ABSTRACT

Turbines: A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and
converts it into useful work. The work produced by a turbine can be used for generating
electrical power when combined with a generator or producing thrust as in the case of jet
engines. A turbine is a turbo machine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly,
which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they
move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Early turbine examples are windmills
and waterwheels.

Water in nature is a useful source of energy. It comes directly in mechanical form, without
the losses involved in heat engines and fuel cells, and no fuels are necessary. Solar heat
evaporates water, mostly from the oceans, where it is mixed into the lower atmosphere by
turbulence, and moved by the winds. Through meteorological processes, it falls on the earth
as precipitation, on the oceans, but also on high ground, where it makes its way downhill to
the sea, with evaporative and other losses. A cubic metre of water can give 9800 J of
mechanical energy for every metre it descends, and a flow of a cubic metre per second in a
fall of 1 m can provide 9800 W, or 13 hp. The efficiency of hydraulic machines can be made
close to 1, so that all this energy is available, and it can be converted to electrical energy with
an efficiency of over 95%. Thus for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy
Hydraulic Turbines are used.

Hydroelectric plants utilize the energy of water falling through a certain difference in levels
which may range from a few meters to 1500m or even 2000m. To handle such a wide range
of pressure heads, various turbines differing in design of their working is employed. Modern
hydraulic turbines are divided into two class- impulse and reaction. An impulse turbine is one
in which the driving energy is supplied by the water in kinetic form, and a reaction turbine is
one in which the driving energy is provided by the water partly in kinetic and partly in
pressure form.

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INTRODUCTION

Hydraulic Turbines are defined as the Prime Movers which transforms the energy of water
into mechanical energy of rotation and whose prime function is to drive a hydroelectric
generator. The turbine runner and the rotor of the generator are usually mounted on the same
shaft, and thus the entire assembly is frequently referred to as the turbo-generator.

Gas, steam and water turbines have a casing around the blades that contains and controls the
working fluid. Credit for invention of the steam turbine is given both to British engineer Sir
Charles Parsons (18541931) for invention of the reaction turbine, and to Swedish
engineer Gustaf De Laval (18451913) for invention of the impulse turbine. Modern steam
turbines frequently employ both reaction and impulse in the same unit, typically varying
the degree of reaction and impulse from the blade root to its periphery.

Almost all electric power on Earth is generated with a turbine of some type. Very high
efficiency steam turbines harness around 40% of the thermal energy, with the rest exhausted
as waste heat. Most jet engines rely on turbines to supply mechanical work from their
working fluid and fuel as do all nuclear ships and power plants. Turbines are often part of a
larger machine. Gas turbines for example, may refer to an internal combustion machine that
contains a turbine, ducts, compressor, combustor, heat-exchanger, fan and (in the case of one
designed to produce electricity) an alternator. Combustion turbines and steam turbines may
be connected to machinery such as pumps and compressors, or may be used for propulsion of
ships, usually through an intermediate gearbox to reduce rotary speed. Turbines can have
very high power density (i.e. the ratio of power to weight, or power to volume). This is
because of their ability to operate at very high speeds.

Classical turbine design methods were developed in the mid 19th century. Vector analysis
related the fluid flow with turbine shape and rotation. Graphical calculation methods were
used at first. Formulae for the basic dimensions of turbine parts are well documented and a
highly efficient machine can be reliably designed for any fluid flow condition Some of the
calculations are empirical or 'rule of thumb' formulae, and others are based on classical
mechanics.

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METHODOLOGY

Theory of Operation:-

Flowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on the blades.
Since the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance. In this way, energy is
transferred from the water flow to the turbine Water turbines are divided into two
groups; reaction turbines and impulse turbines. The precise shape of water turbine blades is a
function of the supply pressure of water, and the type of impeller selected.

Reaction turbines

Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the
turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or
suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow.

Newtons second law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines.

Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines and are used in low (<30 m or 100 ft) and
medium (30300 m or 1001,000 ft) head applications. In reaction turbine pressure drop
occurs in both fixed and moving blades. It is largely used in dam and large power plants

Impulse turbines

Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet pushes on the turbine's curved
blades which changes the direction of the flow. The resulting change in momentum causes a
force on the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a distance
(work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy. An impulse turbine is one
in which the pressure of the fluid flowing over the rotor blades is constant and all the work
output is due to the change in kinetic energy of the fluid.

Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure potential energy is converted to kinetic
energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine
blades, and the turbine doesn't require housing for operation. Newtons second law describes
the transfer of energy for impulse turbines. Impulse turbines are often used in very high
(>300m/1000 ft) head applications.

Efficiency

Large modern water turbines operate at mechanical efficiencies greater than 90%.

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Working of turbine

As soon as tap is opened water starts falling on the turbine.

Turbine starts rotating, its speed increases as increase in the falling pressure of the
water.

Due to the high rotation the electric blub starts lighting as the electricity is produced.

CONCLUSION
Electricity is thus produced by rotation of Turbine.

It rotates at high speed as the water falls from greater height and electricity is produced.

It helps to save the water and convert the energy into useful one.

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