Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Author
Csar Sebastin Silva Proao
University Supervisors
1 st Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gnter Ackermann
2 nd Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Rainer Grigat
External Supervisor
Dr.-Ing. Sven Krause
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Declaration
I hereby assert in lieu of oath that this master thesis has been compiled by me with only the
help of the auxiliary material listed in the text or in the bibliography.
Erklrung
Hiermit erklre ich an Eides statt, dass die vorliegende Masterarbeit von mir selbstndig und
nur unter Verwendung der aufgefhrten Hilfsmittel erstellt wurde.
1
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincerer gratitude to the life and God for having the opportunity
of waking up every day and fight for my dreams. Thanks God for all the received blessings
because without You none of this could be possible. I would like to thank my mom Alba
for working every day for her family, for being my strength in the most difficult moments
of my life and for sending to me all the blessings that I need in order to succeed in life. I
would also like to thank my dad Csar for being the incredible father and the best friend
that one can ask to the life. For being my support in the most difficult moments and for
staying with me always no matter what. Thanks to my brother Santiago for being an
example to follow and an unconditional friend in the hardest moments. Thanks also to the
TUHH, to Lubrisense, and especially to Dr.-Ing. Sven Krause and Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gnter
Ackermann for being excellent teachers and remarkable mentors in this project, and for
giving me the opportunity of exploring new environments of the engineering. Thanks to all
the staff of Lubrisense for all the help and support. This project could not have been
accomplished without all of you. Special thanks to my aunts: Elisita, Armidita, Berthita,
Fatimita, Charito, Amparito, Sofa, Elenita, and my uncles Gonzalito, Abraham, Paul,
Eduardo, Vicente, Hugo, Telmo for all the support in all this time that I have been away
from home. Special thanks to my grandpas Manuel and Olga for being an example of life,
and for all the blessings that I receive every day from them. I would like to express my
special thanks to my grandma Olguita who is watching me from the heaven now. Thanks
to my beloved cousins that have stayed with me during all this time. Thanks to my beloved
friends, David Torres, Juan Miguel, Andrs Surez, Andrs Ypez, Daro, Sebastin,
Nestor, Daniel, Lenin, and Diego for sharing with me the most wonderful friendship in
spite of the distance. Thanks Eliana, for all the wonderful moments that you shared with
me when I was away from home and for all the force that you gave me to continue my
studies with all my soul, wherever you are right now, thank you so much. Thanks to all the
people that believed on me, this work is dedicated to all of you with all my love.
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Abstract
The present thesis project applies the knowledge of electronics and computer science to
design and construct a mini metrology station using an Arduino as the main base element.
The Arduino is used therefore, as the base for the calculation and measurement of
temperature, humidity and dust particles in the environment. This project relates to the
process of creating a metrology station that is capable of measuring the mentioned values
and sending them into a MySQL database using the resources available on the Internet. The
success of this project is dependent on the monitoring and control of the desired data. For
this reason, one of the big ambitions of this project is to display the results in a WEB browser,
so that one can be capable of analyzing real data in real time for a certain location. However,
it is also desired to have a backup of these data and in order to do this in a remarkable an
efficient manner the database is connected to a Synology Station, so that a general backup of
the information is obtained. In conclusion, one of the objectives of the present project is
establishing a Metrology Station that can be affordable, economic and that can be used as an
example of replication by mechatronics students that are willing to deepen into the metrology
science. Another desired goal of this present thesis work is to launch this project as a pilot
prototype that can be developed as an idea of investigation and research. Various kinds of
measurements can be performed once the basis and the performance of this system is
established.
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Contents
Declaration ........................................................................................................................ 1
Erklrung........................................................................................................................... 1
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. 2
Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 3
Contents ............................................................................................................................ 4
List of Figures.................................................................................................................... 5
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... 9
List of Equations ............................................................................................................. 10
List of Attachments ......................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 2 Basics ..................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 3 System hardware .................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 4 System Software ..................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 5 System Case Design ............................................................................... 74
CHAPTER 6 Results and analysis ................................................................................ 78
CHAPTER 7 Conclusions and Recommendations ..................................................... 129
References ..................................................................................................................... 131
Attachments................................................................................................................... 137
4
List of Figures
5
Figure 31. Synology DS214 DiskStation that will be used in this project .......................... 53
Figure 32. Final result of the installation of the Synology station ...................................... 54
Figure 33. Arduino IDE Softwares Interface ................................................................... 56
Figure 34. Notepad ++ interface ..................................................................................... 57
Figure 35. Adobe Dreamweaver CC users interface......................................................... 58
Figure 36. Results tab where the php web pages are located ............................................ 59
Figure 37. Work environment of MySQL Workbench ..................................................... 61
Figure 38. Creation of a new user on MySQL Workbench ............................................... 62
Figure 39. Columns of the Table ...................................................................................... 62
Figure 40. Privileges of the User....................................................................................... 63
Figure 41. WampServer Running ..................................................................................... 64
Figure 42. Main Code Flow Chart .................................................................................... 67
Figure 43. Google Charts Application .............................................................................. 69
Figure 44. PHP Code Flow Chart .................................................................................... 70
Figure 45. Exporting the database from the computer ..................................................... 71
Figure 46. Importing the XML file into the Synology station ........................................... 71
Figure 47. Final Systems Flow Chart ............................................................................... 73
Figure 48. Final case for the system.................................................................................. 75
Figure 49. Case 1 st part..................................................................................................... 76
Figure 50. Case 2 nd part .................................................................................................... 77
Figure 51. Experiment performed for the smoke saturation of the device ........................ 79
Figure 52. Experiment in progress. .................................................................................. 79
Figure 53. Results of the smoke saturation, temperature, humidity and average particles
index ................................................................................................................................ 80
Figure 54. Results of the smoke saturation, temperature, humidity, number of particles,
mass of particles and volume of particles ......................................................................... 81
Figure 55. Repeatability experiment in a bedroom in Hambrug Germany ........................ 84
Figure 56. Repeatability experiment in a kitchen in Hamburg Germany ........................... 85
Figure 57. Repeatability experiment in a bedroom in Hamburg Germany, temperature and
humidity (measured and reference), and particles index.................................................... 86
Figure 58. Repeatability experiment in a kitchen in Hamburg Germany, temperature and
humidity (measured and reference), and particles index.................................................... 87
Figure 59. Dust Value vs. Volume for the cigarette experiment........................................ 90
Figure 60. Activity G, nine candles turned on .................................................................. 92
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Figure 61. Apartment where the measurements were taken .............................................. 92
Figure 62. Dimensions Drawing of the room where the bedrooms indoors measurements
and the outdoors measurements were taken..................................................................... 93
Figure 63. Description of the circuit used in the indoors measurements in a bedroom in
Hamburg, Germany ......................................................................................................... 94
Figure 64. List of activities, temperature, humidity (measured and reference) and particles
index for the indoors measurements on June 10th in a bedroom in Hamburg, Germany... 95
Figure 65. Measured temperature vs. reference temperature ............................................. 97
Figure 66. Measured humidity vs. reference humidity....................................................... 97
Figure 67. The kitchen where the measurements were taken .......................................... 100
Figure 68. Dimensions drawing of the kitchen where the indoors measurements were taken
...................................................................................................................................... 100
Figure 69. Description of the circuit used in the indoors measurements in a kitchen in
Hamburg, Germany ....................................................................................................... 101
Figure 70. List of activities, temperature, Humidity (measured and reference) and particles
index for the indoors measurements on June 12th in a kitchen in Hamburg, Germany ... 102
Figure 71. Setup configuration of the device for the indoors measurements in the TUHH
...................................................................................................................................... 104
Figure 72. Location of the TUHH in Hamburg, Germany where the indoors measurements
were taken...................................................................................................................... 104
Figure 73. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the indoors measurements on
June 28 th at the TUHH in Hamburg, Germany .............................................................. 105
Figure 74. Setup configuration of the device for the indoors measurements in Bendestorf,
Germany ........................................................................................................................ 106
Figure 75. Location of the place in Bestedorf, Germany where the indoors measurements
were taken. ..................................................................................................................... 107
Figure 76. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the indoors measurements on
June 29 th in Bendestorf, Germany from 07:47 to 07:55................................................... 108
Figure 77. Measured dust vs. reference dust for the 1.0 m particles .............................. 109
Figure 78. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the indoors measurements on
June 29 th in Bendestorf, Germany from 15:52 to 16:03................................................... 110
Figure 79. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the indoors measurements on
June 29 th in Bendestorf, Germany from 17:59 to 18:08................................................... 111
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Figure 80. Housing used for the dust sensor and the temperature and humidity sensor for
the outdoors measurements in Hamburg, Germany ....................................................... 115
Figure 81. Operation of the housing for the outdoors measurements in Hamburg,
Germany ........................................................................................................................ 115
Figure 82. Description of the circuit used in the outdoors measurements in Hamburg,
Germany ........................................................................................................................ 116
Figure 83. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the outdoors measurements on
May 11th in Hamburg, Germany ..................................................................................... 117
Figure 84. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the outdoors measurements on
June 02 nd in Hamburg, Germany .................................................................................... 120
Figure 85. Setup configuration of the device for the outdoors measurements in Bendestorf,
Germany ........................................................................................................................ 122
Figure 86. Location of the place in Bestedorf, Germany where the outdoors measurements
were taken. ..................................................................................................................... 122
Figure 87. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the outdoors measurements on
June 28 th in Bendestorf, Germany .................................................................................. 124
Figure 88. Location of the place in Quito, Ecuador where the measurements were taken.
...................................................................................................................................... 126
Figure 89. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the outdoors measurements on
March 24 th in Quito, Ecuador ........................................................................................ 127
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List of Tables
9
List of Equations
10
List of Attachments
11
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 Motivation
Electronics is a field that nowadays has become inexpensive and simple, being this the biggest
motivation for this thesis project. The Arduino, the dust sensor, and the temperature and
humidity sensor are simple and inexpensive, and the combination of these elements gives as
a result a metrology station that can be used for many purposes. The Internet, which is also
inexpensive and simple to use and is the base for the real-time presentation of the results.
Therefore, it is cheap and simple to obtain a network with hundreds of sensors that can cover
a specific area. The most important aspect is that this idea can be easily replicated for
academic purposes, research, or into a company that is dedicated to this area.
Furthermore, it is a well-known fact that there are harmful substances in the form of dust in
the environment, but the available dust data lacks an appropriate time and spatial resolution.
So far until now, a simple manner to measure the dust concentration has not been
established. In addition, some information about dust concentration of PM 1.0, 2.5 and 10
is available, but not published. In the case of Germany, the limits for fine dust are broken
every year. In particular, Stuttgart failed to accomplish the limited values of dust levels in
March 2017. Consequently, a better control of the dust levels must be developed, and a better
solution than a high-cost optical particle sizer is required. This can be done using a cheap
dust sensor and an Arduino microcontroller available in the market.
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Figure 1. Metrology station for agriculture purposes
Source: (Watershed Organisation Trust, 2017)
As it can be seen from the Figure 1, the metrology station has as purpose acquiring and
analyzing data and perform some action, in this case the communication of the results and
technical advices to farmers.
The Arduino microcontroller is a system that was developed in 2005 in order to create a
more economical option for accessing to a microcontroller. A wide variety of projects have
been developed with the use of this device, and thanks to its best particularity that it is open
source, many people can access to it, and to the necessary background that one requires in
order to start programming it.
In conclusion, this project launches an idea of a metrology station that remains simple and
cheap and that can be replicated for many purposes with different variety of sensors in
distinct areas and in different countries. The Arduino microcontroller will be used as the base
of this device, combined with all the open source software that is available on the Internet.
This project encourages the realization of similar ideas that can exploit two of the four fields
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of a mechatronics student, the computer science and the electronics. Finally, characteristics
to be hold during the development of this device are simplicity, cost-effectiveness, durability
and replicability.
Once the data are available, they should be presented graphically into a WEB page. Finally,
all the collected data are to be stored in a physical drive like a Synology Server.
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CHAPTER 2
Basics
2.1 Temperature
The temperature is a measurement that establishes how cold or hot is a body. The typical
measurement instrument that is used in order to quantify the temperature is the
thermometer. Different scales and units are used to measure the temperature, and the most
common are: Celsius (which is denoted by C, also called centigrade), Fahrenheit (which is
denoted by F), and for science purposes the most used is Kelvin (which is denoted by K).
Nevertheless, the C will be used in this thesis project as the main unit of temperature.
(Buchdahl, 1966)
2.2 Humidity
Humidity is defined as the quantity of water vapor present in the air. The water vapor, on
the other hand, is the gaseous state of water, which is not visible. The humidity value indicates
the probability of precipitation, fog or dew. There are three important measurements of
humidity: the absolute humidity, the relative humidity and the specific humidity. (Perry &
Green, 2007)
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2.2.2 Relative humidity
The relative humidity of an air-water mixture is the ratio of the partial pressure of water
vapor divided to the equilibrium vapor pressure. The partial pressure, on the other hand, is
defined as the hypothetical pressure of a gas as if it occupies the total volume of the original
mixture of gases at the same temperature. This concept also defines the total pressure of an
ideal gas mixture as the sum of all the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture.
The equilibrium vapor pressure is the pressure made by a certain vapor in thermodynamic
equilibrium with its respective condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature. It
can also be defined as the measurement of the evaporation rate of the liquid. Normally, the
relative humidity is expressed as a percentage, the higher this is, it means that the mixture of
air water is more humid. It can also be defined as the ratio of the actual amount of water
vapor present in a volume of air divided to the amount that could be present considering
that the air has been saturated at the same temperature. (Perry & Green, 2007)
PH 2O
RH
P* H 2 O
Eq. 2. Relative humidity
Also called moisture content, it is defined as the ratio of water vapor mass mv divided by the
mv
SH
ma
Eq. 3. Specific humidity
16
2.2.4 Wet-bulb temperature
The wet-bulb temperature is defined as the temperature of a mass of air when it is cooled to
saturation, in other words, when it reaches the 100% of relative humidity due to the
evaporation of water into it. This evaporation is the result of the latent heat supply by the
mass of air, so the total enthalpy remains constant. Once the air is cooled to its saturation
point, the condensation takes place, and this condensation occurs in the form of clouds.
Precipitation occurs as well. (University UtahState, 2017)
It is defined as the temperature of the air measured with a thermometer isolated from
radiation and moisture. It is the true thermodynamic temperature that shows the quantity of
heat in the air and it is directly proportional to the mean kinetic energy of the air molecules.
Contrary to the wet-bulb temperature, the dry-bulb temperature does not indicate the
quantity of moisture in the air. (University UtahState, 2017)
A psychometric chart is a tool that represents the information about the temperature (dry
bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature) and humidity (absolute humidity and relative
17
humidity) for a given location. These charts can be used to establish human thermal comfort,
the design strategies for air conditioning, and the energy requirements for those strategies.
The psychometric chart can also be defined as the graphical representation of airs
psychometric processes, which include thermodynamic and physical properties such as the
wet bulb temperature, the dry bulb temperature, humidity, air density and enthalpy.
(Autodesk, 2017)
The next Figure 2 presents an example of a psychometric chart evaluated at the sea level
(barometric pressure of 101.325 kPa). Here the interaction between six variables is seen: Dry
bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, enthalpy at saturation, specific
volume and humidity ratio.
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2.3.2 Relative Humidity Table
Empirical correlations between temperature and humidity have been established. Here the
relative humidity table is presented to exemplify this relationship. This is shown in the next
Table 1. To use this table the following four steps must be taken into consideration:
The result of this subtraction should be placed in the top of the chart.
