Phytotaxa 299 (2): 252260 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)

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Article PHYTOTAXA
Copyright 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)

https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.299.2.9

Paepalanthus altamirensis, a new species of Paepalanthus subg. Platycaulon

(Eriocaulaceae) from Brazil
MARA L. TISSOT-SQUALLI & LUANA J. SAUTHIER
Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, tissot@unijui.edu.br
Department of Life Sciences, Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,
luanajsauthier@gmail.com

Abstract

We describe Paepalanthus altamirensis, a new species of Paepalanthus subg. Platycaulon, compare it with other species
of the subgenus, and discuss its morphological variation, habitat, and conservation. Paepalanthus altamirensis has red col-
oration on the adaxial surface of the foliar base, like six other species of the subgenus, but can be easily differentiated by
morphological and anatomical features of vegetative and reproductive organs. Paepalanthus altamirensis has a restricted
distribution and few mature individuals are known, therefore the species is classified as critically endangered according to
the criteria of IUCN.

Key words: Endemism, Campos rupestres, Critically Endangered species, taxonomy

Resumo

Uma nova espcie de Paepalanthus subg. Platycaulon descrita e comparada com outras espcies do subgnero, e discuti-
mos sua variao morfolgica, habitat e conservao. Paepalanthus altamirensis tem colorao vermelha na face adaxial da
base foliar, assim como outras seis espcies do subgnero, porm pode ser facilmente diferenciada por atributos morfolgi-
cos e anatmicos de rgos vegetativos e reprodutivos. Paepalanthus altamirensis tem distribuio restrita e so conhecidos
poucos indivduos maduros, portanto a espcie classificada como criticamente em perigo, de acordo como os critrios
IUCN.

Palavras-chave: Endemismo, Campos rupestres, espcie Criticamente Ameaada, taxonomia

Introduction

Eriocaulaceae consists of about 1,200 species classified in 10 genera widely distributed in tropical and subtropical
regions (Giulietti & Hensold 1990, Giulietti et al. 2005, 2012, Andrade et al. 2010, Parra et al. 2010). In the field,
the family is easily recognized by its habit and capitula (Giulietti & Hensold 1990, Sttzel & Trov 2013), but
identification of genera and species is difficult, being based mainly on floral characters (Giulietti et al. 2012, Sttzel
& Trov 2013).
In the Neotropics, the largest genus of Eriocaulaceae is Paepalanthus Martius (1834: 28), comprising about 400
species, with most endemic to Brazil (Trov & Sttzel 2013, Sano et al. 2015, BFG 2015). The genus can be found in
diverse habits, ranging from humid or dry sandy soils to areas devoid of soil where plants grow directly over rocks,
and its morphology is highly polymorphic (Scatena et al. 1998). Paepalanthus may be differentiated from other genera
by floral characters, including pistillate flowers with free petals and nectariferous and stigmatic branches inserted at
the same position (Trov & Sttzel 2013). Morphological and molecular analyses reject monophyly of Paepalanthus,
since other genera are nested in it (Giulietti et al. 2000, Unwin 2004, Andrade et al. 2010, Giulietti et al. 2012, Trov
et al. 2013).
Early authors such as Bongard (1831), Krnicke (1863), Ruhland (1900, 1903) and Silveira (1908, 1928) noted
that Paepalanthus has the largest morphological variation of any genus in the family, and numerous species and

