Behaviour of structures in the Koyna earthquake of December 11, 1967 : 2 A. R. Chandrasekaran, L, 8. Srivastava, and A. S. Arya Damage to bridges around Koynanager : In the atea around Koynanagar there are several bridges across the Koyna river. Two of these, the new Koynanagar bridge and the bridge over the stilling basin (Figs 43, ‘and 44), are concrete slab bridges, and they did not suffer any damage. The third bridge was a hundred-year ‘ld stone masonry arch bridge near the Helwak village. ‘Three of its spans collapted and fell into the river in a Fig 43. New Koynanaar bridge, a reinforced concrete beam and ‘nb type brig, ia hot sur any damage Fig 4 Reeforced concrete slabs bridge resting om matonry pilars over tiling basin rarsned undamaged 6D hgh masonry ‘Fetaning wal (the foreground) seo id ot slr any damage cs tio Resta nt ne ‘erage Rnsnring, Uo of Rorhasrbce . hheap of rubble (Figs 45 and 46). The arches and piers of this bridge being very old were probably in a weak ‘condition. The behaviour of the spillway bridge has been Aescribed earlier. The approach bridge for the intake tower of the Koyna project, resting on proper rocker and roller bearings, did not show any noticeable damage, (Fig 47), Fig 4S. Collpse of three spans ofthe old stone masonry arch ‘ridge at Helwak on Karsé-Chiptn road Fig 46. Rubble heaps of the callapaed spare of ‘he Haba bridges note the ruptured fae ‘he springing in he background asXASSK _ EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERINGThere are a number of culverts over nallahs which lead to the Koyna river. Two of these culverts at a distance of about six miles from Koynanagar on the Karad-Chiplun road suffered considerable damage (Figs 48 and 49), necessitating diversion of the road. Slab type culverts did not show any damage. The contrast between the behaviour of slab and arch type culverts can be observed in Fig 48 in which half the Jength of the culvert whichis of arch type has collapsed whereas the other half length which is of slab type is intact, In many culverts the parapets made of rubble Fig 47 Approach bridge and intake tower ef the Koyns project rear Nava which sufered no noticeable duvage x48 Complete colapse of semi-circular masonry culvert on ‘ar.chipun rout Pat tne portion of the culver wat of hb "ype which suffered no damage Fg 49 Calpe of wing wll of anther sembcirulr masonry Culvert on Kara. Koy rou Fig 50. Diagonal crack in random rubble masonry ple between ‘pening In Aceype howe at Fophal stone were damaged, and in a few cases the stones were ‘thrown out into the road. Building damage at Pophali: The township at Popbali, where the underground power-house of the ‘Koyna project is situated, has buildings similar to those at Koynanagar, but being away from the epicentre ‘iffered less damage during the earthquake. Most of the random rubble masonry walls developed diagonal cracks (Fig 80), or collapsed partially. The three- storeyed rubble ‘masonry chummery at Pophali was damaged at the gable end of the top storey (Fig 51), ‘and developed diagonal cracks at lower levels. The ‘underground powerchouse structure suffered minor damage in the form of cracks at some places in the lining, tnd a few through cracks in slabs at construction joins. The vibrations were felt with severe intensity by the people working inside the power house, who felt asig 51. Damage ofthe gable end a the third storay level in the ‘hummery 2 Pophal ‘though they were salling in a boat, indicating that they actually felt a wave motion, Building damage in surrounding villages: As stated carlier, the houses in the villages are generally made of timber frame-work with filler walls of either random rubble masonry, or laterite blocks, ot bricks, in mud ‘mortar. Most of the damage in the villages has been due to the failure, or toppling, of the filler walls (Figs 3 and 82). In most cases the timber frame-work resisted the shock well, and prevented the collapse of the roofs ‘There are one- or two-room school buildings constructed {in many villages with load-bearing walls of random ble end and sda wal of random rubble Imasonry ofa school