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    523 views249 pages

    Paul Guyer - The Cambridge Companion To Kant PDF

    Uploaded by

    Antonio Djalma

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 249
    “This the third in a series. of compasions o maya pilex pers that Cambridge wall be issuing inthe next few years Fach volume will concain specially commissioned essays by an incemational team of seholars, rogether with a substan {lal bibliogtaphy and will serve asa elereace work for stu» ‘ents and nonspeciaiss. One aim of the series ist dispel the intimidation sch readers often ee when faced with the ‘work of « dicate and challenging thinker, “The fondamontal task of philosophy since the save ‘teonth century has been to determine whether the esenti puniples of both knowledge and action can be discovered by human beings unsided by an extemal agency. No-one ‘halosopher has contributed mote to thi enterprise than has immanuel Kent, whose Citique of Pave Reason (1781 shook the very foundations of the intellectual world. Kent frgued that the base principles of natural science ate Im posed on zeality by human Sensiilicy and understanding snd hence human beings cap also impose their awa ftee fd rational agency on the world "This volume is tae only avalsble systematic and compre hensive account ofthe full range of Rents writings and the first major overview of his work to be published in more than a dozen years, An intemasionally recognized team of [Kant echolaes explore Kent's eoncsprualrevlution nepiste ‘mology, metaphysics, philosophy of seience, moral sod po Iiical philosophy esthetics, andthe pilesophy of religion. ‘The volume also traces the historical ongine and conse ‘quences of Kant's work ‘New readers and nonspecialists will ind this the most convenient, accesible guide o Kant currently In pent. Ad vanced stadents and specialists will ind 2 conspectus of recent developments inthe nverpvettion of Kant KANT AQUINAS. fidited by NORMAN ERETEMANN and ARISTOTLE fedited by JONATHAN BARNES DESCARTES Fuited by jou covtiNeMAs FOUCAULT felted by Gany GurtiNs FREUD Ellted by jrnome we0 HEGEL Edited by raepenick Besser HEIDEGGER Edited by ciiantss GUIGNON HOBBES Edited by rom sonnent HUME Fdited by bavin Fate NosTON HUSSERL Plsted by nanny snc1¥H| and DAYED LEIBNIZ. Edited br nicuoLas joLLeY LOCKE Edited by vene cHarrene MARX Edited by vensete carver MILL Edited by sonny skonursxt NIETZSCHE Edited by veanp MacNUS PLATO” Edited by nicuano xeaut SARTRE. Bulted by chinistina HOWELLS SPINOZA. Edited by DON GanaerT The Cambridge Companion to KANT Edited by Paul Guyer Ej GAMBRIDGE 25) UNIVERSITY PRESS The Pet Busing Trampingrn suet, Camber Unted ioc Tact ling Code C828 Unc cam scab #8 estan cece Rew Yous NY loli Usa hae een Hossam Read, Oatogh, Melton 66 Ase NSE Come Usnersy Fes 1992 ‘This bok in coy Suet to stay exception and cote nies lan cece ning gnc erection of an aon ce ce ‘he ren peminion of Cambs Une Ps. Fa pubes 1992 eine 19921995, 1894 ce, 195, 196,997,198, 1890 Pome in he Unted Stas f Arce Tee. Trams Meier ‘A catleaue eo fr hs Baki aval ons he Bt Liber itary of Congress Catalog tn Pdcaton Data aaile Iga 0521255072 bak ISIN 6821 309689 pupetack CONTENTS. Lise of conteibutors Method of citation Inqroduction: The starry heavens and the moral law Keres intelleeeoal development: 1746-178 ‘The Transcendental Aesthetic FFunetions of though and the synthests of intuitions ‘The transcendental dection ofthe categories ‘Causal laws and the foundations of natural science Empirical, rational, and ranscendental psychology: Paychology as science and as philosophy Reason and the practice of seienee ‘The critique of metaphysics: Kane and tradicional centoloay pose ws 6 a rer a8 5 4 indicating reason ‘Autonomy, obligation, and virtue: An overview of Kant’s moral philosephy Jo, ScHNEEWIND, Politics, freedom, and order: Kan philosophy politial “Taste, sublimity, and genius: The sesthetice of nature and ait Rational cheology, moral faith, and