MUMBAI

EASTERN WATERFRONT
PLAN

1
 Chhatrapati Shivaji
International Airport

Navi Mumbai
International Airport

Jawaharlal
Nehru Port Trust

MUMBAI
2
01
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Mumbai Eastern Waterfront Plan sets out
a framework for resiliency as the city looks to
reimagivne its eastern waterfront.
03
THE PLAN
Employing a structure plan provides the
Eastern Waterfront a guide for future
development, land use patterns, open space,
and social and physical infrastructure. This
plan avoids top down, prescriptive land use
planning destined to fail in the wildly dynamic,
complex, and unpredictable Mumbai.
02
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Mumbai, the largest city in India, has a
population of approximately 12.5 million
people. The city acts as both the financial and
cultural center of India boasting both the
largest stock exchange in India as well as the
worlds largest film industry by number of
movies.
04
IMPLEMENTATION
In order to succesfully fulfill the vision of the
Eastern Waterfront Plan implementation
will require innovative ideas, relying on and
including stakeholders at all levels.
3
01
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
MUMBAI, INDIA

4
 SPACE HERE FOR
The plan defines resilience in the context OTHER DETAILS

of Mumbai and the Eastern Waterfront and

presents a vision and goals for its future
development.

Marine Drive
Mumbai
Source: justgoodvibe.com

Mumbai, a dense, vibrant, and complex
metropolis of 21 million inhabitants is
the most populous city in India and
serves as the financial, commercial, and
entertainment capital of the country. The
city aspires to emerge as a major global
city in the 21st Century, but continues
to face a variety of economic, social,
infrastructural, and environmental
concerns. Mumbais economic drivers
and employment generators are shifting,
economic inequality is growing, and its
demand for affordable housing far exceeds
its supply. The citys infrastructure,
including its transportation networks,
public utilities, and stormwater
management is at capacity and in
disrepair. Mumbai struggles with severe
flooding, pollution, wildlife degradation,
and anticipates a wide range of climate
change impacts.
As Mumbai grapples with these
challenges, the city experiences immense
development pressure amidst its rapid
population and economic growth. In
the last 30 years, Mumbais Eastern
Waterfront, home to the citys historically
primary port, has generated development
interest, as nearby modernized ports have
rendered it obsolete. Located on infill
land on the eastern coast of Mumbais
Island City, the waterfront is adjacent to
many of the citys oldest and most active
neighborhoods but is physically and
socially isolated, and despite its port and
industrial activity, relatively undeveloped.
The waterfront shares many of Mumbais
economic, social, infrastructural, and
environmental concerns, but offers a
unique opportunity to address them
through redevelopment and reinvention.
This opportunity requires planners
to define and address resiliency in
Mumbais Eastern Waterfront, especially
in its economy, housing, infrastructure,
environment, and identity.
This comprehensive resilience plan for
Mumbais Eastern Waterfront is divided
into three elements: existing conditions,
resilience plan, and implementation
measures. The existing conditions of
the city and waterfront focus on history,
demographics, economy, employment,
housing, urban form, open and public
space, infrastructure, transportation, and
environment. This element provides the
basis for the plan, especially the definition
of resilience, and shapes the vision and
goals.
The plan defines resilience in the
context of Mumbai and the Eastern
Waterfront and presents a vision and
goals for its future development. The
plans frameworks, which serve as its
backbone throughout the entire sites
development, contain a variety of
strategies addressing the waterfronts
economy, housing, infrastructure, and
environment. A structure plan, along
with three elaborative small district plans
provides catalytic actions to spur resilient
development throughout the waterfront.
Finally, plan implementation is presented,
including the plans metrics, phasing,
governance, and financing, as well as
case studies for comparison. Through
the entire plan, Mumbais Eastern
Waterfront will demonstrate resilience,
reestablish Mumbai on a global stage,
embrace and promote the citys unique
identity, and serve as a replicable model
of development.

5
02
EXISTING
CONDITIONS
MUMBAI, INDIA

6
Mumbai, the largest city in India, has a
population of approximately 12.5 million
people. The city acts as both the financial
and cultural center of India boasting both
the largest stock exchange in India as
well as the worlds largest film industry by
number of movies.
Located on the western coast of India,
Mumbai has a deep history of being tied
to the water. Due to massive population
growth and being constrained on three
sides by water, the city has expanded
northward, including a large suburban
area within the Greater Mumbai Metro
region, totaling an area of 4,82.7 square
kilometers. With its close relationship to
the water, and the formation of a good
natural harbor, Mumbai has two major
ports, together accounting for over 60% of
Indias maritime trade.
The study area, the Mumbai docklands, is
owned by the Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT).
This area is the older of the two major
ports within the larger Mumbai Metro.
The docklands area is approximately
1,800 acres and consists of a number of
uses, including warehouses, docks, formal
and informal housing, tank farms, and
mangrove forest. There are a broad set
of issues which stem from the existing
conditions of the site, ranging from
historical context, economic performance,
to environmental challenges.

7
Source: Google Earth
 HISTORY

Mumbai has been on the global map

for five hundred years. Although the
Port of Mumbai, is comparatively a
modern creation as it exists today, its
magnificent harbor, which is the keystone
of its prosperity, has drawn international
interest for centuries and acted as
an economic generator for Mumbai.

Portuguese Coloninization
In 1534, the Portuguese colonized the
islands and established a trading outpost.
The Portuguese called the area Bom
Bahia, meaning the good bay, which the
English pronounced Bombay.1
This trading center slowly grew, with locals
trading products such as silk, muslin,
chintz, onyx, rice, cotton, and tobacco.
By 1626, there was a great warehouse,
friary, fort, and ship building yard. There
were also new houses for the general INDIA NIGHT LIGHTS
population, and mansions for the wealthy. 1 Source: fineartamerica.com

The Portuguese captured Mumbai in

1534, establishing a trade center, ware-
housing, and a ship building yard.

ENGLISH FORT
Source: SKA London

8
1534-1665
Mahim
Worli
Parel
Mazageon
Bombay
Little Colaba
Colaba
The seven original islands: The image above shows the development of Mumbai through
the process of land reclamation and infill within the orignial seven islands. The eastern
port of Mumbai is comprised entirely of reclaimed land that lies adjacent to several origi-
nal islands.
British East India Company
In 1652, the Surat Council of the British
East India Company,
geographical advantage of the port, urged
its purchase from the Portuguese. Their
wish was gratified nine years later when,
after the transfer of the area to the East
India Company by Royal Charter in
1668, development of the port started
taking shape. Various measures such
as construction of a Customs House,
a warehouse, and dry docks were
taken up by the East India Company
to encourage trade. In 1813, an act of
the British Parliament ended the East
India Companys commercial monopoly
resulting in rapid growth in the trade
volume of the port. Mumbai under the
direct rule of the British Crown in 1858.2
Mumbai Port Trust
In 1873, the present statutory autonomous
Mumbai Port Trust was established to
administer the affairs of the Mumbai Port.
1665-1858 1870-1947 1947- PRESENT
The Develpment of Mumbai
1534
Portuguese captured
islands of Mumbai.
SEVEN ISLANDS 1668
Source: Heritage Institue East India Company
purchased Port from
Portuguese.
1813
British Parliment ended
East India Companys
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869
commercial monopoly
revolutionized the maritime trade industry
of Mumbai. It shifted the whole scenario
realizing the
of import and export trade from the East
Coast to the West Coast, positioning
Mumbai as the principal Gateway to India.
The first wet dock constructed in India
was the Sassoon Dock in Mumbai in 1875
followed by the Princess and Victoria 1858
Docks in 1880 and 1888 respectively. Mumbai fell under direct
However, Princess and Victoria Dock rule of British Crown.
have since been infilled. Indira Dock, the
most modern of Mumbais docks, was
constructed between 1904 and 1914.
To handle petroleum products and liquid
chemicals, a jetty was constructed in
1923. A new modern jetty capable of
handling tankers of 47,000 displacement
tons was commissioned in December
1996. A modern oil terminal at Jawahar
1947
Dweep with three berths was completed
India gained
in 1956, and the fourth oil berth capable
Independence
of receiving tankers up to 125,000
from Great
displacement tons was completed in 1984.3
9
 DEMOGRAPHICS
Mumbai has experienced a population
boom since the 1950s, but growth has
slowed recently. The citys decadal growth
rate has decreased from 38.1% in 1971
to 3.8% in 2011. Greater Mumbai now
has a population of 12.48 million and
2.83 million households, with an average
density of 20,482 persons /sq.km, almost
twice as dense as New York City. The Island
City accounts for a quarter of the citys
entire population with the rest distributed
in the suburbs. The suburbs also house
the most populated slums and also the
densest areas within the region.4
Since the 1960s, Mumbais population
has tripled and most of the migrants
have come from the surrounding
suburbs within the State of Maharashtra,
10
meanwhile the population within the
Island City stabilized. The majority of
migrants are from rural area and this ratio
is still rising (from 66.0% in 1981 and 68.5%
in 2001), indicating Mumbai is still in the
process of urbanization as population
shifts from rural to urban area. 37% of the
migrants came to Mumbai to seek better
employment and education opportunity,
and a large amount of them live in slums
and work in informal sectors. 4
India has one of the lowest sex ratios
(female to male) in the world, which
creaties many social challenges. This is
also the case in Mumbai: according to the
2011 census, the sex ratio was 848/1000.
Gender imbalance is not only reflected
in demographics but also in workforce
Source: Mumbai Schools
participation rates. The city has a relatively
higher young-group ratio compared to
other big cities around the globe.4
Mumbai is home to people of different
religious faiths due to the widespread
growth of various communities and
migrants. Mostly, people in Mumbai are a
concentrated mix of Hindus (67%), Muslims
(19%), Christians (4.2%), Jains (3.9%), and
Buddhists (5.2%). This religious diversity
has brought created an atmosphere of
lightheartedness during festivals, as well
as economic and cultural vitality for the
enitre city.5
Mumbais literacy rate is 94.7% according to
the 2011 census, higher than the national
average. Over 70% of the citys population
is below middle school education level.
 Greater Mumbai
Population Growth
1961 to 2011
POPULATION: 12 MILLION (CITY), 21 MILLION

MUMBAI
53,448 people/sq. mile

10,000,000

8,000,000

6,000,000
NEW YORK CITY
27,857 people/sq. mile
6,000,000

2,000,000

0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
SHANGHAI
Island City Population Suburbs Population 9,900 people/sq. mile

Source: LSE Cities - Urban Age Cities Compared

Among all the enrolled school children,

drop-outs, inadequate resources, and
declining standards are common issues
and many of the public schools lack basic
facilities such as toilets and drinking water
facilities.4

Source: Mumbai Local

11
 EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION

Mumbai is the economic center of India

hosting the countrys major stock market;
Bollywood, the worlds largest movie
producing area; and Indias largest port.
Since the mid twentieth century Mumbai
has undergone a major shift away from
being a manufacturing city to the service
sector. From 1961 to 2001 the percent
of employment in the manufacturing
sector fell from 44% of the population to
35%, during the same time period service
West Suburbs
sector employment rose from 55% of the
workforce to 64%.6
rt
As of 2011 Mumbai had 40% labor force
participation, significantly higher than
East Suburbs Indias 28% average. This indicates a
higher concentration of formal jobs in
Mumbai than on average throughout
India. Even with a relatively high workforce
participation the differences between
Navi Mumbai men and women are stark. Less than
20% of women are involved in the formal
Island City North economy, while men participate at a nearly
60% rate.6

Fort Area
JNPT
2001

4,725,256 formal employment (2011) 40% of jobs within 2-mile radius around the Fort
38% employment rate of total population 1.44 jobs/residents in the Fort Area

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 Possible Areas for Collaboration in Transport Infrastructure
LAND VALUE & REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION
To develop the rail and public transport connections for MMR based on the
future transport demand in the various cities and zones within MMR for 2052.

$75
oration in Transport Infrastructure $75

PROJECTED POPULATION
lic transport connections for MMR based on the $76
2050
the various cities and zones
Source:Surbana, within MMR for 2052.
Concept
$78
$82

$157 $93

$93

$147
$87
$210
$89
$247 $157

PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT
2050 $240
Source:Surbana, Concept $100
$300
$187 $135

$338 $194

$412 $150
$240
$262

0 .75 1.5
$300 3km

$277
HOUSING SALE PRICE ($ PER SQ. FT)
Source: Landscape + Urbanism Around the Bay of

Development has historically occurred
along two major transportation corridors
along the eastern and western edge of
Mumbai. These corridors also dictate a
land value pattern. The pattern shows
that within the Island City, land values can
reach values four to five times of those in
the suburbs . This is significant since the
population projection for 2050 estimates
the majority of the growth to happen
in the suburbs; while the employment
distribution for 2050 concentrates the
majority of job opportunities in the Island
City . 7 8

13
 NEIGHBORHOODS

The administrative structure of Mumbai

is composed of wards. However, local
political boundaries are not physically
evident and thus not commonly used.
Mumbaikars prefer to identify by the
neighborhoods in which they live. PAREL
The study area is composed and abutted
by eight neighborhoods: Parel, Sweri, SEWRI
Byculla, Mazgaon, Umerkhadi, Masjid
Bundar, Mandvi, and Fort.
BYCULLA
Parel
Parel is named after one of the six
original islands. Due to the land value
MAZGAON
and industrial past of this neighborhood,
it sees stark social inequality. High end UMERKHADI
residential complexes coexist next to
informal settlements. Recent surveys show
MANDVI
a residential square foot can be valued up
MASJID BANDAR
to $152 USD. With the influx of the high
income class, luxury malls have started to
develop. This has led Parel to be known as
the land of malls and mills. 9
Housing is at the forefront of land
consumption, informal settlements are FORT
currently 60% of housing supply. In Parel,
chawls are the most common housing
typology.9

