3-Bio3 GROUP 9:

Reyes, Ma. Angelica Sta. Ana, Luis Gabriel

Rubiano, Brian Andrew Vigo, Geriz Daniella
Sac, Queenie Elaine

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF A SHARK

Parts Functions/Description
1. Peritoneum smooth shiny membrane lining the inside
of the body wall

2. Pleuroperitoneal cavity large internal cavity and constitutes the

greater part of the coelom

3. Mesentery double membrane of peritoneum where

visceral organs are dorsally suspended.

a. mesogaster part of the dorsal mesentery supporting

the stomach (encloses the spleen
between its two walls, and that portion of
the mesogaster from the spleen to the
stomach is the gastrosplenic ligament)
b. mesentery portion of the dorsal mesentery supporting
the small intestine

c. mesorectum portion of the dorsal mesentery supporting

the region

d. mesovarium mesentery of ovary

e. mesorchium mesentery of testis

f. mesotubarium mesentery of oviduct (mouth of oviduct-

funnel-shaped aperture found in the
falciform ligament)
4. Gastro-hepato duodenal ligament/ remnant extending from the right side of
lesser omentum the stomach to the liver and duodenum

a. hepatoduodenal ligament extending from the liver to the duodenum

b. gastrohepatic ligament
5. suspensory or falciform ligament
and containing the bile duct and blood
vessels
extending from the stomach to the liver
and duodenum and occupies the angle
formed by the bend of stomach
another remnant of the ventral mesentery
found at the anterior end of liver,
extending from the midventral surface of
liver to midventral line of body wall

6. Liver largest brownish or grayish organ lying at

the anterior end of the body cavity; has
two long main lobes, the right and left
lobes, and a small median lobe

7. Gallbladder long greenish organ found along the edge

of the median lobe

8. Esophagus thick muscular tube extending from the

top of the cavity connecting the oral cavity
and pharynx with the stomach; has
projecting papillae

9. Stomach J-shaped organ that continued straight

backward from the esophagus to a point
somewhat posterior to caudal ends of the
liver lobes; it ten makes a a sharp bend,
decreasing considerably in diameter, and
extends anteriorly, terminating in a
constriction, the pylorus; has lengthwise
folds or rugae

10. Duodenum short U-shaped portion of the small

intestine beyond the pylorus that connects
the stomach to the intestine
11. Bile duct
12. Pancreas
13. Pancreatic duct
14. Spleen
15. Valvular intestine
16. Spiral valve
17. Large intestine or colon
18. Rectal or digitiform gland
19. Transverse septum
20. Coronary ligament
long stout duct descending from the gall
bladder to enter the duodenum shortly
caudal of the bend
white gland with a ventral lobe located in
the curve of the duodenum
lied imbedded in the tissue of the
pancreas near the posterior margin of the
ventral lobe and is a means by which the
secretions of the pancreas enter the
duodenum
dark triangular shaped organ located near
the posterior end of the stomach; also part
of the lymphatic system
part of the small intestine occupied by the
spiral valve; its outer surface is marked by
parallel rings
screw-like, symmetric shape within the
valvular intestine. It is a spiral fold
attached to the rings of the valvular
intestine. It adds surface area for
digestion and absorption to an otherwise
relatively short intestine
narrower intestine caudal to the valvular
intestine and proceeds to the anus
small cylindrical body attached to the
colon by a duct
partition that closes the anterior end of
pleuroperitoneal cavity
a portion of the septum where the liver is
attached
21. Abdominal pores means by which the pleuroperitoneal
cavity communicates with the exterior