building st Ghatmaaviloge Fig 52. Collapse of random rubble stone masonry filer walls Kamaragaon vilage rubble masonry, and though built with cement mortar, they have suffered extensive damage (Figs 53 and 54). Severe damage to houses is limited to a small area of nearly elliptical shape about 7 miles wide and 13 miles Jong as enclosed in isoseismal VIII in Fig 65. Villages situated outside isoseismal VII suffered only minor damage. A single-storeyed timber framed building with brick panel walls at Umbraj, about 20 miles away from Koynanagar, showed no damage (Fig 56). The rest hhouse at Patan (Fig 57), fourteen miles by road from Koynanagar was practically undamaged, although built of random rubble masonry. Free-standing, Sin Fig 4 Complete collapse of «school bulding rubble masonry inthe vilage Rabin, EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERINGFig SS leneamal map of Koy earthquske of December 1), 1967 square, $-4t high brick piers (Fig 58), of a building under fomstruction at Patan suffered no damage. Timber framed structures with thick laterite filler walls also resisted the shock well (Figs 59 and 60). In general the damage to houses in the villages was less severe ‘than to thote in Koynanagar. Landslides and rockfalls ‘Small slips and rockfalls occurred inthe region. Vertical road cuttings in the laterite soils in Koynanagar, which ranged from a few feet to about 20 ft in height, failed at the top, and the debris fell on to the road. Similar failure was also noted in the walls of terraced flelds near Donachiwadi, Atoli and other villages which had ‘experienced considerable damage. No large-scale land- E56 A snglenoroyed timber frame with Brick panel wall at Ural which dd ot wer any arage FigS7 “The ret house at Patan which dd rot ster any damage uring the earthquake Fig 58. Undamage fren standing brick pers, Neh forming pare of 2 bllg under onstruction a Pan Fig 59 A ewosstoreyed laters masonry tbe fame hovse in ‘Niyartlages which id not wulfer- mach damage, excep some rack nth ler wallsFig 60 A ewostoreyed Itrte brick howe at Pop ‘which did ot sur any damage slides or debris falls were noted in the area. However, {formation of cracks with openings from a fraction of an inch to several inches in width were noted at the top of several steep slopes. The longitudinal crack in mile 55 of Karad-Chiplun road (Fig 61) was caused by the movement of the 30-f high steep slope towards the Koyna river. Similar development of cracks parallel to slope surfaces were observed at the tops of steep escarpments near Panambra, Humbarni, Atoli, Panch- sani, Kadoli, Donachiwadi and other villages. Near ‘Randi village the crack was more than 3 in wide, and. stretched to a great distance (Fig 62). Sliding and fall of rock boulders were noted in several places. In mile 40 on Karad-Chiplun road several large blocks, four to six feet in size, slipped along the joints, and blocked the road (Fig 63). In this region the rock ‘is massive and jointed, and steep cuttings had been Fig 62 Craca inthe ground near the top ef che exarpment on ‘he hei near Randi village 61 Longiunal crac in mile 55 of Kara oh ca ue to. movement of the embank- iment rowsrs he Per ‘made for the road. The blocks which were resting on joint planes, inclined at a steep angle towards the slope, ‘lipped along them. Inspection of the rock surface on the slope did not reveal any rupture through the rock mass. Similar slip of rock boulders was noted on the hills south-east of Koynanagar, north of village Morgiri, north-west of village Humbarni, south of village Randi, and other places. Near Randiv village a boulder, ap- proximately 50 ft by 30 ft by 20 ft in size, got detached and slid on the slope, uprooting a tree in’its path and forming a groove on the slope (Fig 64). Similar grooves, were observed also on the hill range north-west of Humbarni village. The sliding of rock boulders through Jateriic soils on the slopes were responsible for producing red dust clouds, ig @ Overhangng rock boulders which got detached and fell down ito the road near mle 40 of KarsChiplun road EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERINGee