

Internal Corrosion:
Experience has revealed that corrosion may occur on the inside surface of a tank bottom. The extent or nature
of corrosion depends on many factors associated with the composition of the fluid in contact with the steel
bottom. Major factors which influence the severity of corrosion include:
Conductivity (a function of dissolved solids).
Suspended solids.
pH level.
Dissolved gases such as CO2, H2S, or O2.
Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB)
Temperature
Three major types of corrosion to be considered are general corrosion, pitting corrosion, and to a lesser extent
in tanks, environmental cracking.

CORROSION CONTROL
Corrosion can not be totally prevented.
However, we can endeavor to control corrosion to

acceptable or minimal levels by using the most
effective, economic and reliable methods available.

CORROSION CONTROL
Methods of Corrosion Control:
All methods focused on the preventions of formation of rust of iron. The corrosion of Fe can
be minimized, although not completely prevented, by shielding iron from oxygen and
moisture.
DESIGN
MATERIAL SELECTION
ENVIRONMENT CONTROL
BARRIER COATINGS
CP (CATHODIC PROTECTION)

CORROSION CONTROL
DESIGN
Avoidance of water traps in above ground pipe-work and structural steelwork or if they cannot be avoided,
provide necessary drainage facilities.
Use of welding instead of bolting to avoid crevices.
Planning a pipe route to avoid known corrosion hazards.
Avoidance of dissimilar metal contacts using isolating joints or selecting materials as close together as
possible in the Galvanic Series.

CORROSION CONTROL
MATERIAL SELECTION:
To select a material with a very high corrosion resistance to the environment. In making such selection,
consideration must be given to cost, mechanical strength, ease of production, welding, bimetallic corrosion etc.
HOWEVER
Whilst it is relatively simple to select a material that will not corrode, this is of no use if the other properties
required are not met. It is, therefore, of vital importance that decisions to change a material are made by all
interested parties.

CORROSION CONTROL
ENVIRONMENT CONTROL
To modify the environment to reduce its corrosiveness by eliminating or neutralising the corrosive elements.
The use of imported backfill around pipelines.
The use of inhibitors (generally used for controlling internal corrosion) including oxygen scavengers and
biocides.

CORROSION CONTROL
BARRIER COATINGS
To insert an insulating barrier to minimise contact between the metal and the electrolyte and reduce the flow of
corrosion currents. If it was possible to provide a perfect coating, then corrosion could be eliminated.
However, it is not practical to achieve perfection due to the limitations of materials commercially available,
construction practices and of course, cost considerations.
For above ground atmospheric corrosion, a barrier coating is the normal choice i.e., a suitable paint system
for the application. Should the coating break down then this will be visible and repair/repainting can be readily
carried out.

CORROSION CONTROL
CP (CATHODIC PROTECTION)
Cathodic Protection (CP) systems help prevent corrosion from occurring on the exterior of structures that
are in contact with environment, by substituting a new source of electrons, commonly referred to as either a
sacrificial anode or impressed current anode. Both systems operate by imparting a direct current onto the
buried structures, using devices called rectifiers. As long as the current is sufficient, corrosion is prevented,
or at least mitigated and held in check.
In most cases, coatings on the exterior of a pipe are used in conjunction with CP. Coatings have a high
dielectric strength, which prevents the flow of electrons to the pipes surroundings, thus interrupting the
electro-chemical reaction of the metal with its environment.
Coating: 95-99 %
Cathodic Protection (CP): 5 1 %

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Definition:
The prevention of electrolytic corrosion of a usually metallic structure (as a

pipeline) by causing it to act as the cathode rather than as the anode of an
electrochemical cell
.in cases where corrosion is entirely electro-chemical in nature it is

necessary to polarise the cathodes in the corrosion cell to the open circuit
potential of the local anodes in order to obtain complete cathodic
protection.
R.B.Mears and R.H.Brown A Theory of Cathodic Protection, 1938

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Theory:
There a various conditions that will result in pipeline corrosion. These

conditions allow the formation of anodic and cathodic areas to be formed
on the pipeline metal surface (Areas of coating damage i.e. Holidays), at
the anodic areas the pipeline corrodes, current will be flowing from the
pipeline into the surrounding electrolyte (soil or water). Likewise, where
current was flowing from the electrolyte onto the pipe, the pipe surface
was made cathodic and did not corrode.