22. Parietal pericardium membrane enclosing the pericardial cavity

23. Pericardial cavity conical cavity where the heart is situated

24. Visceral pericardium covering layer fused with the heart wall

25. Sinus venosus fan-shaped chamber whose walls are

continuous with the transverse septum

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF A TURTLE

Parts Functions/Description
1. Liver a large brown organ which can be located
lying on each side of the heart. It is
attached to the transverse septum via the
coronary ligament.
2. Intestines It is the coils found posterior to the liver.
The small intestine is the coiled structure
consisting of three regions.
3. Stomach It can be found curving dorsal to the
lateral border of the left liver lobe. It is
attached to the liver via the gastrohepatic
ligament.
4. Esophagus Located anterior to the stomach and
posterior to the larynx. It is a narrow
elongated passageway connected to the
stomach.
5. Pancreas It is a long white gland situated by the
hepatoduodenal ligament. The pancreatic
duct passes from the pancreas and into
the duodenum of the small intestine.
6. Gall bladder Found on the dorsal side of the right lobe
of the liver. It is connected to the small
intestine via the short bile duct.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF A PIGEON

Parts Functions/Description
1. Mouth It is present at the tip of the head and is
bounded by horny upper and lower beak.
Teeth are totally absent.
2. Mouth cavity and pharynx Mouth leads into mouth cavity and
pharynx.
3. Internal nostril It is a single opening on the roof of the
pharynx through which both the nares
open internally.
4. Tongue It is a prominent structure with free
pointed anterior end. Some taste buds
and numerous mucous glands are present
on the surface of the tongue.
5. Glottis It is an aperture which leads into trachea
and is placed near the base of the tongue.
6. Gullet It is the last part of the pharynx which
continues as an opening into the next part
of the alimentary canal.
7. Esophagus It begins from the gullet and runs through
the ventral part of the neck as a straight
tube. Near the junction of neck and trunk it
comes between skin and muscle and
enlarges to form a sac, called crop. The
crop plays a dual role in the life of pigeon
and other birds. It acts as a large
temporary reservoir of crude food grains.
8. Stomach
It is the first part of the stomach to receive
a. Proventriculus the esophagus. It is tubular and internally
lined by numerous gastric glands. A red-
coloured small spleen remains
morphologically attached to the outer side
of proventriculus.
 b. Gizzard It is the second part of stomach and is
semi-circular in outline. The walls of the
gizzard are highly muscular. It contains
very little inner space. Internally the wall
contains numerous ridges and its
epithelial lining becomes very thick and
tough. It has innumerable small tubular
glands. Functions purely mechanical and
acts mainly as the grinding machine to
crush the food. The gizzard compensates
the role of teeth in pigeon.
9. Intestine begins from the gizzard near the opening
of proventriculus
a. Duodenum This is the first part of the intestine and is
distinctly U-shaped in appearance.
Internally, the duodenum contains villi,
crypts of Lieberkuhn and goblet cells.
b. Ileum It is the second part of the intestine having
numerous villi inside it. The length of the
ileum is shorter than that of other
vertebrates. The first and the last parts of
the ileum are loop-like and the middle part
is spirally coiled.
c. Rectum It is the last part of the intestine and is of
same thickness as that of ileum. Near the
junction of ileum and rectum, a pair of
small lateral blind leaf-like caeca
originates.
d. Cloaca Rectum opens into a chamber called
cloaca. The cloaca is spacious, muscular
and is elaborated into three chambers:
coprodaeum, urodaeum and proctodaeum
e. Cloacal aperture The proctodaeum of cloaca opens to the
exterior through the cloacal aperture or
vent. It is present on the ventral side and
near the base of the tail.
10. Membranes and Mesenteries divide the body cavity into different parts
and also support the viscera.
11. Liver Paired deep brown coloured glands of
immense size are present ventral to the
gizzard. It produces the bile which passes
through two bile ducts, one coming from
each lobe of liver. The bile ducts open
separately within the two limbs of the
duodenum. The gall bladder is absent in
pigeon. Loss of gall bladder is an
adaptation to aerial life for reducing the
weight of the body.
12. Pancreas It is a pinkish white gland located in
between the two limbs of the duodenum. It
is a combination of both exocrine and
endocrine glands. The exocrine part
producing pancreatic juice opens into the
duodenum by two or three pancreatic
ducts. The endocrine part produces
insulin, which is directly poured into the
blood vessel.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF A SHARK