252 AAccepted by Jeff Saarela: 2 Mar. 2017; published: 21 Mar. 2017

infrageneric taxa have been described over the last century. Recent taxonomic reviews have identified many synonyms
in Paepalanthus (Tissot-Squalli 1997a,b, Trov & Sano 2010a,b), and new species are being described continually
(Tissot-Squalli 1997c, Trov & Sano 2009, 2014, Trov et al. 2011, 2013, Sano et al. 2015, Andrino, et al. 2016,
Hensold 2016). The number of species in Paepalanthus may be quite different than current estimates.
Paepalanthus, according to Ruhland (1903), includes six subgenera. One of these is P. subg. Platycaulon Martius
ex Krnicke (1863: 305), characterized by the basic inflorescence being a pluricapitulated scape, a truncated spathe,
and involucral bracts usually glabrous on the adaxial surface (Krnicke 1863, Ruhland 1903, Giulietti & Hensold
1990, Scatena et al. 1998). Paepalanthus subg. Platycaulon was further divided by Ruhland (1903) into two sections.
In P. sect. Conferti Ruhland (1903: 200) the individual capitulum is sessile and arranged in a joint on the scape,
forming a hemispherical or spherical compound capitulum composed of several individual capitula. Paepalanthus
sect. Divisi Ruhland (1903: 200) has individual capitula arranged in a transversal plane on the scape (Tissot-Squalli
1997a, Sttzel & Trov 2013). The flowers are disposed in capitula of capitula, and each capitulum is surrounded by
an undetermined number of bracts. The small flowers, each 2 to 4 mm long, are monosporic by abortion. They are
morphologically homogeneous and are not useful for species identification. In pistillate flowers the sepals are persistent
until the maturation of the seed and they help to catapult the diaspore, which consists of the corolla and the fruit. The
gynoecium is tricarpelar and trilocular, with one orthotropous seed in each loculus. The stigma is commissural, bifid,
and contains dorsal nectaries. The staminate flowers have nectaries derived from abortive carpels. The seeds are
globose to elliptical, with bitegmic testa and partially (P. sect. Conferti) or fully (P. sect. Divisi) degraded periclinal
external cell walls (Tissot-Squalli 1997a).
The most complete taxonomic revision of P. subg. Platycaulon was conducted by Tissot-Squalli (1997a), who
recognized 47 species, mainly from Minas Gerais State, including four new species, two new varieties and one new
combination (Tissot-Squalli 1997a, b, c). In this paper, we describe a new species of P. subg. Platycaulon from Brazil,
which we first discovered during a scientific expedition in a beautiful rocky field landscape.

Material and Methods

Two field surveys were carried out by the authors in November 2013. Seven specimens of the new species were
collected in Minas Gerais near Nova Unio, at the locality Altamira. The surrounding area was explored extensively
to determine population boundaries of the new species. The collections were made over a wide area, but they are all
recorded as coming from the same general site, because they belong to the same population.
Samples were rehydrated in warm water for the anatomical and morphological analyses. Morphological features
were observed and measured under a Leica stereoscopic microscope. Anatomy of leaves and scapes were observed
by freehand preparations.

Taxonomic Treatment

Paepalanthus altamirensis Tissot-Sq. & Sauthier sp. nov. (Figs. 14)

Type:BRAZIL, Minas Gerais, Nova Unio, Altamira, Mutuca de Cima, Serra do Cip, (SAD69): 192917S, 433422W 4 km, 16
November 2013, Tissot-Squalli s.n. (holotype HUI 3881!, isotypes HUI, BHCB, SPF, B).
Diagnosis:Paepalanthus altamirensis differs from other taxa by the following set of features: red coloration on the foliar base, leaf
indumentum persistent with long trichomes, leaf superficial waxes absent, undulations on abaxial leaf surface, leaf hypodermis with
at least two layers of cells, vascular bundles in the pith on the scape, and external involucral bracts white.