The value on the table corresponding to the difference between wet- and dry-bulb
temperature indicates the value of the expected relative humidity.
19
2.3.3 Rule of thumb
A rule of thumb indicates that the relative humidity doubles with a decrease of 11.11C (20
F) or it is reduced to the half with an increase of 11.11C (20 F) in temperature. In simple
words, one can establish a relationship between the temperature and the humidity declaring
that when the temperature increases the relative humidity decreases and vice versa.
(University UtahState, 2017)
According to Parhta das Sharma, dust is defined as any particular matter, or as any airborne
finely divided solid or liquid material with a diameter smaller than 100 micrometers. Air
pollution is the consequence of the presence of a high concentration of dust, contamination
and smokes. Smoke and dust are the two principal components of particulate matter. Car
emissions, dust, pollen, chemical from factories and mold spores can be suspended as
particles. (PARTHA DAS SHARMA, 2017)
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2.4.2 Air pollution and dust prime sources
The principal sources of air pollution and consequently of dust are those processes or
activities that release a great amount of pollutants in the atmosphere, and these pollutants
are mainly: (PARTHA DAS SHARMA, 2017):
Smoke that goes out of many industries like chemical plants, power plants, motor
vehicles and other manufacturing facilities.
The dust generated by cement plants, mining industries, stone crushing industries,
etc.
Toxic and noxious fumes and gasses that are generated by military activities, and
explosives blasting in mines.
Mineral dusts: They are those that contain crystalline silica, for example quartz,
cement dusts and coal.
Organic and vegetable dusts: wood, flour, tea dusts, cotton and pollens.
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2.5 Relationship between dust, temperature and humidity
In this part, an analysis of the dust measurement compared with the temperature and
humidity measurement is presented. For this purpose, the low ratio of particles in (%) is
compared with the values of temperature and humidity taken on the same date. The low ratio
of particles is obtained using a simple Arduino circuit connected to a dust sensor DSM501a
and for the temperature and humidity values a Netatmo is used, which is a metrology station
installed and operating in the Lubrisense facilities.
The Netatmo is presented in the following Figure 3. It is basically a silver cylinder that
provides the weather results.
The Arduino and the dust sensor are explained extensively in the chapter 3, and they can be
observed in the following figures: Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 9.
Two scenarios are analyzed, the first one is with the measurements performed indoors, for
which the data of noise, pressure and CO2 are registered. The second one is presenting the
measurements performed outdoors, in which the low ratio, temperature and humidity are
registered. It is presented in the next Figure 4 the mentioned measurements performed
indoors.
22
Temperature, Humidity & Noise vs. Time (Indoors)
60
55
Temp C, Hum %, Noise dB
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 1:00
Temp C Hum % Noise dB Time
1000
Pressure mb, CO2 ppm
900
800
700
600
500
9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 1:00
Pressure mb CO2 ppm Time
0.6
Low Ratio (Outdoors) %
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 1:00
Time
Low Ratio (%) Outdoors 1.0 Low Ratio (%) Outdoors 2.5
23
The next Figure 5 presents the measurements performed outdoors, the red lines represent
the analysis points of the following discussion.
24 95
90
22
85
Temperature C
Humidity %
20 80
18 75
16 70
65
14
60
12 55
10 50
11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00
Time
Temp C Hum %
5
Low Ratio (Outdoors) %
0
11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00
Time
Low Ratio (%) Outdoors 1.0 Low Ratio (%) Outdoors 2.5
24
concentration of particles and consequently in the content of CO2 can be done if
a good ventilation is provided.
From the Figure 5 one can observe two important relationships, the relationship
between low ratio of particles vs. temperature and the low ratio of particles vs.
relative humidity. One can see that the temperature is inverse to the low ratio. The
reason why this happens is because a lower temperature means that the air is denser
and the settle of dust particles is greater, this is observed in this graph and this effect
is also discussed experimentally in the paper Effects of air temperature and
humidity on particle deposition (Yunlong, Yongmei, & Fuping, 2011).
Two kinds of particles in this experiment are observed the PM2.5 (particles with an
aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 m) and PM1.0 (particles with an aerodynamic
diameter of 1.0 m). The first ones (PM2.5) usually contain earth crusts materials
and fugitive dust from roads and industries while the second ones (PM1.0) contain
the secondarily formed aerosols, combustion particles and recondensed organic
metal vapors. (World Health Organization WHO, 2000)
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CHAPTER 3
System hardware
26
A comparison between the two Arduinos is made in the next Table 2:
As one can see from the previous table the main difference between the two boards is the
memory of each one. For this project, due to the great number of libraries that will be used
and the various string variables, which occupy a great quantity of memory from the
microcontroller, the Arduino ATMEGA 2560 will be used for the purposes of this thesis. It
is important that for this thesis the original Arduino microcontroller is used, otherwise some
problems will occur.
27
Figure 8. Arduino WiFi shield
Source: (Arduino, 2017)
28
Additionally, in this part a schematic graph with the most important dimensions of the dust
sensor is added. This is established in the next Figure 10.
Detector
The interaction of these parts is presented in the following block diagram in the Figure 11.
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Figure 11. Block diagram that explains the performance of the DSM501a
Source: (SAMYOUNG S & C, 2017)
The pin array of the DSM501a is presented in the following Figure 12, here one can see the
pin distribution that is discussed in the Table 3.
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Figure 12. Pin configuration of the DSM501a sensor
Pin 1 (Control): The use of this pin is for tuning the sensitivity of the Vout 1,
referred to the pin 4. Adding a resistor in this pin the size of the particles of the pin
4 (Vout 1) can be controlled from 1 m to 2.5 m.
Pin 2 (Vout 2): It is defined as the standard output port. The sensitivity of this pin
is preset at factory. This pin is capable of detecting particles over 1 m.
Pin 3 (VCC): This pin is connected to the positive power supply of 5 DC volts.
Pin 4 (Vout 1): This pin can be adjusted in order to detect the desired size of
particles. The sensitivity of this pin is 2.5 times the sensitivity of the pin 2.
Therefore, the standard minimum size that can be detected when this pin is used is
2.5 m. As it was mentioned before adding a resistor in the pin 1, the control pin,
one is capable of controlling the size of the particles from 1 to 2.5 m.
Pin 5 (Ground): The connection of this pin is to the ground of the system.
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3.3.4 Information provided by the dust sensor DSM501a
The DSM501a sensor provides four types of information: the low ratio, the concentration
of particles which is measured in [mg/m3], the particles index which is measured in [pcs/283
ml], and the number of particles or pieces [pcs]. In this section, each of these measurements
is analyzed, and the respective formulations used for the programming part are established.
The Chapter 4 describes the programming part.
The low ratio is defined as the low pulse occupancy during a certain period, but for purposes
of this sensor a measuring time of 30 seconds will be taken into consideration. Generally, the
low pulse width is between 10ms to 90ms. The following illustration presented in the next
Figure 13 details the description of the concept of low ratio.
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3.3.4.2 Low ratio vs. concentration of particles [mg/m3]
Once the low ratio is calculated it is possible to determine the concentration of particles
using the spec sheet of the DSM501a sensor. This graph is shown in the next Figure 14. The
upper curve is the upper limit output characteristics and the lower curve is the lower limit.
Considering that:
x Concentration mg m3 or g m3
y LowRatio %
The following Equations 5-10 are obtained, analyzing the data from the previous graph:
33
y 10; y 8.0 x 3.6; x 0.125 y 0.45 mg / m3 ; x 125 y 450 g / m3
Eq. 6. Concentration of particles, upper curve, for low ratio >10
y 8; y 10 x; x 0.1y mg / m3 ; x 100 y g / m3
Eq. 7. Concentration of particles, average curve, for low ratio < 8
34
3.3.4.3 Low ratio vs. index of particles [pcs/283ml]
The third type of information provided by the sensor spec sheet is the graphic of the low
ratio vs. index of particles in [pcs/283ml]. This information is described in the next Figure
15.
Considering that:
y LowRatio %
The following Equations 11-15 are obtained, analyzing the data from Figure 15:
35
y 25; y 0.0004 x 20; x 2500 y 50000 pcs 283ml
x 8833.922 y 176678.445 pcs l
Eq. 12. Index of particles, upper curve, for low ratio >25
36
Figure 16. Low ratio vs. number of particles [pcs]
Source: (SAMYOUNG S&C Co., Ltd., 2017)
Considering that:
x NumberOfParticles or pcs
y LowRatio %
The following Equations 16-18 are obtained, analyzing the data from the previous graph:
Eq. 16. Number of particles [pcs], upper curve, for all low ratio values
Eq. 17. Number of particles [pcs], upper curve, for all low ratio values
y; UpperCurve LowerCurve / 2
y; x x 500 y 800 y 500 / 2
y; 2 x 1300 y 500 / 2
y; x 650 y 250 pcs
Eq. 18. Number of particles [pcs], calculated average curve, for all low ratio values
37
3.3.4.5 Calculation of Mass of Particles and Volume of Particles
The mass and the volume of particles are determined using the results from the DSM501a
dust sensor. The mass is determined according to the following Equation 19.
NumberOfParticles pcs
Volume m3
IndexOfParticles pcs / m
3
The DSM501a Samyoung sensor is used as a portable monitor for measuring particulate
matter mass concentrations. Nevertheless, this system has not been evaluated with a standard
calibration protocol, and the data quality is not documented. There can be the possibi lity of
evaluating this sensor with the calibration methods adapted from the US EPA 2013 Air
Sensor Workshop recommendations using a SidePak as the reference sensor. This has been
done in the paper Laboratory Evaluation and Calibration of Three Low-Cost Particle
Sensors for Particulate Matter Measurement from Wang, Li, Jing and other authors. Two
performance aspects can be evaluated in order to establish the calibration of the dust sensor:
Linearity of response and precision of measurement. This chapter also discusses the
calibration options for a low-cost sensor given by the 2013 Air Sensors Workshop. (Wang,
et al., 2015)
38
3.3.5.1 Definitions
The following concepts are defined in order to have a better understanding of the calibration
process of the DSM501a sensor.
Particulate matter (PM): Is a parameter used in order to determine air quality, human
health and global climate. The inhalation and deposition properties of particles in the
human respiratory system is related to the size of PM. The PM concentration can be
quantified as PM10, PM2.5 and PM1, according to the mass concentrations of particles
below the aerodynamic sizes of 10 m, 2.5 m and 1 m respectively. (Wang, et al.,
2015)
Particle sensors detection methods: In general, there are so many methods used for
detecting and measuring particle size or size distribution, but the most important are
the following four: Light blocking (obscuration), light scattering, Coulter principle and
direct imaging. (NIOSH, 2017)
Light scattering method: This method is capable of detecting small size particles. The
technique consists on the amount of light that is redirected by a particle passing
through a detection area of the particle counter. The redirection of the light is called
light scattering. A typical application of this method can be found in the monitoring
of ultrapure water in semiconductor fabrication facilities. (Wikipedia, 2017)
39
Figure 17. Dynamic light scattering principle
Source: (LS Instruments, 2017)
Light scattering PM sensors: The light scattering PM sensors are the ones which are
typically composed of an infrared emitting diode (IRED), focusing lenses and a
phototransistor (PT). When the particles pass through the sensor, they scatter light and
this intensity of the light received by the phototransistor is directly correlated with the
concentration of particles. Compared to the sensors that use single particle counting
techniques, light scattering PM sensors measure the optical properties of particles as
an ensemble, and this is the feature that reduces in a great manner the cost and the size
of the sensors, but at the same time, this feature limits their measurement accuracy.
(Wang, et al., 2015)
40
Figure 18. Low-cost light scattering PM sensors
Source: (Wang, et al., 2015)
As reference instruments for the low-cost particles sensor calibration a SidePak Personal
Aerosol Monitor AM510 (TSI Inc.) presented in the Figure 19 can be used. The SidePak is
a rugged, lightweight, belt mounted laser photometer of approximately 16 ounces. It
measures real time concentrations (mg/m3) with a high accuracy. A higher accuracy can be
obtained with the SidePak if a longer sample is analyzed. (Wang, et al., 2015)
41
Figure 19. SidePak AM510
Source: (Pacific Data Systems Pty Ltd, 2012)
42
Figure 20. Schematic diagram of the chamber for particle measurement and particle mass
concentrations measured from the four sides of the chamber
Source: (Wang, et al., 2015)
43
Precision of measurements: The precision of the sensor is represented by its accuracy
and repeatability of its measurement. The accuracy means how close are the measured
results from the real value, while repeatability means the dispersion of the measured
values from a same input value. The curves generated in the linearity of response
calibration experiment are used to evaluate the sensor accuracy. Therefore, the
accuracies of the sensor with less linearity become lower and the accuracy of the
DSM501a sensor becomes dependent on the accuracy of the SidePak. The repeatability
of the sensor is evaluated by the variation of sensor outputs at similar particle
concentrations. (Wang, et al., 2015)
44
the sensor to a known effect (resistance, conductance, etc.) (Williams, Watkins, &
Long, 2017)
Option 3. Use of collocated data from more recognized monitors to normalize the
response (Federal Reference Monitors/Federal equivalency Monitors or research
grade): A wide variety of pollutant measures are often collected by State and Federal
air quality monitoring platforms. Particulate matter and the criteria gases (CO, NO2,
O3, SO2) are included in this monitoring. If one cannot use any of the two techniques
described before, a third option is converting the raw data (non-calibrated data) into
data of more acceptable quality. Data from State and Federal air quality systems can
be obtained and then used to normalize the output of a lower cost sensor. This
approach allows lower-cost sensor developers to avoid reconfiguration of hardware or
software to accept a direct chemical challenge or circuitry to mimic some pre-set
response criteria. The simplest mathematical model that can be applied in this third
option would be a linear relationship. The resulting equation is the principal mean in
order to establish the degree of agreement between the results of the sensor that will
be calibrated and the Federal Reference Monitors. (Williams, Watkins, & Long, 2017)
Figure 21. SainSmart® IIC/I2C/TWI serial 2004 20x4 LCD module shield
Source: (Amazon.de, 2017)
45
One advantage of this type of LCD is that it has four connection pins as shown in the next
Figure 22.
These connection pins are: GND, VCC, SDA and SCL, these 2 last ones go connected to
the Arduino SDA and SCL pins respectively.
46
Figure 23. I2C RTC DS1307 AT24C32 Real Time Clock Module
Basically, there are four pins in this module: SCL, SDA, VCC and GND. The SCL and SDA
pins are connected respectively to the SCL and SDA pins of the Arduino board.
47
Figure 25. Principal dimensions of the DHT22 digital humidity & temperature sensor
Source: (Aosong Electronics Co.,Ltd, 2017)
The DHT22 sensor has four pins. The connection of these pins to the main board is shown
in the next Figure 26. The DATA pin is connected to one of the digital pins of the Arduino.
The third pin does not have a function and will not be used.
3.7 Protoboard
A breadboard of 400 connection points is used. It is the simplest and the smallest available
protoboard that one can get. Another reason for using this protoboard is for matter of space
because the final device that will be designed has a compact style. Its illustration is shown in
the next Figure 27.
48
Figure 27. Protoboard that will be used in this project
Source: (Amazon.de, 2017)
49
Figure 29. Power bank for energy supply
Source: (Amazon.de, 2017)
50
Figure 30. Circuit Diagram of the Metrology System
51
It is important to point out that in order to use the switch button a resistance as it is shown
in the previous illustration is used. What is desired to achieve is to send a signal to the digital
pin 8 of the Arduino to give the order to the program to turn off and turn on the backlight.
The 5 volts signal supply given by the same Arduino is used, but it is not recommended to
send this amount of voltage to the digital pins, therefore, it is recommended to use a resistor.