Sewri
The Sewri neighborhood is located on
another original island. It is primarily
an industrial neighborhood due to its 0 .5 1 2km

proximity to the waterfront. However, this

use, along with the railyards, is in conflict
with the natural habitat of the flamingos
that reside by the waterfront. Housing conditions are similar to Parel, apply for a permit for repairs and use
The port industry is traced back to where chawls are the predominant
English occupation. The rail divides the structure derived from old English
neighborhood clearly into residential area jailhouses. Residents of these chawls are
to the west and industrial to the east. The typically employees of the port.
industrial section has a very organized This neighborhood has many dilapidated
street structure, whereas the residential building towers resulting from weekend
becomes more organic. builders. Developers and owners who
that to add 3-5 floors to the existing
construction. Weekend comes from the
time of construction, when inspectors are
not working.10
Byculla
This neighborhood was originally created
as a byproduct of the industrial economy

14
 Parel
Source: Flickr
Cotton Mills
of the port. Its main uses were mills and
railyards. It is artificially made and thus
suffers from constant flooding threats.
Motisha lane is the main street and anchor
for street structure. It is composed of a
heterogeneous mix of religions. Victorias
Garden is a public garden that dates back
to the English rule.
Recently, many incidents of building fires
and destruction have been documented
in this area due to unsafe living conditions
and building techniques.11
Mazgaon
Mazgaon was originally founded by
Portuguese explorers and still carries the
name of its founders. Due to this heritage,
it is still primarily Catholic, with a total of
8 churches within its boundaries. It is also
a Muslim enclave, an old Jewish quarte
and houses the first Chinatown in India.
It is frequented by the locals for its ethnic
diversity and food offerings.
Umerkhadi
This neighborhood still houses some of the
original industries, mills and warehouses.
It is also manmade as Byculla and during
that process a natural creek was buried.
Mandvi
Source: Flickr
Bazaar District
This results in many flooding issues and
settling. Similar industry and population
composition as Mandvi and Masjid Bandar
Masjid Bundar
The neighborhood is named after a
synagogue. Due to the neighborhoods size
and proximity, Masjid Bundar has similar
industry and population composition as
Mandvi. The street pattern is also very
similar to that of its neighbors.
This area is known for its bazaar and
crowded open spaces. It hosts Crowns
Market, known for many exotic, albeit
illegal, products. It was once a prominent
jewel trade area. This benefited from the
proximity to the major railway station that
carries the same name.
Mandvi
It is primarily composed of Muslim and
Jewish population. Its street structure is
heavily influenced by the port on the east
side of the rail and on the west by the
chaotic nature of the city.
Similar industry and composition as
Umerkhadi and Masjid Bundar
Mohammed Ali Road is the main road of
the neighborhood and has served as a
venue for many labor manifestations.
Fort
Source: Simplygovind
D.N. ROAD
Fort
The Fort neighborhood is named after the
historic Fort George built under the English
rule. It is the financial center of Mumbai
and the serves as the centeral buisness
district. Any development is regulated by
the state Urban Development Agency.
Existing floor space index (FSI) varies from
3.5 to 6.5, whereas local regulation are
capped at 1.33 FSI.
Streetscape conditions are better than the
rest of the city yet pedestrian and vehicular
traffic is worse. Several main institutions
are located inside the boundaries of Fort
such as the high court, train stations,
and educational institutions. This
neighborhood offers the most green space
per capita of any other in the city. Some of
the building typology and street structure
still carries some European heritage.12
Marina Drive
One of the main assets to the urban form
of Mumbai is Marina Drive. This waterfront
promenade is flanked by art-deco style
buildings. Primarily used as hotels and
residential buildings, commercial uses are
prominent at the street level.
With an extreme shortage of green space,
this drive helps mitigate the need for
recreation space.
15
 OPEN SPACE
As the city of Mumbai has grown in
terms of population, development, and
overall density, the open space fabric
has been decreasing drastically. Open
spaces typically include recreation uses,
play grounds, parks, and gardens. It also
includes invaluable natural assets like
mangroves, wetlands, hills, forests, rivers,
creeks, beaches, ponds, lakes, and natural
coastline. In many ways, the state of open
spaces reflects the state and quality of
life within any city. Whether it is for the
environment, economic vitality, or social
capital, the quality of public open spaces
in Mumbai reflects the performance of
public life.
Greater Mumbai Open Space Network
Tragically, the regional extend of Mumbai
depicts a fragmented and isolated network
of public open spaces. The open spaces
contribute to 187.87 sq.km of the overall
603 sq.km. of Mumbai.
Much of the contribution is comprised of
the mangroves along the natural coastlines
and the national forests and parks in the
northern portion of the city. The gardens,
playgrounds, and beaches all reflect less
than 2% of the open space network within
the city. As a result, there is little to no
cohesive network of public spaces from a
regional context. 13
Community Assets
In a city as large as Mumbai there is huge
demand for cultural and social community
assets. Near the study site there are a
number of parks and zoos, but none
within the site itself. Land in Mumbai is at
such a premium, cemeteries are also used
as park space out of necessity and plans
have been proposed to convert existing
cemeteries into vertical structures which
16
could accommodate the diverse religious
needs of the city but still allow the ground
space to be used for recreation.
Site Area Open Space Network
Although few, there are some recreational,
gardens, and beaches adjacent to our
site area. Important open spaces like the
Marine Drive & Chowpatty Beach, the
Azad Maiden recreational park, and the
Joseph Baptista Garden contribute to the
quality of public life within the city; where
tourists, locals, and recreational enthusiast
can congregate.13
The Marine Drive & Chowpatty Beach is a
4.3 km long boulevard in the southwest
portion of our site. Major events like the
Republic Day of India, Indian Air Force
airshow and Bombay Marathon are just
a few examples of events that represent
Mumbai both nationally and globally.
Azad Maiden is a 25 acre triangular shaped
sports ground located near the Chhatrapati
Shivazi Terminus station. It acts as a regular
venue for school and recreational cricket
matches, which has produced many
international cricketers. Frequented y
neighborhood residents near our site area;
the Joseph Baptista Gardens is host to
couples, joggers, senior citizens, and those
wishing to find a peaceful atmosphere
contrary to the urban fabric.14
The Importance of Mangroves
Mumbai historical records indicate that
there were several islands around Mumbai
during 1670. Since the developmental and
population pressure rapidly increased and
developed in the coastal area, it took the
toll of mangrove land. During the process
of deforestation and reclamation, a few
mangrove patches are still left in the heart
of the city, seen along the Vasai Creek,
Thane Creek, Manori, and Malad.
By trapping silt, mangroves maintain
the integrity of Mumbais shoreline.
This is a vital service to the city as the
shoreline is very prone to erosion. The
recent monsoons rains in 2005 and the
following flooding disaster demonstrated
the consequence of tampering with
the ecology of fragile ecosystems like
mangroves. Had Mumbais Mithi River
and Mahim creek mangroves not been
destroyed by builders, fewer people would
have died and the property damage would
have been dramatically less.
Cultural Assets
Finally, the neighborhoods surrounding
the Eastern Waterfront possess a number
of cultural amenities that contribute to
the areas character. There are a number of
large gardens such as the Joseph Baptista
Garden and Sitaram Shinoy located in the
northern and southern points of the study
area respectively. The Jijamata Udyaan Zoo
is also present in the northern area which
attracts a number of visitors and neighbors
a playground and garden. Finally to the
south is one of Mumbais largest open
spaces, Azad Maiden. This array of parks,
zoo, and open spaces provides amenities
and enrichment for the community in
eastern Mumbai.14
 MANGROVES

HANGING GARDENS
Source: Mumbailocal.net

CHOWPATTY BEACH

GIRGAON CHOWPATT BEACH

Source: temporarilylost.com

AZAD MAIDAN

0 .5 1 2km

AZAD MAIDAN
Source: Mumbailocal.net

W.H.O. RECOMMENDATION - 9 sq.m/person

- NYC - 23 sq. m. of open space /person
- MUMBAI - 1 sq. m. of open space/person

17
 COMMUNITY ASSETS

Hospitals Secondary Schools Religious Institutions

Medical Education Religious

Mumbai displays a much greater religious
Medical services in near the Eastern Mumbai is obligated to provide primary
diversity than the countrys average.
Waterfront are spaced fairly evenly and secondary education for the
Hinduism is still the dominant religious
throughout the surrounding cities. According to the Peoples Vision
institution represented, however there is
neighborhoods and serve the area better Document for Mumbai, prepared by APLI,
a large presence of Islamic mosques and
than the city overall. According to the the city meeds 46% of the demand for the
Christian churches as well.
Municipal Corporation of Mumbais city overall and would need an additional
The area surrounding the Eastern
Preparatory Study, measured by the city 1,500 schools to meet the full needs per
Waterfront shows an even greater religious
standards of square feet per person, the UDPFI guidelines.
diversity than the city. The share of Hindu
entire Island city does a much better job The Mumbai Port study area however
Temples measured by area drops from
of meeting the total demand at 43% by currently has a much better rate of
43% to 28% from citywide to the Eastern
space than the city overall which only has service for the surrounding community.
Waterfront. Correspondingly, a larger rise
enough medical facilities to accommodate According to the same study, the wards in
in mosques increasing in share by 9% to
10% of the total demand. However even the surrounding area adjacent to the port
a total of 29% and churches are 17% of
though total space is inadequate to meet 76% of the total demand. However
institutional use. This diversity is prevalent
serve the population, almost everyone if certain areas of the coast are developed
in Fort to the south with lots of churches,
in Mumbai lives within 2 km of a medical for residential uses, it will be important
and the Islamic enclave of the Masjid
facility.4 to assess if the existing schools are near
Bandar neighborhood.4
enough for children to travel too and
whether they are at full capacity.4

18
 PUBLIC REALM

MARINE DRIVE
Source: Magnifcant Maharashtra

STREETS

MARINE DRIVE

0 .5 1 2km

BAZAARS

STREETS REFLECT MUMBAIS CULTURE

With the low ratio of public space per have a dual functionality depending on and arcades become the sleeping quarters
person, the streets of Mumbai become the time of day. During the day, the streets for the many street dwellers.
the active public realm. Streets become the prime venue for commerce
become the main venue for the many and trading, with hawkers and bazaars
cultural festivities as well as spaces for encroaching on the road and sidewalks.
political protests. Streets in Mumbai During the night, many of the promenades

19
 HOUSING

Mumbai is known as the least affordable

city in the world. Slums are a major part FORMAL HOUSING
of the existing urban fabric of Mumbai.
Nearly 42% of the entire population of the 1.7% residential land use in Eastern Waterfront
city lives in slums. This number accounts
for roughly 1.14 million households. 25% vacant port worker housing units
Part of the reason for slum prevalence is 180,000 vacant market-rate housing units
extremely high land prices and historically
restricted Floor Space Indexes (FSI) which 1,160,000 housing units in demand
were aimed at reducing density. 12
$230,000 700 sq. ft. suburban apartment
FSI Study $448,297 700 sq. ft. Island City apartment
In the Island City, the average FSI is 1.33,
which is higher than most of the other
highest density within the lsland City is The land use, zoning, and urban fabric
urban area. The FSI can also be reflected
at CST, also known as the traditional CBD, varies as the FSI changes along the
from the neighborhood level. It is clear
which is at the southern end of the study north-south direction. The southern area
that the neighborhoods on Island City, as
area. The FSI southwest of the Eastern contains more commercial, mixed-use, and
well as those along the transit lines, have
Waterfront is higher than to the northwest office space while the north area contains
a higher FSI than their surroundings. The
.4 preimarily residential.

20
 FORMAL HOUSING

1.7% residential land use in Eastern Waterfront

25% vacant port worker housing units
180,000 vacant market-rate housing units
1.16 million housing units in demand

Source: The State of Affordable Housing

Development structure
INFORMAL HOUSING
Mumbai is transforming from a
monocentric city to a city with a polycentric
urban structure. The existing urban centers
54% population living in slums
are the Fort/Ballard Eastate, and Nariman 269 sq. ft. average size of a slum dwelling
Point located at the south of the Island
City. Fort and Ballard feature modern $22,200 affordable unit average cost
buildings while Nariman Point, adjacent to $3,600 median annual income
the Eastern Waterfront, is a heritage site,
containing historical buildings and streets. 14,500 slums on site
Another two emerging centers, Bandra
Kurla Complex and Aarey are the new
10 years to qualify for an affordable unit
employment nodes for Mumbai.
historical characteristics.
There are many heritage sites scattered
New development is also in process. Along
around the Island City. Some of them are
Marine Drive the new urban areas are
adjacent or very close to the boundary
expanding, with high-rises, offices, and
of the study area. Each of these different
amenities.4
heritage sites, however, represent diverse

21
 TRANSPORTATION
CHURCHGATE
STATION
The provision of transportation remains an
immense challenge for Mumbai, as one of
the worlds most densely populated cities.
Most residents use one or more forms
of public transportation on a daily basis,
including both public transit and non-
motorized transportation, with Mumbais
three suburban trains lines alone carrying
7.5 million passengers daily. Still, a large
amount of Mumbaikars either walk or bike
22
EASTERN
FREEWAY
CST STATION
Water Transportation
Harbour Line
Central Line
Western Line
Expressways
Metro (Proposed)
Monorail (In Progress)
source: mapa-metro.com/en/India
0 .5 1 passengers coming through each day.
2km
as their primary mode, and a smaller, but
growing percentage use a private vehicle
to do so. Of those who use private vehicles
as their main mode of transportation,
about half utilize automobiles with the
other half utilizing two-wheeled vehicles,
such as motorcycles or scooters.4 15
Mumbai has a complex transportation
network, with many different public and
private service-providers offering various
modes of transportation at scales ranging
from international to local. While general
transportation and infrastructure planning
is led by the Mumbai Metropolitan
Region Development Authority (MMRDA),
a number of other agencies and
organizations help ensure the day-to-
day transportation operations in the city,
including for both passengers and goods.
Below is a summary of the transportation
services comprising Mumbais overall
network:
International:
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport,
Mumbai Port, Jawaharlal Nehru Port
(Nhava Sheva)
Regional:
Suburban Train Lines, Private Auto, Buses
Local:
Metro, Monorail, Auto-Rickshaw, Taxi,
Ferries
Compared to other Indian cities, Mumbai
has longer average trip lengths with
slower travel speeds. Mumbai also has
more usage of public transportation,
which has caused it to have some of the
busiest public transportation networks in
the world. In 2015, Mumbais Chhatrapati
Shivaji Terminus station (CST) has been
identified as the worlds single busiest
railway station, with more than 3 million
Moving forward, congestion and adequate
service will be major transportation
challenges facing the city.16 17
This is in large part due to a focus on
motor vehicle transportation. Mumbai
has seen a 55% increase in private vehicle
registrations since 2007 (from 460,000
vehicles in 2007 to a staggering 2.3 million
in 2015). This means the city adds about
500 new vehicles each day, including
both automobiles and two-wheeled
vehicles. Vehicle ownership reflects both
societal attitudes about wealth and
 85% of Mumbai Residents use Public Transportation
(including non-motorized) as their primary mode of
transportation.