CATHODIC PROTECTION
CP Applied to a Structure :

CATHODIC PROTECTION
CP Applied to a Structure :

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Concept:
The concept of Cathodic Protection involves reducing the potential
difference between the local anodic and cathodic site on a metal surface
to zero, resulting to zero corrosion current flow.
Cathodic Protection does not actually eliminate corrosion, instead it

transfers it from the structure to be protected to the anode.

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Cathodic Protection Criteria :
The following criteria is adopted for use on buried steel structures in contact with
soil/water according to NACE standard (SP-0169).
CS Pipe/Electrolyte Potential w.r.t CSE

Soil/Water Conditions
Natural Potential Min Polarized Max Polarized
(Volt) Potential (Volt) Potential (Volt)
Water/Soil Aerobic T < 40 C -0.65 to -0.4 -0.85 -1.2

Condn T < 60 C -0.8 to -0.5 -0.95 -1.2
Water/Soil Anaerobic ---- -0.8 to -0.65 -0.95 -1.2
Condn
Other criteria as detailed in NACE SP 0169/2007 as necessary

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Use of Cathodic Protection :

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Types of Cathodic Protection :
There are two methods of providing Cathodic Protection to a Structure
1. Galvanic/Sacrificial Anode System (SACP)

2. Impressed Current System (ICCP)

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Galvanic/Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection System :
Galvanic (or sacrificial) cathodic protection makes practical use of

dissimilar metal corrosion. The galvanic anode is connected to the
structure it is protection either directly or thru a test station so it can be
monitored

CATHODIC PROTECTION
_
+
_
+ _
-0.6 VDC, PIPE -1.5 VDC
Primary structure Magnesium Anode

Cathode September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 53
CATHODIC PROTECTION
_
+
CP CURRENT ELECTRONE FLOW
+ _ _
-0.6 VDC, PIPE -1.5 VDC

CATHODIC PROTECTION
_
+
CP CURRENT ELECTRONE FLOW
+ _ _
-0.85 VDC
-1.2 VDC

CATHODIC PROTECTION

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System :
An impressed current cathodic protection system (ICCP)
consists of an external power source and anodes. The power
source forces current to flow from the anode to the structure
through the electrolyte.

CATHODIC PROTECTION

CATHODIC PROTECTION
_ _
+
_ +
protective CP current
PIPE
anode
primary structure
MMO Anode in
cathode September 26, 2017 Coke backfill
IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 59
CATHODIC PROTECTION
-
DC CURRENT SOURCE
0
+
- 0.4 CATHODIC AREA
STEEL
ANODIC AREA
- 0.6
ANODE
- 0.4 CATHODIC AREA September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 60
CATHODIC PROTECTION
I
- 0 DC CURRENT SOURCE
+
- 0.55 CATHODIC AREA

I
STEEL
- 0.6 ANODIC AREA
ANODE
CATHODIC PROTECTION
I
- 0
+DC CURRENT SOURCE
-0.6 CATHODIC AREA

I
- 0.6 NEUTRAL AREA

STEEL
ANODE
CATHODIC PROTECTION
I
- 0 DC CURRENT SOURCE
+
CATHODIC AREA
I
-0.85
- 0.85 NEUTRAL AREA
STEEL
ANODE
TYPICAL ICCP SYSTEM ARRANGEMENT
TRANSFORMER / RECTIFIER
POSITIVE JUNCTION
BOX
NEGATIVE JUNCTION
BOX
ANODE CABLE TAIL
TEST POST