No matter the resistance as long as the voltage is reduced. In the next Table 4 one can see a
brief explanation of the pins of the Arduino mainboard that will be used.
52
3.12 Synology station
The Synology station is a hard disk backup that can be configured in order to be accessible
by a great number of users that are connected to the Synology network. It is a centralized
backup that operates with its own operating system that is based on Linux. Many programs
can be installed in this operating system in order to have a better manage of the back up files.
In this section, it is explained how the Synology station should be installed. At the beginning
when one purchases the station one has to assemble the hard drive into the case and
afterwards connect it in to the modem. The Synology DiskStation that will be used is shown
in the next Figure 31.
Figure 31. Synology DS214 DiskStation that will be used in this project
Source: (Amazon.de, 2017)
The final result can be observed in the Figure 32 where one can find the Synology station,
the modem and the connecting cables. It is important to mention that the Synology station
is not connected to the computer because the DSL cable connects the Synology to the
modem, and the computer, on the other hand, is connected to the internet provided by the
modem. That is the manner how the connection between the computer and the Synology
station is established.
53
Figure 32. Final result of the installation of the Synology station
The installation of the software, the running up and the execution of the Synology system
will be discussed in the Chapter 4. For now, it was important to establish the installation of
the hardware and the respective connections that should be made.
54
CHAPTER 4
System Software
55
Figure 33. Arduino IDE Softwares Interface
Depending on the operating system of the computer one will need to download this program
in the following available versions: for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.
In order to develop the code for the PHP web page any of these two programs can be used:
Notepad++ or Adobe Dreamweaver CC. Notepad ++ is a writings interface that is used to
develop programming code. 2
The default notepad that comes for windows can also be used, but the Notepad++ gives
more benefits at the moment of start coding. It specifies the segments of the code and it lay
out each section with different colors making the program more understandable for the user,
options that one does not have with the classical notepad. An example of the interface of
this program is shown in the next Figure 34.
56
Figure 34. Notepad ++ interface
There is another option that one could take into consideration and it is the use of Adobe
Dreamweaver CC which is a paid platform from Adobe designed specifically to develop web
pages. One can use the trial version of the program which is the one that is provided at the
moment that the program is downloaded and it lasts for one month. For the present thesis,
Notepad++ will be used for developing the PHP web interface and additionally as an extra
work, a complete HTML web page used as an introduction and review of the project will be
designed. This extra part will be elaborated in Adobe Dreamweaver CC. The next Figure 35
shows the users interface of the Adobe Dreamweaver CC and the principal features of the
work environment. One can see in this image a preview of the web page that it is going to
be designed. On the upper part, it is presented the Design View where one can see the result
so far and in the lower part it is the main code that updates every time a change is performed
in the web page. A secondary tab into the same web page called Results will be created as
it can be seen in the Figure 36 where the PHP web pages of the measurements will be placed.
The other tabs just present a general idea of the project and some background information.
57
Figure 35. Adobe Dreamweaver CC users interface
58
Figure 36. Results tab where the php web pages are located
All the hardware that is going to be implemented use libraries that one can download from
the Internet, and in most of the cases these libraries are contained in the page GifHub. Here
the necessary libraries to run the program and the hardware to which they are attached are
enumerated.
Library <WiFi.h>: This library is used with the Arduino WIFI shield and it allows
the Arduino to connect to the internet, in contrast to the Ethernet shield, in which
the connection is not wirelessly. This library supports WPA2 and WEP Personal
encryption, but not WPA2 Enterprise. (Arduino, 2017)
59
established between the database and the Arduino giving as input data the server
address (the IPV4 address of the computer), the number of the connection port (in
most of the cases is 3306) and the password of the database (defined by the user).
Library <MySQL_Cursor.h>: The MySQL Cursor is also one of the libraries of the
MySQL Connector to Arduino and its use is for executing the desired query from
the Arduino in order to present some changes in the database.
Library <avr/wdt.h>: This is the WatchDog library of Arduino that comes in the
same IDE and for this case it is used to establish a reset operation in the case the
program suffers from a lockup
Library <DHT.h>: This library is used for the DHT22 temperature and humidity
sensor. Basically, this library reads the digital input of the signal given by the pin
number 2 of the DHT22 and translates this signal into temperature and humidity
measurements, which are the final value that will be sent to the database.
Library <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>: This library is a special one for the use of the
IIC/I2C/TWI LCD screen. It gives the communication to translate a desired
message to the screen, and it is specially created for this kind of LCD.
Library <SD.h>: This library allows to write and read data from the SD cards and
it does not matter the kind of the SD module that is used, having several options,
among them: the SD module that comes in the WiFi and Ethernet shields, the
singular SD card modules for Arduino.
Library <SPI.h>: This library is used most of the time used with the SD.h library.
In order to establish the connection between the Arduino and the SD module the
SPI bus is needed, and this connection takes place in the mentioned digital pins of
the Arduino.
60
4.1.4 Installing MySQL Workbench
MySQL Workbench is the one of the two software that is going to be used for managing the
databases. It is free and the principal reason of its use it is because the MySQL Arduino
connector works with it. Therefore, no data from the sensors will be submitted to the
database if MySQL Workbench is not installed on the PC. 3
For this project, a new user called dsm501a_project will be created with the password
12345. This is done in Server + Users and Privileges, as shown in the Figure 38.
61
Figure 38. Creation of a new user on MySQL Workbench
A database called dsm501a is now created. Additionally, a table with the name
results1.hamburg.germany.indoors.24.02.to.22.05.17 referring to the dust, temperature
and humidity measurements from Hamburg in Harburg taken indoors is also created. This
table should have the following columns as shown in the Figure 39.
62
Now it is time to go again to Users and Privileges and in Schema Privileges the database that
was recently created is selected, and the option all the privileges is added as shown in the
next Figure 40.
The database and the user that will be used on the Arduino code have been successfully
created. The second program that will be used for editing and managing databases is
PhpMyAdmin which comes with the WampServer software, but this will be explained in the
following section.
63
WampServer is a Windows web development environment that allows to create web
applications with Apache2, PHP and MySQL databases. It also contains PhpMyAdmin
which allows to manage in an easy form the databases. (WampServer, 2017) 4
Once it is downloaded it should be installed it and the WampServer should be run in the PC.
On the processes tab of the lower side from the desktop one can see the following shown in
the Figure 41.
The symbol of WampServer can be either green (all processes running) or brown (processes
partially running), these both states are good for the purposes of this thesis.
64
4.2.1 Requisites of the program
The requisites that must be fulfilled by the program are:
4. The program must read the dust indexes of the environment: low ratio, concentration
of particles, index of particles and number of particles.
7. At the same time that the data is transmitted to the MySQL database, the data must
also be saved in a SD card.
8. A minimum possible number of Strings variables must be used for saving space.
10. Error messages must be displayed in the Serial Monitor and in the LCD when
something wrong occurs.
11. The program must have the information of the respective connections of the
hardware for assembling the system.
12. The data saved on the SD card must also have the date and the time at which they
were obtained.
13. The program must consider the pin connection described in the Figure 30,
concerning to the main circuit of the system.
65
4.2.2 Programs code flow chart
A flow chart of the code is presented representing the vast number of code lines that resulted
from the programming part. It is important to indicate the most important aspects of this
flow chart. One can see this chart in the next Figure 42. At the beginning the necessary
variables for the operation of the code are declared. Afterwards, a welcome message is
printed out on the LCD. If the SD card is available, and if there is connection to the WIFI,
a message is printed. In case the SD card or the WIFI connection are not available this
process repeats constantly until the problem is solved. Afterwards, the beginning of t he loop
is established, the WatchDog timer is enabled in case a lockup occurs, and the sensors are
activated. Then, the low ratio, the concentration, the particles index and the number of
particles are calculated, and once the process of measurement finishes the values are printed
on the LCD and on the serial monitor. Then, the system connects to the MySQL database,
and a query is executed in order to storage the data. Here there is a decision, if there is
connection to the database or not. In case there is a correct connection a message is printed
on the LCD, and in case there is not, a message is printed as well, the data is not saved and
the program continues to the next step that analyze if there has been a lockup or not. In case
there is a lockup the program restarts from the setup, and in case there is not, the loop repeats
again.
66
START
Declare Variables for: Low Ratio, Concentration, Particles Index and Number of Particles
for Vout1 and Vout2, For MySQL database connection, For temperature and humidity
measurement, WIFI connection, WatchDog Timer, Liquid Crystal, SD, For DS1307, For
ON/OFF Buttom
Print Welcome
message on the LCD
NO
YES
Print on LCD: SD
Initialization successful
NO
Is the WIFI
connected?
YES
YES
Enable WatchDog
(WatchDog running!, Resetting!)
Calculation of Low Ratio: 30
Determine the date and
seconds of Low Pulse for PM1
hour with the RTC DS1307 Determine the Temperature and PM2.5
and Humidity
Calculate AVG
Concentration
Connect to database
inputQueryTable1
Is there
connection with NO Print Connect Failed!
database?
YES
Is there a Lock
Up?
67
4.3 Design of the PHP web page that displays the results
online
In this part, the setting up of the PHP web page that will display the results of the
measurements online will be described. First of all, the structure of the code is displayed, so
that it will be easier to identify the requirements needed to develop such a code.
3. Part 3: Creation of the tables extracting the JSON format of each table
From the previous point it is not clear how to establish the graphs in the code. The answer
to this problem is given using the tool Google Charts. The first part consists on extracting
the JSON format of the table and once this is obtained, this format can be used inside the
code to generate the graph using the Google Charts function. Google Chart tools are simple
and powerful, and they are free. They have a rich gallery of graph formats and data tools that
can be used. The code is given, one just has to adapt the required necessities in order to
obtain the desired results. In the next Figure 43 one can appreciate a brief look of the google
charts application and the variety of options that there are in order to create and customize
a graph from a table.
68
Figure 43. Google Charts Application
Source: (Google, 2017)
For this purpose, it is presented in the Figure 44 the flow chart of this code and in this point
brief explanation of how this code works is given. The first step is to establish the variables
that contain the name of the database, the database username and the database password,
this is for accessing to the MySQL database. Second, the code enters into the database and
extract the necessary tables for making the graphs, and at the final the json_encode format
of the final table must be obtained. Third, this process is repeated until all the necessary
tables for constructing the graphs are collected. Fourth, the title of the PHP web page and
all the relevant project information that will appear in the headline of the web site are printed.
Fifth, the coding process of the HTML part begins, and for this purpose the program loads
the desired google chart graph for each table, and finally the properties of each graph like the
title, the curve type, the legend and its location, the text style and the alignment of the h and
v axis are defined. Sixth, the title of each graph is printed. Finally, the program execut es the
google charts and posts them into the PHP web page.
69
START
NO
END
Figure 46. Importing the XML file into the Synology station
71
4.5 Main systems flow chart
At this point what has been discussed in the points 4.2.2 (concerning to the Arduino main
code flow chart), 4.3.3 (concerning to the PHP code flow chart) and 4.4 (concerning to the
storage in the cloud of the Synology station) are combined in order to design and present a
final flow chart that covers all the systems operation. This diagram is described in the
following Figure 47, and here there is a brief explanation of this final flow chart.
First the program starts invoking the Arduino Main Code in order to extract the data of
temperature, humidity, low ratio, concentration, particle index and number of particles. Once
these data are available and saved in the MySQL database two actions take place. The first
one is the process made by the PHP code in order to generate the desired graphs and the
second one is made by the user in order to export the database from the main computer
using phpMyAdmin as a XML file and then importing it into the Synology station using again
the phpMyAdmin but from the Synology.
Once this is completed if there are more data that entered into the MySQL database the
process repeats again or in case this does not occur the process ends here.
72
START
Main Arduino
Code
NO
END
73
CHAPTER 5
System Case Design
It must have a certain geometry that allows the correct flow of the air inside of it.
The geometry must be as simple as possible in order for the case to be printable.
It must remain as a solid surface without any kind of holes avoiding the water to go
in.
It is not necessary to have a USB connection with the Arduino; the power supply
is only given by the battery or power bank that must remain inside of the case.
It must have a T form where the air can go in by one of the T entrances and go out
by the other entrance.
The sensors specially the DSM501a (dust sensor) and the DHT22 (temperature and
humidity sensor) must be installed in the upper position of these T entrances.
The final case must consist on two parts that are assembled into each other, one
part should contain the Arduino, the WIFI shield, the protoboard and the battery,
74
and the other part should contain the dust sensor, the temperature and humidity
sensor and the RTC DS1307 real time clock.
The geometry of the case must accomplish the standard dimensions that are
printable in a normal 3D printer available in the market: 220 x 270 x 175 mm.
As it was mentioned before the final case consists on two assembled elements, the first one
contains the Arduino, the protoboard, the WIFI shield and the power bank. This element is
shown in the following Figure 49.
75
Figure 49. Case 1 st part
The second part as it was already mentioned contains the sensors and the RTC DS1307 real
clock, its geometry has a form of a T and the air can easily flow inside of this passing throw
the sensors and making possible the measurements. This element is shown in the next Figure
50.
76
Figure 50. Case 2 nd part
77
CHAPTER 6
Results and analysis
6.1 Introduction
In this chapter of the thesis the results of the measurements taken with the device are
presented. This section presents the dust and temperature measurements performed in
certain periods of time. The main objective is to discuss the behavior of the data presented
in the graphs. Four types of experiments were carried out: A smoke saturation experiment,
a repeatability experiment, indoors measurements and outdoors measurements. The
saturation experiment consisted on the measuring of the device using candles and a ventilator
inside a closed box, and the repeatability experiment consisted on the use of an electronic
cigarette in certain periods during one hour. In the indoors measurements four experiments
were carried out in Germany. In the outdoors measurements three experiments were carried
out in Hamburg, Germany and one experiment in Quito, Ecuador.
78
Figure 51. Experiment performed for the smoke saturation of the device
The Netatmo can be used in order to obtain reference measurements of temperature and
humidity, in addition to the ones given by the DHT22 sensor. Three candles and a ventilator
in order to generate a homogeneous mixture of the air and the smoke are used. The box has
the following dimensions: 45 x 55 x 25 cm. The goal of the experiment is collect the dust
measurements of the smoke generated by the candles in a steady state performance. The box
should be closed for the experiment and how it operates it is shown in the next Figure 52.
The results of this experiment can be found in the Attachment 2 and Attachment 3. Here
the graphical results are presented, and this can be seen in the following Figure 53. As it was
discussed in the chapter 2, the number of particles can also be calculated and with this value
the mass and the volume of particles can be obtained, these results are shown in the Figure
54.