status in Mumbai, with the cars role as a

status symbol greatly affecting ownership
amongst Mumbais growing middle
class. The proliferation of private vehicle
ownership has significantly contributed
to congestion in the city, where the
construction of new street infrastructure
has not been able to keep up with the
growing number of vehicles.18 19
A large share of Mumbaikars walk or bike
as their primary mode of transportation.
Perhaps the biggest concern for these
individuals are the number of traffic
accidents caused by poor infrastructure.
In 2014, there were 21,255 recorded
road accidents, of which 481 were fatal, a
disproportionate amount were pedestrian
or bicycle deaths (56%).20
To accommodate pedestrians, the
MMRDA and MSRDC have begun to build
pedestrian-only skywalks above streets.
In 2010, the average daily foot count for
23 skywalks was estimated to be 565,000.
Today, there are 37 skywalks in the city. EASTERN WATERFRONT Source: WikiMedia
Bicycle infrastructure has been difficult
to implement in the city, largely due to
line operating from the Gateway of India to non-container cargo, rail operations
maintenance of these roads. In 2011, the
to Elephante Island, a UNESCO heritage have begun to decline. In late 2014, it was
MMRDA installed a series of bike lanes in
site and popular tourist destination.22 23 announced that Central Railways would be
the central part of the city, but they were
Mumbai Port Trust has long operated its taking over the rail yards as a new
underutilized and fell into disrepair.21 22
own railways with an interchange at the extension of the rail yards.24 15
Although Mumbai has historically been
Wadala Rail Yards and consists of about
able to accommodate ferries, a lack of
10 km with 55 km of tracks and takes up
investment in modern water transportation
an area of about 521 acres with roads
infrastructure has prevented this valuable
(accounting for 28% of Port land). As
mode of transportation to be fully realized.
Mumbai port operations have turned
Currently, there is only one formal ferry

23
AUTO-ORIENTED INVESTMENT & LIMITED PEDESTRIAN ACCESS

EASTERN
FREEWAY
BANDRA-WORLI
SEALINK

Source: thehindu.com

CST STATION

CHURCHGATE
STATION
Water Transpor- Source: mid-day.com
Harbour Line
Central Line
Western Line
Freeways/Major
Metro (Proposed)
Monorail (In Prog-
ress)
0 .5 1
2km

Source: WikiMedia

Private vehicle ownership has risen from ~460,000 in 2007 to

more than 2.3 million today (55% increase).
Mumbais Eastern Freeway was completed in 2013.
In 2014, pedestrians were involved in 60% of fatal traffic
accidents.

24
 Adding 500 cars per day certainly adds
a toll to the quality of the pedestrian
experience. Auto-oriented streetscape
design often forgoes pedestrian crossings
and adequate traffic management. In
addition, many informal commercial
activities take over limited sidewalk space.
In an effort to mitigate poor pedestrian
facilities, the city has built skywalks to
bypass congested intersections, yet this
effort has been so poorly designed that
they are often empty and underutilized.25
26

UNDERUTILIZED SKYWALKS
Source: DNA India

UNSAFE CONDITIONS

UNSAFE CONDITIONS

25
 PUBLIC UTILITIES

Sewage Treatment Plant

Waste Disposal Sites

Water Treatment Plant

0 .75 1.5
3km

26
Source: Mottmac Company
Water Suply
Inadequate in slum settlements.
25% of water supplied is
contaminated.
Drinking Water Supply
Mumbais 4,000 km drinking water supply
network draws from reservoirs 173 km
outside the city via pipes, pumping stations
and two major treatment plants. The
eastern waterfront has no drinking water
supply infrastructure. In 2011, a quarter
of the citys tested drinking water showed
bacteriological contamination, with public
health impacts including increased risk of
water-borne diseases.4
Source: Inhabitat.com
Sewer System
58% of total population not
connected.
98% of slum population not
connected.
Sanitation
Mumbais sewer system is over 100
years old in some parts of the city and is
inadequate, especially in slum settlements.
37% of the citys sewage goes uncollected
and 40% of the citys structures are not
connected to the system. 58% of the
citys total population and 98% of its slum
settlement population is not connected to
the system. The Eastern Waterfront has no
sanitation infrastructure.4
Source: Wikimedia.com
Waste Management
Inadequate services, especially in
slums.
80% of waste is not separated.
Waste Management
Mumbais waste management services and
infrastructure are inadequate, especially
in underserved slum settlements.
Uncollected waste can be observed all
over the city, especially in the neglected
eastern waterfront. 80% of the citys waste
mixes biodegradables with recyclable
plastic, glass, paper and metal. There are
growing, but fragmented waste collection
and recycling industries.4 27
27
 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT REGIONAL HYDROLOGY

Source: Landscape + Urbanism

28
 WATERFRONT IMPERVIOUSNESS PROJECTED SEA LEVEL RISE

Low High 7 Islands Overlay

Source: Landscape + Urbanism Source: Climte Central

Mumbais estuary, hydrology and history during monsoons and brings large inundating local informal settlements
of infill combine to produce a complex amounts of pollutants and sedimentation and infrastructure. These concerns require
estuary, hydrology and history of infill to the waterfront from its northern origin. effective stormwater management in the
combine to produce a complex natural The waterfront contains a high proportion Eastern Waterfront.8
stormwater drainage network throughout of impervious surfaces, which exacerbates
the city. The Eastern Waterfront faces flooding impacts through poor drainage.
severe stormwater management concerns. Sea-level rise from climate change
The waterfront abuts the Mahul Creek is projected to impact low elevation
Estuary to its north, which often floods areas of the waterfront, potentially

29
FLOODING & CLIMATE CHANGE

Mumbai and its Eastern Waterfront face a

variety of environmental problems, largely
resulting from its geography, climate and
rampant, unchecked urbanization. The
metropolis suffers from flooding, natural
open space loss, wildlife degradation,
pollution and other hazards stemming
from industry and informal settlements.
Perhaps most alarmingly, sea level rise
is expected to have significant adverse
impacts on the city and increase the
occurences of flooding.4 28

Flooding & Climate Change

Mumbais tropical climate and unique
geography allows for large amounts of
rainfall during the summer monsoon
season (June to September), with daily
rainfall amounts of up to 250 mm and
annual rainfall of 2142 mm. As a result
of these rains and inadequate drainage,
major floods occur in Mumbai several
times per year, shutting down commercial,
civic, industrial activity and transportation
100-year average temperature rise
of 1.62 C and costing the city an estimated $280
Annual sea level rise of 2.4 mm per million annually. One notable flood on July
year. 27, 2015, caused 500 fatalities and direct
economic damages estimated at almost
$2 billion.4 29 30
Over the last century, Mumbais average
FLOOD ZONES temperature has risen 1.62C and the sea
LOW ELEVATION ZONES level around the city rises by 2.4 mm every
Source: 2034 Draft Plan year. These conditions increase the citys
risk of flooding with an average elevation

MAJOR FLOODNG
OCCURS 2 to 3 TIMES
ANNUALLY

$280 million lost each

year
Source: irevolution.net

30
 ENVIRONMENT

of 46 feet above sea level disease

outbreaks, extreme weather events,
infrastructure damage, economic loss,
dislocation and loss of life. The waterfronts
marginalized populations, including
100,000+ slum dwellers and 50,000 Koli
fisher folk are especially vulnerable due
to their hazardous, flood and fire-prone
settlements, inadequate infrastructure
and services, and dependence on coastal
industries and economic activities.4 27 Source: The Guardian

Wildlife Degradation
Mumbais wetlands have historically been
and still are continually reclaimed for
development interfering with the citys
natural hydrologic, carbon, and oxygen
cycles. These impacts cause inadequate
stormwater drainage, erosion, and
increased pollution and accelerate climate
change impacts. Coastal wildlife habitats
are also threatened, especially in the Sewri Source: Flickr
mud flats, home to over 100,000 shorebirds
and around 20,000 flamingos.4 27

Air & Water Pollution

Mumbai experiences elevated levels of
air pollution stemming from unregulated
industrial and construction activity, a
growing car fleet and unattended sewage
and garbage. Most notably, the city
has experienced a 50% increase in TSP
concentration in the last 30 years, with
public health impacts including increased
risk of cardiovascular and respiratory
diseases and lung cancer.4
Mumbais drinking and coastal waters
especially on its eastern waterfront
are highly polluted, due to industrial
activity and inadequate water, sanitation,
waste and stormwater management
infrastructure.4
Natural Inventory
One-third of Mumbais total area is natural
open spaces including forests, water
Source: sbs.com
bodies and wetlands. The city has a coastal Waterfront Risks
ecosystem stretching 167 km, including
Mumbais eastern waterfront and its
several popular beaches and a landscape
inhabitants are especially at risk from
of hills, rivers, creeks and lakes that serve as
hazardous materials, fire and building
a natural drainage system into the Arabian
collapse. The Mumbai Port Trust hosts
Sea. The citys forested areas include the
processing of 32 hazardous chemicals,
104 square km Sanjay Gandhi National
thermal energy generation, oil storage and
Park and extensive coastal mangrove
the dangerous and polluting shipbreaking
forests that are quickly disappearing amid
industries. 4 31
urban growth.4

31
 PORT DEVELOPMENT
Development Stakeholders
The port lands are owned by the
government of India and run by the
Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT) which is
an independent subsidiary of the
government. Its board of directors holds
a mix of individuals, some of which were
elected from the labor unions. The MbPT
is heavily influenced by the Minster of
1,800 acres owned by MbPT is valued at $750 billion
900 acres to become publicly available
28 km of potential new waterfront
Aerial view of the island city of Mumbai
MUMBAI PORT
32
Shipping, currently filled by Nitin Gadkari.
The port itself employs over 11,000
workers, some of which live in worker
housing on site. In addition to the workers
the docks also hold 14,000 informal
settlements. As movement built towards
development of the ports some of these
settlements, 1,500 total, have been
FORT AREA
CST STATION
demolished without replacement. The
surrounding neighborhoods housing 1.2
million people also hold a key interest in
the activities or development that may
occur at the ports.3
MARINE DRIVE
Source: Youth for Unity &
Voluntary Action Mumbai
 1980
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
calls for Mumbai port land
to be made available to
the city for greening and
recreation when JNPT is
1988
Government of India direc-
tive requires land not used
for port operations to be
released for recreation and
greening
Timeline of Events Impacting the Port
The events leading to the current
condition of the port start with the
construction of Nhava Sheva. To meet the
modern requirements in the container
shipping industry, the new port was
constructed and led to the diversion of
traffic from eastern Mumbai. During this
time the Prime Minister of the time, Indira
Ghandi committed that the land from the
old port would be made available to the
citizens for greening and recreation. This
commitment was reaffirmed by the Indian
government in a directive issued in 1988.
In 1991 a total of 600 acres in lands from
the old Cotton Mills were opened for
development in Mumbai. This represented
a large opportunity to provide amenities
and affordable housing much needed for
the public. However due to a legislative
loophole these lands fell into the hands
of private developers and were built
without provide much benefits for those
besides the elite. This event serves as a
case study that would significantly impact
the political climate related to discussions
about Mumbai Port. As a result politicians
have pledged that no lands would fall into
private hands, and that they would be built
to accommodate the public good.3
It should be noted that throughout the
2000s while political will rose towards the
development of the port, that the Mumbai
port Trust continued to invest in shipping
2002
State of Maharashtra sets up a
Task Force to review land allo-
1989 cations and look for synergies
JNPT begins operations between the Port and Mumbai
infrastructure. An offshore container
port was built, and dredging efforts were
attempted unsuccessfully.
By 2014 attitudes shifted strongly towards
becoming more favorable to development
of unused port lands. This was largely
the result of the Minister of Shipping,
Nitin Gadkari. Gadkari strongly supported
redevelopment of some of the port lands
and pledged to give 350 acres of the
area to the state or Maharashtra to build
affordable housing. He also appointed
the Land Development Committee, whose
report concluded that the land should be
used to build transportation infrastructure,
rail corridors and parks.
Expectations
The government, mostly based on the
recommendations of Gadkaris Land
Development Committee initially pushed
for the land to be developed almost evenly
between open space (30%), transportation
(30%) and mixed use commercial and
industrial along with recreational uses
such as amusement parks and attractions.
These recommendations fall somewhat in
line with the previous directive issued by
the government in 1988. 32
The public however has proposed some
modification in expectations from the
governments proposals. The first of
which is affordable housing. Those living
in the 14,000 informal settlements have
2014
Minister for Transport &
Shipping appoints a Land
Development Committee to
examine redevelopment of
1,000 acres of underused land,
Report Released in Late 2014
voiced through the APLI that they want
replacement or upgraded housing and
the city overall greatly needs additional
affordable housing. In addition the labor
union has also demanded affordable
housing for its workers. Overall the public
has voiced great opposition to more
commercial uses, such as those built by
private developers at the Cotton Mills.
Gadkari has responded to these interests
somewhat by pledging 350 acres to the
state government to be used to meet the
needs for affordable housing.32 33
Environmental interests have also played a
large part in shaping public opinion on the
priorities of development. The mangroves
toward the north have faced constant
degradation and area crucial to the ability
of the city to grow sustainably and the coast
offers a wide variety of habitat for wildlife
that activists want to see protected. The
general community has also voiced great
opposition to economic activity on the port
that creates harsh negative environmental
externalities such as ship breaking and the
storage of coal. Both of these activities,
the latter of which violates environmental
restrictions, create a variety of public health
risks for the surrounding area. 34
33
EASTERN WATERFRONT