CATHODIC PROTECTION
ICCP Power Sources:

The power source for an impressed current system produces direct current
(DC).
Types of power sources include:

Rectifiers
Solar Cells
Thermo-electric Generators
Engine Generators
Wind-powered Generators

CATHODIC PROTECTION
SACP & ICCP System PROS & CONS:

CATHODIC PROTECTION

CATHODIC PROTECTION

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Cathodic Protection for Tanks & Vessels
Determination of Need for Cathodic Protection :
The need for cathodic protection shall be determined for all aboveground storage tanks. It is required
to discusse parameters for consideration when determining whether a steel aboveground storage
tank bottom requires cathodic protection. If it is determined
that corrosion may occur, adequate corrosion control procedures should be adopted to ensure metal
integrity for safe and economical operation over the service life of the tank. The location of a facility
or the presence of a leak detection system alone should not be used to determine the need for
cathodic protection. The decisions governing the need for cathodic protection should be based on
data from inspections performed in accordance with API Std 653, corrosion surveys; operating
records; prior test results with similar tank systems in similar environments; national, state, and local
code requirements; and the recommendations made within this document. Due to the wide variety of
tank pad types and conditions, and their variability in preventing corrosion with or without cathodic
protection, the practices of this standard should be used in conjunction with the inspection and
maintenance practices of API Std 653 to determine that external corrosion of tank bottoms is
adequately controlled.

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Determination of Need for Cathodic Protection :
New Aboveground Storage Tanks:

Corrosion control by cathodic protection for new aboveground storage tanks should be
evaluated in the initial design, and if applied, should be maintained during the service life
of the tank.
Existing Aboveground Storage Tanks:

Studies should be made within a suitable time frame in accordance with API Std 653
concerning the possible need for cathodic protection. When these studies indicate that
corrosion will affect the safe or economic operation of the system, adequate corrosion
control measures should be used.

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Cathodic Protection for Tanks Internal :
Sacrificial Anode CP (SACP):
Pure hydrocarbon fluids are usually not corrosive and do not require corrosion control for internal
surfaces. However, based upon experience, internal corrosion may occur in aboveground storage
tanks that have internal surfaces exposed to water, sediments, or other contaminants. Generally,
coatings are used to reduce or eliminate corrosion on internal surfaces. For tanks in petroleum
service, internal Cathodic Protection in conjunction with coatings has not gained widespread use, but
under certain conditions it can be effective in protecting against corrosion at holidays in the coating.
(Reference: API 651: Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks).
For water storage tank it is required to install SACP or ICCP system according to NACE or other
standards.
Metals commonly used as galvanic anodes in soil are magnesium and zinc. The anodes are usually
distributed inside the tank and the tank bottom.
CATHODIC PROTECTION
Cathodic Protection for Tanks Internal :
Impressed Current CP (ICCP):
ICCP system shall not be practical and effective in the internal of Petroleum Storage Tank due to
variation in the level of accumulated corrosive medium (hence water) in Tank as per NACE and API
guideline.
For water storage tank it is required to install SACP or ICCP system according to NACE or other
standards.

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Cathodic Protection for Tanks External :
Sacrificial Anode CP (SACP):
Galvanic anodes are limited in current output by the system-to-anode driving voltage and the circuit
resistance. It may be more economical to cathodically protect bare, poorly coated, or very large
structures with impressed current-type systems. Galvanic cathodic protection systems may be more
economical on small-diameter Tanks.

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Cathodic Protection for Tanks External :
Impressed Current CP (ICCP):
Considering the size and number of Tanks, current requirements, soil conditions and other influencing
factors Impressed Current Cathodic Protection system is more likely feasible and effective means of
protection of Tanks bottom plate external.