79
Temperature & Humidity vs. Date
37.0 90.0
36.5 85.0
80.0
36.0
75.0
35.5
70.0
35.0
65.0
34.5
60.0
Temp C
Hum %
34.0 55.0
33.5 50.0
33.0 45.0
40.0
32.5
35.0
32.0
30.0
31.5
25.0
31.0
20.0
30.5 15.0
30.0 10.0
TEMP (M) C TEMP (REF) C HUM (M) % HUM (REF) %
1.1E+08
1.0E+08
9.0E+07
8.0E+07
Part. Index pcs/m3
7.0E+07
6.0E+07
5.0E+07
4.0E+07
3.0E+07
2.0E+07
1.0E+07
0.0E+00
18:00
18:30
19:00
19:30
20:00
Time
Figure 53. Results of the smoke saturation, temperature, humidity and average particles
index
80
Temperature & Humidity vs. Date
37.0 90.0
36.0 80.0
C
70.0
Hum %
35.0
Temp
60.0
34.0
50.0
33.0
40.0
32.0
30.0
31.0 20.0
30.0 10.0
TEMP (M) C TEMP (REF) C HUM (M) % HUM (REF) %
25000.0
20000.0
15000.0
10000.0
5000.0
0.0
# Particles 1.0 # Particles 2.5
1.0E-06
8.0E-07
6.0E-07
4.0E-07
2.0E-07
0.0E+00
MASS Particles 1.0 MASS Particles 2.5
Figure 54. Results of the smoke saturation, temperature, humidity, number of particles,
mass of particles and volume of particles
81
6.2.1 Results discussion
As it can be observed in the Figure 53 and Figure 54, it has been established steady state
operating conditions for the experiment. The values do not fluctuate in a great way and they
remain stable. An average low ratio of 30% was obtained for the 1.0 m particles and an
average of 10% was obtained for the 2.5 m particles. The average index of particles for the
whole period was 8.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles and 3.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 2.5
m particles. The temperature oscillated from 34 to 36 C for the measured and reference
value. The measured humidity has an average of 30% and the reference humidity an average
of 40%. The number of 1.0 m particles was approximately 20000 and the number of 2.5
m particles was 9000. The average mass of 1.0 m particles was 1.0E-06 kg and for the 2.5
m particles was 4.0E-07 kg. A better calculation of the average values is done in the
following section.
The average values and the standard deviation of them have been calculated and they are
exposed in the following Table 6.
Table 6. Average values and standard deviation for the smoke saturation experiment
82
Now a standard reference of calibration can be declared using the standard deviation
calculated in this experiment. Therefore, for example, it can be said that the low ratio of the
device of this thesis project has an accuracy of 1.03% for 2.5 m particles and 2.13%
for the 1.0 m particles.
Table 7. Mass table considering a fixed volume of particles for the smoke saturation
experiment
Source (for the densities): (RF Cafe, 2017)
83
6.3 Repeatability Experiment
In this experiment, the main objective is to expose the device to a certain pattern of
measurement that repeats over a random interval of time. These data are registered and a
calculation of the average value and the standard deviation is performed. In this case, the
pattern of repeatability is made exposing the device to the smoke of an electronic cigarette.
The Netatmo is used for reference measurements of temperature and humidity, and this
experiment is also performed in two rooms, in a bedroom and in a kitchen. Finally, a
relationship between the dust measurement and the volume of the room is made. The setup
of the experiment is shown in the Figure 55 and Figure 56. In the Attachment 5 and in the
Attachment 6, one can find the table of the peak repeatability points of this experiment for
the bedroom and for the kitchen.
84
Figure 56. Repeatability experiment in a kitchen in Hamburg Germany
85
Temperature & Humidity vs. Date
24.5 60.0
55.0
50.0
24.0
45.0
40.0
23.5
Temp C
35.0
Hum %
30.0
25.0
23.0
20.0
15.0
22.5
10.0
5.0
22.0 0.0
TEMP (M) C TEMP (REF) C HUM (M) % HUM (REF) %
2.5E+07
2.0E+07
Part. Index pcs/m3
1.5E+07
1.0E+07
5.0E+06
0.0E+00
22:00
23:30
22:30
23:00
0:30
0:00
1:00
Time
86
Temperature & Humidity vs. Date
24.5 65.0
60.0
55.0
24.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
23.5
Temp C
Hum %
35.0
30.0
23.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
22.5
10.0
5.0
22.0 0.0
TEMP (M) C TEMP (REF) C HUM (M) % HUM (REF) %
3.0E+07
2.5E+07
2.0E+07
Part. Index pcs/m3
1.5E+07
1.0E+07
5.0E+06
0.0E+00
19:00
19:30
20:00
21:30
22:00
20:30
21:00
Time
87
6.3.1 Results discussion
For the measurements in the bedroom and average particles index for the 1.0 m particles is
2.5E+07 pcs/m3, and 1.2E+07 pcs/m3 for the 2.5 m particles. For the kitchen, an average
particles index of 2.7E+07 pcs/m3 is reached for the 1.0 m particles and 1.3E+07 pcs/m3
for the 2.5 m particles. It can be seen as well that the reference and measurement values for
the temperature and humidity have the same tendency, nevertheless, the values are separated.
The calculation of the average values and the standard deviation of the results is shown in
the Table 8 for the case of the bedroom, and in the Table 9 for the case of the kitchen.
Table 8. Average values and standard deviation of the repeatability experiment performed
in the bedroom
88
Particles 2.5 um Particles 1.0 um
Average Value 5.97 12.42
Low Ratio %
Standard Deviation 0.45 0.47
AVG. Concentration Average Value 0.60 1.46
[mg/m3 ] Standard Deviation 0.04 0.07
AVG. Concentration Average Value 597.28 1462.55
[ug/m3 ] Standard Deviation 44.69 70.53
AVG Particles x 10E02 Average Value 37.33 77.65
[pcs/283ml] Standard Deviation 2.79 2.94
Average Value 1.32E+07 2.74E+07
AVG Particles [pcs/m3 ]
Standard Deviation 9.87E+05 1.04E+06
Average Value 4132.32 8325.10
# Particles [pcs]
Standard Deviation 290.47 305.80
Table 9. Average values and standard deviation of the repeatability experiment performed
in the kitchen
6.3.3 Relationship between the dust value and the volume of the
room
The relationship between the volume of the room and the dust measurement value is given
by the following Equation 21:
89
In the following Figure 59, one can see the plots of dust values vs. the volume of the room
for the 1.0 and 2.5 m particles, and the extracted dust values of this graph can be found on
the Table 10.
2.5E+07 2.4E+07
y = -366651x + 4E+07
Index of Particles pcs/m3
2.0E+07
1.5E+07
1.32E+07
1.04E+07
1.0E+07
y = -278626x + 2E+07
5.0E+06
0.0E+00
25.00 27.00 29.00 31.00 33.00 35.00 37.00 39.00
Volume m3
Particles 1.0 Particles 2.5
Lineal (Particles 1.0) Lineal (Particles 2.5)
Figure 59. Dust Value vs. Volume for the cigarette experiment
Dust Values
Volume
1.0 2.5
Bedroom 37.52 2.4E+07 1.04E+07
Kitchen 27.65 2.7E+07 1.32E+07
Table 10. Dust Values vs. Volume of the room for 1.0 and 2,5 m particles
90
6.4 Indoors measurements
The indoors measurements were carried out in Hamburg, Germany in four different rooms.
The first two measurements took place on June 10 th and June 12 th, in Hamburg, Germany,
in a bedroom and in a kitchen respectively. The purpose of these measurements is to try all
the capabilities of the metrology station with different activities that are normally done in
these types of rooms. The third type of measurements were performed at the TUHH and
the fourth type of measurements were carried out in Bendestorf, Germany.
There were several activities that were carried out during the measurement process of the
metrology station and these activities are listed in the following Table 11. An illustration of
the activity G is presented in the following Figure 60.
Table 11. Activities carried out in the bedroom during the measurements
91
Figure 60. Activity G, nine candles turned on
An image of the bedroom where the measurements were carried out is shown in the Figure
61. The dimensions drawing of this bedroom with its total area and volume is shown in the
Figure 62.
92
Figure 62. Dimensions Drawing of the room where the bedrooms indoors measurements
and the outdoors measurements were taken
The circuit that was used for carrying out this experiment is shown in the following Figure
63, here one can appreciate 7 elements that are used for the experiment. These elements are
indicated in the following Table 12.
93
Figure 63. Description of the circuit used in the indoors measurements in a bedroom in
Hamburg, Germany
Element Description
1 Netatmo
2 Dust Sensor DSM501a
3 IIC/I2C/TWI LCD
4 Energy Supplier Cable
5 Arduino Mega 2560 + WIFI Shield
6 Protoboard
7 I2C RTC DS1307
8 DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
Table 12. Elements used in the circuit for taking the measurements in the bedroom
The results are presented in the following Figure 64, there one can find the list of activities
listed in the Table 11, the temperature and humidity measured with the DHT22 sensor, the
temperature and humidity of reference measured by the Netatmo, the low ratio, the
concentration of particles and the index of particles.
94
Figure 64. List of activities, temperature, humidity (measured and reference) and particles
index for the indoors measurements on June 10 th in a bedroom in Hamburg, Germany
95
6.4.1.1 Results discussion
Analyzing the previous Figure 64, one can notice that there are five periods in which a
maximum measurement of dust is reached, and these are approximately: At 00:30, at 05:00,
at 11:00, from 15:00 to 16:00, at 18:00, at 18:15, and from 20:30 to 23:00. The first maximum
point reaches an average particles index of 2.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles and it is
due to the fact that at 00:24 someone smoked a cigarette. The second maximum reaches in
the same manner a maximum particles index of 2.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles and
it is again because at 05:01 there was the smoking cigarette activity. From 11:00 to 13:00 a
maximum range is reached with a peak particles index of 6.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m
particles, and this is due to the fact that nine candles where turned on from 10:53 to 14:54.
From 15:00 to 16:00 an average peak particles index of 1.0E+08 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m
particles is reached, and this is because from 14:58 to 16:02 the nine candles were turned on
with a ventilator that directed the flow of the smoke towards the DSM501a sensor. The peak
points reached at 18:00 and 18:15 have an average particles index of 2.5E+07 pcs/m3 and
are due to activities L and M of smoking an electronic cigarette with a ventilator. From 20:30
to 23:00 a maximum average particles index of 1.0 m particles of 9.0E+07 pc/m3 is reached
and this is due to the activity P of 2 candles with the ventilator. It can be seen that the device
is very sensible to the fire and to the smoke. The measured and reference temperature, and
the humidity nearly match, but from 14:00 to 16:00 one can observe a range of the measured
temperature that exceeds the limits and this is could be because of the heat emitted by the
nine candles turned on that were near from the DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor.
96
Temp (Measured) VS. Temp (Reference)
40.0
35.0
Temperature (Measured) C
y = 2.3241x - 31.966
R = 0.7883
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
22 22.5 23 23.5 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27
Temperature (Reference) C
55.0
50.0
Humidity (Measured) %
45.0
40.0
y = 1.7338x - 55.604
R = 0.5742
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70
Humidity (Reference) %
Reference
Slope % Certainty % Error
Slope
Temperature 45 66.719 67.45 32.55
Humidity 45 60.025 74.97 25.03
Table 13. Percentage of certainty and error between the measured and reference
temperature and humidity values
One can determine from these calculations that the humidity values given by the sensor
DHT22 have a better certainty than the temperature values.
98
ID From: To: Activity
A 00:00 09:15 Sleeping, windows closed, no people in the room
B 09:15 11:00 Cooking, people in the room
C 10:18 12:51 3 candles
D 11:00 14:58 Windows opened
E 12:51 13:30 Cooking, people in the room
F 14:16 17:07 2 candles + ventilator
G 14:58 00:00 Windows closed
H 16:23 18:35 Heater on
I 17:08 17:12 Cleaning the kitchen, sweeping the floor
J 17:12 18:35 Only the ventilator
K 17:54 17:59 Electronic cigarette
L 18:35 20:31 1 candle
M 20:31 22:04 1 candle + ventilator
N 22:04 00:00 Normal operation, no people in the room
Table 14. Activities carried out in the kitchen during the measurements
99
Figure 67. The kitchen where the measurements were taken
Figure 68. Dimensions drawing of the kitchen where the indoors measurements were taken
100
Figure 69. Description of the circuit used in the indoors measurements in a kitchen in
Hamburg, Germany
Element Description
1 Dust Sensor DSM501a
2 IIC/I2C/TWI LCD
3 Protoboard
4 Arduino Mega 2560 + WIFI Shield
5 DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
6 I2C RTC DS1307
7 USB power distributor
8 Energy Supplier Cable
9 Netatmo
Table 15. Elements used in the circuit for taking the measurements in the kitchen
101
Figure 70. List of activities, temperature, Humidity (measured and reference) and particles
index for the indoors measurements on June 12 th in a kitchen in Hamburg, Germany
102
6.4.2.1 Results discussion
Looking back at the Figure 70 it can be seen that there exist two periods in which a peak
range is reached: From 11:00 to 12:30 and from 14:00 to 17:00. The first one is due to the
activity C of three candles turned on and activity E of cooking and people in the room. In
this period can also be seen how the relative humidity increases because of the vapor as a
result of the cooking process. An average particles index of 4.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m
particles is reached. The second peak range is due to the activity F, two candles with the
ventilator which lasts from 14:16 to 17:07. Here a maximum average concentration of
4.5E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles is reached, with a maximum peak point of
approximately 7.5E+07 pcs/m3. With these measurements, one can confirm that in fact the
device detects the smoke of the fire. From 18:30 to 22:00 an average index of particles of
1.0E+07 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles is reached and this is because in this period the
activities L and M took place which involved one candle turned on. In normal conditions as
for example from 00:00 to 10:00 it can be said that an average index of particles of 0.5E+07
pcs/m3 is reached.
103
Figure 71. Setup configuration of the device for the indoors measurements in the TUHH
Figure 72. Location of the TUHH in Hamburg, Germany where the indoors measurements
were taken
104
Temperature & Humidity vs. Date
36.0 44.0
34.0
42.0
32.0
40.0
30.0
Hum %
Temp C
38.0
28.0
36.0
26.0
34.0
24.0
32.0
22.0
20.0 30.0
1.00E+07
9.00E+06
8.00E+06
7.00E+06
Particles Index pcs/m3
6.00E+06
5.00E+06
4.00E+06
3.00E+06
2.00E+06
1.00E+06
0.00E+00
10:48
10:52
10:56
11:13
11:18
11:00
11:05
11:09
11:22
11:26
Time
Figure 73. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the indoors measurements on
June 28 th at the TUHH in Hamburg, Germany
105
6.4.3.1 Results discussion
The DSM501a measurements and the TSI measurements have a peak value at 11:05, and the
DSM501a measurements have also a peak value at 11:02. The average particles index of the
1.0 and 2.5 m particles with the DSM501a is approximately 0.5E+06 pcs/m3, and this value
is also shared by the 2.5 m particles in the TSI device. The 1.0 m particles in the TSI have
an average particles index of 1.0E+06 pcs/m3 and the maximum peak value reaches 9.5E+06
pcs/m3. The two peak values of the 1.0 m particles in the DSM501a have an average value
of 3.2E+06 pcs/m3. The measurements of the 2.5 m particles for both devices are similar.
Figure 74. Setup configuration of the device for the indoors measurements in Bendestorf,
Germany
106
Figure 75. Location of the place in Bestedorf, Germany where the indoors measurements
were taken.
107
Temperature & Humidity vs. Date
22.5 68.0
22.0 63.0
21.5
58.0
21.0
53.0
Hum %
Temp C
20.5
48.0
20.0
43.0
19.5
38.0
19.0
18.5 33.0
18.0 28.0
3.00E+06
2.50E+06
Particles Index pcs/m3
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
7:46
7:47
7:49
7:51
7:53
7:55
7:56
7:48
7:50
7:52
7:54
Time
Figure 76. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the indoors measurements on
June 29 th in Bendestorf, Germany from 07:47 to 07:55
108
Taking into consideration these results, one can plot the particles index measured by the
DSM501a vs. the particles index measured with TSI, used as reference. The lineal relationship
of this plot can give a percentage of certainty and a calibration parameter of the DSM501a
values. This plot is shown in the following Figure 77. The calculation of the certainty of the
DSM501a measurements is shown in the Table 13.