Parts Functions/Description
1. Gills composed of gill lamellae, blood vessels
and supporting cartilaginous structures
located in a series of pharyngeal pouches;
provided with rich supply of blood
2. Afferent branchial blood vessel brings venous blood to the gills
3. Efferent branchial blood vessel found to each side of the cartilage which
carries the aerated blood away from the
gills
4. Oral cavity area enclosed by the jaws (mandibular
arch) and the cartilage of the throat (hyoid
arch)
5. Teeth sharp and triangular in shape; arranged
in several rows beginning at the outer
edges of the upper and lower jaws
**Behind the functional teeth are
additional raws folded downwards ready
to replace any that are lost
6. Tongue practically immovable and without
muscles; supported anteriorly and
posteriorly by cartilage (primary tongue
7. Pharynx portion of the alimentary canal posterior to
the hyoid arch between the gills; it
narrows posteriorly to form the esophagus
8. Spiracles openings in the anterior roof of the
pharynx; first gill slit
9. Gill slits 5 elongated internal slits found in the
pharynx; they lead into cavities called the
gill pouches which lead to the outside by
external gill slits
10. Branchial bars or visceral arch tissue between successive gill pouches

11. Demibranch or half gill gill lamella on one side of a branchial bar
12. Holobranch or complete gill demibranchs on the anterior and posterior
surface of a single branchial bar

13. Gill lamellae radially folded, highly vascularized tissue

attached to the surface of a tough
connective tissue, the interbranchial
septum; respiratory mechanism of the
animal in which blood obtains oxygen and
gives up carbon dioxide

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF A TURTLE

Parts Functions/Description
1. Nares Both posterior and anterior along with the
nasal cavity, serves as the passage way
of air. The posterior nares are located at
the roof of the mouth while the anterior
nares can be found externally.
2. Glottis an elongated slit in the center of the
laryngeal prominence
3. Larynx part of an expanded chamber at the
anterior end of the trachea. It protects the
lungs from foreign objects by a series of
reflexes such as coughing.
4. Trachea found posterior to the pharynx and
anterior to the bifurcation of the bronchi.
5. Bronchi bifurcations of the trachea which leads air
to the lungs
6. Lungs spongy organ posterior to the bronchus.
There are two lungs, one for each
bronchus.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF A PIGEON

Parts Functions/Description
1. External nares These are paired openings, present
near the base of the upper beak and
within the cere.
2. Internal nares Single opening which opens at the roof
of pharyngeal region and both the
external nares communicate through
this common aperture.
3. Glottis This is a slit-like aperture, which is
present on the floor of the mouth cavity
and near the base of the tongue. It
leads into the next part called trachea.
4. Trachea This elongated tube begins from glottis
and runs along the neck region along
the ventral side of the oesophagus. The
trachea is composed of complete bony
tracheal rings. Near its
commencement, the trachea is
enlarged into a chamber called the
larynx. The larynx is supported by a
cricoid cartilage (which is composed of
four pieces) and one pair of arytenoid
cartilages. In birds, the larynx does not
function as voice box.
5. Syrinx Near the junction of neck and trunk, the
trachea is swollen into a chamber
called syrinx. It is formed by the
dilatation of the last three or four
tracheal rings and first bony ring of
each bronchus. The syrinx is actually
the voice box. The syrinx is the
characteristic organ of pigeon and
many other flying birds.
6. Bronchus Within the trunk, the trachea bifurcates
into right and left bronchi. The first ring
of each bronchus is complete and bony,
while the rest are incomplete mesially.
The left and right bronchi are called
primary bronchi or mesobronchi.
7. Lungs The lungs are small in size in
comparison with that of the body. These
are paired pink-coloured organs. The
lungs are spongy organs with little
elasticity. The dorsal surface of the
lungs is fitted closely with the
interspaces of ribs and lacks the
peritoneal covering, i.e., pleura is
absent on the dorsal side.
8. Air-sacs Bladder-like structures which are
formed by the dilation of the mucous
membrane of the bronchus. The air-
sacs are thin-walled membranous sacs
and are devoid of blood vessels.
Following air-sacs are present in the
body of pigeon and all of them remain
in communication with the pneumatic
cavities of bones.
9. Cervical air-sacs These paired air- sacs are placed near
the base of the neck and lie in front of
the lungs. Each sac sends diverticula
into the cervical vertebrae and the skull.
10. Inter-clavicular air-sac This is an unpaired and median air-sac
of large size. It has two ducts, one
opening into each lung. Although this
sac is unpaired in adult, it is formed by
the fusion of two sacs which are
evident by the presence of two ducts.

