ANALYSIS

For the first part, water was boiled in the beaker and then metal was immersed in it, one
metal at a time. It was important to immerse the metal in the boiling water for a long time
because we need to heat up the metal to absorb heat from the boiling water, so that if we transfer
the metal in the calorimeter, we can get less error as a result. However, if we immerse the metal
for a short period of time, the metal will not absorb much heat that will heat up the calorimeter.

The metal should absorb the heat for a long time first before measuring its temperature
using a thermometer. The excess water that was on the metal was then wiped off because it can
affect the initial temperature. The water in the metal has different a temperature than the metal
itself and so that can result in an error for the experiment. Once the initial temperature was
measured the heated metal was then placed inside the calorimeter. It was then closed and was
mixed using the stick.

After a few minutes, the final temperature of the calorimeter was measured. Using the
Law of Heat exchange, a derived equation was made to solve for the specific heat of the metal.
The aluminium metal being heated by hot boiling water held in a beaker. The temperature was
measured and the excess water was wiped off to reduce error and was transferred to the
calorimeter.

Then the second part of the experiment is about the Latent heat of fusion of ice, the goal
is to get the latent heat of fusion of ice.

Same in part one, we measure the calorimeter, water and the temperature of water and ice.
We put the ice in the calorimeter and melt it. Our initial temperature of ice is 0C. We get the
value of mass of ice by subtracting the total mass from the water and calorimeter. And once the
ice is being moved into the calorimeter, it is important to wipe off the water from the surface of
the ice, because excess water can affect the mass of the ice when measuring it after melting it in
the calorimeter. Since we don't need the excess water, we could rather wipe it off to get less error.

If there will be a different mass of ice, then the latent heat will depend on the mass of the
ice. Mass of ice is inversely proportional to the latent heat. If mass of ice is greater than its initial,
then the latent heat will decrease.

CONCLUSION

Thermodynamics studies the energy and its interconversions with which all forms of
energy follows the first law of thermodynamics since energy in universe is always constant. The
internal energy inside a system is the total sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy but
usually termed as the sum of heat and work. Work primarily focuses on the expansion or
compression of the system. Heat is the energy in motion that causes temperature and phase
change in a system. Calorimetry quantitatively measures the heat for both types of changes.

Temperature change occurs when there is absorption or discharge of heat without causing
the matter to evolve. Temperature is directly proportional to heat. Phase change occurs when
there is phase transition at a constant temperature. The process is endothermic when heat is
gained and exothermic, otherwise.

Specific heat capacity, c, is the energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a
substance by one degree Celsius or Kelvin. This varies in different materials. Higher specific
heat capacity has a higher tendency of losing heat to the surroundings that of lower specific heat
capacity. Thus, an obvious change is seen often in materials with high c.

On the other hand, latent heat is a constant of proportionality in phase change. This is
dissimilar to specific heat capacity since latent heat is independent of temperature change. This
constant is divided into fusion and vaporization. Latent heat of fusion is applicable to materials
which change their phase from solid to liquid or the other way around while latent heat of
vaporization is for materials that change their form from liquid to gas and vice versa. This
constant follows a sign convention, positive for heat gain and negative for heat loss.

The second experiment verifies the concept of heat and calorimetry though there were
some errors found during the experiment such as the temperature of surroundings and on
procedures. It would be ideal if an electrical coil inside a constant volume calorimeter with fixed
thermometer attached is used instead of a stove to heat the contents of the calorimeter. This will
only allow the components inside to act as a system and surrounding unaffected by the
environment outside the calorimeter. A closed system would be preferable to minimize errors in
taking the precise temperature of the substance inside after mixing or after heating. For the
second part of the experiment, the temperature and weight of the ice should be taken in a
container where melting is minimized. As much as possible, using bare hands in handling the
substances of interest must be avoided since it generates heat that can cause the ice to melt and
moisture during weighing.

REFERENCE

- http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/thermalP/Lesson-2/Calorimeters-and-
Calorimetry
- http://www.miniscience.com/kits/calorimeter/
- http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/calorimetry.html
- https://www.britannica.com/science/latent-heat
- http://www.splung.com/content/sid/6/page/latentheat
INTRODUCTION

A calorimeter may be operated under constant (atmosphere) pressure, or constant volume.

Whichever kind to use, we first need to know its heat capacity. The heat capacity is the amount
of heat required to raise the temperature of the entire calorimeter by 1 K, and it is usually
determined experimentally before or after the actual measurements of heat of reaction.

Calorimeters include two vessels. One is known as an outer vessel and the other is known
as an inner vessel. The air between the inner vessel and the outer vessel works as a heat insulator,
so there is no or very little heat exchange between the contents of the inner vessel with the
outside.

It also contains a thermometer and a stirrer. The thermometer is used to measure the
temperature of the liquid (usually water) in the inner vessel. The stirrer is used to stir the liquid
and distribute heat in the vessel.

Calorimeters have a fiber ring that holds the inner vessel hanging in the center of the
outer vessel. The fiber ring is made of insulating fiber material.

Finally, each calorimeter has an insulating cover or lid with holes for the stirring rod and
thermometer.

Q = mwaterCwaterTwater

Where Cwater is 4.18 J/g/C. So if the mass of water and the temperature change of the
water in the coffee cup calorimeter can be measured, the quantity of energy gained or lost by the
water can be calculated.
The assumption behind the science of calorimetry is that the energy gained or lost by the
water is equal to the energy lost or gained by the object under study. So if an attempt is being
made to determine the specific heat of fusion of ice using a coffee cup calorimeter, then the
assumption is that the energy gained by the ice when melting is equal to the energy lost by the
surrounding water. It is assumed that there is a heat exchange between the ice and the water in
the cup and that no other objects are involved in the heat exchanged. This statement could be
placed in equation form as
Qice = - Qsurroundings = -Qcalorimeter
The role of the Styrofoam in a coffee cup calorimeter is that it reduces the amount of heat
exchange between the water in the coffee cup and the surrounding air. The value of a lid on the
coffee cup is that it also reduces the amount of heat exchange between the water and the
surrounding air. The more that these other heat exchanges are reduced, the more correct that the
above mathematical equation will be. Any error analysis of a calorimetry experiment must take
into consideration the flow of heat from system to calorimeter to other parts of the surroundings.
And any design of a calorimeter experiment must give attention to reducing the exchanges of
heat between the calorimeter contents and the surroundings.