ooo Fissures in the ground i Ground fissures with openings, a fraction of an inch to Several inches wide, with individual fissures extending from 100 to 300 ft in length, en echelon or often inter~ fecting one another, were developed in alluvial soils, Overiying the rock, ‘These were confined within the soll cover and did not extend to the rock. Such fissures, ‘were observed in the fields near Donachiwadi, Rohini, Kodali and other villages (Figs 65 and 68). The width of the fissure zones varied from 20 to 80 ft. They were found to narrow down, or fade out, and reappear laterally offset on the side at a distance of 180 to 200 ft. The Soil at some places was uplifted due to the butting of the Strata along the fissures forming ‘mole tracks’. At ‘ther places, lurching of the ground occurred where the Soil blocks ‘underwent rotation and step-like uplift (Fig 66). The trend of the individual fissures varied from N40" to N30", Tt would seem that these fissures were Tesh fst wn gor on tn ope frmedby bres camsd by thn eibraions of sil rata Ths 7 ‘Doulder which sid slong the slope near Rand vilage Soll vibrates freely, and the shearing forces produced by the vibration cause surface cracking, mole tracks and Turching of the ground, A transverse fissure was noted across the Karad-Chiplun road (Fig 67), along the alignment of the fissures near Donachiwadi village. ‘Fissures were produced by the consolidation and settlement of the made-up soil over the left abutment Of Koyna dam, (Fig 68). Similar fissures were found fon the right abutment also Other effects ‘A flower pot which was resting on a cylinder of 6 in diameter was thrown off the support (Fig 69) in the ‘Compound of the chummery at Koynanagar. Assuming that only one component of ground motion was acting ft a time and that the flower pot was resting centrally ‘on the cylinder, it would need a peak acceleration of 0-00 g to cause this overtuming. Probably the vertical Fig 65. Fasures and lurching ofthe ground with Fig 67 “Traraverse sure areas the road In mile 55 of Patan- “Finin wideh orth of Rohn! wlage oymanagae road M6 1€3 COMPALATIONFig 68. Fasres in the filed up sll over the left abutment of ‘the Keyra dam due to contalidaton te slumping and horizontal components were acting simultaneously ‘an adverse combination, ofthe pot was placed eccen- ‘tically as well, to make it overtum. There are several ‘other similar pots which wore, however, undisturbed, ‘Tombstones at some places were toppled, or rotated and shifted on their bases. Fig 10 shows the shifting and rotation of a tombstone at Donachiwadi village. [No damage took place to electric and telegraph poles, Local enquiries indicated that the insulator assemblies supporting the telegraph wires, which were not bolted down, were bounced about at several places between Yaroda village and Pophali on the Karad-Chiplun road, Greater bouncing of the insulators which jumbled the wires occurred between Rohini and Helwak villages ‘An isolated case of the rupture of a water-pipe line was noted in the compound of the chummery at Koynanagat (Fig 71), A lange subsidence of the ground was observed in Humbarni village, where an alluvial terrace collapsed. Fig 20. Shing and rotation of a tombstone at Donachinad! “alge Fig 6 Diplaconent and fill of concrete Sowerpot fom Ie Pedetln the contpound ofthe chammmery in Koyranagat into an underground laterite cavity (Fig 12), producing a depression, 20 ft by 80 ft in area, with a depth of 10 to 30 ft from its south side to the north. In addition to the damage, other secondary effects of ‘the earthquake were reported. Local enquiries indicated that the water level in the Varana river near Randiv village rose by about 6 in. The water levels in the wells in Petlond village in the Varna valley and another village in the Koyna valley were raised by a few inches, ‘The earthquake was accompanied by loud rumbling noises as of thunder. Such noises were also heard by the authors during the aftershocks of the earthquake. The sound appeared as a thud coming from underground, resembling a blast. No visible waves, and opening