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Requires insulated wall penetration for anode lead wire
Offers adjustable current output
Requires source of electrical power
Rectifier may be required to be explosion proof, (i.e. oil cooled)
Current distribution can be a problem

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Cathodic Protection for Tanks & Vessels Internal
N
O
R
MA
L
W
AT
E
R
LE
V
E
L
I
MP
RE
S
S
E
DC
U
RR
E
N
TA
N
O
DE
T
/
R
S
A
C
RI
F
IC
I
AL
AN
O
D
E

CATHODIC PROTECTION
Cathodic Protection for Tanks External
Reference
Test
Electrode
Tank Bottom Station
Rectifier
Ring Wall
CP Anode may be spiral or grid form

EFFECTIVENESS OF CP SYSTEM
Over the years the cost of implementing a corrosion control system has proven to be extremely
beneficial in the reduction of leaks and extension of the useful life of pipelines/tanks. Whether by
using coating alone or coating with cathodic protection (CP), pipeline/tank owners have obtained
very good results when sound corrosion engineering is implemented. The additive cost for
corrosion control typically represents a very small percentage of initial construction costs. With this
in mind corrosion control systems should be implemented as a standard operating procedure for all
buried structures to enhance the life of the asset.

Codes and Standards
NACE SP-0169: Control of External Corrosion of Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems.
NACE Standard RP-0188 (latest revision): Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of Protective Coatings.
NACE Standard RP-0193 (latest revision): External Cathodic Protection of On-Grade Carbon Steel Storage
Tank Bottoms.
NACE Standard RP-0196 (latest revision): Galvanic Anode Cathodic Protection of Internal Submerged
Surfaces of Steel Water Storage Tanks.
NACE Standard RP-0285 (latest revision): Corrosion Control of Underground Storage Tank Systems by
Cathodic Protection.
NACE Standard RP-0286 (latest revision): The Electrical Isolation of Cathodically Protected Pipelines.
NACE TM-0497: Test Method/Measurement Technique Related to Criteria of Underground or Submerged
Metallic Piping Systems.
NACE Standard RP-0572 (latest revision): Design, Installation, Operation, and Maintenance of Impressed
Current Deep Groundbeds.
API 651: Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks.
NACE CP-2: Cathodic Protection Technician Course Manual.
NACE CP-3: Cathodic Protection Technologist Course Manual.
Peabody's Control of Pipeline Corrosion; Book by A. W. Peabody.

Q & A .??????

THANK YOU

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CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR

PETROLEUM STORAGE TANKS

IES INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 1

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 2

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 3

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September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 9

Corrosion is the degradation or destructive attack of a metal by chemical or

Understanding corrosion and CP requires a basic knowledge of chemistry and

Understanding corrosion and CP requires a basic knowledge of chemistry and

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 10

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 11

ORES IRON RUST

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September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 13

Metallic / Electronic Path:

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 15

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 16

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 17

STEEL AT ANODE ( OXIDATION )

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 25

STEEL AT ANODE ( OXIDATION )

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 26

STEEL AT ANODE ( OXIDATION )

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 27

STEEL AT ANODE ( OXIDATION )

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 28

Watching corrosion is like watching grass grow slower in motion, but it

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 29

Thus, it is very important to learn corrosion, its effect and implementation of

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 30

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 31

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 32

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 33

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 34

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 35

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 36

However, we can endeavor to control corrosion to

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 37

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 38

Use of welding instead of bolting to avoid crevices.

Planning a pipe route to avoid known corrosion hazards.

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 39

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 40

The use of imported backfill around pipelines.

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 41

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 42

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 43

The prevention of electrolytic corrosion of a usually metallic structure (as a

.in cases where corrosion is entirely electro-chemical in nature it is

R.B.Mears and R.H.Brown A Theory of Cathodic Protection, 1938

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 44

There a various conditions that will result in pipeline corrosion. These

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 45

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 46

September 26, 2017 IES - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING SERVICES 47

Cathodic Protection does not actually eliminate corrosion, instead it