UROGENITAL SYSTEM OF A SHARK

Parts Functions/Description
MALE
1. Kidney flattened, ribbon-like, darkly colored
structures lying dorsally on either side
of the midline, along the entire length of
the body cavity. The posterior portion is
involved in the manufacture and
transport of urine. The anterior portion
of the kidney is an active part of the
reproductive system.
2. Testes Lie near the anterior end of the body
cavity, dorsal to the liver, adjacent to
the anterior ends of the kidneys.The
sperm pass from the testes to the
kidneys within narrow tubules called
efferent ductules.
3. Ductus deferens Where the sperm enter and pass
posteriorly toward the cloaca. In mature
male specimens the ductus deferens
may be seen on the ventral surface of
the kidneys as a pair of highly coiled
tubules. It transports spermatozoa and
seminal fluid. The posterior portion of
the ductus deferens widens and
straightens to form the paired seminal
vesicles.
4. Sperm sacs Paired at the posterior ends of the
seminal vesicles receive the seminal
secretions. They join to form the
urogenital sinuses, which exit through
the fleshy conical urogenital papilla,
which extends from the cloaca.
5. Accessory urinary ducts Collect and transport urine from the
kidneys. These paired thin tubules may
be found along the medial side of the
posterior half of the kidney.
6. Cloaca It receives the genital and urinary
products as well as the rectal wastes.
7. Claspers Modified extensions of the medial
portions of the pelvic fins. They are
inserted into the female's cloaca during
copulation.
8. Clasper tube Carries the seminal fluid from the
cloaca of the male to the cloaca of the
female during mating.
FEMALE
1. Ovary Two cream-colored elongated organs in
the anterior part of the body cavity
dorsal to the liver on either side of the
mid-dorsal line. The shape of the
ovaries will vary depending upon the
maturity of the specimen. In immature
females they will be undifferentiated
and glandular in appearance. In mature
specimens you may find two to three
large eggs, about three centimeters in
diameter, in each ovary.
2. Oviducts These are elongated tube-like
structures lying dorsolaterally the length
of the body cavity, along the sides of
the kidneys. In mature specimens they
are more prominent. The distal half of
the oviduct is enlarged to form the
uterus.
3. Shell gland It is the anterior end of the oviduct. The
eggs are fertilized and receive a light
shell-like covering as they pass through
the shell gland.
4. Uterus The enlarged posterior half of the
oviduct where fertilized eggs develop
into embryos.
5. Cloaca It serves for the elimination of urinary
and fecal wastes as well as an aperture
through which the young "pups" are
born.
6. Kidney The posterior portion is involved in the
manufacture and transport of urine,
while the anterior portion of the kidney
in females is degenerate and
functionless
7. Ductus deferens In the female, this duct carries urine