and closing of cracks were reported in the region. Geology of the area The area shows an undulating topography. The Sahyadri forms a conspicuous hill range in the region with flat tops and a general trend towards the north-south direc- tion, There are several ridges projecting from this range at different angles at close intervals towards east and Fig 71 Rapture of water pipe joints in the compound of the chummery in Roynnagar EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERINGeel Fig 72 A terraced ld in Humbaravilage whieh collared "nto an underground evey west forming narrow steep valleys in between. The ‘eearpments on the western slope of the Sahyadri are ‘much steeper and greater in height compared with those fon the east. The hill tops are in general covered by laterite cappings of various thicknesses. The slopes are generally covered with reddish laterite soils which Support thick growths of vegetation. The bottoms of the valleys are filled with alluvial soils. The damage survey indicates that villages situated at higher altitudes and over thin soil cover suffered relatively greater damage than those situated on flats at lower altitudes, fo valley bottoms with comparatively thicker soil ‘The Deccan trap forms the main geological formation. of the region, The exact thickness of these formations ig not known, but is estimated to be 6,000 to 10,000 ft. ‘The thickness of the formations in the region around ‘Koynanagar is estimated to be more than &,000 ft, and the thickness of the diflerent flows varies from a few feet to as much as 120 ft. These Deccan trap basalt flows are considered to have been formed by the out pouring of lava through fissures over the pre-existing preCambrian and other formations during the Cre- taceous to Eocene times. No major tectonic lineaments other than the predominant north-south and eastwest trend of the Koyna river and the north-south trend of the Sahyadri are noted on the ground. The various ridges, s slope and the drainage lines have a general trend towards northwest-southeast and rnortheast-southwest directions and appear to have been sculptured along the predominant joint systems in these directions, The north-south trend of the Koyna river appears to have been controlled by some subsurface tectonic lineament in this direction. The peninsular shield had been subjected to tectonic activity during various geological times, resulting in the formation of nits and down-faulted depressions. Deposition of the Caddapah, Vindhyan, Gondwana and other younger sediments has occurred in such subsided regions. Such ‘2 down-faulted rift, filled with lighter rocks, may be ‘isting buried below the traps following the negative fgavity anomaly (-100 milligals) contour closure in the region", ‘The western escarpment of the Sahyadri range also appears to have been influenced by tectonic movements, in recent times, and the Sahyadri appears to have moved. ‘up with respect to the coastal region, The existence ‘of hot springs along the base of the western escarpment ff the Sahyadri in a more or less north-sonth direction, is alo indicative ofthe zone being actiye during present times ‘The geological set-up of the region thus indicates that movements may be occurring in the rocks underlying ‘the traps along the boundaries of a down-faulted rift. The renewed tectonic activity along these boundaries, appears to have been responsible for the occurrence of this earthquake and other earlier earthquakes in the Isoseismal map ‘The modified Mercalli intensity scale given in Appendix BB was used in preparing the isoseismal map. The earth- ‘quake was felt up to great distances but the damage Was confined within a small area. Some damage to old ‘houses built im random rubble masonry in mud mortar twas noted in Mahableshwar. The evaluated intensities at the places visited are shown in Fig 58. The maximum ‘observed intensity in the ogion was VIII. The epicentral tract is elliptical with its major axis in the north-south direction, showing that the activity is related to move- ‘ments along this direction, The size of the epicentral tract shows that the intensity