Perennial herbs, 530 cm long. Rosette usually with rhizome. Stem vertical, 2.75.5 cm thick and 1.95.3 cm long,
diameter consistent as the plant is growing. Leaves flat, chartaceous, acuminate to acute; linear, 8.817.7 cm long,
0.41.5 cm wide at the base and 0.30.9 cm wide in the middle; relative length 19.635.8, leaf base at least twice
as wide as the middle region; without superficial wax; undulated on abaxial surface; stomatic area of the hydathode
glabrous; leaf indumentum usually persistent on adaxial and abaxial surfaces, but glabrous or scarcely pilose at the
apex, mainly on adaxial surface; indumentum on leaf margins persistent or deciduous, with trichome basal cells
persistent and clearly visible, trichomes long and usually upright with more than 3 cells; adaxial surface of foliar base
red; membrane at the margin of leaves absent; collenchyma along the leaf margin present; hypodermis present at the
adaxial side of the mesophyll, with at least 2 layers of cells; remnants of vascular bundles at the base of the rosette
PAEPALANTHUS ALTAMIRENSIS Phytotaxa 299 (2) 2017 Magnolia Press 253
deciduous. Inflorescences are capitula arranged from 29 in a single row at branched scarcely pilose scapes; scapes
1220 cm long, 1.14 times the length of the leaves; vascular bundles in one or more rings around the pith; some
vascular bundles in the pith and also in the cortex; number of scapes during a flowering season 122; sheath present,
chartaceous, green, glabrous, almost one third of the leaf length, margin smooth, without cilia, straight and truncate,
Ushaped from lateral view; involucral bracts glabrous on the dorsal face; external involucral bracts lanceolate to
ovate, strongly acuminate or caudate, white, as long as or longer than the capitulum, surpassing the internal involucral
bracts; internal involucral bracts lanceolate to ovate, obtuse to acute, green to dark brown. Flowers 3-merous; floral
bracts lanceolate to ovate, obtuse to acute, ciliated; sepals of pistillate flowers 23.2 mm long, ciliate toward the apex,
otherwise glabrous; petals of pistillate flowers 0.22.8 mm long, ciliate toward the apex and on the lateral margins;
pistil 0.12.2 mm long; stigmatic branches bifid; sepals of staminate flowers 0.82.8 mm long, ciliate toward the apex,
otherwise glabrous; stamens 0.72.7 mm long.
Etymology:This species is named after the locality where it was found.
Distribution, Habitat and Conservation:Paepalanthus altamirensis is known only from Serra do Cip in
Brazil, forming a single population growing over rocky soil dominated by an assemblage of grasses belonging to
the genera Andropogon Linnaeus (1753: 1045), Axonopus Palisot de Beauvois (1812: 12), Panicum Linnaeus (1753:
55) and Paspalum Linnaeus (1759: 855), among others. In addition to species of Eriocaulaceae, species of Poaceae
Barnhart (1895: 7), Velloziaceae Agardh (1858: 55), Cyperaceae Jussieu (1789: 26) and Xyridaceae Agardh (1823:
158) are also representative of this landscape. Other populations of P. altamirensis were not found after searches at
several sites of potential occurrence in the Serra do Cip and in nearby areas around the municipalities of Serro, Milho
Verde, Diamantina, Conselheiro da Mata, Datas, So Gonalo do Rio das Pedras and Itabira, among others, where
several other species of Eriocaulaceae can be found. The number of mature individuals, counted in 2013, is low, with
fewer than 50 plants found. The occurrence area of the new species is less than 100 km2 and its occupancy area is less
than 10 km2. It is possible the species could become extinct within a very short time, because of the effects of human
activities where it occurs, such as fire and cattle grazing. In addition, Serra do Cip is a very popular tourist destination;
there are hostels nearby and the area is used for camping. Because of this, P. altamirensis can be ranked as critically
endangered (CR) in accordance with the IUCN (2016) criteria (B1a,b + B2a,b).
Morphological comments:Given the transversal orientation of capitula on the scape, we place P. altamirensis
in P. sect. Divisi. This species is similar to some other species of this section, but can be differentiated by vegetative
and reproductive features, such as the white bracts (rare in P. subg. Platycaulon, which usually has brown bracts), the
red adaxial surface of the foliar base (the leaf base is usually green in P. subg. Platycaulon), undulations in the leaves
surface (which may be visible or not in P. subg. Platycaulon), the disposition and presence of vascular bundles in the
scape pith (these features are variable in the subgenus), the presence of leaf hypodermis (the hypodermis can be absent,
1-layered or 2-layered or variable in some species), the presence of collenchyma along the leaf margin (which can be
absent in several species) and the persistent indumentum on leaves.
The red color on the foliar base is a good starting point for identification of the new species. According to Tissot-
Squalli (1997a), only six species of P. subg. Platycaulon present this character, including P. corymbosus (Bongard
1831: 629) Kunth (1841: 509), P. laxifolius Krnicke (1863: 395), P. moedensis Silveira (1928: 134), P. spixianus
Martius (1835: 14), P. trichopetalum Krnicke (1863: 399) and P. vellozioides Krnicke (1863: 401). Paepalanthus
laxifolius is a caulescent plant and cannot be confused with P. altamirensis, which has a rosette habit with a short
rhizome. Detailed morphological comparison of these species is listed in Table 1.
Some characters are variable in P. altamirensis. Young plants usually have smaller leaves compared to older plants,
and the indumentum is persistent in young individuals but deciduous, especially at the apex and on leaf margins, in
older plants. These features may be associated with the environment where the species occur. In young plants, the
density of indumentum may increase survival in dry areas, as the trichomes help minimize water loss and exposure to
ultraviolet radiation (Levin 1973).
The red color and the width of the foliar base in the new species are also variable. In older plants the foliar base is
at least twice as wide as the middle region, whereas in younger plants they are the same width. In older individuals, the
red color is markedly noticeable in expanded leaves, but in young leaves, in the central region of rosette, this coloration
is often lighter in tone. For identification, fully expanded leaves from the base of the rosette should be examined, since
in these the red color is most clearly visible.
Paepalanthus altamirensis has a sweet smelling of its rhizome. This was noticed in the field. However, after
specimens were dried, this feature was lost. Further phytochemical research of this scent may be warranted, as many
compounds of pharmaceutical interest have been found in Paepalanthus (Vilegas et al. 1998, Vilegas et al. 1999,
Zanutto 2013).
254 Phytotaxa 299 (2) 2017 Magnolia Press TISSOT-SQUALLI & SAUTHIER
FIGURE 1. Paepalanthus altamirensis, (A) inflorescences; (B) habitat in the type locality near Nova Unio Minas Gerais; (C) habit at the
same site; (D) young inflorescences and indumentum of adaxial leaf surfaces; (E) red color on the adaxial surface of the leaf base; and (F)
undulation and pubescence of abaxial surface. Photos AD by M.L. Tissot-Squalli and EF by L.J. Sauthier.

