Chapter 7 Part 2IT PDF

CHAPTER 7 : Part 2
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

Generates Professionals
Objectives
Describe various network topology
List the components, types, and protocols of
a local area network
Appreciate the complexity of networking
Describe some examples of networking
2
Network Topology
The physical layout of a

network
Node - each computer,
printer, or server on
network
Three common topologies
Star
Ring
Bus
3
Star Topology
Central (hub) computer
manages network
All messages routed
through hub
Helps prevent collisions
among messages
Connection failure between
hub and any node will not
affect overall system
If hub is down, the network
fails
4
Star Topology
A
Connection (hub node)
fail
Does not affect the overall B
system
A
B
Hub fail
Entire network fails
5
Ring Topology
Links all nodes in a
circular chain
Data messages travel
around ring in a single
direction
Each node checks message
to see whether that node is
the addressee
If not, message passed to
next node
No danger of data
collision
If one node fails, ring is
broken and network fails
6
Ring Topology
A
Data travel in one direction
A
No problem with data
collision
B
One of the nodes fail
Entire network fails B
7
Bus Topology
All nodes connected to
single line (bus)
Computers send
messages to other
computers on network
If messages collide with
other messages, sending
node resends message
Nodes can be
added/removed from
network without bus
affecting network
If a node fails, network
does not fail
8
Bus Topology
A
One of the nodes fail
Does not affect the overall system
9
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Networks can be classified by the geographical
area they cover
WAN can span the world or just link computers
across town
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
networks that cover a single city
Components
Communications services
WAN hardware
WAN software
10
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A possible networks connection LAN, WLAN and WAN

11
Local Area Network (LAN)
A collection of computers that share hardware, software,
and data
Typically personal computers and within an office or building
Does not use the telephone networks
LAN components
Network cable, Network interface card (NIC)
Bridge, Router, Gateway
Types of LANs
Client/Server
Peer-to-peer
12
LAN Components
Bridge allows connection of similar networks (those
using the same protocol)
Router directs communications traffic when several
networks connected together
If network traffic clogged, router can redirect traffic to another route
IP switch used in place of router when networks use the
Internet protocol
Less expensive and faster than routers
Gateway Lets a node communicate with a computer on
another dissimilar network
Primary function is converting protocol among networks
13
Client/Server LAN
Server computer controls network
Often has several hard drives, fastest printer
Client computer requests services from server
Thin client
a computer that has little or no disk storage ability
Send input and receive output only
Processing approaches
Client/server
File server
14
Client/Server Approach
Client requests data from server
Server passes only the requested data
Client may perform some processing, but most data
processed on server
15
File Server Approach
Client requests data from server

Server sends entire file
Client performs all data entry and processing
File retransmitted to server
16
Advantages of a Client/Server LAN
Centralized - Resources and data security are
controlled through the server.
Scalability - Any or all elements can be replaced
individually as needs increase.
Flexibility - New technology can be easily
integrated into system.
Interoperability - All components
(client/network/server) work together.
Accessibility - Server can be accessed remotely
and across multiple platforms.
17
Disadvantages of a Client/Server LAN
Expense - Requires initial investment in

dedicated server.
Maintenance - Large networks will require a
staff to ensure efficient operation.
Dependence - When server goes down,
operations will cease across the network
18
Peer-to-Peer LAN
Small network that shares hardware, data, or

information located on any other computer in
network
Each computer stores files on its own storage
devices
All computers on the network have equal status;
No one computer is in control.
There are no file servers
Easy to set up; example: home networks, small
offices with fewer PC
19
Peer-to-Peer LAN
Advantages of a peer-to-peer network:
Less initial expense - No need for a dedicated server.
Setup - An operating system (such as Windows XP)
already in place may only need to be reconfigured for
peer-to-peer operations.
Disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network:

Decentralized - No central repository for files and
applications.
Security - Does not provide the security available on a
client/server network
20
LAN Protocols
Networks must have a set of rules/protocol
used to access the network and send data
Two common protocols for LAN
Ethernet
Token Ring
21
Ethernet
Dominant network protocol
Uses either bus or star topology
Transmission method Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Node listens to see when the network is available
If two computers transmit at same time, collision occurs
Network detects the collision
Each computer waits random amount of time and
retransmits
22
Token Ring
Uses ring topology
Token (electrical signal) controls which node can
send messages
Transmission method Token Passing
Token circulates among nodes
A computer waits for an empty token, attaches message,
and transmits
Only one token, so only one device can access
network at a time
Larger networks allow for multiple tokens
23
LAN Technologies
Wi-Fi Wireless-fidelity
Wireless LAN
no running cable from room to
room
no tacking cable to the
Walls
no hiding cable under the carpet
no drilling
Use central server or access
point
24
LAN Technologies
What could you actually do with Wi-fi?
-share high speed Internet access, music and