falls down within short distances indicating the local character ofthe earthquake. Reconstruction ‘The damage caused by the earthquake has created great problems of rehabilitation and reconstruction in the region, In Koynanagar a number of structures, ‘though damaged badly, can be salvaged and their plinths, oof trusses and sheets and some existing walls fan be utilised, Specifications for new construction in the area, using readily available material have been prepared and these are given in a separate report’. ‘The random rubble masonry, if used at all, should be Drought fo course every two feet, and through stones should be provided in each levelling course at about four feet intervals, Rich mortar not leaner than 1: 6 cement-sand, should be used. It is also necessary that the wall are tied at the lintel and roof levels by iron rods or other suitable means. Roofs supported on timber for stel used as posts are more suitable. Thin filer walls tied to and supported by the framework should be used to peevent damage during the earthquakes, APPENDIX A Estimation of the behaviour of undamaged structures Holl of Marat temple: Tia ie « reinforeed concrete structure fonsting of six portals spaced sch that there are thee aya of To teach one bay of 10 fe 6m and ope of 1 fe ia. The portals Inve clas 1 i square, and beams 24 in dep. The clear span ff the porta ls 19 f and clear height 19 fe. The oot ab {Ftonalithically cast wit th portals ‘The rol acts asa gid ody sorting om colons which act at parallel springs The approximate weight per ecran i 11,000 Tb, ea COMPILATIONee FABLE 2 Modified Marcalll Intensity scale Datnions (Gi) Clasifcaton of damage to buildings (0) Type of erates (dings) Grade 1 sight damage — ine cracks in plaster; fall of ‘Structure A — baildings in eld-tone rural structures, adobe Sot peel ieee ousos, clay hoases Grade? moderate damage—small cracks in walls; fall of Structure B — ordinary brick buildings, buildings ofthe large fuishy Norge pices of plaster, lock and” prefabsieated. type, hall-mbered pun ils alip of cracks in chin fractures, building a natal hewn son ‘oye: parts of chimney fall down Structure — seaforcad concrete buildings, well-built wooden Grade 3 eavy damage — large and deep cracks in walls fractures fallof chimneys i Sinn er el Grade 4 deatrecion —— gape in walls; paste of buildings Ape ‘may collapse ; separate parts of single, ow — 6 po ent the balding we their cobesion, mary — 80 percent ier walls collapse mort — 75 percent Grade 6 total damage — total cllapee of building Intensity Clasifcton Description 1 [Not noticeable ‘The intensity ofthe vibration below the limit of senility the tremor i detect and recorded by seimograp ot " Searely noticeable Vibration is fet only by individual poopie at retin houses, (very aight) ‘expecially on upper oor of bliin m Weak, partialy ‘The earthquake is felt indoors by a few people, outdoors beerved only nly in favourable cucumstances, The vibration fe like that ‘us to the pasing of aight rack. Attentive observers aotice 1 ight swinging of hanging objects, somewhat more heavily ‘on upper for, w Largely observe ‘The earthquake is ft indoor by many people, outors by few. Here and there people awake, but 20 one i frightened, ‘The vibration is lke that deo to the patsng of o heavy loaded truck: Windows, doors and dishes sat. Floors and ‘was creak Furaitee begins to shake. ‘Hanging objects ‘Swing slightly. Liquds in open vals ae slighty disturbed, Jn standing totor care the shock ie noticeable y Awakening (a) The eartnquake i fl indoors by all out-dors by many. Many seeping people awake. A few ran ovtdoors. Antals Yecome aneasy. ‘Buildings tremble throughout Hanging objects eving considerably. Pictares knock gnoat walls fing out of place, Occasionally pendulrm clocks stop. Unstable objects may be overturned or thifted, Open doors nd windows are thrast open and slam back again, igus ‘pilin small emount from wol-lled open container The ‘seostion of vibration Is like tht dae t heavy cbjct ling {aside the balling (Slight damages in buildings of type A are posse. (©) Sometines change in Bow of wpings, u