PEOPLE/HOUSING
7,700 Port Employee Worker Housing
14,000 Informal Settlements
1.2 Million People in Surrounding Wards

GOVERNANCE/OWNERSHIP
Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT) & Private Leasees
Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
The State of Maharashtra
Central Government of India

EMPLOYMENT
11,500 Registered Employees
6,000 Shipbreakers

34
 LANDUSE

INDUSTRIAL (OIL STORAGE)

INDUSTRIAL (WAREHOUSES)

LEGEND
Existing Land Use

Residentia
l
UrbanVillages
Slum
Commercial
Industrial
Institutiona
l
Open Spaces
NaturalAreas
Transportatio
n

Navy & Defense

TRANSPORTATION (MUMBAI PORT)
Source: Mumbai Port Trust

Source: 2034 draft development

35
 MUMBAI PORT TRUST INEFFICIENCY

JNPT
MbPT

0 .75 1.5 3km

36

As one of the older ports in the country,
the Mumbai port has been functioning
since 1873. The port is managed by the
central government through the Mumbai
Port Trust (MbPT). As the property owner,
the MbPT executes and manages current
land leasing contracts. Due to renters
protection, some of those leases have
expired and defaulted on payment
without vacating the property. Though
this phenomena is not unique to the port,
it has created a $165 Million (USD) deficit.
In an effort to remain relevant in the
shipping and trade business, the MbPT
began construction of a new container
terminal in 2007. However, construction
was abruptly stopped and has not restarted.
MUMBAI PORT TRUST (MBPT) - ESTABLISHED IN 1873
Source: Mumbai Port Trust
JEWAHARLAL NEHRU PORT TRUST (JNPT) - ESTABLISHED IN 1989
Source: DNA India
The port is becoming obsolete, not only by owned ports, employs one third of all
the industry shift, but by the efficacy of national port-related workers, even with
the nearby JNPT port. To summarize the its reduced cargo load and slow decline.3 34
inadequacy of the port as a business one
only has to look at the national scale: the
MbPT, one of the thirteen government-
142 years old
$165 million outstanding rent owed to the Port Trust
New Off-shore Container Terminal Constructed in 2007 but never
finished
Employs 1/3 of total employees nationally across all 13 major
37
03
THE PLAN

38
 m
uilibriu
an eq
ur n to
m to ret
syste
l i t y of a ance
i
ab disturb
after
+
om
to reb ound fr
y of a city
capacit

RESILIENCE +
acknowledging a post-disaster new normal

+ chang
e
LOCAL interv can occur
ention fr
s that om small in
result t
in ma ernal
jor ev
ents
CITY

REGION

Defining Resilience -

Planning theory literature provides various definitions of resilience: equilibrium after

disturbance, the capacity of city to rebound from destruction, bouncing back from
disaster without questioning the post-disaster new normal, and change can come
from small internal interventions that in the long run will result in major impact. These
definitions can be applied at local, city and regional scales.35

From these definitions, resilience is defined through: Innovation, Equity, Regeneration,

and Protection. These themes provide the basis for the vision and goals of the Mumbai
Eastern Waterfront Plan.

39
 RESILIENCE
Mumbais eastern waterfront will demonstrate resilience through INNOVATION,
EQUITY, REGENERATION, and PROTECTION. It will reestablish Mumbai on a global
stage while embracing and promoting the citys unique IDENTITY and serve as a
replicable MODEL of development.

40
RESILIENCE GOALS

1. Stimulate an INNOVATIVE local economy to offset

shifting industrial trends.
2. Provide EQUITABLE, affordable housing to meet
rising demand.
3. REGENERATE sustainable infrastructure to match
development
4. PROTECT the environment, adapt to and mitigate
climate change.
5. Embrace and promote IDENTITY through open
space and public realm.
6. Implement a replicable MODEL of governance and
financing to encourage coordination, transparency,
and public participation.

41
Source: mytriplog.com
 FRAMEWORKS

Frameworks form the backbone of a plan. They present general guidelines and strategies
for the entire plan, when applied to Mumbais Eastern Waterfront the proposed frameworks
outlined here inform the actions for each small area plan. The frameworks are designed to
be comprehensive and far-reaching in order to factor the immensity and complexity of the
Eastern Waterfront, and can be implemented at a city and regional scale. The frameworks
are flexible and iterative in order to respond to the dynamic and unpredictable nature of
development in Mumbai.

43
 INNOVATIVE ECONOMY
FRAMEWORK
WORKFORCE
DEVELOPMENT
Fostering an innovative economy within
the Eastern Waterfront in response to
the shifting industrial trends is critical to DIVERSIFY PHYSICAL &
create a truly resilient plan. The framework INDUSTRIES SOCIAL
features five strategies of industry diversity,
workforce development, physical and STRATEGIES
social infrastructure, finance availability
and incentives, and governance and
regulations.
FINANCE
GOVERNANCE & AVAILABILITY
Diversify Industries REGULATION & INCENTIVES
The framework calls for a diversity
of industries including finance,
information technologies (IT), media
and entertainment, and education. This
diversity will reduce dependence on
any one single industry, which due to
global economic fluctuations, has proven
disastrous in formerly industrial cities
around the world.

Workforce Development
Workface development is required to
train workers, including those currently
employed in the existing industrial sector
to work in new, diverse industries including
IT, high-tech manufacturing, and finance.
The Eastern Waterfront has potential for
an immense workforce which would have
varying skills and educational attainment.
The workforce could be best utilized
in new, diverse industries. Existing and
proposed higher education institutions
and vocational schools could be expanded
and formed in order to train workers and
act as a large employment and economic
generator.
Physical & Social Infrastructure
New physical and social infrastructure,
including public transit, utilities, schools,
and hospitals are required in order to
support an active workforce and strong
economic activity. The wants and needs
of incoming workers and their families
must be accounted for and the waterfront
cannot act as an economic generator
and employment center without new
robust infrastructure development. New
infrastructure should ensure a livable,
adequately served equitable environment.
Finance Availability & Incentives
An innovative, modern economy requires
readily available financing for start-
up businesses to rent office space and
purchase inputs. Financial incentives are
necessary to attract businesses to the
Eastern Waterfront, including tax subsidies
and various economic development
programs.
Governance & Regulations
Governance and regulations
encouraging economic development are
recommended. Proper local land use, and
economic and employment regulations
such as those prescribed in a special
economic zone, should be implemented in
the Eastern Waterfront area to encourage
economic activity and growth.
The economic framework will interface with
Mumbais regional economic environment
by phasing out unsustainable industries
absorbing economically viable industries
from around the city and region, including
high-tech manufacturing, logistics,
finance, IT, media, and entertainment
and strengthening existing industries
like fishing to maintain employment and
cultural assets in the Eastern Waterfront
area.

44
 FRAMEWORKS

Eco-Tourism

Services

Malad
Finance & IT IT/ITS
Biotech
Media&Entertain
Malad-Link
Media & Education
Services R&D
Entertainment
Andheri-Kurla
Manufacturing & IT Training
Programs

Bandra Kurla Complex Navi Mumbai

Finance IT

Wadala Truck Terninus

Logistics

JNPT Services
Manufacturing,
Recreational &
Shipping Commercial Services
Fort Area
Finance
Financial
Services
0 .75 1.5 3km

Services

The economic framework will interface with Mumbais

regional economic environment by phasing out
unsustainable industries, absorbing economically
viable industries from around the city and region, Tourism

strengthening existing industries.

0 .5 1 2km

Source: inhabitat.com
1. Phase Out Unsustainable Industries 2. Absorb Economically Viable Industry 3. Strengthen Existing Industries

45
Equitable Housing
Framework
INCLUSIONARY,
AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
Housing plays an integral part in building
a resilient Eastern Waterfront and thusly a
FOSTER
resilient Mumbai. The housing framework COMMUNITY RENTAL HOUSING
addresses the growing population living BASED MARKET
in informal settlements and the increasing
demand in rental and affordable
STRATEGIES
housing, among other pressing issues.
The framework provides the housing
structure for the waterfront and applies
specific strategies to each small district. INCREMENTAL SOCIAL
Notwithstanding, the framework also HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE
aims to create development models
easily implemented in other areas around
Greater Mumbai.8 36

The following are the five housing

strategies under this framework:

Inclusionary and Affordable Housing

Existing state and city inclusionary policy
has become obsolete and is often not fully
enforced. With this strategy, the resilience housing. This typology grows in Social Infrastructure
plan uses a new governance structure conjunction with social infrastructure and Current public and private housing
as the responsible entity to enforce public services. These structures are at developments are often developed
current inclusionary policies as well as first located within targeted areas and can without proper facilities to accommodate
increases the requirement for new private eventually be replicated along the entire their population influxes. The framework
development in the waterfront to include waterfront. proposes a strategy of housing
30% of affordable housing. development planned around social
Community-based Initiatives amenities such as public libraries, schools,
Incremental Housing Due to a history of inequitable hospitals, and public toilets.
Maharashtras current slum upgrading developments in Mumbai and the
strategies have fallen behind on meeting disappointment they have created among Foster Rental Housing Market
the demand of the growing informal Mumbaikars, there is an overwhelming With the increase of the middle class
population. Those strategies often focus distrust of institutionally driven planning and young, professional demographic
on relocating slum dwellers into new efforts, especially in informal settlements. groups, Mumbai faces added demand
apartment buildings in the outskirts of the To engage with the community and for affordable rental housing choices.
city. This strategy, instead of alleviating regain their trust, the housing framework This framework fosters rental market
housing conditions, overburdens envisions grassroots initiatives executed by regulating the 1979 Rent Act and
households with unnecessary housing by community organizations for their ensuring dilapidated buildings to be used
fees and forces them to live in foreign communities. for rental housing are brought up to safe
housing typologies. Instead, the housing conditions.36 37
framework introduces a new housing
typology as a prototype for incremental

46
 EQUITABLE HOUSING FRAMEWORK FRAMEWORKS

LE HOUSING FRAMEWORK
DEVELOPMENT PROTOTYPE
OPEN
SPACE TRANSPORT

PE INCREMENTAL SOCIAL INF.

OPEN
SPACE TRANSPORT
COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL
MENTAL
EQUITABLE
SOCIAL INF.
MIDDLE INCOME
HOUSING
EQUITABLEINCREMENTAL
FRAMEWORK
SLUM UPGRADING AREAS
HOUSING FRAMEWORK
RCIAL EQUITABLE HOUSING FRAMEWORK
DEVELOPMENT PROTOTYPE
COMMERCIALPROTOTYPE
DEVELOPMENT
MARKET RATEOPEN
OPEN TRANSPORT
SPACE SLUM UPGRADING AREAS
INCREMENTAL
DEVELOPMENT PROTOTYPE SPACE TRANSPORT
COME
LAND USE PROTOTYPE
INCREMENTAL
OPEN SOCIAL INF.
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE INCREMENTAL
SPACE TRANSPORTSOCIAL INF.

INCREMENTAL SOCIAL INF.

MARKET RATE
COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL
INCREMENTAL SLUM UPGRADING AREAS
COMMERCIAL INCREMENTAL SLUM UPGRADING AREASSource: MCGM
MIDDLE INCOME SLUM POPULATION BY WARD
E MIDDLE INCOME
INCREMENTAL SLUM UPGRADING AREAS
MIDDLE INCOME

MARKET RATERATE
MARKET
MARKET RATE

PRECEDENTS
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Source: Flickr Source: architectureindevelopment.org

Public Toilets Public Libraries Schools

47
 FRAMEWORKS

HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

EQUITABLE HOUSING FRAMEWORK

EXISTING PROPOSED PROPOSED PROPOSED
TYPOLOGIES HEIGHTS DENSITY TYPOLOGIES

INCREMENTAL(EWS): 2-4 stories /

LOW-INCOME
5-8 stories 80du/acre
Navi Wadis

MEDIUM-INCOME
9-12 stories 150du/acre
Modern Chawls

MARKET RATE
13-20 stories 325du/acre
Apartments

Sources: Filipe Balestra, Mitula.net, Percy Corner, Studio Toggle

The framework requires the rethinking of existing housing typologies, including EWS housing, low-income wadis, medium-income
Sources: Filipe Balestra, Mitula.net, Percy Corner, Studio Togg
chawls, and market rate apartment buildings. The frameworks proposed housing typologies feature increased heights and densities to
allow for the provision of more equitable housing, amenities, public utilities, and green space.