video files, check e-mail, or simply share a printer
with others on home or work network.
Advantages
Fast (11 Mbps)
Reliable
Long range Wireless Access Point-a device

that "connects" wireless
Integrates with existing networks communication devices
together to create a wireless
network.
25
Network Address
Serves as a unique identifier for a computer on a network.
When set up correctly, computers can determine the
addresses of other computers on the network and use
these addresses to send messages to each other.
One of the best known form of network addressing is the
Internet Protocol (IP) address.
IPv4 addresses consist of four bytes (32 bits) that uniquely
identify all computers on the public Internet.
26
Network Address
Another popular form of network
address is the Media
Access Control (MAC) address.
MAC addresses are six bytes (48
bits) that manufacturers of
network adapters burn into their
products to uniquely identify them.
27
IP Address
Two versions of IP exist in
production use today.
Nearly all networks use IP
version 4 (IPv4), but an
increasing number of educational and
research networks have adopted the next
generation IP version 6 (IPv6).
IP address 199.95.72.10
first part last part identifies
identifies specific computer
network 28
IPv4 Address
IPv4 Addressing Notation
An IPv4 address consists of four bytes (32 bits).
These bytes are also known as octets.
For readability purposes, humans typically work with IP
addresses in a decimal notation that uses periods to
separate each octet.
For example, the IP address
00001010 00000000 00000000 00000001
usually appears in the equivalent dotted decimal
representation
10.0.0.1
29
IPv4 Address
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
00001010 10
00000000 0
00000000 0
00000001 1
30
IPv4 Address
Because each byte is 8 bits in length, each octet in an IP
address ranges in value from a minimum of 0 to a
maximum of 255
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11111111 255
31
IPv6 Address
Therefore, the full range of IPv4 addresses is from
0.0.0.0 through 255.255.255.255.
That represents a total of 4 billion possible IP
addresses
IPv6 Addressing Notation
IPv6 addresses are 16 bytes (128 bits) long rather than
IPv4 addresses four bytes (32 bits).
That represents more than 340 undecillion (340 x 1036)
possible addresses
32
IPv6 Address
IPv6 addresses are generally written in the following
form:
hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh
Pairs of IPv6 bytes are separated by a colon and each
byte in turns is represented as an equivalent pair of
hexadecimal numbers, like in the following example:
E3D7:0000:0000:0000:51F4:9BC8:C0A8:6420
If the address space of IPv4 is compared to a length of 1 milimeter, then

IPv6 is 80 times the diameter of the galactic system
33
How to Check IP Address of PC
Using Command Prompt Using Control Panel
34
Network Uses
Electronic mail (e-mail)
Facsimile (fax) technology
Groupware
Teleconferencing
Electronic data interchange
Electronic fund transfers
The Internet
35
Internet
Alternatively referred to as the net or web (World
Wide Web) that gives us access to more information,
entertainment and ways to communicate.
It is made up of millions of computers from all around
the world, linked to each other by a network of
telephone lines, cables and satellite connections.
It is also has thousands of services that help make life
more convenient.
For example, many financial institutions offer online
banking that enables a user to manage and view their
account online.
36
Internet
The Internet basics:
The Internet utilizes the TCP/IP protocol and is
accessed using a computer modem, broadband, 3G or
network that is connected through an ISP.
ISP (Internet Service Provider) is a company that
provides Internet access to users or subscribers of its
service. For example TM unifi (fiber optic) and Maxis
(cellular or mobile broadband)
The Internet is explored, which is more commonly
referred to as surfing, using a browser.
Finding information on the Internet is achieved by using
a search engine.
37
Internet
The Internet basics:
Users browse web pages by following hyperlinks.
Files, pictures, songs, and video can be shared
downloading (receiving) and uploading (sending).
The Internet is also used for communicating with others
through social networks, online games, forums,
chat, e-mails, IM and VoIP.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a technology that
allows you to make voice calls using a broadband Internet
connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line.
38
References
Text Book : Computers: Tools for an Information Age, 8th
Edition, H.L Capron, J.A Johnson
Florida Center for Instructional Technology

http://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap6/chap6.htm
WebTechGeek.com
www.webtechgeek.com/ How_to_Wi-Fi_Network.htm
http://compnetworking.about.com
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/internet.htm
39

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CHAPTER 7 : Part 2

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

The physical layout of a

A possible networks connection LAN, WLAN and WAN

Client requests data from server

Expense - Requires initial investment in

Small network that shares hardware, data, or

Disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network:

-share high speed Internet access, music and

Fast (11 Mbps)

Long range Wireless Access Point-a device

If the address space of IPv4 is compared to a length of 1 milimeter, then

Florida Center for Instructional Technology

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