2.50E+06
Particles Index (Measured) pcs/m3
y = 3.979x - 2E+06
2.00E+06
R = 0.2709
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
8.00E+05
9.00E+05
1.05E+06
7.00E+05
7.50E+05
8.50E+05
9.50E+05
1.00E+06
1.10E+06
Particles Index (Reference) pcs/m3
Figure 77. Measured dust vs. reference dust for the 1.0 m particles
Reference
Slope % Certainty % Error
Slope
Temperature 45 75.8926 59.29 40.71
Table 16. Percentage of certainty and error between the measured and reference particles
index values
109
6.4.4.2 From 15:52 to 16:03 (Period B)
In this section, the results for the period from 15:52 to 16:03 are displayed. This is done in
the following Figure 78.
28.0 50.0
49.8
27.5
49.6
27.0
Hum %
Temp C
49.4
26.5
49.2
26.0
49.0
25.5
48.8
25.0 48.6
24.5 48.4
3.00E+06
2.50E+06
Particles Index pcs/m3
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
15:51
15:54
15:55
15:58
15:59
16:02
16:03
16:05
15:52
15:53
15:56
15:57
16:00
16:01
16:04
Time
Figure 78. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the indoors measurements on
June 29 th in Bendestorf, Germany from 15:52 to 16:03
110
6.4.4.3 From 17:59 to 18:08 (Period C)
In this section, the results for the period from 17:59 to 18:08 are displayed in the following
Figure 79. Here one can see the temperature, humidity and particles index values.
28.0 51.8
27.5
51.6
27.0
51.4
26.5
Hum %
Temp C
51.2
26.0
51.0
25.5
50.8
25.0
50.6
24.5
24.0 50.4
23.5 50.2
4.00E+06
3.50E+06
Particles Index pcs/m3
3.00E+06
2.50E+06
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
17:58
17:59
18:00
18:01
18:02
18:03
18:04
18:05
18:06
18:07
18:08
Time
Figure 79. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the indoors measurements on
June 29 th in Bendestorf, Germany from 17:59 to 18:08
111
6.4.4.4 Results discussion
For the period A, the measurements of the DSM501a have a great matching with the
measurements of the TSI. The average particles index for the 1.0 m particles is 9.0E+05
pcs/m3 and for the 2.5 m particles is 4.0E+05 pcs/m3 for both the DSM501a and the TSI.
Because of this, a correlation plot can be performed between the DSM501a measurements
and the TSI measurements. For the period B, the dust values between the DSM501a and the
TSI have a great separation. The TSI measurements do not register peak values and the
DSM501a register a maximum peak value at 15:59 of 2.5E+06 pcs/m 3 for the 1.0 and 2.5
m particles. For the period C, the DSM501a and the TSI measurements are also greatly
separated, especially in the measurements of the 2.5 m particles. The DSM501a
measurements present several peaks. The average particles index of the DSM501a for the 1.0
m and 2.5 m particles is 2.0E+06 pcs/m3. For the TSI device the average particles index
for the 1.0 m particles is 1.5E+06 pcs/m3 and 5E+05 pcs/m3 for the 2.5 m particles.
112
Type of Pollen Month of Analysis
German English JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT
Erle Alder
Hasel Hazel
Ulme Elm
Weide Pasture
Pappel Poplar
Ahorn Maple
Eibe Yew
Birke Birch
Eiche Oak
Esche Ash Tree
Hainbuche Hornbeam
Raps Rape
Esche Ash Tree
Flieder Lilac
Platane Plane
Rotbuche European beech
Spitzwegerich Plantain
Ampfer Sorrel
Lwenzahn Dandelion
Fichte Spruce
Walnuss Walnut
Hopfen Hop
Akazie Acacia
Rosskastanie Buckeye
Weizen Wheat
Grser Grasses
Kiefer Pine
Holunder Elder
Hafer Oats
Roggen Rye
Tanne Fir
Gerste Barley
Linde Lime
Gnsefuss Goosefoot
Beifuss Mugwort
Goldrute Goldenrod
Brennessel Nettle
Mais Corn
Nessel Nettle
Ambrosia Ambrosia
Pollen Color Scale Legend
Possible occurrence
Before / After Heyday
Main Heyday
113
6.5.1 Outdoors Measurements in Harburg, Hamburg Germany on
May 11th, 2017
First of all, the wind direction table is given for this particular date in Harburg, Hamburg,
Germany. This is given in the following Table 18. In order to achieve the outdoors
measurements, the dust sensor and the temperature and humidity sensor were collocated
into a housing that protects them from water and from the superficial contact with a heated
surface. This housing is indicated in the Figure 80. The manner how this housing was settled
is presented in the Figure 81. The elements of the housing are described in the Table 19. The
circuit diagram used for the outdoors measurements is presented in the Figure 82 and the
list of elements of this circuit is presented in the Table 20. The results are presented in the
Figure 83, there the temperature and humidity values and the particles index are presented.
City Hamburg
Country Germany
Date 11.05.2017
Hour Bearing Speed mph
0:00 E 3.6 - 7.5
1:00 SW -
2:00 SE -
3:00 E -
4:00 E -
5:00 SE 3.6 - 7.5
6:00 SE 3.6 - 7.5
7:00 SE 3.6 - 7.5
8:00 SE 3.6 - 7.5
9:00 SE 7.6 - 12.2
10:00 E 7.6 - 12.2
11:00 SE 7.6 - 12.2
* VRB: Cannot be determined
114
Figure 80. Housing used for the dust sensor and the temperature and humidity sensor for
the outdoors measurements in Hamburg, Germany
Element Description
1 DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
2 Dust Sensor DSM501a
Figure 81. Operation of the housing for the outdoors measurements in Hamburg,
Germany
115
Figure 82. Description of the circuit used in the outdoors measurements in Hamburg,
Germany
Element Description
1 IIC/I2C/TWI LCD
2 Protoboard
3 Arduino Mega 2560 + WIFI Shield
4 I2C RTC DS1307
5 Sensors Housing
Table 20. Elements used in the circuit for taking the outdoors measurements
116
Temperature & Humidity vs. Date
14.0 110.0
13.0
90.0
12.0
11.0 70.0
Temp C
10.0
Hum %
50.0
9.0
8.0 30.0
7.0
10.0
6.0
5.0 -10.0
TEMP C HUM %
1.6E+07
1.4E+07
1.2E+07
Particles Index pcs/m3
1.0E+07
8.0E+06
6.0E+06
4.0E+06
2.0E+06
0.0E+00
10:00
11:00
0:00
2:00
3:00
5:00
7:00
9:00
1:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
Time
AVG Particles 2.5 AVG Particles 1.0
Figure 83. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the outdoors measurements on
May 11 th in Hamburg, Germany
117
6.5.1.1 Results discussion
According to the results at 02:00, 06:30 and 09:15 there are peak points in the dust
measurements. Looking at the Table 18, one can see that at 02:00 there is a change in the
wind direction, from 05:00 to 09:00 the wind direction remains constant, and the velocity as
well, but at 10:00 there is also a change in the wind direction. In the peak point at 09:15 the
humidity drops and the temperature rises. The average particles index in the whole
measurements is approximately 8.0E+06 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles. From 03:00 to
06:00 it is obtained the lowest particles index of the whole measurements, which is
approximately 6.0E+06 pcs/m3 for the 1.0 m particles. One can see on the Table 18 that at
this time there is not a significant change in the wind direction and the velocity of the wind
is the lowest in this period. After the measurements on June 02 nd are analyzed one can draw
conclusions about the pollen and its participation in the measurements.
118
City Hamburg
Country Germany
Date 02.06.2017
Hour Bearing Speed mph
0:00 NE 3.6 - 7.5
1:00 NW 0.7 - 3.5
2:00 N 0.7 - 3.5
3:00 N 0.7 - 3.5
4:00 W -
5:00 W -
6:00 NW 0.7 - 3.5
7:00 NW 0.7 - 3.5
8:00 NW 3.6 - 7.5
9:00 N 3.6 - 7.5
10:00 NE 3.6 - 7.5
11:00 E 3.6 - 7.5
12:00 S 3.6 - 7.5
13:00 N 3.6 - 7.5
14:00 N 3.6 - 7.5
15:00 NE 3.6 - 7.5
16:00 W 3.6 - 7.5
17:00 NW 3.6 - 7.5
18:00 W 7.6 - 12.2
19:00 W 3.6 - 7.5
20:00 S -
21:00 SW -
22:00 NW -
23:00 VRB -
* VRB: Cannot be determined
119
Temperature & Humidity vs. Date
45.0 65.0
60.0
40.0
55.0
35.0 50.0
45.0
30.0
40.0
Temp C
25.0
Hum %
35.0
30.0
20.0
25.0
15.0
20.0
10.0 15.0
10.0
5.0
5.0
0.0 0.0
TEMP C HUM %
2.4E+07
2.2E+07
2.0E+07
1.8E+07
Particles Index pcs/m3
1.6E+07
1.4E+07
1.2E+07
1.0E+07
8.0E+06
6.0E+06
4.0E+06
2.0E+06
0.0E+00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
0:00
2:00
6:00
8:00
0:00
4:00
Time
Figure 84. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the outdoors measurements on
June 02 nd in Hamburg, Germany
120
6.5.2.1 Results discussion
As it can be seen from the results, it exists three periods very well marked in the dust
measurements. From 00:00 to 12:00, from 12:00 to 19:00 and from 19:00 to 23:59. From
00:00 to 12:00 the average concentration of particles for the 1.0 m particles is 5.0E+06
pcs/m3. From 12:00 to 19:00 the average concentration of 1.0 m particles is 2.5E+06
pcs/m3 and from 19:00 to 23:59 the average concentration of 1.0 m particles is 7.0E+06
pcs/m3. The maximum peak point is located at 22:00 with a particles index of 2.5E+06
pcs/m3. It can be seen that the results in this case do not have a clear relationship with the
direction and velocity of the wind. The lowest region of 1.0 m particles belongs to the
period of maximum temperature and minimum humidity. It can also be appreciated that it
did not exist a very good isolation of the temperature and humidity sensor because a
temperature of 40C is reached at 18:00. Comparing the results of June 02 nd and May 11 th it
can be seen that in May a greater dust measurement is obtained. An average particles index
of 8.0E+06 pcs/m3 is reached on May 11 th and an average of 5.0E+06 pcs/m3 is reached on
June 02 nd , and the reason of this is explained in the Table 17 concerning to the pollen calendar
in Germany. In May it is expected to have more pollen than in June, and this is why the dust
measurements are greater in May.
121
Figure 85. Setup configuration of the device for the outdoors measurements in Bendestorf,
Germany
Figure 86. Location of the place in Bestedorf, Germany where the outdoors measurements
were taken.
122
City Bendestorf
Country Germany
Date 28.06.2017
Hour Bearing Speed mph
13:00 E 7.6 - 12.2
13:30 E 12.3 - 17.8
14:00 E 12.3 - 17.8
14:30 E 7.6 - 12.2
15:00 E 7.6 - 12.2
* VRB: Cannot be determined
123
Temperature & Humidity vs. Date
34.0 46.0
44.0
32.0
42.0
30.0
40.0
Hum %
Temp C
28.0
38.0
36.0
26.0
34.0
24.0
32.0
22.0
30.0
20.0 28.0
4.00E+06
3.50E+06
3.00E+06
Particles Index pcs/m3
2.50E+06
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
13:37
13:42
13:46
13:50
13:55
13:59
14:03
14:08
14:12
14:16
14:21
14:25
14:29
14:34
14:38
14:42
Time
-5.00E+05
AVG Particles 1.0 (M) AVG Particles 2.5 (M)
Particles Index 1.0 (REF) Particles Index 2.5 (REF)
Figure 87. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the outdoors measurements on
June 28 th in Bendestorf, Germany
124
6.5.3.1 Results discussion
First of all, it is important to notice that the temperature and humidity values have a strange
behavior. At 14:08 the temperature decreases from 32C to 21C and the humidity increases
from 24% to 44%. It can be observed as well that approximately in this transition period t he
dust measurements given by the DSM501a are zero and the measurements given by the TSI
decrease at a minimum range. For the TSI, the average particles index for the 1.0 m particles
is 1.0E+06 pcs/m3 and 0.5E+05 pcs/m3 for the 2.5 m particles. For the DSM501a it is
difficult to determine an average value of particles index due to this region where the values
are zero, but a maximum peak value of 3.5E+06 pcs/m 3 is reached for the 1.0 m particles
and a maximum peak value 2.0E+06 pcs/m3 is reached for the 2.5 m particles. The wind
direction does not change during this period; therefore, it does not play a role in the
characteristics of these measurements.
125
City Quito
Country Ecuador
Date 24.03.2017
Hour Bearing Speed mph
4:00 N 3.6 - 7.5
5:00 E 0.7 - 3.5
6:00 N 3.6 - 7.5
7:00 NE 0.7 - 3.5
8:00 S 3.6 - 7.5
9:00 S 0.7 - 3.5
10:00 NE 0.7 - 3.5
11:00 SE 0.7 - 3.5
12:00 VRB 0.7 - 3.5
13:00 VRB 0.7 - 3.5
* VRB: Cannot be determined
Figure 88. Location of the place in Quito, Ecuador where the measurements were taken.
126
Temperature & Humidity vs. Date
18.0 88.0
17.5
87.0
17.0
86.0
16.5
16.0 85.0
15.5
Temp C
Hum %
84.0
15.0
83.0
14.5
14.0 82.0
13.5
81.0
13.0
80.0
12.5
12.0 79.0
TEMP C HUM %
7.0E+07
6.0E+07
Particles Index pcs/m3
5.0E+07
4.0E+07
3.0E+07
2.0E+07
1.0E+07
0.0E+00
10:00
12:00
11:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
5:00
7:00
9:00
Time
AVG Particles 2.5 AVG Particles 1.0
Figure 89. Temperature, Humidity and particles index for the outdoors measurements on
March 24 th in Quito, Ecuador
127
6.5.4.1 Results discussion
Starting from the temperature and humidity values it can be seen that the temperature starts
with a value of 17C and it finished with a value of 14C. The relative humidity on the other
hand oscillates in a range of 80 to 87%. The average particles index for the 1.0 m particles
is approximate 4.0E+07 pcs/m3 with a maximum of 8.0E+07 pcs/m3, and for the 2.5 m,
something never seen before, it reaches an average value of 1.0E+07 pcs/m3. Clearly the
dust measurements are greater than in Hamburg Germany. Therefore, there is more
concentration of dust in the environment in Quito than in Hamburg. From 11:00 to 11:30
the wind direction is in the SE direction with a speed of 0.7 to 3.5. As it can be seen from
Table 23 at 11:00 is the only time when the wind is in the direction SE, and in this direction
the maximum dust measurement is reached. Therefore, in this direction one can use the
maximum capacity of the sensor at that time in Quito Ecuador.
128
CHAPTER 7
Conclusions and Recommendations
7.1 Conclusions
The system has an energy consumption of 384.615 (mAh/h) which means that it
can last 26 hours with an energy power bank of 10.000 mAh.
The implementation of a metrology station using an Arduino does not present high
difficulties, it is not expensive, and it is easy to replicate.
One should be careful in the points where there is a great concentration of particles
because sometimes this means that there is a presence of water in it in the form of
fog or mist. This happens when the temperature drops below one certain point and
the relative humidity is 100%, triggering invalid measurements. Consequently, valid
measurements can be obtained with a relative humidity 95%.
The main part of the system designed in this project is automatic, the transference
of the data from the sensors to the MySQL database and the generation of the
curves do not require the presence of a user. Nevertheless, the transference of the
data to the Synology Server can be done easily by the user
The values of temperature and humidity of reference given by the Netatmo are
stable because this device has a very high mass and does not have the same dynamic
in the measurements like for example the DHT22 sensor.