48
 Infrastructure
Regeneration Framework
Transportation
This framework seeks to avoid
expensive, unsustainable transportation
investments; shift to new, sustainable
transportation modes; and improve
existing transportation conditions within
the waterfront. Under this framework,
the strategies include to enhance safety,
regional and local connectivity, reduce
the use of private vehicles, provide
accessibility and mobility for all, and
expand and improve public transit.
Enhance Safety
The framework features enhanced safety
for pedestrians who face a hostile and
dangerous environment due to car
dominance. This strategy calls for the
implementation of complete streets and
an improved streetscape friendlier for
non-motorized transportation modes.
Street-level connections to the rest of the
Island City are especially important to
unify the isolated waterfront with adjacent
neighborhoods. Increase transit access
and safety, with better, safer access to
stations and ease of connection between
modes with modal integration.
Regional and Local Connectivity
Regional and local connectivity is essential
as the citys local streets and regional
highways have become congested. This
framework accomplishes this through
integration of local buses with other
networks to create multimodal systems
and provide east-west connection through
the Eastern Waterfront and the Island City.
Reduce use of Private Vehicles
Private vehicle use must be reduced
in order to address traffic congestion,
pedestrian safety and environmental
EXPAND &
IMPROVE PUBLIC
ACCESSIBILITY
ENHANCE SAFETY
& MOBILITY FOR
STRATEGIES
REGIONAL
REDUCE USE OF
& LOCAL
PRIVATE VEHICLES
CONNECTIVITY
concerns. Auto access can be controlled implementation of new bus rapid transit
through congestion pricing on roads and (BRT) system on the Eastern Freeway,
parking and a slowdown in the rapid pace using tolls and congestion pricing to limit
of car licensing. the freeways car use and congestion. The
framework calls for the extension of the
Accessibility and Mobility for All Mumbai Metro Line III through the Eastern
Accessibility and mobility must be Waterfront and the reintroduction of water
enabled for all, especially for those in transportation, including ferry services
slum settlements who lack transit options to Navi Mumbai and the surrounding
to access employment and amenities metropolitan area.
throughout the city. This strategy can
be addressed through increased public
transit, regional and local connectivity and
safety enhancements.
Expand and Improving Public Transit
The framework calls for expansion and
improvement of public transit, which is at
capacity and crumbling under heavy use
and lack of repair. It calls for improvements
in suburban railway stations and train car
quality within the waterfront. It calls for the
49
 FRAMEWORKS

0 .75 1.5 3km

0 .5 1 2km

Water Transportation
I. SUBURBAN RAILWAY I. MUMBAI METRO Harbour Line
Improve station and train car quality -Extend Mumbai Metro Line III Central Line
Increase capacity (Lifeline of throughout Eastern Waterfront Western Line
Mumbai) Increase capacity (Lifeline of Expressways
Mumbai) Metro (Proposed)
II. BRT SYSTEM (EASTERN FREEWAY)
Integrate BRT system on existing Monorail (In Progress)
II. LOCAL BUSES
highway Integrate local buses with other Metro Extension
Tolls and Congestion Pricing networks to create multimodal Regional BRT
systems
III. WATER TRANSPORTATION Intermodal Transit Hub
Ferry services to Navi Mumbai

AVOID SHIFT IMPROVE

Expensive Unsustainable Invesments Absorb Economically Viable Industry Strengthen Existing Industries
Source: mid-day.com, fotolibra.com, thehindu.com
50
 FRAMEWORKS
STREET IMPROVEMENT | BANGALORE

I. COMPLETE STREETS
Improve streetscape
to be more friendly
for non-motorized
modes
Create connections
to rest of Island City
BEFORE AFTER
II. TRANSIT ACCESS &
SAFETY
Better, safer access
to stations CONTEXTUALLY SENSITIVE STREET RETROFITTING
Ease of connection
between modes
(modal integration)

III. CONTROL AUTO

ACCESS
Congestion pricing
on roads and ESTERN FREEWAY XIAMEN CHINA
parking
Source: thehindu.com, transportphoto.net, CityLab

Extended Pedestrian Sidewalks Extended Pedestrian Side-

walks

51
 Infrastructure
Regeneration Framework SUPPLY
RENEWABLE
ENERGY

Public Utilities
IMPROVE WASTE
This framework aims to introduce a variety PROVIDE CLEAN
MANAGEMENT &
of high-efficiency, high quality, and
RECYLCING DRINKING WATER
decentralized public utility infrastructure.
The framework will not only enable the STRATEGIES
resilient development of more sustainable
communities and robust economic centers
in the Eastern Waterfront, but also improve
public utility infrastructure throughout PROVIDE PROVIDE
Mumbais island city and region, where ADEQUATE STORMWATER
large amounts of the population are SANITATION MANAGEMENT
severely underserved. The framework
proposes five strategies, including:

Supply Renewable Energy

This strategy proposes generation and
widespread distribution of renewable
energy to mitigate climate change,
foster energy independence and create
sustainable economic growth. Actions
include 1) introduce a solar energy plant
in the northern area to provide local
power and serve as a renewable energy
production development model for the
city; 2) enforce energy conservation
standards in new development to reduce
emissions and reduce energy consumption
within the waterfront communities.
Provide Clean Drinking Water
The lack of clean drinking water is an
enormous issue in Mumbai, especially for
informal slum settlements. This strategy
uses the redevelopment of the waterfront
as an opportunity to build and implement
a complete drinking water treatment
system. This system can provide the
eastern waterfront with drinking water
and later be integrated into Greater
Mumbais water infrastructure network to
serve other underserved communities.
Provide Stormwater Management
To prepare for the imminent threats of
flooding and sea level rise, this strategy
proposes the development of dynamic
stormwater management infrastructure
that effectively responds to flooding and
protects the waterfronts residents and
built environment, especially in vulnerable
slum settlements. The framework includes
the use of green spaces and smart grey,
green and blue infrastructure, including
rain gardens, green roofs, restored
wetlands, and stormwater retention
ponds. This strategy can accompany
environmental remediation, slum retreat
and upgrading in environmentally and
flood-prone areas.
Improve Waste Management and
Recycling Services
This strategy aims to provide adequate
waste management for future waterfront
and city residents. A regional waste
management and recycling plant can be
located in the northern area of the Eastern
Waterfront that will provide services to the
already Mumbais underserved eastern
waterfront and Island City. In addition,
small waste management and recycling
stations can be evenly distributed
throughout the eastern waterfront.
Provide Adequate Sanitation
This strategy addresses Mumbais
and the Eastern Waterfronts lack of
sanitation infrastructure and facilities
and its associated pollution and public
health impacts. The strategy proposes a
regionally and locally serving wastewater
treatment plant in the northern area of
the Eastern Waterfront, and decentralized
sanitation facilities throughout the area.
Informal settlements, which are especially
underserved, will require small-scale
sanitation facilities like public toilets,
which can be installed in conjunction
with strategies proposed in the equitable
housing framework.

52
 FRAMEWORKS

Regional Public Infra.

Installation
i. Water Treatment
ii. Renewable Energy
iii. Waste Water Treatment
iv. Waste Treatment

Remediation & Slum

Upgradation Area
i. Slum Retreat
ii. Waterfront
Remediation

Green Community
i. Green Roof
ii. Energy Efficient
Building

Stormwater Strategy
i. Rain Garden
Creation

Provide water and Smart grey/blue/ Renewable energy Energy conservation and
sewage treatment, and green stormwater generation to mitigate efficiency standards to
waste management for infrastructure to address climate change, and foster reduce emissions, and
residents. flooding. sustainable growth. mitigate climate change.

53
 Environmental Protection
Framework
The environmental protection framework
aims to create a waterfront that is
environmentally sustainable, climate
change adaptive and embraces its natural
and cultural history. Framework strategies
include pollution reduction, climate
change mitigation, flood adaptation,
removal and remediation of polluting
industries, and natural and cultural
reversibility.
Pollution Reduction
Pollution can be reduced by phasing
out polluting industrial activity and
introducing and expanding local
clean industries, including high-tech
manufacturing, urban farming, and fishing.
Public transit capacity and pedestrian
amenities, including Metro, BRT, water
transportation, and complete streets can
be enhanced to reduce pollution from
the citys increasing car use. Public utilities
can be improved to address air and water
pollution, through waste management
& recycling plant, wastewater treatment
plant, and Water treatment plant. Existing
and proposed pollution policies, including
Clean Air & Water Pollution Acts, and public
transit subsidies can be implemented in
order to regulate polluting agents and
encourage pollution reduction behavior.
Climate Change Mitigation
Mitigation efforts to reduce impacts of
climate change can be accomplished
through renewable energy production
and energy conservation. The framework
defines a renewable energy infrastructure
district, featuring solar power, wind
and waste to energy facilities will be
installed in the north of the site to replace
existing oil storage infrastructure. Policy
recommendations include renewable
energy portfolio standards, the Solar
Cities Initiative and Climate Action Plans
to set GHG emissions reduction targets.
54
NATURE &
CULTURE
POLLUTION
REDUCTION
STRATEGIES
CLIMATE CHANGE
MITIGATION
The Energy Conservation Building Code
and green buildings initiative can be
implemented to encourage energy
efficiency.
Flooding Adaptation
To enhance the waterfronts flood
adaptive development, especially given
the anticipated impacts of sea level rise
associated with climate change, a variety
of grey, green, and blue stormwater
infrastructure will be installed in flood-
prone and low elevation areas of the
waterfront. New sewer systems, as well
as parks, rain gardens, pervious surfaces,
retention ditches, green roofs, and rain
barrels with high-tech monitoring will be
used throughout the waterfront. Coastal
mangrove wetlands will be restored to
manage and filter runoff and reduce
storm surges. Policy recommendations
include stormwater fees, climate action
plans, and adaptation standards for new
development.
Remediation of Polluting Industry
Following removal of hazardous, polluting
industries including shipbreaking,
coal dumping, hazardous materials
REMOVAL &
REMEDIATION
OF POLLUTING
INDUSTRY
FLOOD
ADAPTION
processing, and oil storage, environmental
remediation of contaminated land will
be conducted through earth removal,
capping, and bioremediation methods.
Policy recommendations, include
hazardous waste rules, and public interest
litigation to force industrial polluters to be
held accountable for clean up.
Natural and Cultural Reversibility
In order to preserve natural amenities
and cultural heritage threatened by
development and hazardous industries,
ecological and heritage parks will be
established in the north of the waterfront.
These will protect existing mangrove
wetlands, flamingo habitats, the 17th
century Sewri fort, and a Koli fisher folk
settlement. In addition, open spaces such
as waterfront parks and new maidans
will be built and preserved to provide
recreational and educational amenities
for local residents, along with stormwater
management and habitat protection
benefits. Policy recommendations include
forest conservation, wildlife protection
and wetlands conservation.
 FRAMEWORKS

Eco-
Infrastracture Park
District

Open
space

Remedi-
ation Storm-
water
manage-
ment
Open
Source: poco.cn space

Remedia-
tion

Stormwa-
ter manage-
ment

Open
space
Source: ASLA.com

Source: Coppenhagenize.com

0 .5 1 2km

55

OVERALL
STRUCTURE The structure plan guides development by fostering
organic growth around catalytic nodes.
A structure plan is employed in the
Eastern Waterfront in order to guide
future development, land use patterns,
open space, and social and physical
infrastructure. The plan avoids top down,
prescriptive land use planning destined
to fail in the wildly dynamic, complex,
and unpredictable Mumbai. A structure
plan allows for a catalytic development
accommodating both inorganic and
organic, formal and informal growth,
and connect the undeveloped Eastern
Waterfront both within and outside
to the adjacent urban fabric. Catalytic
areas near transit nodes signal where
orderly development can be more
accurately predicted and planned for,
while outside of these nodes, more
organic and informal development can
occur. The following catalytic actions will
spur resilient development throughout
the waterfront, allowing for economic
innovation, housing equity, infrastructure
regeneration, environmental protection,
and provision of open space and public
realm amenities in a contextually sensitive
manner.
56
THE PLAN
TRANSIT NETWORKS
The structure plan for the proposed
transportation networks in the Eastern
Waterfront focuses on key nodes for
transportation development connected
with existing transportation networks.
Sewri Hub
New intermodal mass transit stations,
including the proposed Sandhurst and
Sewri hubs, connect new metro and
bus rapid transit (BRT) systems to the
existing suburban rail network. Water
transportation is introduced in the south
and middle and a simple street grid is
proposed to guide development patterns
throughout the Eastern Waterfront.
OPEN SPACE
Sandhurst Hub
The structure plan of open spaces in the
Eastern Waterfront calls for the protection
of open, green spaces for public benefits,
social activities and recreation, including
CST Station
shared community gardens, waterfront
promenades, and maidans. These green
spaces are located in areas susceptible
Proposed New Mass Transit to flooding and contain highly polluting
Existing Stations industry and contaminated land. These
natural features serve the dual purpose
of flooding protection through green
infrastructure and stormwater retention,
and hazard and pollution mitigation
through residential restrictions
bioremediation.
Social Infrastructure
The social infrastructure structure plan is
coupled with open space in the Eastern
Waterfronts early stages of development,
to provide services such as job training,
materials for building housing, and
technical assistance. These assets will
anchor further residential development
and encourage sustainable and resilient
informal, organic growth throughout
the Eastern Waterfront. As development
matures, the structure plan calls for a
Proposed New Mass Transit
Existing Stations
transition to more formal public facilities
including schools, hospitals, and other
public facilities serving the Eastern
Waterfront and surrounding areas.
and
Public Utilities
The public utilities structure plan lays the
groundwork for public utilities serving
not only the waterfront, which entirely
lacks most infrastructure, but also the
city and region, which are currently
underserved. The structure plan calls for
the removal of oil storage and hazardous
industrial activities and the introduction
of waste management, sewage treatment,
water treatment, and clean, renewable
energy production, especially in the
extreme north and south of the Eastern
Waterfront.
Commercial Activity
The commercial structure plan identifies
key commercial nodes and corridors
to guide development in the Eastern
Waterfront. With around the clock use, in
the daytime for commerce and at night
for residential dwellings, the plan centers
catalytic commercial areas around
existing and proposed transportation
hubs and social infrastructure. These
commercial amenities are essential in the
waterfronts resilient development, and
mirror the typical mixed-use development
paradigm in the rest of the city.
57
 THE PLAN

SEWRI ECOLOGICAL & ENERGY DISTRICT

Renewable Energy
Eco-Tourism
Cultural Preservation

BYCULLA EAST

Housing (Slum Upgrading)

Innovation & IT Industries
Social Infrastructure

MUMBAI MARINA

Arts, Entertainment, & Culture

Mixed-Use Commercial/Residential
South Mumbai Transit Hub

THREE DISTRICTS

The overall structure plan for the Eastern
Waterfront can be divided into three
distinct districts with different roles in
the overall development of the area, each
addressing specific needs for Mumbai.
The Mumbai Marina District, the
southernmost proposed district within
the Eastern Waterfront area, addresses
the global aspirations of Mumbai.
Dynamic arts, entertainment, and cultural
attractions can create a new global
draw for visitors to Mumbai. Diverse,
21st Century industries, commercial and
residential activity, and a large, multi-
modal transit hub position the Mumbai
Marina District to attract new jobs with a
global outlook.
In the middle of the Eastern Waterfront,
Byculla East presents an opportunity for
a substantial growth in the housing stock
of Mumbai, including new development,
slum upgrading, and a framework for
future organic growth. The Byculla East
District should also address the large
informal sector economy currently
in place and provide new, innovative
economic activity, enabling equity,
affordability, and employment.
In the northern part of the Eastern
Waterfront area, the Sewri Ecological and
Energy District provides an opportunity
for renewable energy production, public
utilities, eco-tourism, and protection of
historic and cultural features.
Small area plans for each district will
explore in a finer grain, details for each
districts contribution to the overall
framework plan.

