wile. ‘There’s a really natty online simulator, which allows {you to experiment with Boyle's Law from the comfort of your web browser. Project 9: a * Balloon # Freezeriridge + Boiling water + Bowl * Measuring tape ‘The relationship between temperature and the volume of a gas is a crucial one for us to understand, if we are interested in hydrogen storage, as it allows us to do clever things to increase the volume of gas that we can store within a given space. Charles’ Law states: “At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature increases or decreases.” ‘To demonstrate this, take an ordinary balloon and tie it up so that the air cannot escape. We now have a fixed volume of gas trapped inside the balloon. Wrap the measuring tape around the balloon and measure the circumference at the widest point. Now, Check out: ‘www.chem jastate.edu/group/Greenbowelsections! projectfolderflashfiles/gaslaw/boyles. law graph. html Exploring Charles’ Law put some boiling water in the bowl and immerse the balloon to allow the boiling water to heat the balloon, and thus the air inside the balloon. Then take it out of the bowl and immediately measure it around the circumference. Then take the balloon, and shut it in the fridge for several minutes. Take it out and measure it again. Then, put the balloon in the freezer and after several minutes, take it out and measure it again, ‘You will see that at higher temperatures, the sealed volume of gas inside the balloon expands, and the balloon increases in size, while, when the balloon is chilled, the balloon contracts. Cryogenic storage is one method proposed to store hydrogen for use in fuel cell cars. When hydrogen is stored cryogenically, if we can get it to a temperature of 20 Kelvin or ~253° C, the gas changes phase into a liquid. Unfortunately, there is a loss of energy in cooling the hydrogen, which equates to around 30% of the energy stored.Gaseous hydrogen ‘extraction pipe Suporinsuatod tank Liquid nydrogen evel sensor Liquid hydrogen ‘extraction pipe Filing port psig yo “Transfer pipe Shutoff and safety valve Gastigic valve igus hydrogen Cooling heat @ 253°C ‘exchange Electrical heater Figure 4-3 Cryogenic hydrogen storage tank diagram. wile. ‘You will see in the diagram in Figure 4-3 a ‘eryogenic storage tank of the kind we might find in cars of the future powered by hydrogen By cooling hydrogen, we can make it more dense, and so a fixed volume of gas at room temperature will take up a smaller space. This is useful to us when looking at how to fit lots of hydrogen into a small vehicle fuel tank! Online simulation is a good way of finding out about Charles’ Law. As with Boyle’s Law, there is ‘another great online simulator at: ‘wwwichem iastate-edu/group/Greenbowe/sections projectfolder/flashfiles/gaslaw/charles_law.html Project 10: Making Your Qun “Carbon Nanotube” Yon Wil Ness cae # Drinking straws/paper art straws + Permanent marker Large round stickers ‘One of the ways in which we can store hydrogen is to adsorb it onto another material, as shown in Figure 4-4. Carbon nanotubes are one example of chemical with a high surface area, Tools ‘* Hot melt glue gun (optional) ‘The building block for our carbon nanotube is a buckyball, The chemical formula for the buckyball is C60—this means that if we use two stickers, one cither side of a straw to form a representation of a