129
7.2 Recommendations
It is recommendable that mechatronics and other engineering students develop
projects like this one in which they can use affordable elements and free software
for one particular use, like for example in this case the creation of a metrology
station to measure dust, temperature and humidity.
It would be a good idea if it appears a more stable version of the Arduino MySQL
connector library that prevents the system from lockups because it is true that the
program has the Watchdog timer that resets the system when the lockup occurs but
on the other hand this is not an optimal solution because some time in which some
measurements can be taken is lost.
Depending on the use that one person would like to give to this project it is strongly
recommended that the power bank should be selected carefully, in this case one has
to take in mind that a battery of 10000 mAh lasts 26 hours.
There was another option of creating the graphs for the PHP WEB page that was
not discussed in this project and it is using Highcharts instead of Google charts, it
is recommended that for other project similar to this one this option can be
evaluated and its features can be compared to the graphs created by Google charts.
130
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136
Attachments
Attachment 1. List of elements required for the main circuit
IIC/I2C/TWI LCD
https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B007XRHBKA/r
1 Module
ef=oh_aui_detailpage_o00_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1
https://www.amazon.de/COM-FOUR-AM2302-
DHT22 Temperature
digitaler-Feuchtigkeit-Temperatur-
3 & Humidity Sensor
Sensor/dp/B00W96UFAI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=
1488853376&sr=8-1-spons&keywords=DHT22&psc=1
Protoboard https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B00JGFDKBQ/r
4
ef=oh_aui_detailpage_o09_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1
https://www.amazon.de/Synology-DS214-Diskstation-
Synology Station Network-
6
Attached/dp/B00FY6DV3S/ref=sr7_1_1?ie=UTF8&qi
d=1489079081&sr=8-1&keywords=ds214
https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/B00T416MXU/re
7 Battery Supply
f=oh_aui_detailpage_o05_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1
http://www.ebay.de/itm/DSM501A-Dust-Sensor-
Allergic-Smoke-Particles-Sensor-Module-for-Arduino-
8 DSM501a dust sensor NEW-
/272762246792?hash=item3f81e59688:g:yKAAAOSwp
HFZaMHF
137
https://www.amazon.de/Arduino-Mega-2560-R3-
Arduino ATMEGA Microcontroller/dp/B0046AMGW0/ref=sr_1_8?s=ce-
9
2560 de&ie=UTF8&qid=1500912313&sr=1-
8&keywords=mega+2560
http://www.ebay.de/itm/1x-Arduino-WiFi-Shield-R3-
mit-HDG204-
10 Arduino WIFI shield
/222591931843?hash=item33d38355c3:g:4mEAAOSwO
NBZAccG
138
Attachment 2. Results of the smoke saturation experiment
2017-06-11 18:00:06 35.7 32.9 12.404 24.540 1.460 3.279 1460.0 3279.0 77.526 176.587 2.7394E+07 6.2398E+07 8312.6 16201.0 4.4303E-07 8.5136E-07 3.0344E-04 2.5964E-04
2017-06-11 18:01:08 35.8 32.8 13.636 29.188 1.644 3.976 1644.0 3976.0 85.228 229.413 3.0116E+07 8.1065E+07 9113.4 19222.2 4.9749E-07 9.4280E-07 3.0261E-04 2.3712E-04
2017-06-11 18:02:12 35.9 32.8 12.966 25.165 1.544 3.373 1544.0 3373.0 81.039 183.69 2.8636E+07 6.4908E+07 8677.9 16607.3 4.6790E-07 8.6301E-07 3.0304E-04 2.5586E-04
2017-06-11 18:03:14 35.9 32.7 11.764 30.177 1.364 4.124 1364.0 4124.0 73.522 240.653 2.5980E+07 8.5036E+07 7896.6 19865.1 4.1459E-07 9.6339E-07 3.0395E-04 2.3361E-04
2017-06-11 18:04:21 35.9 32.5 12.352 22.173 1.452 2.924 1452.0 2924.0 77.199 149.692 2.7279E+07 5.2895E+07 8278.8 14662.5 4.4067E-07 8.1053E-07 3.0349E-04 2.7720E-04
2017-06-11 18:05:21 35.9 32.5 13.409 28.264 1.610 3.837 1610.0 3837.0 83.808 218.908 2.9614E+07 7.7353E+07 8965.9 18621.6 4.8744E-07 9.2371E-07 3.0276E-04 2.4074E-04
2017-06-11 18:06:26 36 32.4 10.634 30.403 1.194 4.158 1194.0 4158.0 66.462 243.218 2.3485E+07 8.5943E+07 7162.1 20012.0 3.6413E-07 9.6820E-07 3.0497E-04 2.3285E-04
2017-06-11 18:07:32 36 32.3 13.285 26.445 1.592 3.565 1592.0 3565.0 83.029 198.242 2.9339E+07 7.0050E+07 8885.3 17439.3 4.8214E-07 8.8752E-07 3.0285E-04 2.4895E-04
2017-06-11 18:08:33 36 32.3 12.505 29.574 1.475 4.034 1475.0 4034.0 78.153 233.796 2.7616E+07 8.2613E+07 8378.3 19473.1 4.4749E-07 9.5087E-07 3.0338E-04 2.3571E-04
2017-06-11 18:09:39 36 32.2 11.330 28.172 1.299 3.824 1299.0 3824.0 70.810 217.868 2.5021E+07 7.6985E+07 7614.5 18561.8 3.9531E-07 9.2200E-07 3.0432E-04 2.4111E-04
2017-06-11 18:10:44 36 32.1 13.795 28.850 1.668 3.925 1668.0 3925.0 86.219 225.569 3.0466E+07 7.9706E+07 9216.8 19002.5 5.0461E-07 9.3574E-07 3.0252E-04 2.3841E-04
2017-06-11 18:11:52 36 32 13.084 30.501 1.562 4.173 1562.0 4173.0 81.776 244.326 2.8896E+07 8.6334E+07 8754.6 20075.7 4.7324E-07 9.7036E-07 3.0297E-04 2.3253E-04
2017-06-11 18:12:58 36 31.9 10.897 29.995 1.234 4.097 1234.0 4097.0 68.105 238.577 2.4065E+07 8.4303E+07 7333.1 19746.8 3.7602E-07 9.5966E-07 3.0471E-04 2.3424E-04
2017-06-11 18:16:59 36 32 11.272 30.340 1.290 4.149 1290.0 4149.0 70.449 242.502 2.4894E+07 8.5690E+07 7576.8 19971.0 3.9263E-07 9.6697E-07 3.0437E-04 2.3306E-04
2017-06-11 18:18:06 36.1 31.7 14.208 25.946 1.730 3.490 1730.0 3490.0 88.800 192.566 3.1378E+07 6.8045E+07 9485.2 17114.9 5.2296E-07 8.7782E-07 3.0229E-04 2.5153E-04
2017-06-11 18:19:10 36.1 31.7 10.357 29.957 1.153 4.091 1153.0 4091.0 64.731 238.153 2.2873E+07 8.4153E+07 6982.1 19722.1 3.5195E-07 9.5876E-07 3.0525E-04 2.3436E-04
2017-06-11 18:20:11 35.8 31.1 10.656 32.702 1.198 4.503 1198.0 4503.0 66.601 269.337 2.3534E+07 9.5172E+07 7176.4 21506.3 3.6532E-07 1.0176E-06 3.0494E-04 2.2597E-04
2017-06-11 18:24:10 35.3 31.1 12.573 31.800 1.485 4.368 1485.0 4368.0 78.580 259.087 2.7767E+07 9.1550E+07 8422.5 20920.0 4.5044E-07 9.9813E-07 3.0333E-04 2.2851E-04
2017-06-11 18:25:17 34.7 31.3 10.830 25.509 1.224 3.424 1224.0 3424.0 67.685 187.602 2.3917E+07 6.6290E+07 7289.5 16830.9 3.7306E-07 8.6934E-07 3.0478E-04 2.5390E-04
2017-06-11 18:26:19 34.6 31.5 11.764 30.815 1.364 4.220 1364.0 4220.0 73.523 247.9 2.5980E+07 8.7597E+07 7896.6 20279.8 4.1459E-07 9.7698E-07 3.0395E-04 2.3151E-04
139
2017-06-11 18:27:20 34.5 31.6 9.868 32.320 1.079 4.446 1079.0 4446.0 61.676 265.004 2.1794E+07 9.3641E+07 6664.2 21258.0 3.2994E-07 1.0093E-06 3.0579E-04 2.2702E-04
2017-06-11 18:28:27 34.4 31.7 11.182 30.190 1.277 4.126 1277.0 4126.0 69.889 240.791 2.4696E+07 8.5085E+07 7518.3 19873.5 3.8877E-07 9.6372E-07 3.0444E-04 2.3357E-04
2017-06-11 18:29:32 34.3 31.7 12.496 30.074 1.473 4.109 1473.0 4109.0 78.101 239.475 2.7598E+07 8.4620E+07 8372.4 19798.1 4.4687E-07 9.6136E-07 3.0338E-04 2.3396E-04
2017-06-11 18:30:35 34.3 31.8 10.949 31.195 1.242 4.277 1242.0 4277.0 68.432 252.211 2.4181E+07 8.9120E+07 7366.9 20526.8 3.7838E-07 9.8510E-07 3.0466E-04 2.3033E-04
2017-06-11 18:31:41 34.3 31.9 13.827 29.217 1.673 3.980 1673.0 3980.0 86.417 229.743 3.0536E+07 8.1181E+07 9237.6 19241.1 5.0610E-07 9.4331E-07 3.0251E-04 2.3701E-04
2017-06-11 18:32:49 34.2 31.9 11.363 28.406 1.304 3.859 1304.0 3859.0 71.018 220.525 2.5095E+07 7.7924E+07 7636.0 18713.9 3.9679E-07 9.2676E-07 3.0429E-04 2.4016E-04
2017-06-11 18:36:49 34.2 32 13.099 29.843 1.564 4.074 1564.0 4074.0 81.866 236.85 2.8928E+07 8.3693E+07 8764.4 19648.0 4.7385E-07 9.5643E-07 3.0297E-04 2.3476E-04
2017-06-11 18:37:52 34.1 32.1 11.468 29.823 1.319 4.071 1319.0 4071.0 71.678 236.622 2.5328E+07 8.3612E+07 7704.2 19635.0 4.0121E-07 9.5601E-07 3.0418E-04 2.3483E-04
2017-06-11 18:38:59 34.1 32.2 11.056 28.943 1.258 3.939 1258.0 3939.0 69.101 226.621 2.4417E+07 8.0078E+07 7436.4 19063.0 3.8313E-07 9.3770E-07 3.0455E-04 2.3805E-04
2017-06-11 18:40:04 34.1 32.2 12.800 27.491 1.519 3.722 1519.0 3722.0 80.002 210.12 2.8269E+07 7.4247E+07 8570.0 18119.2 4.6049E-07 9.0831E-07 3.0316E-04 2.4404E-04
2017-06-11 18:41:11 34.1 32.3 12.529 29.321 1.478 3.996 1478.0 3996.0 78.308 230.92 2.7671E+07 8.1597E+07 8393.9 19308.7 4.4835E-07 9.4559E-07 3.0335E-04 2.3663E-04
2017-06-11 18:42:14 34.1 32.2 11.331 27.476 1.299 3.719 1299.0 3719.0 70.817 209.958 2.5024E+07 7.4190E+07 7615.2 18109.4 3.9531E-07 9.0779E-07 3.0432E-04 2.4409E-04
2017-06-11 18:43:18 34.1 32.3 11.762 28.954 1.363 3.941 1363.0 3941.0 73.511 226.755 2.5976E+07 8.0125E+07 7895.3 19070.1 4.1428E-07 9.3797E-07 3.0395E-04 2.3800E-04
2017-06-11 18:44:24 34.1 32.3 12.228 31.114 1.433 4.265 1433.0 4265.0 76.425 251.299 2.7005E+07 8.8798E+07 8198.2 20474.1 4.3503E-07 9.8338E-07 3.0358E-04 2.3057E-04
2017-06-11 18:45:29 34.1 32.3 11.950 29.349 1.392 4.000 1392.0 4000.0 74.685 231.244 2.6390E+07 8.1712E+07 8017.5 19326.9 4.2289E-07 9.4610E-07 3.0380E-04 2.3652E-04
2017-06-11 18:46:36 34.1 32.3 10.466 28.161 1.169 3.822 1169.0 3822.0 65.411 217.739 2.3113E+07 7.6940E+07 7052.9 18554.7 3.5671E-07 9.2171E-07 3.0514E-04 2.4116E-04
2017-06-11 18:47:44 34.1 32.3 12.252 28.086 1.437 3.811 1437.0 3811.0 76.573 216.887 2.7058E+07 7.6639E+07 8213.8 18505.9 4.3623E-07 9.2024E-07 3.0357E-04 2.4147E-04
2017-06-11 18:48:52 34.1 32.3 13.323 26.619 1.597 3.591 1597.0 3591.0 83.269 200.213 2.9424E+07 7.0747E+07 8910.0 17552.4 4.8360E-07 8.9093E-07 3.0282E-04 2.4810E-04
2017-06-11 18:49:55 34.1 32.3 10.845 30.250 1.226 4.135 1226.0 4135.0 67.783 241.48 2.3952E+07 8.5329E+07 7299.3 19912.5 3.7362E-07 9.6495E-07 3.0475E-04 2.3336E-04
2017-06-11 18:50:56 34.1 32.3 11.417 31.105 1.312 4.263 1312.0 4263.0 71.358 251.193 2.5215E+07 8.8761E+07 7671.1 20468.3 3.9915E-07 9.8305E-07 3.0423E-04 2.3060E-04
2017-06-11 18:52:02 34 31.7 10.637 30.149 1.195 4.120 1195.0 4120.0 66.482 240.333 2.3492E+07 8.4923E+07 7164.1 19846.9 3.6443E-07 9.6286E-07 3.0496E-04 2.3370E-04