religion ‘The frse ewenty years of ciique: The Spinoca connection Babliogranby Index a an CONTRIBUTORS KARL AMERIKSis Professor of Philosophy 2 the University of Notte ‘Dame. He has vttten widely on Kant and other figures in German philosophy. Heis he author of Kant's Theory ofthe Mind? An Analy 21 of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason (Oxford University Press, +983), and wil son publish selected translation of Kan's Lectures ‘on Metaphysic in The Carabridge Edition of the Works of Imman- ‘uel Kant [forthcoming teepEnten c, meisen teaches at Indiana Universi. He isthe au ‘hor of The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte [Harvard University Press, 1087], He is currently editing The Cam bridge Companion to Hegel crORCE bt GrovANN Hs Professor of Philosophy at MeGill Univer: sity He has written widely on Kane and German idealist. With H. S. Harts, he edited and translated Botiven Kant and Hegel Texts in the Development of Post-Rantion Idealism (State University af New York Press, 1985), and he hes also edited Essays on Hegel's Logic {State University of New York Press, 1090) MICHAEL FRIEDMAN is Professor of Philosophy at the University Of Ulinols-Chicego. He is the author of Foundations of Space ‘Tune Theories: Relativistic Physics and Philosophy of Science [Princeton University Press, 1983), and of momerous articles on Kane's philosophy of mathematics and science, some of which will be inched in his Kant on the Exact Sciences (Merverd Univessity Press, orthearin) AUL GUYER 3 Profesor of Pilesopy atthe Universi Fenny ‘is Hei he author of Kant dd the Gli of Teste larva Vili ConTRIBUTORS University Press, 1979] and Kant dnd the Clakms of Knowledge {Cambridge University ress, 1987), he aso edited Essays on Kant’ ‘Aesthotcs (Univesity of Chicago Pres, 1982) with Ted Cohen. He ts gonctal co-editor of The Cambridge Edition ofthe Works ofl smanvel Kant (forthcoming. GARY HaT#ELD is Professor of Philosophy ar the University of Pennsylvania, He 18 the author of The Netural and the Normaive: ‘Theories of Spatiel Perception from Kane co elenholtz (MIT Press, 1999) 48 well a: af numerous papers in the history of philosophy and the philosophy of psychology. WoLroaNG KeRsTING is Professor of Philosophy a the University of Hannover: He has published veidely sn moval, legal, and political philosophy. His books include Die thik in Hegels*Phanomenote sie des Geistes" Hannover, 1974) Wohlgeordnete Freshest: aman: uel Kants Rechts. und Stautsphilosophie Walter de Gruyter, 1984) Niccolo Machiavelh: Leben-Werk-Wirkung UBeck, 1086 and Die politische Philosephe des GesellschoftsverragsWissenschattiche Buchgeselischatt, 1991, ‘mona o’wtitt is Professor of Philosophy at dhe University of Essex. Her works include Acting on Principle: An Essay on Kantian Ethics {Columbia University Press, 1973), Faces of Hunger (Black: Well 1985), and Constructions of Reason: Explorations of Karts Practical Philosopiy (Cambridge University Pees, 1980) CHARLES PARSONS is Professor of Philosophy at Harvard Univer- sity. He has made contributions to logic, philosophy of logic, and. philosophy of methematic. Some of his papers in the latter ewe ‘yeas as well as a Frege and Quine ae included with two studies of, Kant’ philosopy of mathematics in his Mathematics in Philoso phy (Cornel Universiy Press, 1083) EVA ScHAPER is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Glas {gow She has written on 2 wide range of icsues im aestheties and is histor: She ie the author of Prelude to Aesthetics George Allen & Unwin, 1968) and Studies io Kant Aesthetics [Edinburgh Univer sity Press, 19731, and has also eiieed Pleasure. Profrence. and Value: Studies in Philosophical Aesthetics \Cambridge University Press, 1983) Contributors ix J. 8, SewNeew ite fs Professor of Philosophy atthe fois Hopkins University. He has worked extensively in dhe bastry of both British {and continental moral philosophy. His publications include Back. [rounds of English Victorian Literature (Randoos House, 1970) Skigwick's Ethics ond Victorian Moral Phulosophy (Oxlord Univer ‘ity Press, 1975] and Moval Philosophy from Montaigne to Kont (Cambridge University Press, 1990) He also edited ill: A Collec: ‘nom of Critical Essays (Anchor Books, 1958, THOMAS &, WARTENERG is Associate Professor of Philosophy at ‘Mount Holyoke College. He isthe author of The Forms of Power From Domination to. Transformation (Temple University Press, 19901 ALLEN w. wood is Professor of Philosophy at Comell University His books include Kant’ Mora! Religion [Cornell University Press, gro), Kant’s Ravional Theology (Comell University Pres, 1978) Karl Marx (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), and Hegel Ethical Thought [Cambridge University Press, To90} He also translted, swith Gerenide § Clatke, Kent's Lectures Philosophical Theology |Comell Univesity Press, 1978], Hes general co-editor of The Cam bridge Edition ofthe Works ofImmanvel Kant (ortheemin! [, mrciAtL youn is Professor of Philosophy a dhe Univesity of. Kansas. He has published articles on Kant’s epistemology ad pi losophy of mathematics, and has wanslaced Kant’s Lectures on Logie for The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanvel Kant (orth: coming! METHOD OF CITATION Citations to Kane's tents te genes given prensa aldhough some [diana eferences ar inelude in he noes Cheesy. TO oem Siation av employed, Citation ote Caigue of Pare Reason ate ote Inebe customary manaer by elesence othe pagination of Kant’ rx A" nd second (8° esions. Where both & and page numbers are prowaded, the pee cites nclsed moth ebiens others he passage oc inthe one edn ee. In mest nstanceseleence tothe ie of the Crue of Pare Reason i omuted All oterpusaze te louse by vl ‘ume and pate momber, ven in stablc mumetal separated by acolon inthe ‘Standard crite edicton of Kan’ work, Kans sesamonelte Seen el {ed by the Komigchen Preise ater Deutschen) Akademie der Wis ‘ensshafen (Bela: Georg Rimes ster Walter de Grove, 2900~ f te {ition Kant divided the week in question tno numbered secon, his Secic urmberpredes the volume and page of the Akademie eden “These references ae preceded by abort Ue foe the work in guesion Unless the content vies the need for dha. Several authors ave followed the Akedemie edition citation mith itation ofan Enghch easton of the wok, lthoug, because owt moder Enis ransations nce the ‘Akrdemic edition paginas ct noc ways neceeuyt9.d9 0 Each essay ‘provides incmation shout the ansations weed om thats "Te felowing lit inalbetcl oer, che shor eles of Rane’ woke (orth date of enpinahpubheaton in poenthesee) which aze employed hoaghose he volome! Note 8 eo Chapter §incloes sist of sional sSevitoas for Kane's fctres om metapiysics, which at ed al in ‘hat charter contice ‘Confit of he Faces 1798) Pusertation Disseraticn om te armas ad Principles ofthe ‘Sensfle and Ieligble Wolds e720), Dreams ysams ota Spine Ser 1766) Method of citation xi Enlightenment Fobe Sables 8 crounasare adgment taceares vine Feces Lexie Metaphysical Foundations Mora Negative Quan Novadiucituo Obeeratons| Only Posie Basie, onieneten Perera Peace Pyseal Monadotogy Practical Reason use Esty Progress Proleromena ase Reason ® ‘Ano to the Question What I Enlgheenmene fr ‘The False Suleryo he Four yogi ies 70) ‘is Introduction tothe Cig of fdement (posthumous) ‘Groandrk ofthe Metaphysics of Mora a8 Citiqe of fadgmen 791 {zctares on Phiasopica)Thecogsgostbunous) Thoughts on the Tne Estimation of eng Force rer} Immanuel Kan’ Logie: A Handbook or Lactres edited bs G8 Behel eo! -MetaphysealPoundanions of Natural Science lu7s6! Metapgstesof Morals 1707 ‘Acampo aczuce the Conc of Negative ‘Quanies ito Phos 1788) (A Now Bxpositin of he Ft Penns of Met. physi! Cognition 1955) Obseretions on che Peeing of he Best and Sublime 76s) The Only Posble Bass for w Demonsetion of ‘he Exctence of Go 1763 Whet Does I Mean to Orient Oneself in Thought 786) Towards Perpetual Peace 17981 The oie Use of Metephvics and Geosneay in ‘Natural