PAEPALANTHUS ALTAMIRENSIS Phytotaxa 299 (2) 2017 Magnolia Press 255

FIGURE 2. Paepalanthus altamirensis. Vegetative and reproductive characteristics. (A) apex of the leaf; (B) foliar base; (C) partial
capitula; (D) scape with the organization of partial capitula; (E) sheath and (F) habit. Illustration by L. Sauthier.

256 Phytotaxa 299 (2) 2017 Magnolia Press TISSOT-SQUALLI & SAUTHIER
FIGURE 3. Paepalanthus altamirensis. Floral structures. (A) external involucral bract; (B, C) internal involucral bracts, (C) internal
involucral bract from the more internal series; (D) floral bract of staminate flower; (E) floral bract of pistillate flower; (F) sepal of pistillate
flower; (G) petal of pistillate flower; (H) sepal of staminate flower; (I) pistil with stigma and appendices; (J) staminate flower with anthers
and nectaries. Illustrations by L. Sauthier.

PAEPALANTHUS ALTAMIRENSIS Phytotaxa 299 (2) 2017 Magnolia Press 257

FIGURE 4. Anatomy of Paepalanthus altamirensis. (A) Leaf margin in transverse section, adaxial side up; (B) Scape in transverse
section. Abbreviations: Ep Epidermis, Hy Hypodermis, Co Collenchyma, Pa Parenchyma, VS Vascular Sheath, X Xylem, P Phloem, Sc
Sclerenchyma, VB Vascular Bundles.

TABLE 1. Comparison of morphological characteristics among Paepalanthus altamirensis and five related species.
Paepalanthus Paepalanthus Paepalanthus Paepalanthus Paepalanthus Paepalanthus
altamirensis corymbosus moedensis spixianus trichopetalum vellozioides
Leaf indumentum present absent absent absent present absent
Leaf waxes absent absent present absent absent absent
Leaf surface undulations present present absent absent absent absent
Leaf hypodermis 2 or more 2 or more 2 or more 1 layered or 2 or 1 layered 2 or more
layered layered layered more layered layered
Vascular bundles in the scape present absent absent absent absent absent
pith
Number of vascular rings in only one or more than one only one only one or more more than one only one or
the scape more than one than one more than one

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Livia Echternacht for showing the area of occurrence of this species, and anonymous reviewers
for valuable suggestions to an earlier version of the manuscript. The authors were financially supported by PET/MEC/
SESU.

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