2017-06-11 18:53:05 33.2 29.9 10.673 32.037 1.200 4.403 1200.0 4403.0 66.709 261.784 2.3572E+07 9.2503E+07 7187.5 21074.1 3.6590E-07 1.0031E-06 3.0491E-04 2.2782E-04
2017-06-11 18:54:09 33.2 33.7 10.951 32.137 1.242 4.418 1242.0 4418.0 68.441 262.917 2.4184E+07 9.2904E+07 7368.2 21139.1 3.7840E-07 1.0053E-06 3.0467E-04 2.2754E-04
2017-06-11 18:58:07 34.4 34.4 11.015 30.313 1.251 4.145 1251.0 4145.0 68.845 242.19 2.4327E+07 8.5580E+07 7409.8 19953.5 3.8104E-07 9.6644E-07 3.0459E-04 2.3316E-04
2017-06-11 18:59:11 35.5 33.4 12.069 31.727 1.409 4.357 1409.0 4357.0 75.431 258.263 2.6654E+07 9.1259E+07 8094.9 20872.6 4.2791E-07 9.9652E-07 3.0370E-04 2.2872E-04
2017-06-11 19:00:14 35.7 33.1 11.216 28.941 1.281 3.939 1281.0 3939.0 70.097 226.607 2.4769E+07 8.0073E+07 7540.4 19061.7 3.8997E-07 9.3769E-07 3.0443E-04 2.3805E-04
2017-06-11 19:01:23 35.9 33 12.562 33.803 1.483 4.668 1483.0 4668.0 78.513 281.848 2.7743E+07 9.9593E+07 8415.3 22222.0 4.4984E-07 1.0416E-06 3.0333E-04 2.2313E-04
140
2017-06-11 19:02:30 36 32.7 11.547 31.599 1.331 4.337 1331.0 4337.0 72.171 256.806 2.5502E+07 9.0744E+07 7755.6 20789.4 4.0478E-07 9.9360E-07 3.0411E-04 2.2910E-04
2017-06-11 19:03:35 36.1 32.7 12.104 31.555 1.415 4.331 1415.0 4331.0 75.647 256.301 2.6730E+07 9.0566E+07 8117.6 20760.8 4.2971E-07 9.9281E-07 3.0368E-04 2.2923E-04
2017-06-11 19:04:38 36.1 32.5 10.790 30.867 1.218 4.228 1218.0 4228.0 67.440 248.483 2.3830E+07 8.7803E+07 7263.5 20313.6 3.7125E-07 9.7816E-07 3.0480E-04 2.3135E-04
2017-06-11 19:05:42 36.2 32.4 13.776 30.294 1.665 4.142 1665.0 4142.0 86.098 241.975 3.0423E+07 8.5504E+07 9204.4 19941.1 5.0374E-07 9.6600E-07 3.0254E-04 2.3322E-04
2017-06-11 19:06:46 36.2 32.4 10.180 30.324 1.126 4.146 1126.0 4146.0 63.624 242.323 2.2482E+07 8.5627E+07 6867.0 19960.6 3.4393E-07 9.6648E-07 3.0544E-04 2.3311E-04
2017-06-11 19:07:55 36.2 32.3 12.660 28.494 1.498 3.872 1498.0 3872.0 79.127 221.528 2.7960E+07 7.8278E+07 8479.0 18771.1 4.5427E-07 9.2850E-07 3.0325E-04 2.3980E-04
2017-06-11 19:08:55 36.3 32.3 11.847 32.007 1.376 4.399 1376.0 4399.0 74.046 261.442 2.6165E+07 9.2382E+07 7950.6 21054.6 4.1812E-07 1.0026E-06 3.0387E-04 2.2791E-04
2017-06-11 19:09:57 36.3 32 11.383 29.528 1.307 4.027 1307.0 4027.0 71.143 233.268 2.5139E+07 8.2427E+07 7649.0 19443.2 3.9768E-07 9.4991E-07 3.0427E-04 2.3588E-04
2017-06-11 19:11:03 36.3 31.9 11.296 32.994 1.294 4.547 1294.0 4547.0 70.600 272.654 2.4947E+07 9.6344E+07 7592.4 21696.1 3.9382E-07 1.0240E-06 3.0434E-04 2.2519E-04
2017-06-11 19:12:06 36.4 31.9 12.183 28.667 1.427 3.898 1427.0 3898.0 76.144 223.49 2.6906E+07 7.8972E+07 8169.0 18883.6 4.3325E-07 9.3208E-07 3.0361E-04 2.3912E-04
2017-06-11 19:13:07 36.3 31.8 12.579 30.701 1.486 4.203 1486.0 4203.0 78.621 246.606 2.7781E+07 8.7140E+07 8426.4 20205.7 4.5072E-07 9.7457E-07 3.0331E-04 2.3188E-04
2017-06-11 19:14:12 36.3 31.8 10.729 30.736 1.209 4.208 1209.0 4208.0 67.059 247.002 2.3696E+07 8.7280E+07 7223.9 20228.4 3.6857E-07 9.7527E-07 3.0486E-04 2.3176E-04
2017-06-11 19:15:20 36.4 31.9 11.692 30.841 1.353 4.224 1353.0 4224.0 73.075 248.19 2.5822E+07 8.7700E+07 7849.8 20296.7 4.1131E-07 9.7758E-07 3.0400E-04 2.3143E-04
2017-06-11 19:16:25 36.3 31.8 11.417 29.439 1.312 4.014 1312.0 4014.0 71.354 232.257 2.5213E+07 8.2070E+07 7671.1 19385.4 3.9917E-07 9.4813E-07 3.0424E-04 2.3621E-04
2017-06-11 19:17:29 36.3 31.8 10.217 30.689 1.132 4.201 1132.0 4201.0 63.858 246.467 2.2565E+07 8.7091E+07 6891.1 20197.9 3.4570E-07 9.7428E-07 3.0539E-04 2.3192E-04
2017-06-11 19:18:38 36.3 31.8 11.779 32.028 1.366 4.402 1366.0 4402.0 73.620 261.679 2.6014E+07 9.2466E+07 7906.4 21068.2 4.1516E-07 1.0030E-06 3.0393E-04 2.2785E-04
2017-06-11 19:22:40 35.8 31.2 12.038 26.669 1.405 3.598 1405.0 3598.0 75.239 200.788 2.6586E+07 7.0950E+07 8074.7 17584.9 4.2672E-07 8.9176E-07 3.0372E-04 2.4785E-04
2017-06-11 19:23:43 35.2 31 9.830 27.940 1.074 3.789 1074.0 3789.0 61.440 215.228 2.1710E+07 7.6052E+07 6639.5 18411.0 3.2845E-07 9.1725E-07 3.0582E-04 2.4208E-04
2017-06-11 19:24:48 35.1 31.4 11.292 31.386 1.293 4.305 1293.0 4305.0 70.575 254.381 2.4938E+07 8.9887E+07 7589.8 20650.9 3.9352E-07 9.8904E-07 3.0434E-04 2.2974E-04
2017-06-11 19:25:52 35 31.5 11.549 30.155 1.332 4.121 1332.0 4121.0 72.183 240.4 2.5506E+07 8.4947E+07 7756.9 19850.8 4.0508E-07 9.6301E-07 3.0411E-04 2.3368E-04
2017-06-11 19:26:57 34.9 31.6 11.090 28.890 1.263 3.931 1263.0 3931.0 69.314 226.02 2.4493E+07 7.9866E+07 7458.5 19028.5 3.8461E-07 9.3658E-07 3.0452E-04 2.3826E-04
2017-06-11 19:27:58 34.8 31.7 11.174 30.515 1.275 4.175 1275.0 4175.0 69.839 244.494 2.4678E+07 8.6394E+07 7513.1 20084.8 3.8817E-07 9.7060E-07 3.0444E-04 2.3248E-04
2017-06-11 19:29:00 34.7 31.8 12.635 26.808 1.494 3.619 1494.0 3619.0 78.966 202.364 2.7903E+07 7.1507E+07 8462.8 17675.2 4.5311E-07 8.9455E-07 3.0329E-04 2.4718E-04
2017-06-11 19:33:02 34.7 32 11.564 29.008 1.334 3.949 1334.0 3949.0 72.276 227.367 2.5539E+07 8.0342E+07 7766.6 19105.2 4.0568E-07 9.3907E-07 3.0410E-04 2.3780E-04
2017-06-11 19:34:03 34.5 32 12.450 27.517 1.467 3.725 1467.0 3725.0 77.814 210.42 2.7496E+07 7.4353E+07 8342.5 18136.1 4.4510E-07 9.0859E-07 3.0341E-04 2.4392E-04
2017-06-11 19:35:06 34.5 32.1 11.773 26.200 1.365 3.528 1365.0 3528.0 73.580 195.455 2.6000E+07 6.9065E+07 7902.5 17280.0 4.1488E-07 8.8270E-07 3.0394E-04 2.5020E-04
2017-06-11 19:36:13 34.4 32.1 13.452 26.949 1.617 3.640 1617.0 3640.0 84.077 203.969 2.9709E+07 7.2074E+07 8993.8 17766.9 4.8951E-07 8.9729E-07 3.0273E-04 2.4651E-04
141
2017-06-11 19:37:18 34.4 32.2 10.640 26.830 1.195 3.622 1195.0 3622.0 66.502 202.612 2.3499E+07 7.1594E+07 7166.0 17689.5 3.6442E-07 8.9492E-07 3.0495E-04 2.4708E-04
2017-06-11 19:38:20 34.3 32.2 11.283 28.492 1.292 3.872 1292.0 3872.0 70.521 221.501 2.4919E+07 7.8269E+07 7584.0 18769.8 3.9321E-07 9.2855E-07 3.0434E-04 2.3981E-04
2017-06-11 19:42:24 34.2 32.3 13.050 27.237 1.556 3.684 1556.0 3684.0 81.560 207.243 2.8820E+07 7.3231E+07 8732.5 17954.1 4.7147E-07 9.0321E-07 3.0300E-04 2.4517E-04
2017-06-11 19:43:26 34.1 32.5 12.210 27.706 1.431 3.754 1431.0 3754.0 76.313 212.572 2.6966E+07 7.5114E+07 8186.5 18258.9 4.3444E-07 9.1253E-07 3.0359E-04 2.4308E-04
2017-06-11 19:44:30 34.1 32.6 11.415 28.311 1.311 3.845 1311.0 3845.0 71.341 219.446 2.5209E+07 7.7543E+07 7669.8 18652.2 3.9887E-07 9.2488E-07 3.0425E-04 2.4054E-04
2017-06-11 19:45:32 34.1 32.7 11.435 28.644 1.314 3.894 1314.0 3894.0 71.467 223.227 2.5253E+07 7.8879E+07 7682.8 18868.6 3.9975E-07 9.3148E-07 3.0423E-04 2.3921E-04
2017-06-11 19:46:35 34 32.7 12.876 27.617 1.530 3.741 1530.0 3741.0 80.472 211.559 2.8435E+07 7.4756E+07 8619.4 18201.1 4.6378E-07 9.1083E-07 3.0312E-04 2.4347E-04
2017-06-11 19:47:37 34 32.7 12.750 29.388 1.512 4.006 1512.0 4006.0 79.691 231.685 2.8159E+07 8.1867E+07 8537.5 19352.2 4.5842E-07 9.4696E-07 3.0319E-04 2.3638E-04
2017-06-11 19:48:40 34 32.8 12.860 30.460 1.528 4.167 1528.0 4167.0 80.377 243.861 2.8402E+07 8.6170E+07 8609.0 20049.0 4.6316E-07 9.6953E-07 3.0311E-04 2.3267E-04
2017-06-11 19:49:43 34 32.9 12.890 25.646 1.533 3.445 1533.0 3445.0 80.562 189.163 2.8467E+07 6.6842E+07 8628.5 16919.9 4.6466E-07 8.7204E-07 3.0310E-04 2.5313E-04
2017-06-11 19:50:50 34 32.9 12.844 24.697 1.526 3.303 1526.0 3303.0 80.276 178.377 2.8366E+07 6.3031E+07 8598.6 16303.1 4.6258E-07 8.5433E-07 3.0313E-04 2.5865E-04
2017-06-11 19:51:54 33.9 33 12.556 29.055 1.482 3.956 1482.0 3956.0 78.475 227.898 2.7730E+07 8.0529E+07 8411.4 19135.8 4.4954E-07 9.4004E-07 3.0334E-04 2.3762E-04
2017-06-11 19:52:55 33.9 33.1 14.194 25.572 1.728 3.434 1728.0 3434.0 88.713 188.322 3.1347E+07 6.6545E+07 9476.1 16871.8 5.2236E-07 8.7066E-07 3.0229E-04 2.5354E-04
2017-06-11 19:54:01 33.9 33.1 11.139 33.451 1.270 4.615 1270.0 4615.0 69.621 277.854 2.4601E+07 9.8182E+07 7490.4 21993.2 3.8668E-07 1.0338E-06 3.0447E-04 2.2400E-04
2017-06-11 19:55:06 33.9 33.2 11.926 29.280 1.388 3.990 1388.0 3990.0 74.535 230.459 2.6337E+07 8.1434E+07 8001.9 19282.0 4.2171E-07 9.4475E-07 3.0382E-04 2.3678E-04
2017-06-11 19:56:14 33.9 33.2 12.974 29.142 1.545 3.969 1545.0 3969.0 81.086 228.891 2.8652E+07 8.0880E+07 8683.1 19192.3 4.6821E-07 9.4182E-07 3.0305E-04 2.3729E-04
2017-06-11 19:57:17 33.9 33.2 11.373 28.088 1.305 3.811 1305.0 3811.0 71.084 216.911 2.5118E+07 7.6647E+07 7642.5 18507.2 3.9706E-07 9.2020E-07 3.0426E-04 2.4146E-04
2017-06-11 19:58:22 33.9 33.3 13.782 27.668 1.666 3.748 1666.0 3748.0 86.136 212.138 3.0437E+07 7.4960E+07 9208.3 18234.2 5.0403E-07 9.1170E-07 3.0254E-04 2.4325E-04
2017-06-11 19:59:25 33.9 33.4 11.251 30.182 1.287 4.125 1287.0 4125.0 70.321 240.71 2.4848E+07 8.5057E+07 7563.2 19868.3 3.9173E-07 9.6356E-07 3.0437E-04 2.3359E-04
142
Attachment 3. Reference measurements for the smoke saturation experiment
Reference Measurements
Timezone: CO2 Pressure
Temp. C Hum. % Noise [db]
Europe/Berlin [ppm] [mb]
18:04:30 35.9 44 4996 65 1013.5
18:09:35 36.2 43 4996 65 1013.3
18:14:39 36.3 43 4996 65 1013.3
18:19:42 36.3 41 4996 65 1013.3
18:24:45 35.7 41 4996 65 1013.2
18:29:49 35.1 42 4996 65 1013.2
18:34:52 34.7 43 4996 65 1013.3
18:39:52 34.5 43 4996 65 1013.2
18:44:56 34.3 44 4996 65 1013.2
18:50:00 34.3 44 4996 66 1013.3
18:55:03 34.1 46 4907 65 1013.3
19:00:07 34.9 46 4996 66 1013.2
19:05:10 35.6 45 4996 66 1013.4
19:10:14 36.1 44 4996 66 1013.5
19:15:18 36.3 43 4996 66 1013.6
19:20:22 36.3 41 4996 66 1013.8
19:25:24 35.8 42 4996 66 1013.9
19:30:27 35.4 42 4996 66 1013.9
19:35:31 35.1 43 4996 66 1013.8
19:40:33 34.7 43 4996 66 1013.8
19:45:37 34.5 44 4996 66 1013.8
19:50:39 34.3 44 4996 66 1013.9
19:55:43 34.2 45 4996 66 1014
143
Attachment 4. Reference and Measured values of temperature and humidity.