Phlesoph. the Fst Example of hich Contains che Pict Monae e396) Critique of Precea! Reese) Investigation ofthe Clay ofthe Pcie of ‘atoal Theology and Morale 76) What s the Real Progen Tht Barophites Has ‘Maden Gerrnny sinc the Timea Lesbos and Wot eed by FT Rank is) Drolegimene 2 Any Bure Metphsic That ‘Shall Come owt. Sent 1783) ‘ettique of Pure Reson 19811787) Refeionen (kan marginal (On the Uitmate Ground ofthe Diferentatnn of Regions in Space 748) Retion Theotiy “Theory and Pratce Universal Histone Unwerst Naurat Retgion within the Lt of Reason Alone 11793 On the Balan of al Puosopbeal Attempts Thaodiey 791) (On th O14 Saying: That May Be Righ in Theory Thu Does Noe Warn Practi=1795| des tomards 9 Universal History fom a Coen politan Pet of Vew 78a) Unversal Netra History and Theory ofthe Heaveast1758) Introduction: The starry heavens and the moral law In what may be his single mos famous passage, che fist sentence of ‘which was even inscribed on his tombstone, Immanuel Kane con ‘ude his Critique of Practical Reason 1788] thus: “Two tng il the mind with ever new sd inerssing slanlation an awe, {he more cena steadily werellet upon them the stay Heavens obove tan the ral ae within ae, Ido noe seck or conker of therm sil they wer veiled oacunigjesorextavagacea beyond the risen of my ‘soo ac them blo nea conncet them immodatly withthe cm ‘ehousnssf my existence The fst eae 2 the lace hat Loopy nthe {ucinal wold ofthe sence, ad extends he conection in which f stad ‘nto dhe mileas magna of worlds upen worlds sytem apo ystems 2 wel as ito ee boul eso ther peo motion eet besnning snd continuation. The second begin with my nab sl my penenaity, {nd diplaye to me 4 world that hae tue infin, but which can on he Aeectd Vnough the upeneaniig. and with which. now myself 0 beimnoe ain the Sire cate, merely contingent, ba unsere and nest connectlon. The Ast perspective of countless muleode of worlds 3s ‘were apniiates my importance as an onal crate, eich mst gee thematterautof which thas own back to the planet a mete peck the ‘oem ser has hee one Hrs noe ho) fried wit etre fo Shor cme. The second, onthe conta, nite elevates my womb, 3824 Intelligence toh my personaly which the moa reveals ome lie independent of animality and even ofthe enite world ofthe senses, at least so fa as may be dg rom the purposive determination of my ex tence Cough this lw wich not litte the cndions and bound anes of hisife bu eahes imo the infinite, (Practica! Reason. 183-2) Like many philosophers from the cime of René Descartes and “Thomas Hobbes onwaré, Kant wed ro explain och che possbiiey of the new scientific knowledge, which fad cominsted inthe mathe matical worldview of lege Newton, and the possibility of harman freedom. Unlike mechanssts and empircists Gom Hobbes 10 David ‘Hume, Kant did not ty 40 reduce hemsn freedom to merely one ‘more mechanism among those ofa predictable nature, but, unlike rationalists from Descartes to GottriedWilblas Lebnis and Chis tian Wolf, Kant was not willing to ground hurnan freedom on an alleged rational insight into some objectively pesfect world only ontusely siasped by the senses. Instead, Kae ultimately cae to See that the validity of both the laws ofthe starry skies above aswell a the mora low within had tobe sought sm the legislative power of human intellect iteell etoole Kant Tong time to transcend the Solutions of his predecessors, and perhaps he neve fully lane the ature of his own solution, Nonetheles, the ides to which he was tulcimately dawn was the resogntion that we can be certain ofthe foundations of physical science because we ourselves impose at Feast the basic form of scientific laws upon the nature tht 8 2Wen 20 D8. by our senses, yet that precisely hecause we ourselves impose the busi Iss of scence upon our world we are also ree to look atthe world fom 2 standpoint in which we ar rational agenes whose actions are chosen and not merely predicted in aecordance Wich

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