58
SEWRI ECOLOGICAL & ENERGY DISTRICT

BYCULLA EAST

MUMBAI MARINA

MARKETRATE AFFORDABLE WORKFORCE INCREMENTAL

STRUCTURE PLAN FOR HOUSING

Throughout the three small area planning
districts, a housing structure plan is
implemented that aims to promote equity,
affordability, and the appropriate use of
the Eastern Waterfronts land values. In
Mumbai Marina, adjacent to Mumbais
Central Business District with high
land values, the plan calls for primarily
traditional residential development,
including workforce and market rate
housing. This area is targeted for the
development of housing catered toward
a growing middle-to-higher income
sector in Mumbai. Byculla East and
Sewri, with relatively lower land values
and larger existing informal settlement
populations, present an opportunity for
the development of more affordable and
incremental housing. The charts above
show the distribution of different housing
typologies aimed for various income
groups. This plan attempts to distribute
housing equitably for all income groups
on a site-wide scale, although most of the
new affordable and incremental housing
will be allocated in the Sewri Ecological
& Energy District, as well as, Byculle East.,
rather than in Mumbai Marina where land
is more scare and expensive.

59
HOUSING by DISTRICT MUMBAI BYCULLA SEWRI ECO
MARINA EAST DISTRICT

MARKET RATE 80% 50% 60%

AFFORDABLE 20% 50% 40%

AFFORDABLE HOUSING AREA COST RENT

INCREMENTAL/ < 4X annual < 30% month

LOW-INCOME 300-600 ft 2
income income

< 5X annual < 40% month

MIDDLE-INCOME < 1200 ft 2
income income

HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
Left:ExistingHousinginMumbai(Source:
Collective Research Initiatives Trust);
Center: Workforce Housing (Dezeen);
Right:IncrementalHousinginKenya(Daily
Nation Newspaper)

60
MUMBAI MARINA DISTRICT
OVERVIEW
The Eastern Waterfront Plan envisions
the southern district as a new Marine
Drive in the Island City to serve as a
catalyst to activate the potential of the
Eastern Waterfront, a new economic
engine to fulfill the ambition of
BIRDS EYE VIEW OF MUMBAI
Source: the Great India.com
transforming Mumbai into a global
center, and a dynamic hub to attract
Mumbais entertainment and financial
industries.
61
 EXISTING CONDITIONS
Central Location
4
The Fort neighborhood, the CBD of
Mumbai, located to the south gives the
proposed Mumbai Marina District a
1. FORT 4. EASTERN EXPRESSWAY
Source: Reuters Source: Google Earth strategic location for development. The
5
busy CST Station is to the southwest, bring
millions of people from the suburbs to the
3
Island City for work every day. The biggest
bazaar sits to the west with vibrant
5 economic activity as well as numerous
2. CST STATION 5. FISH MARKET
2 Source: mumbaitrip social institutions, such as popular
6 churches, temples, and mosques. Within
the Mumbai Marina there is one of the
largest two fish markets in the Island City
1 and a working ferry terminal. Additionally,
3. BAZZAR 6. INDIRA DOCK
the new Eastern Highway starts in the
EXISTING CONDITIONS Source: MbPT middle of the district, connecting directly
Source: Google Earth
to Navi Mumbai.

VICTORIA DOCK
Declining Port Activity
Historically, the proposed Mumbai Marina
District was the oldest major port of India
which dates back to the rule of East India
Company in the 18th century. Though
it is an important period of history for
Mumbai, the port activities have been

Source: Mumbai Port Trust declining substantially since 1989, when

JNPT opened. Victoria Dock and Princess
PRINCESS DOCK
Dock have recently been infilled to
accommodate container storage for the
container jetty which started construction
in 2007, but has since been halted due to
low water levels and the need for constant
re-dredging.

Source: Mumbai Port Trust

INDIRA DOCK
Under-Built Land
Currently, the proposed Mumbai Marina
District is dominated by industrial,
storage, and manufacturing uses.
Contradictorily to the density of the rest
of the Island City, the majority of the
land is not built up. Only Indira Docks is
operational while the other two are used
as storage.
Source: Mumbai Port Trust

62
 EXISTING CONDITIONS MUMBAI MARINA

LAND USE LAND USE FIGURE GROUNDFIGURE GROUND BUILDING USE BUILDING USE

VICTORIA DOCK
Fishing Port

SANDHURST STATION SANDHURST STATION

SANDHURST STATION
Ferry Terminal
Storage

MASJID STATION PRINCESS DOCK MASJID STATION

MASJID STATION

Container Cargo
INDIRA DOCK

CST STATION Industrial CST STATION

CST STATION
Storage
Manufacturing

FORT

FORT FORT
Ferry Terminal

EXISTING CONDITIONS MUMBAI MARINA

CIRCULATION CIRCULATION ACCESS ACCESS FLOODING FLOODING

Rathod Marg Rd.

SANDHURST STATION
SANDHURST STATION
SANDHURST STATION
Mansion Rd.

.
tel Rd
SV Pa
Mansion Rd.

.
tel Rd
SV Pa

MASJID STATION
MASJID STATION
New Dock Rd. MASJID STATION
Low Elevation
New Dock Rd.
.
Rd
ac
rn
Ca

PD Mello Rd.
d.
cR
na
r
Ca

PD Mello Rd.

CST STATION
CST STATION
CST STATION

FORT
FORT FORT

0 400 800 1600 ft

Source: kvri_dem

Low Elevation
Poor Waterfront Access A large proportion of the district is below
The proposed Mumbai Marina District is city. There are only five overpasses which sea level, which combined with a lack
blocked from the rest of the city due to the allow limited access to the waterfront. of proper storm water management
historic industrial uses taking place. The Many Mumbaikars are unaware of the infrastructure, results in frequent flooding
Harbour Line, running along the western Eastern Waterfronts proximity. problem within the Eastern Waterfront.
boundary of the Eastern Waterfront
physically cuts off connections to the

63
 STRUCTURE PLAN
Strategy
Given the vision and goals of the Eastern
Waterfront Plan, port activities should
shift from MbPT to JNPT so as to leave
1
space for new developments. Through a
Museum District careful existing conditions analysis and
case studies, six development themes are
3 introduced to transform the declining
Multi-model port into a new model for 21st Century
Transit Hub cities.

2
Green
Residential

4
Financial

5
Entertainment

6
Ferry/Cruise Terminal

0 400 800 1600 ft

64
DEVELOPMENT THEME
Theme I: Activating the currently under-used related industries and creating recreation
Museum District rail yard to create a new multi-model serving jobs.
Recognizing Mumbais rich cultural transit hub will help address demand for
assets, the north area is proposed as a increasing transportation diversity in the Theme V:
museum district. It will accommodate new district. The new transit hub will Financial center
art, culture, education, and convention exceed the capacity of CST station and Taking advantage of the proximity to
centers for Mumbai. handle the majority of rail ridership so as the CBD and transit hub, the storage
to protect the over-burdened CST station, warehouse area is proposed as a new
Theme II: which is also an important cultural asset. financial center with mixed uses to
Green Community A BRT terminal and a local bus station attract new financial jobs and establish a
With new population coming in, a will also be installed in the transit hub, new image as the international financial
predominately residential green turning it into an efficient multi-model center.
community is proposed to meet the intersection.
demand for high quality living. The Theme VI:
residential communities should be Theme IV: Ferry Cruise Terminal
equipped with adequate infrastructure Entertainment center Addressing the increasing demand for
and apply sustainable techniques in their After the phasing out of port activities, water transportation and cruise tourism,
design Indira Dock will first go through the current ferry terminal is proposed
remediation and gradually transform for an upgrade to facilitate serving
Theme III: into a Bollywood themed entertainment larger volumes of people. Meanwhile, a
Multi-model Transit Hub center in the Island City, attracting film commercial corridor should be created to
connect the new terminal with CST station.

1 2 3

PEARL DISTRICT-PORTLAND TANNER SPRING PARK, PORTLAND GARE DO ORIENTE-PORTUGAL

Source: www.portlandoregon.gov Source: greenworkspc.com Source: www.wikiwand.com

4 5 6

KAWRAN BUSINESS DISTRICT SEA WORLD-SHENZHEN, CHINA FERRY TERMINAL-NEW ZEALAND

Source: en.wikipedia.org Source: www.skyscrapercity.com Source: www.getintravel.com

65
ORK PLAN MUMBAI MARINA
IMPLEMENTATION
To implement such a huge
development plan, there are five key
nodes with development priority to
SANDHURST STATION
serve as catalysts for the rest of the
Mumbai Marina District. Meanwhile,
specific guidelines and policies should A
be enacted to manage the long-term
operation.

Key Nodes
The key nodes were carefully selected
following TOD principals. Based on
the transportation framework, five MIXED USE
key nodes were identified either B COMMERCIAL
near existing train stations or future CIVIC
transportation stations. RESIDENTIAL
CST STATION
TRANSIT/FERRY
STREET EXPANSION
ANTICIPATED DEV.

0 400 800 1600 ft

ferry terminal and transform it into a new

Multi-model Transit Hub under the world-class city ambitions of tourism attraction with state of the art
The multi-model transit hub will Mumbai, the plan consequently proposes facilities.
be completed in the first phase of a new financial center near the proposed
development near the existing Sandhurst transit hub and a mixed-us commercial Ferry/International Cruise
station. It will substantially reduce the district near the CST station. Terminal
railway transportation volume of CST The new ferry and international cruise
Station further south, meanwhile adding New Fish Market terminal should Bbe built to meet
BRT, metro, and bus activity to increase Attraction the increasing demand for water
the accessibility of the Mumbai Marina With the hub bringing people from the transportation. To boost tourism ferries
District. suburbs and Navi Mumbai to the district, should be opened to connect the famous
the demand for development of the fish Gateway of India and the mangrove parks
Sub financial center market will come increase. A Public in the north on the water, alleviating
/Mixed-use district Private Partnership can upgrade the congestion on land routes.
To address the demand for high-end offices facilities of the existing fish market and

66
 GUIDELINES
Whole Coverage of Public Transit
The whole Mumbai Marina District will
be accessible via public transit stations
(including rail, metro, bus, and ferry).
Restriction on Private Vehicles
Parking spaces are proposed around
the major transit stations to reduce
private vehicles passing though the
district. Congestion fees are proposed in
conjunction for private vehicles during
rush hours.
Walkable Community
To encourage walking in the Mumbai
Marina District, the new grid size should be
and wide sidewalks.
Waterfront as Public Realm
The waterfront is proposed to feature
promenades, parks, and open space for
all the citizens of Mumbai, India, and
the world. Historical and local cultural
elements should be preserved in the
design of public facilities, highlighting
Mumbais rich history.
Height and Density Regulation
To ensure a waterfront view for the whole
district, density and height restriction
are proposed: high density development
will concentrate near the major transit
the waterfront.
Centralized Water and Energy
Management
To improve the efficiency of storm water
management, a large water reservoir
project is proposed under public and
private partnership at the lowest elevation
within the district. The reservoir will
function as both storm water management
and renewable energy producer. The
water and energy should be centrally
managed for the entire Mumbai Marina
District.

SYSTEMS DIAGRAMS MUMBAI MARINA

walkable with pedestrian friendly streets stations and lower building heights near

TRANSIT ROAD NETWORK FIGURE GROUND OPEN SPACE

TRANSIT HUB
New Bus
New Metro
Harbor Line

0 400 800 1600 ft 0 400 800 1600 ft 0 400 800 1600 ft 0 400 800 1600 ft

DENSITY PARKING WATER MGMT. ENERGY

High

Low

0 400 800 1600 ft 0 400 800 1600 ft 0 400 800 1600 ft 0 400 800 1600 ft

67
 SITE PLAN NETWORK PLAN MUMBAI MARINA

A SECTION A: BRT SYSTEM

SANDHURST STATION

B SECTION B: PORT TRANSFORM MIXED USE

B COMMERCIAL
CIVIC
RESIDENTIAL
CST STATION
TRANSIT/FERRY
STREET EXPANSION
ANTICIPATED DEV.

0 400 800 1600 ft

PRECEDENT: MEDELLIN, COLUMBIA

Source: Lafarge Holcim Foundation

SITE PLANSPACE
PUBLIC MUMBAI MARINA
OVER THE RESERVOIR

SITE PLAN
Source: Lafarge Holcim Foundation Source: Google Earth

MEDELLIN, COLUMBIA

68
SOURCE: justgoodvibes.com
 MUMBAI MARINA DISTRICT
Under this plan, the Mumbai Marina District will become
the most dynamic, attractive area in Mumbai. It will
embody the goals of the Eastern Waterfront Plan. It
is equitable because the Mumbai Marina District will
greatly increase the amount of open space available
to all the Mumbaikars; it is innovative because of the
diverse economic activities proposed for the area; it is
regenerative as the declining port is transformed into a
new engine of growth for Mumbai.