144
6:11 23.7 60.0 23.0 49.9 9:32 24.2 62.0 23.8 51.2
6:16 23.8 60.0 23.1 50.1 9:37 24.2 62.0 23.8 51.0
6:21 23.8 60.0 23.1 50.2 9:43 24.2 62.0 23.9 51.0
6:26 23.8 60.0 23.1 50.3 9:48 24.1 62.0 23.9 51.0
6:31 23.9 60.0 23.2 50.6 9:53 24.1 61.0 23.8 47.9
6:36 23.9 60.0 23.2 50.6 9:58 23.8 59.0 23.0 45.9
6:41 23.9 60.0 23.2 50.8 10:03 23.6 58.0 23.0 44.8
6:46 23.9 60.0 23.2 50.9 10:04 23.5 59.0 22.7 43.4
6:51 23.9 60.0 23.2 51.2 10:09 23.3 58.0 22.8 44.4
6:56 23.9 60.0 23.2 51.2 10:14 23.2 59.0 22.7 45.1
7:01 23.9 60.0 23.3 51.6 10:19 23.1 59.0 22.6 44.1
7:06 23.9 60.0 23.3 51.6 10:24 23.1 59.0 22.7 44.4
7:11 24.0 60.0 23.3 51.7 10:29 23.0 58.0 22.6 44.1
7:16 24.0 60.0 23.3 51.7 10:34 23.0 59.0 22.7 44.4
7:21 24.0 60.0 23.3 51.6 10:39 23.1 58.0 22.9 44.6
7:27 24.0 60.0 23.3 51.5 10:44 23.1 58.0 23.1 44.1
7:32 24.0 60.0 23.4 51.7 10:49 23.3 58.0 23.4 44.2
7:37 24.0 60.0 23.4 51.8 10:50 23.3 58.0 23.5 44.1
7:42 24.1 60.0 23.4 51.7 10:55 23.6 59.0 23.8 44.3
7:47 24.0 60.0 23.4 51.8 11:00 23.8 57.0 24.6 41.6
7:52 24.1 60.0 23.4 51.7 11:05 23.9 57.0 24.7 41.2
7:57 24.1 61.0 23.4 51.8 11:10 24.0 57.0 24.9 41.0
8:02 24.1 61.0 23.4 51.8 11:15 24.2 57.0 25.1 40.8
8:07 24.1 61.0 23.5 51.9 11:20 24.2 57.0 25.3 41.8
8:12 24.2 61.0 23.5 51.9 11:25 24.2 57.0 25.4 41.2
8:17 24.2 61.0 23.5 51.9 11:30 24.2 57.0 25.7 41.2
8:22 24.2 61.0 23.5 51.9 11:35 24.3 57.0 25.8 41.3
8:27 24.2 61.0 23.5 52.0 11:40 24.4 57.0 25.9 40.8
8:32 24.2 61.0 23.6 52.0 11:45 24.4 57.0 25.9 40.9
8:37 24.2 61.0 23.6 52.0 11:50 24.5 58.0 26.1 41.7
8:42 24.2 61.0 23.6 52.0 11:55 24.6 58.0 26.1 41.9
8:47 24.2 61.0 23.6 52.0 12:00 24.7 58.0 26.2 42.0
8:52 24.2 62.0 23.6 52.0 12:05 24.8 58.0 26.2 42.3
8:57 24.2 62.0 23.7 52.1 12:10 24.9 58.0 26.1 42.6
9:02 24.2 62.0 23.7 52.1 12:15 25.0 58.0 26.1 42.6
9:07 24.2 62.0 23.8 51.7 12:20 25.0 58.0 26.2 42.5
9:12 24.2 62.0 23.7 51.6 12:25 25.1 58.0 26.2 42.7
9:17 24.2 62.0 23.8 51.4 12:30 25.1 58.0 26.2 43.0
9:22 24.2 61.0 23.8 51.2 12:35 25.2 58.0 26.3 42.7
9:27 24.2 62.0 23.8 51.2 12:40 25.2 58.0 26.4 42.9
145
12:45 25.3 58.0 26.4 43.0 16:07 26.2 57.0 27.9 41.6
12:50 25.3 58.0 26.6 42.4 16:12 26.2 57.0 26.8 44.3
12:55 25.4 58.0 26.7 42.3 16:17 26.0 57.0 25.8 43.5
13:00 25.4 58.0 26.6 42.8 16:22 25.9 57.0 25.6 44.7
13:05 25.5 58.0 26.8 42.6 16:27 25.8 56.0 25.6 45.5
13:11 25.6 58.0 27.1 42.0 16:32 25.7 54.0 24.6 40.0
13:16 25.6 58.0 27.2 42.1 16:37 25.5 54.0 24.6 40.4
13:21 25.7 58.0 27.2 42.1 16:42 25.3 53.0 24.5 40.0
13:26 25.7 58.0 27.4 42.1 16:47 25.2 53.0 24.3 38.8
13:31 25.7 58.0 27.3 42.2 16:52 25.1 53.0 24.3 38.5
13:36 25.8 58.0 27.7 42.0 16:57 25.1 53.0 25.2 39.7
13:41 25.9 58.0 27.9 40.8 17:02 25.1 54.0 25.3 40.9
13:46 25.9 58.0 28.2 40.5 17:07 25.3 54.0 25.4 41.1
13:51 26.0 58.0 28.3 40.1 17:12 25.2 54.0 25.3 41.3
13:56 26.1 58.0 28.8 39.6 17:17 25.2 54.0 25.3 41.5
14:01 26.1 58.0 29.8 37.1 17:22 25.1 54.0 25.2 41.4
14:06 26.2 58.0 33.9 31.7 17:27 25.1 55.0 25.2 41.5
14:11 26.3 57.0 35.6 28.9 17:33 25.1 55.0 25.2 41.6
14:16 26.4 57.0 35.3 28.3 17:38 25.1 55.0 25.1 41.6
14:21 26.4 57.0 32.5 31.5 17:43 25.0 55.0 25.2 41.8
14:26 26.6 57.0 32.4 31.4 17:48 25.0 55.0 25.1 41.7
14:31 26.7 57.0 32.5 32.1 17:53 25.0 55.0 25.1 41.8
14:36 26.7 57.0 31.2 33.0 17:58 25.0 55.0 25.0 42.0
14:41 26.8 57.0 29.2 36.6 18:03 24.9 55.0 25.0 42.1
14:46 26.8 57.0 30.4 35.6 18:08 24.9 55.0 25.0 42.0
14:51 26.7 57.0 29.8 36.7 18:13 24.9 54.0 24.7 41.1
14:56 26.7 57.0 29.2 38.0 18:17 24.9 53.0 24.8 40.8
15:01 26.7 57.0 32.5 33.9 18:22 24.8 53.0 24.7 38.5
15:06 26.6 57.0 32.0 33.6 18:27 24.7 53.0 24.7 38.5
15:11 26.6 57.0 32.6 33.3 18:32 24.7 53.0 24.6 39.5
15:16 26.4 53.0 32.7 26.0 18:37 24.7 53.0 25.0 39.9
15:21 26.2 54.0 32.4 28.3 18:42 24.7 53.0 25.0 40.0
15:27 26.2 54.0 31.6 29.3 18:47 24.8 53.0 25.0 39.8
15:32 26.2 54.0 32.0 30.1 18:52 24.8 53.0 24.8 39.6
15:37 26.3 55.0 30.2 33.3 18:57 24.9 53.0 24.7 39.6
15:42 26.3 55.0 29.1 36.6 19:02 24.9 53.0 24.6 40.2
15:47 26.3 56.0 29.0 37.5 19:07 24.9 53.0 24.5 39.7
15:52 26.3 56.0 29.1 38.0 19:12 24.8 53.0 24.4 40.3
15:57 26.3 56.0 29.0 38.5 19:18 24.8 52.0 24.2 38.2
16:02 26.3 56.0 28.3 40.0 19:23 24.7 53.0 24.0 41.6
146
19:28 24.5 55.0 23.5 45.8 21:49 24.3 59.0 25.3 45.1
19:33 24.4 56.0 23.6 47.3 21:54 24.4 59.0 25.2 45.5
19:38 24.4 57.0 23.7 48.9 21:59 24.4 59.0 25.3 45.1
19:43 24.5 58.0 23.8 49.0 22:04 24.4 59.0 25.2 45.3
19:48 24.4 57.0 23.7 47.5 22:09 24.4 59.0 25.1 45.7
19:53 24.2 58.0 23.5 48.0 22:14 24.4 59.0 25.1 43.7
19:58 24.2 58.0 23.6 48.4 22:19 24.3 59.0 24.6 46.3
20:03 24.2 58.0 23.7 49.0 22:24 24.2 59.0 24.5 46.6
20:08 24.0 59.0 23.7 49.2 22:29 24.2 59.0 24.3 46.7
20:13 24.0 59.0 23.7 49.2 22:34 24.2 59.0 24.3 46.8
20:18 23.9 60.0 23.6 50.3 22:39 24.2 59.0 24.3 46.8
20:23 23.8 60.0 23.5 50.0 22:44 24.2 59.0 25.2 44.9
20:28 23.7 60.0 23.5 50.2 22:49 24.2 59.0 24.7 46.3
20:33 23.7 60.0 23.4 49.7 22:54 24.2 59.0 24.6 46.2
20:38 23.7 60.0 23.7 50.5 22:59 24.1 59.0 24.6 46.4
20:43 23.9 60.0 25.2 49.9 23:04 24.2 59.0 24.6 46.2
20:48 24.1 60.0 25.4 46.2 23:09 24.1 59.0 24.2 47.8
20:53 24.2 59.0 25.0 45.4 23:14 23.9 59.0 23.6 49.1
20:58 24.2 59.0 25.0 45.2 23:19 23.7 60.0 23.2 49.5
21:03 24.2 59.0 25.0 43.8 23:25 23.6 60.0 23.1 50.0
21:08 24.2 59.0 25.0 44.5 23:30 23.5 60.0 23.1 50.0
21:14 24.2 58.0 25.1 43.7 23:35 23.4 60.0 23.0 50.4
21:19 24.2 58.0 25.0 44.2 23:40 23.4 61.0 22.9 50.2
21:24 24.3 58.0 25.1 44.1 23:45 23.3 61.0 24.3 46.8
21:29 24.3 58.0 25.3 44.2 23:50 23.3 61.0 22.8 50.7
21:34 24.3 58.0 25.3 44.4 23:55 23.3 61.0 22.9 51.0
21:39 24.3 59.0 25.2 44.8 23:57 23.3 70.0 22.9 51.0
21:44 24.4 59.0 25.2 44.9
147
Concent. Concent. Concent. Concent.
LowRatio LowRatio Part.2.5 Part.1.0 Part.2.5 Part.1.0 #Part.2.5 #Part.1.0
ID DATE TempC Hum % 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0
2.5 % 1.0 % pcs/283ml pcs/283ml pcs/m3 pcs/m3 pcs pcs
mg/m3 mg/m3 ug/m3 ug/m3
22 22:13 23.0 39.3 4.13 10.53 0.41 1.18 413.00 1178.71 2581.25 6581.25 9.12E+06 2.33E+07 2934.50 7094.50
74 22:42 23.7 37.6 5.01 11.12 0.50 1.27 501.00 1267.17 3131.25 6950.00 1.11E+07 2.46E+07 3506.50 7478.00
105 22:59 23.8 38.1 4.93 10.54 0.49 1.18 493.00 1180.21 3081.25 6587.50 1.09E+07 2.33E+07 3454.50 7101.00
158 23:28 23.5 39.6 5.23 11.16 0.52 1.27 523.00 1273.16 3268.75 6975.00 1.16E+07 2.46E+07 3649.50 7504.00
148
212 23:58 23.5 39.9 4.28 10.62 0.43 1.19 428.00 1192.20 2675.00 6637.50 9.45E+06 2.35E+07 3032.00 7153.00
227 0:07 23.5 39.7 4.37 11.47 0.44 1.32 437.00 1319.64 2731.25 7168.75 9.65E+06 2.53E+07 3090.50 7705.50
260 0:25 23.1 42.4 5.15 10.68 0.52 1.20 515.00 1201.20 3218.75 6675.00 1.14E+07 2.36E+07 3597.50 7192.00
279 0:38 23.2 43.1 4.63 10.28 0.46 1.14 462.58 1141.03 2891.12 6424.18 1.02E+07 2.27E+07 3256.77 6931.15
299 0:49 22.8 41.7 5.25 11.13 0.52 1.27 524.99 1268.29 3281.20 6954.69 1.16E+07 2.46E+07 3662.45 7482.88
317 0:59 22.8 41.7 4.30 10.32 0.43 1.15 430.00 1147.23 2687.50 6450.00 9.50E+06 2.28E+07 3045.00 6958.00
Attachment 5. Repeatability experiment, bedroom, peak points
Concent. Concent. Concent. Concent.
LowRati LowRatio Part. 2.5 Part. 1.0 Part. 2.5 Part. 1.0 #Part. 2.5 #Part. 1.0
ID DATE TempC Hum % 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0
o 2.5 % 1.0 % pcs/283ml pcs/283ml pcs/m3 pcs/m3 pcs pcs
mg/m3 mg/m3 ug/m3 ug/m3
35 19:19 23.4 36.0 6.09 12.68 0.61 1.50 609.00 1501.05 3806.25 7925.00 1.34E+07 2.80E+07 4208.50 8492.00
69 19:38 23.1 35.8 5.93 12.51 0.59 1.48 593.00 1475.56 3706.25 7818.75 1.31E+07 2.76E+07 4104.50 8381.50
107 19:59 22.9 37.6 6.61 13.34 0.66 1.60 661.37 1599.77 4133.56 8336.56 1.46E+07 2.95E+07 4548.91 8920.03
136 20:15 23.2 38.6 5.25 12.69 0.53 1.50 525.00 1502.55 3281.25 7931.25 1.16E+07 2.80E+07 3662.50 8498.50
149
166 20:32 23.0 41.0 5.74 12.30 0.57 1.44 574.00 1444.08 3587.50 7687.50 1.27E+07 2.72E+07 3981.00 8245.00
220 21:04 22.7 42.4 6.05 11.95 0.61 1.39 605.00 1391.60 3781.25 7468.75 1.34E+07 2.64E+07 4182.50 8017.50
260 21:26 23.1 39.9 6.14 12.32 0.61 1.45 614.00 1447.08 3837.50 7700.00 1.36E+07 2.72E+07 4241.00 8258.00
278 21:36 23.3 38.9 5.28 11.91 0.53 1.39 528.00 1385.61 3300.00 7443.75 1.17E+07 2.63E+07 3682.00 7991.50
295 21:46 23.3 39.7 6.17 12.74 0.62 1.51 617.00 1510.04 3856.25 7962.50 1.36E+07 2.81E+07 4260.50 8531.00
Attachment 6. Repeatability experiment, kitchen, peak points
314 21:56 23.2 39.0 6.46 11.79 0.65 1.37 646.42 1368.19 4040.13 7371.14 1.43E+07 2.60E+07 4451.74 7915.98
Attachment 7. 2D and 3D Drawings of the case for the system
150
235,18
177,95
70,00
209,70
118,81
M4,00 x 4
159,95
235,18
Date, Place 08.08.2017 / Hamburg, Germany Portable Fine Dust Measurement Station with
Data Transmission to a SQL Database
3D CASE DESIGN
Total Assembly
Drawing Number
001
142,45 A ( 1:2 )
B-B ( 1 : 4 ) 89,45
R5,00 11,06
R6,99
111,95
R5,00
R5,00
17,88 45,17 R6,99 72,02
83,95 5,00
14,72 R5,00 139,95
5,00 83,95 72,02
95,00 5,00
15,00 A
R5,00 R5,00
R5,00
10,00
7,00 15,00 5,00 4,00 x 4
R6,99
39,53 25,00
127,95 25,00 10,00
B R5,00
129,95
13,97
112,95
75,00 45,00
204,70 7,00
30,00
5,00
39,53 64,53 39,53 10,00
5,00
55,94
38,00
7,68 55,00
17,00
27,92 149,95
R5,00
55,86
89,63 88,36
3,18 X 6 10,00
37,56
12,68 2,92
13,43
60,94
Date, Place 08.08.2017 / Hamburg, Germany Portable Fine Dust Measurement Station with
Data Transmission to a SQL Database
3D CASE DESIGN
Case Part A
Drawing Number
002
235,18
142,45
C-C ( 1 : 3 )
5,00
5,00
112,45
70,00
4,00 x 4
5,00
159,95
5,00
114,59 27,01
66,07 66,07
C
63,88
70,00
C
30,41
121,24
108,81
15,00
152,45 139,95
5,00
5,00 5,00
114,59 159,95
159,95
60,30 60,30
File Name Material Thermal Treatment Weight
CAD Drawings.idw PLA N/A N/A
Size A4 Sheet Scale
Date, Place 08.08.2017 / Hamburg, Germany Portable Fine Dust Measurement Station with
Data Transmission to a SQL Database
3D CASE DESIGN
Case Part B
Drawing Number
003