Frightening (Bett by most indoors and outdoor. Many people ia Dulldings ae trightoned aad ran outdoors. A few perso lowe thei balance. Domestic animals ren out of their sal, In a few instances dishes and. glasevare may break, asl ook fll down. Heavy furniture may posslly tow and small steple bl nay ving. (©) Damage of grade 1s stained in sng bullinga of po 0d in many of type A. Damage in fw bllings of type A wot grade? ©) 18 few cee cracks up to widths of cm posi a ‘wet ground; in mountains occasional lanalipe; change ie flow of springs and in level of well water are obsrved, EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING ~Leone Modified Mercalll neanaity seal (cntined) Inleniy laesifation Deseipion ‘Demag bang (Mine pepl ae tghned and fun etter. Dany is . NESE, Stalin tao notin by er Ehime motor cae Large bel ie creer sor i een (© Tu many buildings of type C damage of grade is canoe; 12 many balbings of type B damage is of grade 2, Most Duis of type A ser damage of grad 3, few of grade 4 Ja ingle fatance landalip of rondway on steep lope ‘racks in suds; seams of pipelines damaged, cracks in stone i vat ‘Destruction of balding (a) Frignt and panic; alo persons driving motor cars are estat’ Here"and there branches of tees break. of (Even heavy farniture moves snd partly overturns. Haseing lamps are damaged in part. (Mont builings of type C naler damage of grade 2, and scot prade 3 Mone bulings of type B euler damage Gripe Sand mort buldings of type A sulle damage of SEESE atany buildings of type C stor damage of grade & ‘Eccaional beabng of pipe seam. Memorials and morsmeats ‘Move and twist, Tombrtones overturn, Stone walls collapas, (© Smat tandaps in bolows and on tanked rods on steep Mayen cracks ia ground. sp to width of several conte facts: Water in Iakes Bocomes turbid. New reservoirs Come {Btn existence Dry wel ell and existing wells become dry. Tn many cass change in Bow and vel of water ~ ‘General damage (a) Gover yon considerable damage to farnitre. Animal fo buldings fon to and fro ia confusion and ery. (Many baiting of type Cwller damage of grade afew ‘St grado Many bllingr of type B show damage of grade nfo of grade 6 Many balings of type A ster damage ‘trata 8 Monasaents and sole fall Considerable damage ‘So fecrvice; underground pages party broken I individesl ‘ur rllwey lines are bent and roadway damaged (On fat tnd overiow of water, and and mud is often Gacrved. Ground ‘rac widths of upto 10 cm: oo ‘open and fiver banks more than 10cm; furthermore sarge Somber of sight cracks in ground fall f tock, many lan fides aad earth flows; large waves ia wate. Dry wells renew {hele flow snd existing wells Sry 8. x (General destruction of (e) Many buildings of type C sater damage of grade 6, a Daidings {Sn of grade 5. Many buildings of type B show damage of igade Si: most of fype A have detractin of grade 8; cxtal ‘Emoge to Gam ata dylon and severe damage to bres SKalway lier aro. bent slighty. Underground pipes sre Tpokan or ben. Road paving aod asphalt show waves. (© Ta ground, crackin up € widths of several tens of cont {hetres, eometines up to 1 metre. Paralel to water ‘ouret oecur bros fares. Loose ground aides from steep Slopes From riverbanks and stoop cout, considerable land ‘ides are possible. In costal areas diaplacomentof sand and. id; change of water level in wols; water fom catals, Tikes, sera ee, thrown on land, Now les cet. x Destruction (e), Severe damage even to welll balling, ridges, dame (Sea Talay lines; highways become useless; undergrovod. ‘pipe destroyed, © Ground coniidenly dntored by broad cracks and {Sues at well au by movemeat in horizontal and verte ‘Seectons; merous landlips and falls of rock. The intensity ‘Of tn earthquake requites fo be lavestigated specially. a 10 Ica computationMoved Merclll intensity scale (coninsd) Tnensisy Claeifation Deeriion xu Landscspe (a). Practically all structure above and telow ground are changer (really damaged or estroge (©) The sarki of the ground Is radially changed. Con- ‘Sderabe ground” cracks with extensive verte) and horsonal movements are cberved, Fal of rock sad sm ‘ng of