UROGENITAL SYSTEM OF A TURTLE

Parts Functions/Description
FEMALE
1. Ovaries a pair of large baglike bodies in the
posterior part of the pleuroperitoneal
cavity containing yellow eggs in various
states of development and supported
by a mesentery called mesovarium
2. Oviduct a large white coiled tube supported by
the mesotubarium where the egg or
ovum passes through from an ovary
and can be found along side the
posterior border of each ovary
3. Cloaca the posterior end of each oviduct and
ventral to the opening of the intestine
used to to release excretory and genital
products
4. Urinary Bladder found between the two oviducts near
the cloaca used for holding in excretory
products (urine)
5. Accessory Urinary Bladder two elongated sacs found on each side
of the cloaca that is posterior to the
oviducts. It may atleast carry water,
employ in softening the soil while
digging a nest
6. Clitoris found on the cloacal wall which is
homologous to the male penis and
without function in the female
7. Metanephroi flattened lobed organs fitting snugly
against the posterior end of the
pleuroperitoneal cavity that serves as
the kidneys of the turtle
8. Ureter a duct that the urine passes through
from the kidney to the cloaca and can
be found at the base of the oviduct
MALE
1. Testis a yellow spherical body attached to the
ventral face of the kidney by the
mesochium that produces male
gametes or sperm cells
2. Deferent Ducts a tube where sperm cells are traveling
prior to copulation
3. Accessory Urinary Bladder two elongated sacs found on each side
of the cloaca found on its lateral walls.
The function for male turtles remains
uncertain
4. Urinary Bladder found between the two deferent ducts
near the cloaca used for holding in
excretory products (urine)
5. Cloaca the posterior end of each deferent
ducts and ventral to the opening of the
intestine used to to release excretory
and genital products
6. Organ of Copulation / Penis a dark mass that is seen through the
ventral wall of the cloaca inserted to the
female cloaca at mating for the sperm
to enter during copulation
7. Epididymis a dark colored and highly convoluted
duct which is anteriorly connected to
the testis
8. Efferent Ductules connects the epididymis and testis
9. Metanephroi flattened lobed organs fitting snugly
against the posterior end of the
pleuroperitoneal cavity that serves as
the kidneys of the turtle.
10. Ureter a duct that the urine passes through
from the kidney to the cloaca and can
be found immediately on the dorsal
side of the epididymis.

UROGENITAL SYSTEM OF A PIGEON

Parts Functions/Description
FEMALE
1. Ovary A mass containing eggs of various
sizes, situated at the anterior end of the
left kidney, attached by a short
mesovarium
2. Oviduct Posterior to the ovary the coiled left
oviduct proceeds to the cloaca, being
supported by the mesotubarium
3. Ostium It is situated in the mesotubarium near
the ovary. A wide opening with wing-like
borders fastened to the mesotubarium
4. Metanephroi A flattened, three lobed organ situated
against the dorsal wall
5. Ureter / Metanephric ducts Located dorsal to the renal portal veins.
The ureter begins on each side at the
groove between the anterior and middle
lobes of the kidney and extends and
straight posteriorly to the cloaca
6. Cloaca Expanded chamber receiving the
rectum on its median ventral surface,
the left oviduct to the left, the very small
right oviduct to the right, and the
ureters dorsal to the oviducts
a. Coprodaeum Large ventral portion into which the
rectum opens
b. Urodaeum Dorsal to coprodaeum and separated
from it by a fold into which open the
oviducts and ureters
 c. Proctodaeum Most dorsal compartment of the cloaca.
A small chamber with a raised rim,
which opens to the anus
7. Bursa of Fabricius In the anterior wall of the proctodaeum
dorsal to the rim of an opening leads
into a small pouch, which seems to
have some fuctions in young birds
(controls antibody-mediated immunity)
but degenerates with maturity
MALE
1. Testes Pair of oval organs at the anterior end
of the kidneys, which lack definitie
mesorchia. Their size varies
considerably with the season.
2. Kidneys
3. Male ducts / Deferent ducts It spring from the medial surface of the
testes near their posterior ends, with
the intervention of an epididymis too
small to be idenitified microscopically.
These are slender, convoluted tubes
which pass caudal parallel to the
ureters. They open on smll papillae in
the lateral walls of the urodaeum
4. Cloaca Smaller than in the female, and the lips
of the anus more protruding.
A. Urodauem Smaller than in the female, receives the
two deferent ducts