71
BYCULLA EAST
DISTRICT

OVERVIEW Byculla East District presents an new, innovative economic activity,

opportunity for a mix of new housing enabling equity, affordability, and
development with an emphasis on employment. The district addresses
slum upgrading through incremental environmental concerns including
housing. The district allows for pollution and flooding through
future organic growth and provides remediation and sea level rise-
adaptive development.

THREE FINGER DOCKS

Source: Landscape + Urbanism

72
 EXISTING CONDITIONS
The Byculla East District, with a
population of 18,425, is located on
500 acres in the middle of the Eastern
2 Waterfront, bordering some of the

1. WAREHOUSES 4. EDUCATIONAL
oldest settled areas of the Island City.
INSTITUTION The district borders the Sewri area to
the north, a navy shipyard to the south,
1 4 and the Byculla neighborhood and

1 suburban railway tracks to the west.

6 The Eastern Freeway cuts through the
2. INFORMAL 5. DEFENSE middle of the district, which isolates
3 SETTLEMENT
and segregates areas on both sides.

5 3. SHIP-BREAKING 6. WORKERS HOUSING

LAND USE CIRCULATION

Byculla East is characterized by a
structural grid of primarily industrial
and transportation land uses including
warehouses, and the heavily polluted coal
yard and three finger docks, which contain
ship-breaking industries and informal
settlements of over 10,000 inhabitants. It
also contains an educational institution,
the LBS College of Advanced Marine
Studies and Institute, which is located
to the east end of the site. The district
is severely underutilized, with poorly
maintained roads, little infrastructure,
and highly contaminated and polluted
FIGURE GROUND FLOOD RISK
land. Byculla East faces severe flood risk
due to its low elevation, historic flooding
from rainfall, and projected sea level
rise. These conditions require much of
the site to be protected from flooding
and remediated prior to any significant
development.

73
 NETWORK MAP
VISION

Byculla Easts network plan emphasizes

housing equity, economic innovation and
environmental protection. Considering
Mumbais planning landscape and pre-
vailing mixed-use land use typology, the
district plan incentivizes development
organically based on a structural net-
work of growth catalysts and corridors.

Existing mangroves
Open space
Public facilities/institutions
Retail/commericial
Metro station (proposed)
BRT station (sewri)
Existing train station

74
STRATEGIES

The district plan optimizes existing and The district plan addresses sea level rise
TOD
proposed transit stops and expands and flooding through a targeted retreat
commercial activities along primary from the coastline, especially in existing
roads to the waterfront, strengthening informal settlements. Remediation
and generating heavy commercial and wetland restoration strategies are Transit Oriented Development
activities that serve local communities applied on the heavily polluted and Waterfront Development

and providing diverse job opportunities, flood-threatened three-finger dock. Open

TOD
incorporating both formal and informal spaces, including maidans and community
sectors. These commercial corridors also parks are reserved in flood-prone and
serve as linkages that take advantage low elevation areas for stormwater
of the valuable three access points management, and are integrated into the
connecting the district to the west and existing public realm networks.
maximize the waterfront as a public asset
for all Mumbaikers. Social infrastructure,
Incremental Housing
such as schools, hospitals and other public
facilities are also implemented to meet the
needs of existing residents and incentivize
future development and infill.

Precedents

Housing development is based on case

studies from Hunters Point, New York
and New Orleans, LA. In Hunters Point,
housing is mixed-income and mixed-use,
with commercial and social amenities. This
development also features extensive public
HUNTERS POINT, NYC
Source: queens.brownstoner.com open spaces and public transit access.

In New Orleans, which is highly vulnerable

to flooding and sea level rise, housing is
made floodwater adaptive, with stormwater
retention facilities and green infrastructure.

NEW ORLEANS, LA
Source: Flickr

75
 GREEN COTTON TOD

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

A major catalyst in Byculla East is the site and in other railway station upgrading amenities, as well as stormwater
transit-oriented development (TOD) areas areas throughout the city. This model management in low-elevation areas
surrounding the Sewri, Cotton Green, and demonstrates four main elements: through parks, green infrastructure and
Reay Road suburban railway stations and a retention ponds.
proposed metro station. These transit hubs 1. Commercial/mixed-use land uses

CULLA EAST
and surrounding development features
major existing and proposed commercial
nodes and corridors and equitable
along major streets and around transit

residential development
The land use pattern of the Cotton Green
TOD District serves as a development
model that can be applied to transit-
oriented developments both within the
TOD
that incorporate both formal economic
activity such as ground-floor retail and
3. Diverse, mixed-income housing types,
with high-density and market-rate housing
immediately around transit stations.
informal sectors by reserving space and
infrastructure for street vendors. 4. Friendly, inviting streetscapes to achieve
better walkability and pedestrian safety.
2. Social infrastructure such as schools,
hospitals, open space and other public

DEVELOPMENT MODEL

Waterfront Develop

Green Cotton TOD

Station

Transit-oriented development features a mix of housing, commercial development, open space amenities and social infrastructure. It
is well-integrated into the neighborhoods transportation networks.

Incremental Housing
76
 15 10 10 10 10 8 15 5 8

STREETSCAPE DENSITY
RECOMMENDATION
Byculla Easts streetscape will incorporate management sites. Street vegetation
traditional Mumbai features and new Under the same affordable housing
provides cooling and air purification
urbanist standards. Wide, well-maintained framework, we recommend higher
for the benefit of pedestrians and local
sidewalks will enable formal and informal density around transit stations and
residents. Multimodal transit will be
commercial activities, catering to daytime maidans to maximize the land value. The
well-integrated as well.
and nighttime uses. Maidens serve maidan could also accommodate future
as valuable gathering and recreation potential development.
spaces that also function as stormwater This strategy will also bring the unique
and valuable view of this traditional
green space.

77
 TOD
INCREMENTAL HOUSING

STRATEGIES

As introduced in the equitable housing that are native to the area and respond to management. These open spaces create
framework, incremental housing the local climate. a larger green network that acts as an
represents a shift away from existing slum This prototype guides informal settlement internal circulation network.
rehabilitation strategies to a more organic development around anchor points,
and culturally sensitive approach. This
strategy features the use of incremental
Waterfront
including socialDevelopment
infrastructure and public
toilets. The prototype also accounts for
Income generating activities are permitted
within these clusters but are strategically
structures that allow for organic build out growth areas that are programmed for located along main commercial corridors.
of informal housing. communal uses or utility easements that
are able to accommodate future housing
TOD
Incremental structures allow for higher growth.
density settlements that grow as
household incomes grow. Customizable The prototype also includes a dedicated
structures allow for building techniques space for activities and stormwater

INCREMENTAL HOUSING BYCULLA EAST

INTERNAL COURTYARD
BLOCK PLAN

Reay Rd
Station
g

Precedents

- Anchor social infrastructure

- Protect micro-economies
- Incremental structures
- Design guidelines for flood prone areas
- Community organizations
- Access to green and recreational space
- Site planning for ventilation and

Kambi Moto, Kenya

78
 INCREMENTAL HOUSING BYCULLA EAST 125

DISTRICT PLAN PROTOTYPE MODULE

125125

125
125125 125
DEVELOPMENT PATTERN

125125 125125125 1251

Income G e
125 SocialInfra
O pen Spac
Site and S
INCREMENTAL HOUSING BYCULLA
Income GEAST
enerating 125

125 INCREMENTAL
SocialInfrastructure HOUSING
IIncome
ncome
MODEL
Generating
Income
G ener
G ener
ating
Income
ating G enera
DISTRICT PLAN O penPROTOTYPE
Space MODULE 125125 125 SocialSoci
Soci Infrastructure
al Inf
al
rast
Infruct
astur
r
Soci
uct
e ur
aleInfrastru
Site and Services OOpen
penOSpace
pen
SpaceSpace O pen Space
PROTOTYPE
125 MODEL BLOCK PLAN
BLOCK PLAN 125 125 25 SiServices
1t25
1EXPANDED eSi and
te and
BLOCK Serv ic
Sees
rvSi
PLAN ict
es
e and Servi
125125 125
DEVELOPMENT PATTERN
125
IIncome
ncome Generating
Income G ener
G ener
ating
Income
ating G enerating
DULE SocialSoci
Soci Infrastructure
al Inf
al
rast
Infruct
astur
r
Soci
uct
e ur
al
eInfrastructure
125125 125 125
OOpenOSpace
pen pen
SpaceSpace O pen Space 125125 125125125 125125 125125125 125
Services
commercial corridor

125 125 125 Si teSi

125 and
te and
Serv ic
Sees
rvSi
ict
es
e a
nd Se
rv ic
es 125
commercial corridor

125125 125
125125 125
growth area
activity area

activity area

informal corridor

informal corridor

PATTERN 125125 125

125
growth area

125
125125 125
125
125
125125 125
5125 125125125 125125 125125125 125
BLOCK PLAN EXPANDED BLOCK
EXPANDED BLOCK PLAN PLAN
125 125125 125
125125 125
informal corridor

informal corridor

125
125125 125
growth area
commercial corridor

125125 125
125
neighborhood street
commercial corridor
growth area
activity area

activity area

125125 125
LOCK PLAN
125125 125

79
SEWRI ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY
DISTRICT
OVERVIEW The proposed Sewri Ecological &
Energy District (Sewri District) presents
many opportunities and challenges.
The area has rich natural and culture
assets while a large portion of the
land is polluted. The strategies for
80
this district include removing and
remediating hazardous industries,
creating a sustainable infrastructure
area, promoting TOD, upgrading the
Koli Fisher Village, and attracting eco-
tourism to the mangrove forest.
Source: Landscape + Urbanism
 EXISTING CONDITIONS
This district has a heavy industrial land use,
most of which is oil storage. Adjacent to it is
a large mangrove forest that reaches all the
way to the suburbs. Centrally located in the
1. OIL STORAGE 4. EASTERN EXPRESSWAY
proposed district is the Koli Fisher Village.
Source: Reuters Source: Google Earth The Koli are the original inhabitants of the
2
region who maintain many aspects of their
1
tradition and culture, including dancing
and a heavy reliance on fishing. Along the
western border of the proposed district,
5
2. MANGROVES 5. SEWRI FORT the Eastern Expressway, with no local exits,
4 3 Source: Wikipedia Source: Google Earth
separates the proposed Sewri District from
the rest of the city. Along the shoreline, there
6
5 is a 16th Century Fort which is a currently
underappreciated potential tourist spot, and
a flamingo watching point for people from
3. KOLI FISHER VILLAGE 6. FLAMINGO the city to celebrate the Flamingo Festival
Source: Youtube Source: Clement Francis
during migratory seasons.

LAND USE CIRCULATION

The district has a population of
around 3,000 people within an area of
approximately 400 acres. The land use map
shows 250 acres are industrial land use,
including oil storage, truck staging, and
warehousing. The land occupied by the oil
storage is heavily polluted; there are 100
acres of coastal wetland and mangrove
forests, including the flamingo habitat;
there are also approximately 50 acres of
current residential, commercial, and vacant
land, including the Koli Fisher Village and
the Sewri Fort. With the majority of the
population in this district falling into the
FIGURE GROUND FLOOD RISK
economically weaker sections (EWS), the
district contains little public infrastructure.
Most of the roads are for oil trucks moving
throughout the area which leads to poor
conditions from heavy use and little
maintenance. This district is also under risk
of flooding in both the north and south
portions of the Sewri District.

81
 NETWORK MAP
VISION

This district will demonstrate

resilience through environmental,
culture, and historic protection by
enhancing the equitable housing,
employment opportunities,
and climate change adaptive
development.

Koli Fisher

Sewri Fort

Flamingo Watching
Point

Existing mangroves Trail spot

New mangroves Metro station (sewri)
Green network BRT station (sewri)
Public facilities/institutions Existing train station
Retail/commericial

82
STRATEGIES the north part of the Sewri District. culture and integrating them with the
Since neither the Sewri District new development to its south. This
nor t he Island City have adequate program should improve the building
The network plan outlines five strategies in
public infrastructure, the former conditions and provide the residents
the first phase. The developable areas are
industrial area will be redeveloped with sanitation and sewage systems.
carefully identified according to the flood
into a sustainable infrastructure area, Facilities such as health care centers
map.
providing renewable energy, water and educational centers should be
treatment, and waste management built in proportion to the residential
1. The first strategy is removal and
for the city. Locally, it will become units added. The Fisher Dock close
environmental remediation of
an economic and employment to the shore will also be protected
hazardous activities. As fossil fuel
generator. Regionally, it will support upgraded as part of the culture
use become less and less desirable
the resilient development of Mumbai, protection.
and renewable energy generation
demonstrate the cities innovation,
becomes more popular, the industrial
and serve as a model of future 5. Building the waterfront eco-trail
profile of the Sewri District should
development. is the final strategy. This trail will
transform and oil storage will be
run north to south along the coast,
phased out of the district. If necessary,
3. The third strategy is to build residential connecting Byculla East to the
this area can be remediated
buildings close to the transit stops sustainable infrastructure area in
through earth removal, capping,
and create TOD, together with local the Sewri District. The trail should
bioremediation, and other methods
public facilities and institutions. provide access to the high-quality
to produce a safe and healthy
waterfront open spaces for the whole
environment for future development.
4. The fourth strategy is focused on city, linking all the recreational spots
EWS upgrading for the Koli Fisher in the southern portion and the more
2. The second strategy is to create a
Village. The intent is to achieve a ecological and cultural spots in the
sustainable infrastructure area in
balance between protecting local northern portion.