river bans over wide ares; akes ar dammed | watet- fall appear, and river ay deflactd. ‘The intensity of fo srhquaterequlzed tbe investigated special fhe column. Assuming the Mexural strength of concrete to be 415 Ii for po cracking of elon, the analy howe that 2 spectral acceleration of 0.28 or smaller abould have acto oa ‘he structure, The spectral analysis of Koyna actnergram ea Jndieates that for srotors of ths period, #he spectral acclers toni less than 0-28 g. Hence tis prctareeaped damage, Cirenarprmp:honsedownsream ofthe monolith f the Reyna dam = ‘Ths tructre, although made of random rabble mary, ‘towed no cracks and completely escaped damage. The weight ‘1 the circular wal e approximately 100,000 To and the rool ‘lah 31,00 Ib. The stractare more ot les behaves ae contin ‘peer, Asmuming no tension to oacar at the bate and equating com- presive sees duo to deadweight tothe bending trenas do fo lateral forces, the spectral scseration epproaimatnly worka cont to O-4dg, The stractare lo very iid and bas a natural {Eequancy of about a0 cles per sna. Hence the acual freee, ‘on the stractare would be mall end thereore, there we no damage, i Porch im fron of fad hosel im Koymanagar: ‘The porch coms of lightweight root i the form of threo titer taee ‘with asbestos shot covering, and rests cx six well dreeed stone ‘asonry plas 18 in square and 1¢ 9 in high In pa, the filectve span of uumsos i 18 ft 7m, and in the lngitedinal Aretion there are tro pale of 1 fe cach, ‘The total weight ofthe wot is approximatly 4300 I, and the settweight of each pillar 00015 The load pr pla appron ‘mately 6.190 Ib. The light oot ore negligible tstaiat to the ‘pf the column. Therefore, treating the calutn s are cant lever, the base moment i approntately equal to 0-8 CHE where Cis the celeration cooficiet, and is te ‘right of the structure and 1 its hight, and the st moda is ‘Sotmed to contibute about 66 per ent of total reponse, ‘Auseming the maximum tele strength of mortar to be $0 Toi, the covalent C works out tr 0:13. The ped of bration of the pl, atsuming it to bos cantevers and the velocity of Inwgtudical wave propagation as $000 tec. is 0:27 ae. The spectral acceleration for thi period corresponding to Koyna accleogram has a vas very touch lager thea 0-13 ‘The pls has eataned tie larger force by developing crcks certain Ieatons APPENDIX 8 ‘Moditied Marcalll earthquake Intensity scale ‘Several earthquake intensity sales have boon suggested during ‘he lst soveaty years, the tert one i the Eldest mood PARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Morea scale suggested by Wood and Neumana?. This scale has bea fewsten by various autor in more specie Inngeage defining. the types of structures (buildings), slasaeaion sf ‘damage to building, and other tema so that reports could te Interpreted without much ambiguity. The tyelvevnit modited Meal scale withthe explanatory camifltions, main def ‘dons, and revisions an described by Jel Keishont iy given it Tables ‘Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Mr K. L, Gadre, Adept Laboratories, Poona, Mr P. S. Gokhale, staff corres ppondent at Poona of the Indian Express and the Lok Satta, Mr B. S, Apte, Chief Engineer, Koyna hydro- electric project, and his officers, Mr S, Padmanabhan, District Magistrate, Satara, and his officers, Dr A. N. Tandon, Director (Seismology), India Meteorology Department, New Delhi, Mr C. V. Gole, Director, Central Water and Power Research Station, Khadak- ‘wasla, Poona, and his officers, Mr Ramachandra Rao, ‘Superintending Engineer, Building and Communicatione Departivent, Poona, and his offcers, and other officers of the Government of Maharashtra, for their active co-operation and assistance, in carrying out the damage survey ofthe region. The authors would also like to thank Mr M. R. Chopra, Vice-Chancellor, University of Roorkee, for his guidance and encouragement during the course of this investiga tion, and Mr P.N. Agrawal, Scientist, School of Research and Training in Barthquake Engineering, for some of the photographs and useful suggestions. (Gource1CJ January 1970, Vo 44, No.1, 9p. 6-16) a