Precedents

To achieve these strategies, some

precedents were carefully examined.
Deer Island in Boston provides a good
example for the sustainable infrastructure
facilities in the north of the district. Deer
DEER ISLAND, BOSTON, USA SCHUYLKILL RIVER TRAIL, USA Island has flood adaptive development
Source: Haikoutour Source: Delaware River City Corp. policy to tackle flood issue and serve as
a local infrastructure park. Regarding
EWS upgrading, the precedent in San
Paulo, Brazil protected local culture
while simultaneously improving the
housing conditions. For the eco-trail, the
recreational waterfront area can learn from
Schuylkill River Trail in Philadelphia, USA.
The eco-trail will also continue through the
mangrove forest as an elevated walkway
intended to attract tourist interested in the
SAN PAULO, BRASIL MANGROVE PARK, THAILAND natural landscape.
Source: David Smiths Blog Source: Haikoutour

83
 ECO- TRAIL
Ceremonial area

Flamingo Point

Sewri Fort & Koli Museum

Koli Fisher Dock

84
 Sidewalk 2-Lane Setback
14 ft Street 30 ft
24 ft

ECO-TRAIL AND TOURISM ROAD

The eco-trail connects to the waterfront
promenade in Byculla East. At its entrance
to the Sewri District, the trail would act
as a ceremonial area to hold local events,
performances, and markets. The trail
would then pass Flamingo Point where
people can come and celebrate the
Flamingo Festival. It would also pass the
16th century Sewri Fort and the proposed
Koli Fisher Museum which could highlight
RECOMMENDATION
the local heritage and culture. If visitors This section shows the road
were interested in the live traditional recommendation in between the
fishing activities, they could visit the infrastructure area and the mangroves.
proposed Koli Fisher Dock and see the It is for the use of local cars and trucks.
local fishers demonstrating their craft. As The infrastructure area close to the trail
the trail goes further north, it would pass will follow a green policy to serve as an
the mangroves and infrastructure area. infrastructure park. On the other side of
the road is the mangrove forest with the
skyline of Mumbai in the background.

85
04
IMPLEMENTATION

86
The implementation element outlines the envisioned
implementation and evaluation of the Eastern Waterfront
plan, both crucial tools to ensuring the plans success.

The element contains implementation case studies for

comparison, plan governance strategies, plan financing
strategies, the plans phasing, and metrics by which to
evaluate the plans success.

87
 CASE STUDIES

MUMBAI
MILL LANDS

Source: constructionworld.in

In order to determine the best which the 600-acre portion would be split plan presented in this case study, but
implementation strategy for the Eastern into thirds, equally distributed between land ownership will ideally be effectively
Waterfront plan, two case studies low-cost public housing, open space, and and responsibly maintained by an agency
are reviewed, the Mumbai Mill Land market rate development. However, a that is transparent, coordinated, and held
Redevelopment in Mumbai and the legislative loophole allowed land to be sold accountable to the public, ensuring its
London Docklands redevelopment. for private development without regard for goals are achieved.39 40
These case studies offer examples of planned public uses, as long as a maximum
development plan implementations of of 15% of the original parcel was sold .
varying success. This led to an unorganized development
environment focused on luxury condos
Mumbai Mill Lands and failed to address Mumbais largest
areas of need. This development is typified
Beginning in the 1990s and continuing in the Parel neighborhood, which borders
today, a 600-acre portion of land in the the Eastern Waterfront along its western
north of Mumbais Island City has seen boundary in the north.38
major redevelopment . The historic mill
lands were left largely vacant amidst the The Mill Lands Redevelopment highlights
decline of the textile industry in Mumbai, the need for more control of the
providing a development opportunity for development process in Mumbai in order
the land-starved city. Mumbais municipal to affect desired change. The Eastern
government (MCGM) created a plan in Waterfront Plan is as ambitious as the

88
London Docklands
Londons Docklands, an area of 5,630
acres, was historically the major port for
the city of London, but with the advent
of containerization and larger ships, the
up-river port was replaced by modern
facilities with better conditions . Rendered
obsolete, the Docklands presented a major
opportunity for redevelopment. In 1981,
the London Docklands Development
Corporation (LDDC) was created to
streamline the planning and development
approvals process within the Docklands,
combining land owned by the five
boroughs adjacent to the docklands. The
LDDC was extremely successful in terms
of development, creating 24,000 housing
units and 80,000 jobs, but was criticized for
a lack of equity in the development process
and outcomes. The LDDC was dissolved in
1998 under the premise its job was done
in overseeing the development taking
place in the Docklands, however this was
seen by many people as premature since
development continued after this date. 41
The structure and powers of the LDDC
allowed it to accomplish a great deal in a
short timeframe, however, the projects
lack of equity in the development
process has tainted publics perception
of the organization. The Mumbai Eastern
Waterfront plan can implement the basic
model of the LDDC but include greater
public involvement and community
components to ensure the plans
execution promotes equity and benefits to
all Mumbaikers.41
LONDON DOCKLANDS
CANARY WHARF
Source: LDDC-history.org
CASE STUDIES
89
 GOVERNANCE

1 2 3
Create Entity Transfer Land Long Term City
Mumbai Eastern Waterfront
Management
Phase out the MbPT
Development Corporation Dissolve the development
Transfer land ownership to the corporation
Steanlined planning and new development corporation
development process Transfer land to a local agency
for long term

Governance phased out during plan implementation.

Upon completion of plan goals, the
A new, quasi-governmental organization, MWEDC will dissolve and transfer
the Mumbai Eastern Waterfront ownership of the waterfront land to
Development Corporation (MEWDC), the Mumbai Metropolitan Regional
based on the LDDC and the Smart Cities Development Authority (MMRDA) for
Initiatives proposed Special Purpose long-term management.
Vehicle (SPV), oversees the planning and
development of the Eastern Waterfront
area. The MEWDC selects its board
members from a wide range of local, state, Federal/State Government Agencies
and national-level stakeholders to ensure
a transparent and inclusive outcome with Ministry of
Shipping Municipal/Regional Government Agencies
thorough oversight. This body delegates
autonomous planning and approval Ministry Housing
Indian Mumbai Port Municipal MumbaiMetropolitan
authority over the Eastern Waterfront in of Urban Authority of Corporation of RegionalDevelopment
Railways Trust
Development Maharashtra GreaterMumbai Authority
order to streamline the process and allow
for efficient development by both public
and private actors. This autonomy is
MUMBAI EASTERN WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
regulated by a founding charter limiting
certain actions, such as prohibiting the
sale of land, and establishes baseline Residents Non-
Tax Payers Chamber of Environmental
requirements for any ground leases or Labor Unions Welfare Governmental
Association Commerce Groups
Association Organization
potential bond issuances made by the
MEWDC. Local Stakeholders

The ownership of the land within the

Eastern Waterfront transitions from the
MbPT to MEWDC as port activities are
initially consolidated and eventually

90
Financing Smart Cities, Prime Minister Narendra and private parties in Public Private
Modis national initiative to promote Partnership (PPP) agreements. These
The Eastern Waterfront plan relies on urban quality of life improvements, agreements could take many different
a large number of financing sources, environmental sustainability, and smart forms, but all would seek to leverage the
both because of the projects scope and infrastructure development. The Smart private sectors experience and expertise
scale, requiring significant capital, but Cities initiative shares a similar vision and to provide needed public services. This
also because of their added benefits to goals with the Eastern Waterfront mission model would work well in the funding
the plans resiliency. Development is of resiliency and seeks to produce a of proposed large-scale infrastructure
not overly dependent on any particular replicable development model for other projects in the Sewri Ecological and
financing sources, as alternate sources cities. The initiative provides funding Energy District.
will fill any unexpected financing and governance assistance supporting
shortcomings in the event of unexpected Mumbai in realizing the vision of a resilient Additionally, local, regional and
shortfalls. Financing relies on both public waterfront. The Eastern Waterfront international non-governmental
and private sector parties. Public sector presents a unique opportunity for the organizations (NGOs) and international
financing will directed toward significant implementation of a large scale, Smart finance institutions (IFIs) provide
social infrastructure investments, such Cities demonstration project. This additional sources of financing. NGOs
as schools, public toilets, and libraries, program provides funding from the Central can be utilized to assist in environmental
and for support of social programs Government and mandates matching remediation, habitat protection and land
like small business incentives and job funds from the State of Maharashtra in conservation as well as incremental
training programs. The private sector is order to achieve its objectives. These funds housing schemes within the Eastern
responsible for financing the majority focus on infrastructure, environmental Waterfront. IFIs could primarily be
of roads, utilities, and stormwater remediation, and incentives for small involved in financing large-scale
management measures. Public-private businesses, especially those focused on infrastructure construction. These
partnerships are recommended for large Smart technologies and strategies.42 organizations, often engaging in a wide
transit infrastructure, environmental range of projects in the developing world,
protection projects, and housing Another major opportunity for funding provide critical support in financial
initiatives. is the partnership between both public management and technical assistance.

The largest source of funds for the plan Ground Leases

comes from land leases. The MEWDC Infrastructure

grants long-term land leases of 99 years to

developers based on responses to Request Smart Cities
Initiative

for Proposals (RFPs). The RFP model Environmental

Remediation
allows the MEWDC to influence the uses
Public-Private
and design guidelines of buildings within Partnerships
Mumbai
the Eastern Waterfront. Due to high land Parks
Eastern
prices within the Island City, ground State of Waterfront
Maharashtra
leases are anticipated to generate large Development
revenue streams providing the MEWDC a Corporation Housing
Subsidies
steady income stream. International
Finance
Institutions

Small
The second largest source of funding Business
Incentives
is expected to come from the Indian MCGM

Smart Cities Initiative. In 2015, Mumbai

was selected by the Indian Ministry of Conservation
NGOs
Urban Development as one of 100 Indian

FINANCING

91
 PHASING

Phasing
The ambitious plan for the Eastern
Waterfront relies heavily on a successful
phasing strategy. Over the plans 30-year
time horizon, three major phases are
envisioned. While the structure plan is
focused primarily on the first phase, later
phases will be subject to unpredictable,
organic changes based on Mumbais
future development.
Phase 1 has a primary focus on large-scale these improvements, adding housing
projects to provide structure for later and commercial development. MbPT
growth and development. Environmental land ownership will be transferred to
remediation,transportation infrastructure the MEWDC as port activities phased out
and public utilities are the two largest of the Eastern Waterfront and shifted to
components of this phase, transforming JNPT.
the Eastern Waterfront into a healthier
and safer environment for current and
new residents as well as providing
increased connectivity with the rest
of the city. Later phases will build on

PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III

REMEDIATION 70% 30%

HOUSING
MARKET RATE 40% 20% 40%

AFFORDABLE 20% 40% 40%

Sustainable Infra. Installation
INFRASTRUCTURE
GREEN 60% 20% 20%

TRANSPORTATION 80% 20% Job Generation

COMMERCIAL Housing Project

OFFICE 40% 30% 30%

RETAIL 30% 30% 40%

Slum Retreat & Remediation
INSTITUTION 40% 60%

METRICS
Multimodel Transit Hub
Innovative 1.5 million+ jobs Diverse Industry Mix
Finance,IT,Entertainment,High-
Economy created over 30 years
Tech Manufacturing

Entertainment District
Basic Services Provided
Equitable 100,000+ units
Water, Sanitation, Power, Social Ferry/Cruise Terminal
affordable housing created
Housing Infrastructure

Infrastructure 500,000+ daily riders 8 million+ users served

Regeneration Public Transit Public Utilities

Phase I
Environmental 400+ acres 500+ acres
Mangroves&coastalwetlands Flood adaptive land & Phase II
Protection protected or restored development
Phase III

Open Space & 50+ acres 4+ miles

Public Realm Open space provided Waterfront access provided

92
LOOKING FORWARD
At 15 million people within its municipal limits, Mumbai is the biggest, fastest, richest
city in India, a city simultaneously experiencing a boom and a civic emergency....it is a
maximum city, maximum in its exigencies, maximum in its heart.

As Mumbai enters the 21st Century, it can
fulfill its aspiration to emerge as a major
global city by demonstrating resilience
in the face of economic shifts, inequality,
crumbling infrastructure, and the impacts
of climate change. The redevelopment
and reinvention of the citys Eastern
Waterfront presents a unique opportunity
for the city to address resiliency in one of
its most isolated and underserved areas.
Through this plan, Mumbais Eastern
Waterfront will demonstrate resilience,
reestablish Mumbai on a global stage,
embrace and promote the citys unique
identity, and serve as a replicable model of
development.
The plan presents existing conditions of
the city and waterfront, illustrating their
density, vibrancy and complexity, as well
as their various prevailing and emerging
concerns. The plan defines resilience in
the context of Mumbai and the Eastern
Waterfront and presents a vision and
goals for its future development. The
plan outlines frameworks, which serve as
its backbone throughout the entire sites
development, as well as a structure and
small district plans, to create catalytic
actions to spur resilient development
throughout the waterfront. Finally, the
plan describes implementation strategies
and measures, drawing from the successes
and failures of similar case studies.
At 15 million people within its municipal
limits, Mumbai is the biggest, fastest,
richest city in India, a city simultaneously
experiencing a boom and a civic
emergency; an island-state of hope in a
very old country. Because of the reach of
Bollywood movies, Mumbai is also a mass
dream for the peoples of India. If you take
a walk around Mumbai youll see that
everything sex, death, trade, religion
are lived out on the pavement. It is a
maximum city, maximum in its exigencies,
maximum in its heart.43
The plan is ambitious and complex, much
like the city and issues it aims to address.
Resilience can be defined in many ways
not discussed in this plan, with different
perspectives and emphases. As readers
of the plan examine all its elements,
they may be left with many questions.
Hopefully, these discussion topics may
encourage further discussion on planning
for resilience in Mumbais Eastern
Waterfront.

93
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 MUMBAI STUDIO TEAM
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
The Mumbai studio team consists of
nine Master of City Planning students
in the University of Pennsylvanias
School of Design, led by Yogesh Saoji,
an urban designer and architect with
the Philadelphia-based firm Wallace
96
Will Gordon Naeem Shahrestani Junran Yang
Mengyun Li Ben Nathan Lu Tian
Roberts & Todd. The team completed the
plan over a three-month semester in the
fall of 2015. The team visited Mumbai and
its Eastern Waterfront in October 2015,
where they met with various stakeholders
and interested parties, including the
Kristiina Yang Stephen Skilton
Claudia Zarazua
Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute for
Architecture and Environmental Studies,
the firm StudioPOD, and the Mayor of
Mumbai, Snehal Ambekar